CN104996256B - Camellia nitidissima Light media container seedling culture method - Google Patents
Camellia nitidissima Light media container seedling culture method Download PDFInfo
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- CN104996256B CN104996256B CN201510385491.0A CN201510385491A CN104996256B CN 104996256 B CN104996256 B CN 104996256B CN 201510385491 A CN201510385491 A CN 201510385491A CN 104996256 B CN104996256 B CN 104996256B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/02—Receptacles, e.g. flower-pots or boxes; Glasses for cultivating flowers
- A01G9/029—Receptacles for seedlings
- A01G9/0293—Seed or shoot receptacles
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of Camellia nitidissima Light media container seedling culture method;It is low to aim to provide a kind of cost, nutrient balance is workable, and and can solves the high Camellia nitidissima Light media container seedling culture method of traditional low seedling survival rate, seedling transportation cost while improving Camellia nitidissima germination percentage and growth rate;This method comprises the following steps successively:1) seed harvesting, storage;2) presprouting of seeds;3) the Camellia nitidissima seed after step 2) vernalization is transplanted into the container equipped with Light media, drenches and water and shade;Described Light media is 8 by following volume ratios:0.8‑1.2:0.8 1.2 peat soil:Wooden chaff:Yellow soil is made;4) matrix moistening and shade are kept after seed germination, sprays once the agricultural chemicals of pre- preventing disease and pest within 1~2 month, and keep nursery sanitation and hygiene;5) outplanting;Belong to field of plant growing technology.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of method for culturing seedlings, specifically, is a kind of Camellia nitidissima Light media container seedling culture method, belongs to plant
Thing technical field of cultivation.
Background technology
Camellia nitidissima (Camelia nitidissima) be Theaceae Camellia Camellia nitidissima group (Theaceae, Camelia,
Sect.Chrysantha Chang) plant is evergreen shrubs or dungarunga, because it is that uniquely have yellow flower in camellia
Monoid, " tea race queen ", " giant panda of plant kingdom " are described as, cause the extensive pass of domestic and international plant educational circles and gardening educational circles
Note, especially causes the great attention of international camellia association, has been included in first-grade state protection plant, be the rare ornamental plant in the world
And germ plasm resource.It is more that Camellia nitidissima contains a variety of trace elements for having important health-care effect to human body, amino acid, vitamin and tea
Phenol, tea polysaccharide, flavonoids, soaping agents etc., are very suitable for tea making.Camellia nitidissima is usually used in sphagitis, dysentery, ephritis, oedema, urinary tract
The treatment of the diseases such as infection.There is the water extraction of golden camellia tea hypoglycemic, reducing blood lipid, suppression tumour growth, raising body to exempt from
The different physiological roles such as epidemic disease ability, it is a kind of very excellent functional food ingredient.Guangxi be Camellia nitidissima distribution center, quilt
It is described as the native place of Camellia nitidissima.In recent years, as the improvement of people's living standards, being sharply increased for the demand of Camellia nitidissima nursery stock,
How the survival rate seedling quality of nursery stock is improved, and it is urgent problem to be solved to reduce seedling cost
The step of selection of seedling medium is most critical in whole nursery work, is directly connected to the success or failure of nursery.The world
Scientists from all over the world expand substantial amounts of research to culture matrix.The fifties in last century, developed country started to grind seedling medium
Study carefully.Using the Organic Ingredients compost such as peat, mixing formula is carried out to process matrix according to different purposes and purpose.By for many years
Research, show that peat soil and vermiculite are preferable mixed substrate raw materials, in light weight after both matrix mixtures, retentiveness and ventilative
Property is good, and global density is uniform, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) is strong, and salt content is low, is advantageous to the uniform growth of root system.Foreign countries also developed
The agriculture and forestry organic waste materials such as cocoanut fiber, bark, wood sawdust, these materials not only reduce cultivation cost, and dirty reducing environment
Effect in terms of dye is also very notable.External facilities horticulture 90% is above is using substrate culture pattern, and the country is with traditional field
Between based on planting type, but it increasingly shows to land resource, having a strong impact on for environment.Therefore substrate culture will be that the country is set
The developing direction of gardening is applied, the domestic matrix of exploiting economy type turns into one of important directions of facilities horticulture research.
At home, the nineties in last century, the people of this several years research light ground mass was more and more mainly based on heavy matrix.
Domestic scholars are more to be used as the raw material of cultivation matrix using peat, perlite, frog stone, wood sawdust, bark, river sand etc..According to various regions
Condition difference develops the light ground mass raw material that a large amount of abundances, cost are low, physicochemical property is good, such as bagasse, wood chip, tree
Skin, dry branches and fallen leaves, maize straw, carbonization rice husk etc., these composite interstitial substance water absorptions are big, in light weight, physicochemical property is good, nutrient contains
Amount is high, cost is low, and their effect is better than soil.
Should be agriculture and forestry organic waste material, work there has been proposed the main component of current light seedling raising medium by studying for many years
Industry solid biomass fertilizer and appropriate soil.Numerous studies have been done for this respect people, composite interstitial substance (vermiculite: organic fertilizer:
Slag ash=7: 2: 1) cultivate cucumber seedling best results, hence it is evident that be better than CK (turfs: vermiculite=2: 1);The perlite of 1/2 sand+1/2
(volumetric ratio).The Leaf lettuce seedling effect of mixed substrate cultivation is best;Mixed-matrix sawdust:Dry branches and fallen leaves:Pecan shell:Pearl
Rock=4:2:3:1 (volume ratio) is optimum proportioning light ground mass.Correlative study thinks, a certain proportion of peat, perlite, bark
It can be used Deng mixed-matrix as the substitute of yellow soil, and plant growth can be promoted.Camellia nitidissima is suitable to more than middle fertility,
Loosing soil moistens and well-drained acid light loam.And Camellia nitidissima is especially sensitive to the soda acid of matrix, it is necessary to assure medium
Acid-base value in matrix pH value between 4.12~4.97, soda acid is bigger than normal or the growth less than normal that can all limit Camellia nitidissima, serious feelings
Even whole plant is dead under condition.For Typical matrices, peat it is more, but water-retaining property is very good, simple using easy
Ponding is caused, so as to cause plant root anoxic.Wooden chaff volume is big, and aeration is good, and carbon-nitrogen ratio is high, but water-holding capacity and cation
Exchange capacity is low.Bark, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and water-holding capacity ratio are relatively low, and carbon-nitrogen ratio is high, and decomposition rate is very fast.Perlite kicks the beam,
Plant can not be fixed well, it is impossible to for directly working as medium.As can be seen here, single-matrix fills has while obvious advantage
Certain limitation, the condition that can not be provided for Camellia nitidissima required for growth is used alone.Different substrates are used in mixed way can be with
Learn from other's strong points to offset one's weaknesses from each other, more preferable effect can be played.The influence with comparison final effect of different substrates is maximum, it is necessary to enters
Row is rational to be set.
Present Camellia nitidissima seedling is bred mainly carries out traditional level land seeding and seedling raising as matrix using laterite.Crop field is direct
The shortcomings that nursery, is embodied in following all many-sides:(1) level land nursery needs to take certain soil, in the present that land resource is in short supply
My god, this will greatly increase production cost.(2) level land nursery is excessive with kind of quantity, and generally Seed Quantity for Direct Sowing compares nursery
Transplanting will use seed, and Camellia nitidissima seed production is natively very low, therefore level land nursery will waste a certain amount of seed.(3) it is big
Field soil is difficult to arrange excessively fine, and temperature, soil moisture content, depth of planting etc. are difficult control to be sprouted and growth of seedling in suitable seed
Environmental condition under, easily cause be short of seedling it is serious.(4) recruitment is more, difficult management, is loosened the soil in Seedling Stage fertilising, watering, intertillage
Management work is all difficult to control in suitable scope, (5) pest and disease damage and the more difficult preventing and treating of weeds, it is largely dead to easily cause seedling
Die.(6) soil weight is big, and carrying labor intensity is big, and cost of transportation is high.(7) root system damage is easily caused in transplanting, have impact on root
The functions such as the absorption of system, synthesis, storage, grow seedling seedling-slowing stage, and transplanting survival rate is low.Utilize the agriculture of light weight, good permeability
The Light media container nursery that woods discarded object is prepared into can be very good solve problem above.However, Light media is in Camellia nitidissima at present
Effect in nursery has not been reported, it is necessary to which further studied.
The content of the invention
For above-mentioned deficiency, it is an object of the invention to provide a kind of cost is low, nutrient balance is workable, improves
It is light to solve the high Camellia nitidissima of traditional low seedling survival rate, seedling transportation cost for and can while Camellia nitidissima germination percentage and growth rate
Matrix container method for culturing seedlings.
In order to solve the above technical problems, technical scheme provided by the invention is such:
A kind of Camellia nitidissima Light media container seedling culture method, comprises the following steps successively:
1) seed harvesting, storage;
2) presprouting of seeds;
3) program request nursery
Camellia nitidissima seed after step 2) vernalization is transplanted into the container equipped with Light media, drenches and water and shades;It is described
Light media by following volume ratios be 8:0.8-1.2:0.8-1.2 peat soil:Wooden chaff:Yellow soil is made;
4) seedling management
Matrix moistening and shade are kept after seed germination, sprays once the agricultural chemicals of pre- preventing disease and pest within 1~2 month, and keep seedling
Garden sanitation and hygiene;
5) outplanting.
Further, above-mentioned Camellia nitidissima Light media container seedling culture method, the method for the seed harvesting described in step 1) are:
11~December transports whole picking fruit back nursery base, In Shade, after taking its seed after 4~5 days crackings, with 1.5 ‰
Liquor potassic permanganate seed soaking 4h, the liquor potassic permanganate then remained using distilled water flushing.
Further, above-mentioned Camellia nitidissima Light media container seedling culture method, the seed sand storage germination accelerating method described in step 1)
It is:Sand is sieved in advance, sterilized, water spray makes the water content of sand be carried out in 50~55~65%, one layer of sand, one layer of seed
Tiling, every layer of sand 1~2cm of thickness, the superiors 2.5~3.5cm of sand, tightens after finally being wrapped with plastic foil, is placed in cool place
Place preserves, and checks a seed storage situation within 20~25 days, keeps the skin wet.
Further, above-mentioned Camellia nitidissima Light media container seedling culture method, described sand sterilization method are:By 50ml good fortune
Your Malin is added into 10L water, is uniformly sprayed on sand.
Further, above-mentioned a kind of Camellia nitidissima Light media container seedling culture method, the Light media preparation side described in step 3)
Method is:Peat soil, wooden chaff, yellow earth are sieved, by 8:1:1 volume ratio mixing, uses covered rearing with plastic film after sterilization, and vexed 8~12
It throws off covering, makes gaseous volatilization, is used after 2 days.
Further, above-mentioned Camellia nitidissima Light media container seedling culture method, the program request method for culturing seedlings described in step 3) are:Will
Light media after sterilization loads in nutrient bag, the Medium Culture among nutrient bag make a call to a 1.8~2.2cm of diameter, depth 4.5~
5.5cm cave, the seed base-root to have showed money or valuables one carries unintentionally is lowered into cave, filled and led up cave with the matrix of surrounding, it is more on a small quantity with shower nozzle
Secondary water spray until drench, using 40~60% shade net progress shading treatment completely.
Further, above-mentioned a kind of Camellia nitidissima Light media container seedling culture method, the agricultural chemicals described in step 4) are 25% west
400~600 times of liquid of denapon wettable powder.
Further, a kind of above-mentioned Camellia nitidissima Light media container seedling culture method, the step 5) outplanting be, will be through
The cultivation of 1 year, more than height of seedling 20cm, ground diameter 0.46cm or so are crossed, top is obvious, and trunk leads to straight, sturdy, leaf dark green, root system
Prosperity, the seedling transplanting of no disease and pests harm go out garden.
Compared with prior art, skill Camellia nitidissima seedling medium formulation cost provided by the invention is low, and nutrient balance is operable
Property it is strong, improve Camellia nitidissima germination percentage and to solve traditional low seedling survival rate, seedling transportation cost high for and can while growth rate
Etc. problem, it is adapted to industrialization production, it is specific as follows:
(1) prepare the raw material sources such as the peat soil, wooden chaff, yellow earth of Light medium to enrich, cost is cheap.
(2) preparation technology of Light media is simple, workable.
(3) Light media reasonable mixture ratio, nutritious, Camellia nitidissima germination percentage and plant strain growth situation are better than convention acidic yellow earth
The nursery stock that soil matrix matter is cultivated, can use as the substitute of yellow earth.
(4) percentage of seedgermination, convenient management, later stage plant strain growth stalwartness can be effectively improved using Light media program request nursery.
(5) do annual container seedling using the end of the year in Light media container nursery year or spring in next year and go out garden, in light weight, convenient fortune
Defeated packaging, cost of transportation can be effectively reduced, seedling-slowing stage is short after transplanted seedling tree, is adapted to industrialization development to utilize.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is Camellia nitidissima percentage of seedgermination (%) in the matrix of different ratio;
Fig. 2 is thick (cm) for Camellia nitidissima nursery stock footpath in the matrix of different ratio;
Fig. 3 is Camellia nitidissima plant height (cm) in the matrix of different ratio;
Fig. 4 is Camellia nitidissima hat width (cm in the matrix of different ratio2);
Fig. 5 is the Camellia nitidissima number of blade in the matrix of different ratio;
Fig. 6 is Camellia nitidissima fresh quench weight (g) in the matrix of different ratio;
Fig. 7 is the fresh stem weight (g) of Camellia nitidissima in the matrix of different ratio;
Fig. 8 is golden camellia tea weight (g) in the matrix of different ratio;
Fig. 9 is the total fresh weight (g) of Camellia nitidissima in the matrix of different ratio;
Figure 10 is the dry root weight (g) of Camellia nitidissima in the matrix of different ratio;
Figure 11 is Camellia nitidissima scapus weight (g) in the matrix of different ratio;
Figure 12 is Camellia nitidissima cured leaf weight (g) in the matrix of different ratio;
Figure 13 is Camellia nitidissima gross dry weight (g) in the matrix of different ratio;
Each handle is in above figure:S1 represents peat soil and wooden chaff mixing (volume ratio 7:3), S2 represents peat soil and wooden chaff
Mix (volume ratio 5:5), S3 represents peat soil, wooden chaff and yellow earth mixing (volume ratio 6:2:2), S4 represent peat soil, wooden chaff and
Yellow earth mixes (volume ratio 5:3:2), S5 represents peat soil, wooden chaff and yellow earth mixing (volume ratio 8:1:1), S6 represents yellow earth.
Embodiment
The present invention is described in more detail with reference to specific embodiment, but does not form any limit to the present invention
System, the modification of anyone limited number of time made in scope of the presently claimed invention is still in scope of the presently claimed invention
It is interior.
Embodiment 1
(1) seed collection, transport and storage
When 11~December, Camellia nitidissima fruit color gradually became yellowish-brown, seed is ripe.By under whole picking fruit
It is fitted into ventilative Nylon Bag and transports nursery base back.Fruit is In Shade, fruit 4~5 days can natural cracking, take its seed
After preserve.By the seed after stripping with 1.5 ‰ liquor potassic permanganate soak seed 4h, 30min stir once, then outwell permanganic acid
Potassium solution, the liquor potassic permanganate remained using distilled water flushing is until the aqueous solution becomes colorless.
Seed storage uses the method that sand is hidden:Sand is crossed to the sieve of 10 mesh, removes big grain stone.Formal is used in sand sterilization
Woods sterilizes (50ml formalin solutions add 10L water).Uniformly it is sprayed on sand.Water spray mixes, and the water content of sand is existed
50~60% or so (sand can bond agglomerating after holding).The permeable ceramic bowl in bottom or plastic tub are selected as preservation container.One
Layer one layer of seed of sand is tiled, and every layer of sand thickness is about 1~2cm.The superiors' sand is slightly thick, about 3cm.Use plastic foil
Tightened after wrapping, In Shade preservation, prevent from being exposed to the sun either ponding, checks a seed storage situation within 20 days or so, fits
When keeping the skin wet.
(2) prepared by container selection and seedling medium
From 15cm × 21cm container of the nutrient bag as Camellia nitidissima seed seedling-raising.
The preparation of Light medium.Light medium prepares material as peat soil, Mu Kang, laterite.3mm is all crossed using preceding
Sieve, remove bulky grain.Peat soil, wooden chaff, yellow earth are pressed 8:1:1 volume ratio mixing.Soil disinfection is sterilized with formalin
(50ml formalin solutions add 10L water).Thimerosal is sprayed to mixed-matrix surface, and continuous mixed-matrix using watering can,
Make its sterilization uniform.Covered rearing with plastic film is used after mixing, throws off covering within vexed 10 days or so, makes gaseous volatilization, is made after drying 2 days
With.
(3) program request nursery
2~March of early spring is the best period of basin on Camellia nitidissima, close to Camellia nitidissima Their Seed Germinating Period.Now upper basin can promote
The growth of later stage nursery stock.As Camellia nitidissima seed have longer radicle again on easily injure new root if basin.By the mixed base after sterilization
Matter loads in nutrient bag.During transplanting, the Medium Culture among nutrient bag makes a call to a diameter 2cm, deep 5cm cave, will show money or valuables one carries unintentionally
Seed be put into cave, pay attention to radicle is downward, otherwise easily hurt new life radicle.Cave is filled and led up with the matrix of surrounding.On
Under gently vibrate nutrient bag, matrix in basin is shaken tightly.Upper basin not expire very much, and matrix volume is about the 3/4 of basin body product.With spray
The a small amount of multiple water spray of head until drench completely.Shade is built before upper basin.Shading treatment is carried out using 50% shade net, both
The evaporation of moisture, which can be reduced, also makes nursery stock emergence neat.
(4) seedling management
The seed point of general vernalization is cast in nutrient bag after 10d, and seedling begins to be unearthed, and is kept matrix moistening and is suitably hidden
Shade, ensure the healthy growth of seedling, to pay special attention to water drenching, the water of spray in 2~3 days, required for keeping seedling normal growth
Adequate water, with constantly growing up for seedling, the number of water drenching can be reduced suitably, but every secondary leaching is sufficient, drenches, to meet seedling
Moisture required for growth.After seedling is unearthed, 1~2 month the first half sprayed a medicine, and medicine used is 25% sevin wettable
400~600 times of liquid of pulvis;Cleaning dead leaf and weeds in time, nursery sanitation and hygiene are kept, reduce germ and grow, ensure nursery stock
Healthy growth.
(5) outplanting
By the cultivation of about one year, when nursery stock grows tall to more than 20cm, you can select the qualified outplanting of stalwartness.Close
Lattice seedling feature:More than height of seedling 20cm, ground diameter 0.46cm or so, top is obvious, and trunk leads to straight, sturdy, leaf dark green, root system hair
Reach, no disease and pests harm.
In order to better illustrate advantages of the present invention, Fig. 1 to Figure 13 is to the Camellia nitidissima of the invention cultivated below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings
The condition of production is described further.
Seed point is sowed to the Light media (peat soil of preparation:Wooden chaff:Yellow earth=8:1:1) in, percentage of seedgermination is
100%, it is identical with germination percentage in yellow earth, higher than the germination percentage (80~90%) in other matrix.Light media (peat soil:Wooden chaff:
Yellow earth=8:1:1) the base footpath of seedling, plant height, hat width and 4 biological characters of blade are all preferable in, respectively 4.63cm,
19.22cm、309cm2, 9.78, (4.86cm, 20.1cm, 343.6cm suitable with character of the Camellia nitidissima in Parental Soils yellow earth2、
9.5), better than other matrix.Seedling root, stem, leaf fresh weight and dry weight show identical rule in different substrates:Seedling gives birth in yellow earth
Long best, Light media (peat soil:Wooden chaff:Yellow earth=8:1:1) take second place in, and show what is prepared without significant difference between yellow earth
Light media is adapted to Camellia nitidissima growth of seedling, Light media (peat soil:Wooden chaff:Yellow earth=8:1:1) can be as the substitute of yellow earth.
Claims (5)
1. a kind of Camellia nitidissima Light media container seedling culture method, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps successively:
1) seed harvesting, storage;
The method of described seed harvesting is:11~December transports whole picking fruit back nursery base, In Shade, and 4~5
After its seed being taken after its cracking, with 1.5 ‰ liquor potassic permanganate seed soaking 4h, the permanganic acid then remained using distilled water flushing
Potassium solution;
2) presprouting of seeds
Described seed accelerating germination method is:Sand is sieved in advance, sterilized, water spray makes the water content of sand 55~65%, storage
Hide container to be tiled using bottom permeable ceramic bowl or plastic tub, one layer of sand, one layer of seed, every layer of sand 1~2cm of thickness,
The superiors 2.5~3.5cm of sand, is tightened after finally being wrapped with plastic foil, In Shade preservation, and inspection in 20~25 days is once planted
Sub- storage situation, keeps the skin wet;
3) program request nursery
Camellia nitidissima seed after step 2) vernalization is transplanted to the nutrient bag equipped with Light media, drenches and water and shades;
Light media preparation method is:Peat soil, wooden chaff, yellow earth are sieved, by 8:1:1 volume ratio mixing, plastics are used after sterilization
Film covers, and throws off covering within vexed 8~12 days, makes gaseous volatilization, used after 2 days;
4) seedling management
Matrix moistening and shade are kept after seed germination, sprays once the agricultural chemicals of pre- preventing disease and pest within 1~2 month, and keep nursery clear
Clean health;
5) outplanting.
2. Camellia nitidissima Light media container seedling culture method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described sand sterilization side
Method is:50ml formalin solutions are added into 10L water, are uniformly sprayed on sand.
3. Camellia nitidissima Light media container seedling culture method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the program request described in step 3)
Method for culturing seedlings is:By after sterilization Light media load nutrient bag in, the Medium Culture among nutrient bag make a call to a diameter 1.8~
2.2cm, deep 4.5~5.5cm cave, the seed base-root to have showed money or valuables one carries unintentionally is lowered into cave, filled and led up cave with the matrix of surrounding,
Up-down vibration compresses matrix, with a small amount of multiple water spray of shower nozzle until drenching completely, is carried out using 40~60% shade net
Shading treatment.
4. a kind of Camellia nitidissima Light media container seedling culture method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described in step 4)
Agricultural chemicals is 25% sevin wettable powder, 400~600 times of liquid.
A kind of 5. Camellia nitidissima Light media container seedling culture method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the step 5) seedling
Wood goes out garden, will be by the cultivation of 1 year, and more than height of seedling 20cm, ground diameter 0.46cm or so, top is obvious, trunk lead to it is straight, sturdy,
Leaf dark green, well developed root system, the seedling transplanting of no disease and pests harm go out garden.
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CN104221673A (en) * | 2014-09-03 | 2014-12-24 | 广西师范大学 | Method for cultivating golden camellia under eucalyptus forest |
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CN104221673A (en) * | 2014-09-03 | 2014-12-24 | 广西师范大学 | Method for cultivating golden camellia under eucalyptus forest |
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《云南金花茶的繁育技术》;张贵良等;《林业科技通讯》;20150215(第2期);第45-46页 * |
《广西珍贵树种高效栽培技术(连载)》;蒋桂雄等;《广西林业》;20130205(第1期);第44-45页 * |
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