CN104724798B - 复合材料、电极及具有该电极的装置暨电化学除磷方法 - Google Patents
复合材料、电极及具有该电极的装置暨电化学除磷方法 Download PDFInfo
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- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
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- LLYXJBROWQDVMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloro-4-nitrotoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1Cl LLYXJBROWQDVMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- RLLPVAHGXHCWKJ-IEBWSBKVSA-N (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl (1s,3s)-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate Chemical compound CC1(C)[C@H](C=C(Cl)Cl)[C@@H]1C(=O)OCC1=CC=CC(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 RLLPVAHGXHCWKJ-IEBWSBKVSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium bicarbonate Chemical compound [NH4+].OC([O-])=O ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000013 Ammonium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CHBCHAGCVIMDKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N [F].C=C Chemical group [F].C=C CHBCHAGCVIMDKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- JEGUKCSWCFPDGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N h2o hydrate Chemical compound O.O JEGUKCSWCFPDGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TVHALOSDPLTTSR-UHFFFAOYSA-H hexasodium;[oxido-[oxido(phosphonatooxy)phosphoryl]oxyphosphoryl] phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O TVHALOSDPLTTSR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
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- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- IPCAPQRVQMIMAN-UHFFFAOYSA-L zirconyl chloride Chemical compound Cl[Zr](Cl)=O IPCAPQRVQMIMAN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
- C02F1/46109—Electrodes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/06—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising oxides or hydroxides of metals not provided for in group B01J20/04
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J20/20—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbon; comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28002—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28014—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their form
- B01J20/2803—Sorbents comprising a binder, e.g. for forming aggregated, agglomerated or granulated products
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- B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
- B01J20/3231—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the coating or impregnating layer
- B01J20/3234—Inorganic material layers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
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- C02F2001/46133—Electrodes characterised by the material
- C02F2001/46138—Electrodes comprising a substrate and a coating
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/105—Phosphorus compounds
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
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- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Sorption (AREA)
- Electric Double-Layer Capacitors Or The Like (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
Abstract
一种复合材料、电极及具有该电极的装置暨电化学除磷方法，复合材料包括：碳材载体；及具有选择性除磷效果且担载于该碳材载体上的层状双氢氧化物。本发明还提供用于电化学除磷的电极及具有该电极的装置暨电化学除磷方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种水质的净化，尤其关于一种复合材料、含该复合材料的电极及具有该电极的装置暨电化学除磷方法。
背景技术
由于各国对承受水体磷浓度管制愈趋严格，且考量资源再生效益情形下，国际间已逐渐重视除磷与磷回收技术的发展。
为了在废水排放前将磷去除，同时考量资源再生效益情形下，近年来废水处理的观点已由除磷转变为磷回收。磷于废污水中几乎全以磷酸盐形态存在，其组成包含有机磷、聚磷酸盐及正磷酸盐，因浓度通常不高，常影响除磷效率，而且于废污水中同时存在多种盐类如硫酸盐、碳酸盐、硝酸盐等，磷回收经济效益主要由原水体目标物含量、磷选择性及回收技术成本而定，提高除磷技术的磷选择性有利于提升磷回收效益。
现有除磷技术不外乎浓缩沉淀法、生物处理法及吸附法，其中，化学沉淀法是利用多种阳离子使磷有效地从废水中沉淀下来的特点进行的，浓缩沉淀法则是在原水浓缩后配合添加化学药剂如氯化镁、氯化钙或碳酸氢铵沉淀剂去除水中的磷。但其不具磷选择性，仅能作为废渣堆放和填埋，若需回收再利用则需经过步骤繁杂的纯化程序。此外，化学沉淀法操作上受水质pH、加药点位置与加药量影响，需药剂购置、贮存空间及设备，且产生多量的污泥，往往造成实厂建造及操作维护成本的增加。
就传统生物处理法而言，生物摄取磷的程度有限，且系统因微生物易受进流废水水质影响，操作上并不稳定。
吸附法利用吸附剂的表面吸附/沉淀、离子交换机制去除回收磷，吸附剂常使用硅胶、活性碳、沸石、分子筛、粘土及离子交换树脂等，若要移除特定阳离子或阴离子吸附剂必须对不同官能团进行改性。然而，吸附剂的选择性通常较低，易有不纯物质吸附的影响，且再生次数频繁需消耗大量酸碱药剂。一般而言，再生剂与树脂用量比例约在1.5至5倍，具有环境友善性低的缺点。再者，一般吸附剂仍具有吸附剂比表面积小、吸附反应速率低(24至72小时始达吸附平衡)、以及悬浮粉末(powder)吸附剂分离困难的缺点。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种用于电化学除磷的方法，能快速达到选择性除磷效果。本发明还提供一种复合材料、电化学除磷的电极及具有该电极的装置暨电化学除磷方法。
一种复合材料，包括：碳材载体；及层状双氢氧化物，担载于该碳材载体上，该碳材载体用以分散层状双氢氧化物及提供电子传导路径。
一种电极，包括：集电器；以及设于该集电器上的复合材料，该复合材料包括碳材载体；及担载于该碳材载体上的层状双氢氧化物。
本发明还提供一种电化学除磷装置，包括：至少一电化学槽体，包括：设于该电化学槽体中的一对末端电极；以及设于该电化学槽体中且配置于该对末端电极之间的多个中间电极，且该末端电极及多个中间电极如本发明用于电化学除磷的电极所述。
本发明还提供一种电化学除磷的方法，包括使含磷的流体通过如本发明的电化学除磷装置，并施加一电压于该些电极，以电势驱动方式提升层状双氢氧化物的选择性除磷效果。
以下结合附图和具体实施例对本发明进行详细描述，但不作为对本发明的限定。
附图说明
图1为本发明电化学除磷装置的剖视示意图；
图2为本发明另一实施例的电化学除磷装置的剖视示意图；
图3为制备例1的固定于碳材载体上的层状双氢氧化物的X射线衍射(XRD)图谱；
图4为活性碳及制备例1、制备例2与制备例3的固定于碳材载体上的层状双氢氧化物的热重分析(TGA)图谱；
图5为活性碳及制备例1的固定于碳材载体上的层状双氢氧化物的扫描式电子显微镜(SEM)图谱；以及
图6为制备例4的固定于碳材载体上的层状双氢氧化物的XRD图谱。
符号说明
1 电化学除磷装置
10 电化学槽体
110 末端电极
110b 复合材料
12 流体通道
112 中间电极
112a 集电器
112b 复合材料
112c,110c 穿孔
14 电源
114 绝缘件
具体实施方式
以下通过特定的具体实施例说明实施方式，该领域技术人员可由本说明书所揭示的内容轻易地了解本发明的其他优点及功效。
本发明提供一种用于电化学除磷的复合材料，包括：碳材载体；及层状双氢氧化物，担载于该碳材载体上，该碳材载体用以分散层状双氢氧化物。
于一具体实施例中，该碳材载体包括活性碳、竹碳、纳米碳管、石墨烯及乙炔黑所组成组的至少一种。
于一具体实施例中，本发明的层状双氢氧化物可为镁锰层状双氢氧化物、锌铝层状双氢氧化物或为镁铝锆层状双氢氧化物。其相关制备方式可参考R.Chitrakar,S.Tezuka,A.Sonoda,K.Sakane,K.Ooi,T.Hirotsu,Adsorption of phosphate fromseawater on calcined MgMn-layered double hydroxides,Journal of Colloid andInterface Science290(2005)45–5或R.Chitrakar,S.Tezuka,A.Sonoda,K.Sakane,K.Ooi,T.Hirotsu,Synthesis and phosphate uptake behavior of Zr4+incorporated MgAl-layered double hydroxides,Journal of Colloid andInterface Science,313(2007)53–63，不再赘述。
于一具体实施例中，该层状双氢氧化物占该复合材料总重量的25％至65％。
本发明提供的用于电化学除磷的电极包括：集电器；以及设于该集电器上的复合材料。该集电器作为披覆该复合材料的基材，但其外形并无特别限制，通常，该集电器具导电性其外形为箔、板体或片材。于一具体实施例中，该集电器的材质为镍、铜、钛、不锈钢或石墨。
于一具体实施例中，该复合材料通过粘结剂固定于该集电器上。该粘结剂与该复合材料混合，以粘固于该集电器上。该粘结剂可为聚合物型粘结剂，并可选用具有较佳耐热性、稳定性、及耐腐蚀性的聚合物，于一具体实施例中，该黏结剂为含氟聚合物，例如聚偏氟乙烯或聚四氟乙烯。
于一具体实施例中，该碳材载体包括活性碳、竹碳、纳米碳管、石墨烯及乙炔黑所组成组的至少一种。该电极可进一步包括导电组份，包括石墨、碳黑、纳米碳管、石墨烯及乙炔黑所组成组的至少一种。举例而言，当碳材载体为活性碳时，该电极除了包括粘结剂、碳材载体、及层状双氢氧化物，还包括如石墨、碳黑、纳米碳管、石墨烯及乙炔黑所组成组的至少一种的导电组分。
于一具体实施例中，该层状双氢氧化物占该复合材料总重量的25％至65％。
本发明还提供一种用于电化学除磷的装置。如图1所示，该用于电化学除磷的装置1包括：至少一电化学槽体10；设于该电化学槽体10中的一对末端电极110；以及设于该电化学槽体10中且配置于该对末端电极110之间的多个中间电极112，且该对末端电极110与该多个中间电极112之间具有至少一流体通道12，以供含磷流体通过，且该多个中间电极112如本发明用于电化学除磷的电极，即包括：集电器112a；以及设于该集电器112a上的复合材料112b，该复合材料112b可如图所示地双面覆盖在于该集电器112a两侧，且覆盖于该集电器112a的部分面积上。但，亦可整面地覆盖于该集电器112a上。
于一具体实施例中，该对末端电极110如本发明所述的用于电化学除磷的电极。以图1为例说明，该对末端电极110表面设有复合材料110b。
如图1所示的具体实施例中，该流体通道12由各该中间电极112的至少一穿孔112c所构成。
此外，该末端电极110亦可具有穿孔110c，以形成流体通道12，且该电化学除磷的装置可具有多个电化学槽体以形成模组设置，以通过该流体通道12输送流体。
在具体实施上，本发明用于电化学除磷的装置1还包括与该对末端电极110及中间电极112电性连接的电源14。
于图2所示的一具体实施例中，各中间电极之间配置有一绝缘件114，及/或各该末端电极110与该中间电极112之间配置有一绝缘件114。
本发明还提供一种电化学除磷的方法，包括：使含磷流体通过所述电化学除磷装置，并施加一电压于该些电极以进行电化学除磷。
本发明的方法中，通过该电化学槽体的含磷流体的离子浓度为1mg/L至1000mg/L，并施加0.5V至2.0V电压于该多个中间电极与对末端电极，以使本发明电极的复合材料在通过电势驱动的过程中加速吸附含磷流体中的磷。
实施例
制备例1：于碳材载体上固定层状双氢氧化物(MgMn-LDH)
以共沉淀法将层状双氢氧化物(LDHs)材料固定于活性碳(Activated Carbon,AC)上。
本实例中，层状双氢氧化物选用镁锰LDHs，合成步骤为先配制0.03M的MgCl2与0.01M的MnCl2混合水溶液，其Mg和Mn摩尔比例为3:1。然后配制0.2M的NaOH与0.1M的Na2CO3混合水溶液，并添加2.5g活性碳(AC)于此氢氧化物水溶液。缓慢将MgCl2与MnCl2水溶液滴加至氢氧化物水溶液中，控制添加量，使Mg和AC的重量比为0.14：1，并持续以磁石搅拌24小时完成晶核老化(aging)阶段。
合成产物以去离子水清洗至流洗液酸碱值维持在7左右，接续以50℃烘干后，再于300℃空气中锻烧4小时，可得到最终产物AC/LDH。
由XRD、TGA与SEM分析层状双氢氧化物碳复合材料(AC/LDH)的基本特性与微结构。如图3所示，以XRD分析未经300℃锻烧的AC/LDH的结晶特性，由数据可知AC/LDH在Mg:Mn摩尔比3:1合成条件下，可观察到[Mg0.76Mn0.25(OH)2][(CO3)0.14·0.72H2O]的主要特征峰包括[003]、[006]及[009]波峰，表示MgMn-LDH确实被固定于活性碳表面。
根据图4所示的TGA分析结果计算，可知复合材料中MgMn-LDH含量为50％。图5为SEM表面形态分析，其结果显示活性碳改质前表面较为光滑，经过MgMn-LDH改质后的表面有片状物形成，此分析结果与LDH片状结构相符，表示MgMn-LDH被固定于活性碳表面。
制备例2：于碳材载体上固定层状双氢氧化物(MgMn-LDH)
根据制备例1的方法于碳材载体上固定层状双氢氧化物(MgMn-LDH)，但控制MgCl2与MnCl2水溶液添加量，使Mg和AC的重量比为0.07：1，根据图4所示的TGA分析结果计算，MgMn-LDH含量为25％。
制备例3：于碳材载体上固定层状双氢氧化物(MgMn-LDH)
根据制备例1的方法于碳材载体上固定层状双氢氧化物(MgMn-LDH)，但控制MgCl2与MnCl2水溶液添加量，使Mg和AC的重量比为0.21：1，根据图4所示的TGA分析结果计算，MgMn-LDH含量为65％。
制备例4：于碳材载体上固定层状双氢氧化物(MgAlZr-LDH)
根据制备例1的方法于碳材载体上固定层状双氢氧化物(MgAlZr-LDH)，但混合水溶液的组成为0.42M MgCl2、0.07M AlCl3与0.07M ZrOCl2。其Mg:(Al+Zr)摩尔比例为3:1。然后配制0.75M NaOH与0.25M Na2CO3混合水溶液，并添加6g活性碳于此混合水溶液。缓慢将MgCl2、AlCl3与ZrOCl2混合水溶液滴加至该氢氧化物水溶液，并持续以磁石于室温下搅拌24小时完成晶核老化阶段。合成产物以去离子水清洗至流洗液酸碱值维持在7左右，接续以50℃干燥72小时，可得到最终产物AC/MgAlZr-LDH。
如图6所示的XRD结果，可观察到[Mg0.74Al0.14Zr0.13(OH)2][(CO3)0.26·1.16H2O]的主要特征峰包括[003]、[006]、[009]及[110]等波峰。表示MgAlZr-LDH确实被固定于活性碳表面，而由热重量分析法分析可知MgAlZr-LDH改质含量为52％。
制备例5：复合材料电极的制备
依80:10:10重量比例称取制备例的经承载的LDH、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF，分子量534,000)、石墨粉粒(粒径2.7μm)，在混合后，将该混合材料粉末与N-甲基吡咯酮(NMP)溶剂，均匀搅拌成糊状浆料。
测试例1：复合材料的吸附测试
以活性碳(AC)与制备例1的AC/LDH粉末进行磷吸附测试，以验证对于磷离子的选择性。
于300mL原水中添加0.1g AC/LDH粉末，空白试验的测试添加AC。原水为10mg/L磷酸盐(Na2HPO4)与10mg/L硫酸盐(Na2SO4)混合溶液，原水pH值皆控制在7至8，温度为25℃。测试时将内含300ml原水样品瓶置于震荡器装置上，设定震荡器转速200rpm，进行72小时吸附测试。在测试完成后，水样以0.45μm滤纸过滤，用离子层析仪分析滤液中磷酸盐含量，并计算磷酸盐去除效率。
由表1所示的磷吸附试验结果可知，在10mg/L的磷酸盐与硫酸盐混合溶液中，AC与AC/LDH的磷吸附量分别为1.74mg/g与17.4mg/g，以MgMn-LDH改质活性碳大幅提升磷吸附量达10倍。AC与AC/LDH对于HPO4 2-与SO4 2-的分配系数比值分别为2与82，AC/LDH选择性大于AC达41倍，表示AC/LDH复合材料明显对于磷离子具有高选择性。
表1
Kd＝吸附离子量(mg/g)/离子浓度(mg/L)
测试例2：电化学除磷的吸附测试
将用于制备复合材料电极的糊状浆料以300μm刮刀均匀涂布在正极钛箔上，送入140℃烘箱中烘干2小时，负极为白金。电极制作完成后分析磷离子电吸附的效率，原水为10mg/L磷酸盐(Na2HPO4)与硫酸盐(Na2SO4)混合溶液，以电压1V与电吸附时间30分钟作为试验操作条件。
如表2所示，单纯以AC浆料涂布的电极(对照组)会同时吸附HPO4 2-与SO4 2-，但不具电吸附选择性。但本发明电极的SO4 2-吸附量相对于HPO4 2-吸附量非常低。由此可知，本发明电极明显对于磷离子具有高选择性。
另由表2所示磷吸附速率结果，可看出相较于悬浮式粉末吸附剂，电化学除磷方法的磷吸附速率较悬浮式粉末吸附速率可高达16.5倍，显示电势驱动方式可提升磷吸附能力，有效缩短磷选择性吸附时间，极具优越性。
表2
*注：复合材料指碳材载体及层状双氢氧化物。
此外，比较使用原料为制备例1浆料制成的本发明电极在不同操作电压下的磷吸附量，原水使用10mg/L磷酸盐(Na2HPO4)与硫酸盐(Na2SO4)混合溶液，分别以电压0.5、1.0及1.2V进行电吸附30分钟。结果发现本发明电极在0.5、1.0及1.2V电吸附电压下的HPO4 2-吸附量分别为2.96mg/g、2.96mg/g及3.90mg/g。相较于0.5V与1.0V，以1.2V电压操作可提升磷吸附量达32％，表示磷吸附能力会受电势驱动能力影响。故，施加于该对末端电极的电压优选为1.2V至2.0V。
当然，本发明还可有其他多种实施例，在不背离本发明精神及其实质的情况下，熟悉本领域的技术人员当可根据本发明作出各种相应的改变和变形，但这些相应的改变和变形都应属于本发明所附的权利要求的保护范围。
Claims (11)
1.一种用于电化学除磷的电极，其特征在于，包括：
集电器；以及
复合材料，设于该集电器上，该复合材料包括：
碳材载体；及
层状双氢氧化物，担载于该碳材载体上，该层状双氢氧化物占该复合材料总重量的25％至65％。
2.如权利要求1所述的电极，其特征在于，该碳材载体包括活性碳、竹碳、纳米碳管、石墨烯及乙炔黑所组成组的至少一种。
3.如权利要求1所述的电极，其特征在于，该电极进一步包括导电组分。
4.如权利要求3所述的电极，其特征在于，该导电组分包括石墨、碳黑、纳米碳管、石墨烯及乙炔黑所组成组的至少一种。
5.如权利要求1所述的电极，其特征在于，该层状双氢氧化物为镁锰层状双氢氧化物、锌铝层状双氢氧化物或镁铝锆层状双氢氧化物。
6.如权利要求1所述的电极，其特征在于，该集电器为镍、铜、钛、不锈钢或石墨。
7.一种电化学除磷装置，其特征在于，包括：
至少一电化学槽体，包括：
一对末端电极，设于该电化学槽体中；以及
多个中间电极，设于该电化学槽体中且配置于该对末端电极之间，且该末端电极及多个中间电极为如权利要求1至6任意一项所述的电极。
8.如权利要求7所述的电化学除磷装置，其特征在于，各中间电极具有至少一穿孔。
9.如权利要求7所述的电化学除磷装置，其特征在于，各中间电极之间配置有一绝缘件，及/或各末端电极与中间电极之间配置有一绝缘件。
10.一种电化学除磷方法，其特征在于，包括：
使含磷的流体通过权利要求7至9任意一项所述的电化学除磷装置，并施加一电压于该些电极以进行电化学除磷。
11.如权利要求10所述的电化学除磷方法，其特征在于，通过该电化学槽 体的含磷流体的离子浓度为1mg/L至1000mg/L。
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