CN104838953A - Root-grafting seedling method for Chinese flowering crabapple - Google Patents
Root-grafting seedling method for Chinese flowering crabapple Download PDFInfo
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- CN104838953A CN104838953A CN201510285410.XA CN201510285410A CN104838953A CN 104838953 A CN104838953 A CN 104838953A CN 201510285410 A CN201510285410 A CN 201510285410A CN 104838953 A CN104838953 A CN 104838953A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of human cloning seedling of plants, in particular to a root-grafting seedling method for Chinese flowering crabapple. Problems that the Chinese flowering crabapple is prone to generation of variation and losing favorable properties due to adoption of sowing and seedling, rooting rate in raising seedlings by cutting is low, more materials are needed, the shape of a seed tree is damaged due to too much trimming, ornamental value is lowered, stock cultivation needed in seedling by grafting is labor-consuming and time-consuming, reproduction is slow, coefficient is low, technical difficulty in group seedling is high, cost is high and the like are effectively solved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to artificial asexual multiplication's seedling growing process field of plant, particularly relate to a kind of Malus spectabilis root and connect seedling-cultivating method.
Background technology
Malus spectabilis is rose family Malus machaka or dungarunga, and wherein many is famous ornamental plantss, as: midget crabapple, hall crabapple flower, dwarf japanese quince and pawpaw Malus spectabilis, practise and claim " Malus spectabilis four product ", for Chinese Famous ornamental tree species, be important temperate zone flowering tree, the common cultivation in various places.Chinese flowering apple appearance is graceful, and the flowers are in blossom like brocade, is the famous flower of appealing to both the more and the less cultured since ancient times, have the title of " spending middle angle ", " flower highest-ranking imperial concubine ", " spending honorable ", the reputation of " state is gorgeous ".Often plant mutually with yulan, tree peony, sweet osmanthus in imperal garden, form the artistic conception of " beautiful Chinese bush cherry is rich and honour ".In addition, Chinese flowering apple can have stronger resistance to sulphur dioxide, and the greening being highly suitable for avenue and mining area is planted.
Malus spectabilis seedling propagation commonly uses sowing, cuttage, plant division, grafting (scion grafting or bud grafting), tissue cultures etc.But the seedling growth of seed propagation is slow, blooms late, generally need 7-8 just can bloom, and easily produce character variation, so Chang Zuowei stock is cultivated and the use of crossbreeding.During cuttage and seedling culture, because Malus spectabilis is not water-fast, the perishable necrosis in cuttings bottom, cuttage root-taking is difficult.Division propagation quantity is few, far can not satisfy the demand.Propagation by grafiting is method the most frequently used in modern horticultural, but needs first to cultivate stock, and required scion is many, operation inconvenience, condition needed for tissue cultures and technical requirement high, general gardens enterprise and peasant household are difficult to reach.
Summary of the invention
The present invention aims to provide a kind of Malus spectabilis root and connects seedling-cultivating method, and application root makes stock, and by scion grafting strong for another kind of affinity on root, Malus spectabilis blooms ahead of time, and proterties is stablized, and can keep the original Optimality of maternal scion.
For achieving the above object, technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
Malus spectabilis root connects seedling-cultivating method, comprise the selection of anvil root, scion selection, root connect, nursery, field planting, it is characterized in that:
Anvil root is selected: after Siberian crabapple, apple or Malus spectabilis nursery stock go out garden autumn, chooses shoot root that is that leave in soil or that get off from pruning as stock;
Root connects: I stock comparatively scion is thick: a. prunes scion wedgewise face; B is at anvil root cross section about 1/3rd place's cut-grafting fringe otch; C. insert scion from anvil root incision, and be wound around wrapping; II scion comparatively stock is thick: a. prunes stock and scion wedgewise face; B. the lozenges laminating of stock and scion; C. joint place with thin numb skin Zi upper Er Xia Chan tight around secure rigid binding;
Nursery: after root has connect, is housed in seedbed by root scion, covers wet husky above, stores contact portion healing in about about 10-15 days, plants on seedbed, take out in nursery field planting after the rudiment of root seedlings picking after taking over a job.
Further, described scion is selected: on cherry-apple tree clip robust growth, without damage by disease and insect, the full health of bud point, the annotinous branch of diameter 0.3-0.5 about ㎝.
Further, cut Remaining Leaves in scion when pruning scion, below bud point, cutter under relative position, is whittled into wedge shape bevel, and each scion retains 1-2 bud point, is cut into flat mouth by above scion.
Further, cut the scion of cutting, be placed in 50 ㎎/L forchlorfenuron solution and soak 1 hour, it is for subsequent use that surface moisture is dried in taking-up.
Further, in seedling raising process, root scion covers the wet sand of 8-10cm in seedbed.
Further, bed temperature 5-8 DEG C is kept in seedbed in seedling raising process.
Further, during the field planting of nursery, scion terminal bud bassets.
Further, water once permeable after field planting, within 15-20 days, spray one nutrient solution, seedbed humidity keeps 50%-60%, then row Routine Management.
Beneficial effect of the present invention is:
1, Malus spectabilis root connects the time is all generally carry out at Qiu Mo or nursery stock resting stage in winter, simple to operation.Keep Malus spectabilis merit, a kind of economical and practical seedling-wood breeding method.
2, economize on resources, reduce costs, time and labour saving, Malus spectabilis root connects nursery and to make full use of when the outplanting that grows directly from seeds is transplanted that the root that abandons is disconnected makes stock, save special cultivate rootstock seedling soil, time and artificial.
3, before grafting, the scion basic element of cell division processes, and stimulates cambial cell, and after grafting, cell division capacity strengthens, and impels grafting survival fast.
4, this of Malus spectabilis connects nursery, and use the root of seedling to break part, root system can be supplied to nursery stock nutrient considerably beyond branch cutting and the grafting of overground part branch.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
Stock grafting pawpaw Malus spectabilis is done with the root of Siberian crabapple:
1, during autumn Mo Siberian crabapple outplanting, stay in soil or prune from seedling the shoot root got off, select diameter in the annual root of 0.3 more than ㎝, be cut into the root segment of 8-10 ㎝, with 1-3 bar fibrous root on every section of anvil root, block the rear use sand that wets and bury for subsequent use.
2, select robust growth on pawpaw cherry-apple tree, without damage by disease and insect, the full health of bud point, the annotinous branch of diameter 0.3-0.5 about ㎝.
3, cut thorn or Remaining Leaves in scion with scissors, below bud point, relative position cuts two cuttves, is whittled into wedge shape bevel, and very neat and tidy with cutter, two tangent planes are equal, and each scion retains 1-2 bud point, is cut into flat mouth by above scion.
4, cut the scion of cutting, be placed in 50 ㎎/L forchlorfenuron solution and soak 1 hour, it is for subsequent use that surface moisture is dried in taking-up.Forchlorfenuron is basic element of cell division quasi-growth promoter, can promote cell division, Organ Differentiation, and leaf is green at least to be synthesized, and prevents aging, and its mechanism of action is identical with the purine type basic element of cell division, but specific activity kinetin and benayl aminopurine height 10-100 are doubly.After the cuttings processed and anvil root graft, respective face of cutting forms layer and mutually touches each other, by the impact of cell division hormone, cambial cell easily divides, differentiate callus, the callus of growing combines and plugs the gap, the nutrient of anvil root absorption is transported to scion by callus, scion rudiment in Callus formation process, starts growth.
5, sand is hidden root anvil to take out, in the middle part of anvil root cross section, vertical lower partial application, reaches 0.8-1.0 ㎝ deeply, can not be excessively dark, and exit blade, lower cutter will be done efficiently, and longitudinal cut is smooth.
6, insert scion from anvil root longitudinal incision, anvil root will align with the formation layer of scion and touch.If the rugosity of anvil root and scion is different, root segment is thinner than scion, root segment is whittled into wedge shape bevel, is connected in scion, is alignd in cambial side and touches.
7, binding grafting fringe: after grafting, with thin numb skin Zi upper Er Xia Chan tight around secure rigid binding, be housed in seedbed, cover with wet sand above.Binding when root connects is numb skin necessarily, and the interface connect due to root is embedded in underground, not easily excluding restriction thing after surviving, and numb skin be embedded in can naturally macerate in wet soil rotten.If with plastic film strip binding, the growth of grafting will be hindered, and even from interface abstriction, form seedling and lose one's life.
8, after root has connect, root scion is imbedded in seedbed, above with wet husky covering.Seedling bed temperature should remain on 5 DEG C-8 DEG C, on March in next year, after temperature rise in the middle ten days, takes out the root seedlings picking field planting of beginning rudiment in nursery, the fibrous root on anvil root will be made when planting to unfold, the depth of planting is basseted with scion terminal bud and is advisable, and waters permeable, impel new root after planting.Within 15-20 days, spray one nutrient solution, seedbed humidity keeps 50%-60%, can not be excessively wet, fine day will be taken Small plastic shed and add a cover sunshade net high temperature-proof intense light irradiation, management method conveniently carries out weeding, desinsection, sterilization, can seedling plant to autumn, grows to high 50 more than ㎝ seedlings then.
Embodiment 2
Stock grafting midget crabapple is done with the root of Siberian crabapple:
1, during autumn Mo Siberian crabapple outplanting, stay in soil or prune from seedling the shoot root got off, select diameter in the annual root of 0.3 more than ㎝, be cut into the root segment of 8-10 ㎝, with 1-3 bar fibrous root on every section of anvil root, block the rear use sand that wets and bury for subsequent use.
2, select the upper robust growth of midget crabapple tree, without damage by disease and insect, the full health of bud point, the annotinous branch of diameter 0.3-0.5 about ㎝.
3, cut thorn or Remaining Leaves in scion with scissors, below bud point, relative position cuts two cuttves, is whittled into wedge shape bevel, and very neat and tidy with cutter, two tangent planes are equal, and each scion retains 1-2 bud point, cuts flat above scion.
4, cut the scion of cutting, be placed in 50 ㎎/L forchlorfenuron solution and soak 1 hour, it is for subsequent use that surface moisture is dried in taking-up.Forchlorfenuron is basic element of cell division quasi-growth promoter, can promote cell division, Organ Differentiation, and leaf is green at least to be synthesized, and prevents aging, and its mechanism of action is identical with the purine type basic element of cell division, but specific activity kinetin and benayl aminopurine height 10-100 are doubly.After the cuttings processed and anvil root graft, respective face of cutting forms layer and mutually touches each other, by the impact of cell division hormone, cambial cell easily divides, differentiate callus, the callus of growing combines and plugs the gap, the nutrient of anvil root absorption is transported to scion by callus, scion rudiment in Callus formation process, starts growth.
5, sand is hidden root anvil to take out, in the middle part of anvil root cross section, vertical lower partial application, reaches 0.8-1.0 ㎝ deeply, can not be excessively dark, and exit blade, lower cutter will be done efficiently, and longitudinal cut is smooth.
6, insert scion from anvil root longitudinal incision, anvil root will align with the formation layer of scion and touch.If the rugosity of anvil root and scion is different, root segment is thinner than scion, root segment is whittled into wedge shape bevel, is connected in scion, is alignd in cambial side and touches.
7, binding grafting fringe: after grafting, with thin numb skin Zi upper Er Xia Chan tight around secure rigid binding, be housed in seedbed, cover with wet sand above.Binding when root connects is numb skin necessarily, and the interface connect due to root is embedded in underground, not easily excluding restriction thing after surviving, and numb skin be embedded in can naturally macerate in wet soil rotten.If with plastic film strip binding, the growth of grafting will be hindered, and even from interface abstriction, form seedling and lose one's life.
8, after root has connect, root scion is imbedded in seedbed, above with wet husky covering.Seedling bed temperature should remain on 5 DEG C-8 DEG C, on March in next year, after temperature rise in the middle ten days, takes out the root seedlings picking field planting of beginning rudiment in nursery, the fibrous root on anvil root will be made when planting to unfold, the depth of planting is basseted with scion terminal bud and is advisable, and waters permeable, impel new root after planting.Within 15-20 days, spray one nutrient solution, seedbed humidity keeps 50%-60%, can not be excessively wet, fine day will be taken Small plastic shed and add a cover sunshade net high temperature-proof intense light irradiation, management method conveniently carries out weeding, desinsection, sterilization, can seedling plant to autumn, grows to high 50-60 ㎝ seedlings then.
Embodiment 3
Stock grafting hall crabapple flower is made with the root of Malus spectabilis:
1, during autumn Mo Malus spectabilis outplanting, stay in soil or prune from seedling the shoot root got off, select diameter in the annual root of 0.3 more than ㎝, be cut into 8-10 ㎝ root segment, with 1-3 bar fibrous root on every section of anvil root, block the rear use sand that wets and bury for subsequent use.
2, select the upper robust growth of hall crabapple flower tree, without damage by disease and insect, the full health of bud point, the annotinous branch of diameter 0.3-0.5 about ㎝.
3, cut thorn or Remaining Leaves in scion with scissors, below bud point, relative position cuts two cuttves, is whittled into wedge shape bevel, and very neat and tidy with cutter, two tangent planes are equal, and each scion retains 1-2 bud point, cuts flat above scion.
4, cut the scion of cutting, be placed in 50 ㎎/L forchlorfenuron solution and soak 1 hour, it is for subsequent use that surface moisture is dried in taking-up.Forchlorfenuron is basic element of cell division quasi-growth promoter, can promote cell division, Organ Differentiation, and leaf is green at least to be synthesized, and prevents aging, and its mechanism of action is identical with the purine type basic element of cell division, but specific activity kinetin and benayl aminopurine height 10-100 are doubly.After the cuttings processed and anvil root graft, respective face of cutting forms layer and mutually touches each other, by the impact of cell division hormone, cambial cell easily divides, differentiate callus, the callus of growing combines and plugs the gap, the nutrient of anvil root absorption is transported to scion by callus, scion rudiment in Callus formation process, starts growth.
5, sand is hidden root anvil to take out, in the middle part of anvil root cross section, vertical lower partial application, reaches 0.8-1.0 ㎝ deeply, can not be excessively dark, and exit blade, lower cutter will be done efficiently, and longitudinal cut is smooth.
6, insert scion from anvil root longitudinal incision, anvil root will align with the formation layer of scion and touch.If the rugosity of anvil root and scion is different, root segment is thinner than scion, root segment is whittled into wedge shape bevel, is connected in scion, is alignd in cambial side and touches.
7, binding grafting fringe: after grafting, with thin numb skin Zi upper Er Xia Chan tight around secure rigid binding, be housed in seedbed, cover with wet sand above.Binding when root connects is numb skin necessarily, and the interface connect due to root is embedded in underground, not easily excluding restriction thing after surviving, and numb skin be embedded in can naturally macerate in wet soil rotten.If with plastic film strip binding, the growth of grafting will be hindered, and even from interface abstriction, form seedling and lose one's life.
8, after root has connect, root scion is imbedded in seedbed, above with wet husky covering.Seedling bed temperature should remain on 5 DEG C-8 DEG C, on March in next year, after temperature rise in the middle ten days, takes out the root seedlings picking field planting of beginning rudiment in nursery, the fibrous root on anvil root will be made when planting to unfold, the depth of planting is basseted with scion terminal bud and is advisable, and waters permeable, impel new root after planting.Within 15-20 days, spray one nutrient solution, seedbed humidity keeps 50%-60%, can not be excessively wet, fine day will be taken Small plastic shed and add a cover sunshade net high temperature-proof intense light irradiation, management method conveniently carries out weeding, desinsection, sterilization, can seedling plant to autumn, grows to high 70-80 ㎝ seedlings then.
Embodiment 4
Stock grafting dwarf japanese quince is done with the root of apple:
1, when autumn Mo, apple nursery stock went out garden, stay in soil or prune from seedling the shoot root got off, select diameter in the annual root of 0.3 more than ㎝, be cut into the root segment of 8-10 ㎝, with 1-3 bar fibrous root on every section of anvil root, block the rear use sand that wets and bury for subsequent use.
2, select the upper robust growth of dwarf japanese quince tree, without damage by disease and insect, the full health of bud point, the annotinous branch of diameter 0.3-0.5 about ㎝.
3, cut thorn or Remaining Leaves in scion with scissors, below bud point, relative position cuts two cuttves, is whittled into wedge shape bevel, and very neat and tidy with cutter, two tangent planes are equal, and each scion retains 1-2 bud point, cuts flat above scion.
4, cut the scion of cutting, be placed in 50 ㎎/L forchlorfenuron solution and soak 1 hour, it is for subsequent use that surface moisture is dried in taking-up.Forchlorfenuron is basic element of cell division quasi-growth promoter, can promote cell division, Organ Differentiation, and leaf is green at least to be synthesized, and prevents aging, and its mechanism of action is identical with the purine type basic element of cell division, but specific activity kinetin and benayl aminopurine height 10-100 are doubly.After the cuttings processed and anvil root graft, respective face of cutting forms layer and mutually touches each other, by the impact of cell division hormone, cambial cell easily divides, differentiate callus, the callus of growing combines and plugs the gap, the nutrient of anvil root absorption is transported to scion by callus, scion rudiment in Callus formation process, starts growth.
5, sand is hidden root anvil to take out, in the middle part of anvil root cross section, vertical lower partial application, reaches 0.8-1.0 ㎝ deeply, can not be excessively dark, and exit blade, lower cutter will be done efficiently, and longitudinal cut is smooth.
6, insert scion from anvil root longitudinal incision, anvil root will align with the formation layer of scion and touch.If the rugosity of anvil root and scion is different, root segment is thinner than scion, root segment is whittled into wedge shape bevel, is connected in scion, is alignd in cambial side and touches.
7, binding grafting fringe: after grafting, with thin numb skin Zi upper Er Xia Chan tight around secure rigid binding, be housed in seedbed, cover with wet sand above.Binding when root connects is numb skin necessarily, and the interface connect due to root is embedded in underground, not easily excluding restriction thing after surviving, and numb skin be embedded in can naturally macerate in wet soil rotten.If with plastic film strip binding, the growth of grafting will be hindered, and even from interface abstriction, form seedling and lose one's life.
8, after root has connect, root scion is imbedded in seedbed, above with wet husky covering.Seedling bed temperature should remain on 5 DEG C-8 DEG C, on March in next year, after temperature rise in the middle ten days, takes out the root seedlings picking field planting of beginning rudiment in nursery, the fibrous root on anvil root will be made when planting to unfold, the depth of planting is basseted with scion terminal bud and is advisable, and waters permeable, impel new root after planting.Within 15-20 days, spray one nutrient solution, seedbed humidity keeps 50%-60%, can not be excessively wet, fine day will be taken Small plastic shed and add a cover sunshade net high temperature-proof intense light irradiation, management method conveniently carries out weeding, desinsection, sterilization, can seedling plant to autumn, grows to high 60-70 ㎝ seedlings then.
The foregoing is only the preferred embodiments of the present invention, be not limited to the present invention, for a person skilled in the art, the present invention can have various modifications and variations.Within the spirit and principles in the present invention all, any amendment done, equivalent replacement, improvement etc., all should be included within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. Malus spectabilis root connects seedling-cultivating method, comprise the selection of anvil root, scion selection, root connect, nursery, field planting, it is characterized in that:
Anvil root is selected: after Siberian crabapple, apple or Malus spectabilis nursery stock go out garden autumn, chooses shoot root that is that leave in soil or that get off from pruning as stock;
Root connects: I stock comparatively scion is thick: a. prunes scion wedgewise face; B is at anvil root cross section about 1/3rd place's cut-grafting fringe otch; C. insert scion from anvil root incision, and be wound around wrapping; II scion comparatively stock is thick: a. prunes stock and scion wedgewise face; B. the lozenges laminating of stock and scion; C. joint place with thin numb skin Zi upper Er Xia Chan tight around secure rigid binding;
Nursery: after root has connect, is housed in seedbed by root scion, covers wet husky above, stores contact portion healing in about about 10-15 days, plants on seedbed, take out in nursery field planting after the rudiment of root seedlings picking after taking over a job.
2. Malus spectabilis root according to claim 1 connects seedling-cultivating method, it is characterized in that: described scion is selected: on cherry-apple tree clip robust growth, without damage by disease and insect, the full health of bud point, the annotinous branch of diameter 0.3-0.5 about ㎝.
3. Malus spectabilis root according to claim 1 connects seedling-cultivating method, it is characterized in that: cut Remaining Leaves in scion when pruning scion, below bud point, cutter under relative position, is whittled into wedge shape bevel, and each scion retains 1-2 bud point, is cut into flat mouth by above scion.
4. Malus spectabilis root according to claim 3 connects seedling-cultivating method, it is characterized in that: cut the scion of cutting, and is placed in 50 ㎎/L forchlorfenuron solution and soaks 1 hour, and it is for subsequent use that surface moisture is dried in taking-up.
5. Malus spectabilis root according to claim 1 connects seedling-cultivating method, it is characterized in that: in seedling raising process, root scion covers the wet sand of 8-10cm in seedbed.
6. Malus spectabilis root according to claim 5 connects seedling-cultivating method, it is characterized in that: keep bed temperature 5-8 DEG C in seedbed in seedling raising process.
7. Malus spectabilis root according to claim 1 connects seedling-cultivating method, it is characterized in that: during the field planting of nursery, scion terminal bud bassets.
8. Malus spectabilis root according to claim 1 connects seedling-cultivating method, it is characterized in that: water once permeable after field planting, within 15-20 days, sprays one nutrient solution, and seedbed humidity keeps 50%-60%, then row Routine Management.
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN108307830A (en) * | 2018-02-25 | 2018-07-24 | 孙仁江 | A kind of root graft method of navel orange |
CN108377774A (en) * | 2018-04-20 | 2018-08-10 | 金春兰 | A kind of cuttage breeding method of Impatiens Hybriden |
CN114885688A (en) * | 2022-04-25 | 2022-08-12 | 西北农林科技大学 | Kiwi fruit micro-root grafting and cuttage method |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN1041257A (en) * | 1988-09-23 | 1990-04-18 | 张学田 | Root graft method of chestnut |
CN1219344A (en) * | 1997-12-09 | 1999-06-16 | 李海根 | Chrysanthemum tree and its culture method |
CN102349419A (en) * | 2011-09-05 | 2012-02-15 | 河南省烟草公司郑州市公司 | Grafting method for culturing new product of tobacco |
CN102523941A (en) * | 2011-12-24 | 2012-07-04 | 俞翠微 | New technology for grafting red chestnut branches |
CN104255252A (en) * | 2014-09-18 | 2015-01-07 | 河北省林业科学研究院 | Malus crabapples root grafting breeding method |
-
2015
- 2015-05-29 CN CN201510285410.XA patent/CN104838953A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN1041257A (en) * | 1988-09-23 | 1990-04-18 | 张学田 | Root graft method of chestnut |
CN1219344A (en) * | 1997-12-09 | 1999-06-16 | 李海根 | Chrysanthemum tree and its culture method |
CN102349419A (en) * | 2011-09-05 | 2012-02-15 | 河南省烟草公司郑州市公司 | Grafting method for culturing new product of tobacco |
CN102523941A (en) * | 2011-12-24 | 2012-07-04 | 俞翠微 | New technology for grafting red chestnut branches |
CN104255252A (en) * | 2014-09-18 | 2015-01-07 | 河北省林业科学研究院 | Malus crabapples root grafting breeding method |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN108307830A (en) * | 2018-02-25 | 2018-07-24 | 孙仁江 | A kind of root graft method of navel orange |
CN108377774A (en) * | 2018-04-20 | 2018-08-10 | 金春兰 | A kind of cuttage breeding method of Impatiens Hybriden |
CN114885688A (en) * | 2022-04-25 | 2022-08-12 | 西北农林科技大学 | Kiwi fruit micro-root grafting and cuttage method |
CN114885688B (en) * | 2022-04-25 | 2024-04-02 | 西北农林科技大学 | Kiwi fruit micro-root grafting cutting method |
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Application publication date: 20150819 |