CN104641752A - Method for improving inland saline alkali soil by virtue of interplanting jerusalem artichoke and oat - Google Patents

Method for improving inland saline alkali soil by virtue of interplanting jerusalem artichoke and oat Download PDF

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CN104641752A
CN104641752A CN201510002143.0A CN201510002143A CN104641752A CN 104641752 A CN104641752 A CN 104641752A CN 201510002143 A CN201510002143 A CN 201510002143A CN 104641752 A CN104641752 A CN 104641752A
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jerusalem artichoke
oat
soil
intercropping
fertilizer
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CN104641752B (en
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张强
李磊
王斌
郜春花
李建华
冯悦晨
孙捷
黄高鉴
聂督
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INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCE SHANXI ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
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Abstract

The invention discloses a method for improving inland saline alkali soil by virtue of interplanting jerusalem artichoke and oat. The method comprises the following steps of: (1) performing land leveling in autumn, applying organic fertilizers, desulfuration gypsum and a chemical modifier and performing winter irrigation; (2) applying chemical fertilizers in spring, and performing rotary tillage and rake leveling; (3) interplanting and seeding at an interval of three rows of jerusalem artichoke and 10 rows of oat, wherein seed tuber seeding is adopted for the jerusalem artichoke; the jerusalem artichoke plant quantity per mu is controlled at 3000 plants, and the oat seeding quantity is 10kg/mu; (4) cultivating and weeding as well as hilling during a period that the main stem of jerusalem artichoke has 7 to 8 leaves, and spraying a herbicide before sealing ridges of the oat so as to control field weeds; and (5) starting harvesting oat seeds at the stage of milky ripeness, and starting harvesting underground stem tuber of the jerusalem artichoke when leaves of the jerusalem artichoke start turning yellow in the middle ten days of October, wherein the straws of oat are utilized as silage, and the straws of jerusalem artichoke are utilized as feedstuff. According to the method, the complementation of advantage effects of the jerusalem artichoke and the oat is utilized, so that mutualism and joint yield increase are realized; the jerusalem artichoke and the oat adsorb saline matters in the soil simultaneously and fertilize the soil, so that the saline-alkali harms are reduced.

Description

The method in jerusalem artichoke intercropping oat improvement saline land, inland
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of method of biological modification saline land, be specifically related to a kind of method utilizing jerusalem artichoke and oat proportional intercropping improvement saline land, inland.
Background technology
China has 9,913 ten thousand hectares, saline land, and wherein inland-type saline land area is maximum, accounts for 69% of national saline land.Saline land, inland has that surface soil alkalinity is strong, Sodium by substitution ion concentration is high, soil physical property is poor, the poor feature such as to yield poorly of crop emerges.At present, the method for inland alkaline land improving mainly comprises river construction measure, chemical measure, agronomic measures and biological control measure.Water resources industry is the basis of alkaline land improving, but investment is comparatively large, and the simple sodium ion relying on water resources industry cannot replace in soil.The important measures of chemistry measure and agronomic measures improvement inland saline-alkali soil, need to coordinate other measures to carry out.Utilize biological salt resistance ability, what absorb in soil is saline and alkaline, has small investment, effect advantage thoroughly, becomes the important measures of alkaline land improving in recent years.
Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), another name Jerusalem artichoke, Jerusalem artichoke, be composite family Helianthus 1 year raw herbaceous plant, introduce China by North America.Jerusalem artichoke acrial part cauline leaf is rich in protein, fat and cellulose, is the high-quality feed of pig, ox, sheep.Jerusalem artichoke under ground portion is rich in the fructose polymers such as starch, synanthrin, edible also can salted white, shine jerusalem artichoke processed do or produce starch and alcohol raw material, be important economic crops.Jerusalem artichoke has stronger Salt And Alkali Tolerance ability.Current jerusalem artichoke has become the pionner of alkaline land improving, has vast potential for future development utilizing in the saline and alkaline non-cultivated land resources of China, can obtain larger economy, society and ecological benefits.
Oat (Avena sativa) calls Avena stivai, and be gramineous plants, economic worth is very high, and it is mainly manifested in nutrition, health care and feeding value aspect.Oat is worldwide raise crop, is distributed in 42, five continents country, but concentrated producing region is the Temperate Region in China in the Northern Hemisphere.Oat is adaptable, is transition silos crop.Oat is annual crop, the system of fibrous root, is particularly suitable for the plantation of northern China high and cold mountain area, has stronger barren-resistant alkali ability.Because oat contains abundant to the hypoglycemic beta glucan having positive effect, be more subject to the welcome of hyperglycemic patients in recent years, market demand increases year by year, has become one of function food crop.Meanwhile, be also a kind ofly invest less, that recruitment is less, the northern China high and cold mountain area market demand is larger crop.For prior art, how in the Tactics and measures in improvement saline land, to take into account the relation of long-term benefit and short-term benefit, take into account the relation of input and output, need further research.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is directed to the deficiency that prior art exists, a kind of jerusalem artichoke intercropping oat is provided to improve the method in saline land, inland, the method adopts the method in saline land, biological modification inland, while improvement saline land, take into account the relation of long-term benefit and short-term benefit, take into account the relation of input and output, be easy to promote in northern China high and cold mountain area, using value is higher.
The method in jerusalem artichoke intercropping oat improvement saline land, inland of the present invention is realized by following steps;
(1) in suitable condition pH8.8-10.5, total salt quantity 0.3%-1.0%, basicity 15% ~ 75%, saline land, severe inland;
(2) late October-early November, carry out land readjustment, smooth rear application of organic fertilizers 1 ~ 2 ton/mu, desulfurated plaster 1 ~ 2 ton/mu, 50 ~ 100 kgs/acre, chemical improvement agent ferrous sulfate, above-mentioned improved materials is spread fertilizer over the fields on earth's surface, then use rotovator rotary tillage in the 15 ~ 20cm soil of top layer, make it mix with soil;
(3) mid-November ~ late November, carry out irrigating the desalinization of soil by flooding or leaching winter, irrigation volume is 150 ~ 200m 3/ mu;
(4) in the line number of jerusalem artichoke and oat be respectively the ratio intercropping of 3 row and 10 row whole, apply fertilizer and sow, respectively: oat uses 5 ~ 8kg N, 4 ~ 6kg P according to every mu at the beginning of 4 months 2o 5with 3 ~ 5kg K 2the chemical fertilizer of simple substance of O or the composite fertilizer of equivalence, carry out rotary tillage, rake a kind of farm tools after fertilising, sowing depth 2 ~ 3cm, line-spacing is 20 ~ 25cm, the amount of broadcasting 8 ~ 10 kgs/acre; Jerusalem artichoke late April is sowed, and uses 8 ~ 12kg N, 10 ~ 15kg P according to every mu 2o 5with 5 ~ 8kg K 2the chemical fertilizer of simple substance of O or the composite fertilizer of equivalence, utilize rotovator rotary tillage after spreading fertilizer over the fields, fertilizer is fully mixed with soil, jerusalem artichoke kind of a block sowing, every bunch planting 1 ~ 2 piece, sowing depth is 4 ~ 5cm, spacing in the rows is 30 ~ 40cm, line-spacing 50 ~ 60cm, after planting drag sealer a kind of farm tools, having peace of mind;
(5) carry out thinning when jerusalem artichoke 2 ~ 3 leaf, mu strain numerical control, built in 3000 strains, at the interim weeding of stem 7 ~ 8 leaf, and is earthed up, results after mid-October, blade started to turn yellow; Oat is herbicide spraying before envelope ridge, controls weeds in field, starts results in milk ripe stage mid-September.
Adopt biological modification method of the present invention, make the improved effect in saline land and economic well-being of workers and staff create Overlay by the interaction of the intercropping of jerusalem artichoke and oat, compared with the nonoculture of jerusalem artichoke and oat, there is significant difference.
The present invention has the following advantages:
(1) the inventive method chemistry and water resources industry basis on, emphasis employing biological modification saline land, method improvement inland, small investment, effective.Result shows, jerusalem artichoke has significant orthogonal effect than jerusalem artichoke and oat nonoculture to improveing saline land, inland with oat intercropping, the Heterosis of jerusalem artichoke and oat intercropping exists: (1) reduces soil pH value: the jerusalem artichoke of intercropping reduces by 0.23 ~ 0.32 than nonoculture jerusalem artichoke pH, and intercropping oat reduces by 0.15 ~ 0.16 than nonoculture oat pH; (2) electrical conductivity (EC) is reduced: intercropping jerusalem artichoke is than nonoculture jerusalem artichoke EC value decline 0.06 ~ 0.09ms/cm, and intercropping oat is than nonoculture oat EC value decline 0.03 ~ 0.06ms/cm; (3) basicity (ESP) is reduced: the jerusalem artichoke of intercropping reduces by 2.2 ~ 2.3% than nonoculture jerusalem artichoke ESP, and intercropping oat reduces by 1.5 ~ 2.2% than nonoculture oat ESP; (4) total salt quantity is reduced: the jerusalem artichoke of intercropping reduces by 0.07 ~ 0.08% than nonoculture jerusalem artichoke total salt quantity, and intercropping oat reduces by 0.05 ~ 0.06% than nonoculture oat total salt quantity; (5) soil organic matter content is improved: the jerusalem artichoke of intercropping increases by 0.05 ~ 0.06% than the nonoculture jerusalem artichoke content of organic matter, and intercropping oat increases by 0.05 ~ 0.11% than the nonoculture oat content of organic matter; (6) stalk output: the jerusalem artichoke of intercropping is than nonoculture jerusalem artichoke stalk output increased 11.0 ~ 14.8%, and intercropping oat is than nonoculture oat straw output increased 11.5 ~ 12.1%; (7) economic flow rate: the jerusalem artichoke of intercropping improves 14.0 ~ 19.3% than nonoculture jerusalem artichoke economic flow rate, and intercropping oat improves 10.5 ~ 22.3% than nonoculture oat economic flow rate.Prove that jerusalem artichoke and oat intercropping pH, EC, basicity and ESP significantly decline, thus improve the physicochemical property of salt affected soil, stalk output and economic flow rate reach and significantly improve, and reach the significance of 5% between process.
(2) the Salt And Alkali Tolerance ability of jerusalem artichoke and oat is comparatively strong, and biomass is comparatively large, and the two intercropping can regulate microclimate, increases soil cover degree, decreases salinity along with terramycin dregs upwards to gather.Crop is by root water uptake and transpiration water consumption, and lowering of watertable, alleviates the salt accumulation in soil because phreatic high causes.In addition, crop have accumulated a large amount of salinity in process of growth, along with soil salt can be taken away by harvested product, thus reduces soil salt content, reaches the effect in biological prosthetic saline land.
(3) jerusalem artichoke is long-stalked crop, and oat is short-stalked crop, the natural resourcess such as the two intercropping energy efficiency utilization light, heat, fertilizer, water, effective increase Agricultural biodiversity, improve crop groups structure, strengthen crop opposing damage by disease and insect and lodging tolerance, improve land area of one unit productivity.
(4) jerusalem artichoke is block root crop, and need phosphorus, potassium amount higher, and oat is gramineous crop, nitrogen requirement is higher, the two intercropping can make the most of the advantage complementation, nutrient equilibrium utilize principle, nutrient kind realizes nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium equilibrium absorb.Jerusalem artichoke is dark root system crop, and oat is shallow root system crop, and after the two intercropping, jerusalem artichoke can absorb salinity in deep soil and nutrient, and oat absorbs salinity and the nutrient of shallow-layer, spatially realizes layering and utilizes.
(5) the present invention adopts the pattern of jerusalem artichoke and oat intercropping, spring turn over, sow, fertilizing integrated, per season, crop only applied fertilizer once, reduce field farming operation, alleviate peasant household's work, avoid frequent disturbed soil simultaneously, the effect of retaining and conserveing soil moisture is played to soil, add soil and storing of limited water resources is held and utilized.
(6) the inventive method is ingenious, and technology is applied conveniently, easily grasped, and is suitable for country practical situation, is convenient to peasant and uses in field, easily apply.
embodiment 1
In order to verify jerusalem artichoke intercropping oat effect, Lan Yu Bao Cun base, Shi Lipu township, Tianzhen County, Datong City, Shanxi Province three is selected to be test site.Experimental field soil is severe soda salinization soil, pH 10.2, electrical conductivity (EC) 1.85 ms/cm, total salt quantity 0.85%, basicity (ESP) 46.5%, soil organic matter content 0.78%.For the saline land after the reclamation of wasteland then.
Test arranges 3 process, is respectively: (1) jerusalem artichoke nonoculture; (2) oat nonoculture; (3) jerusalem artichoke and oat intercropping.Each processing area is 100 square metres, repeats 4 times.Test species of jeruselem artichoke is blue or green taro No. 2, and oat varieties is white swallow No. 2.
Concrete implementation step is as follows:
(1) late October-early November, utilize laser land leveling instrument to carry out land readjustment, make the discrepancy in elevation in same plot be no more than 3-5cm.After smooth, application of organic fertilizers 2 tons/mu, desulfurated plaster 2 tons/mu and 100 kgs/acre, chemical improvement agent ferrous sulfate, rotary tillage is in the 15 ~ 20cm soil of top layer, and rake a kind of farm tools makes it mix with soil, and then carry out irrigating the desalinization of soil by flooding or leaching winter, irrigation volume is 160m 3/ mu.
(2) carry out plot turns over whole in good time, and use chemical fertilizer, jerusalem artichoke and oat are applied fertilizer respectively.Jerusalem artichoke every mu uses 10kg N, 12kg P 2o 5with 5kg K 2the chemical fertilizer of simple substance of O, oat every mu uses 6kg N, 5kg P 2o 5with 4kg K 2the chemical fertilizer of simple substance of O.Rotary tillage, rake a kind of farm tools is carried out after fertilising.
(3) line number of intercropping sowing jerusalem artichoke and oat is respectively 3 row and 10 row.Oat is sowing in ice crust at the beginning of 4 months, sowing depth 2 ~ 3cm, and line-spacing is 20cm, uses seed drilling, the amount of broadcasting 10 kgs/acre; Jerusalem artichoke late April is sowed, and with kind of a block sowing, every bunch planting 1 ~ 2 piece, sowing depth is 4 ~ 5cm, and spacing in the rows is 40cm, line-spacing 55cm.After planting drag sealer a kind of farm tools, having peace of mind.
(4) field management.Carry out thinning when jerusalem artichoke 2 ~ 3 leaf, mu strain numerical control, built in 3000 strains, at the interim weeding of stem 7 ~ 8 leaf, and is earthed up; Oat is herbicide spraying before envelope ridge, controls weeds in field.
(5) gather in the crops.Oat and September 15 start to gather in the crops, results seed, and stalk is as silage fodder; Jerusalem artichoke started results October 20, and results underground stem tuber, stalk is as feed.
Gather each community 0 ~ 20cm soil specimen after results, detect pH, EC (ms/cm) of soil, basicity (ESP), total salt quantity, soil organic matter index.
Soil K+adsorption the results are shown in Table 1, and jerusalem artichoke and amount of oat yield result are as table 2:
Table 1 different land use patterns layer soil (0 ~ 20cm) character pair ratio
Table 2 different land use patterns yield result contrasts
As can be seen from table 1 and table 2, jerusalem artichoke has significant orthogonal effect than jerusalem artichoke and oat nonoculture to improveing saline land, inland with oat intercropping, jerusalem artichoke exists with the Heterosis of oat intercropping than jerusalem artichoke and oat nonoculture: (1) reduces soil pH value: the jerusalem artichoke of intercropping reduces by 0.32 than nonoculture jerusalem artichoke pH, and intercropping oat reduces by 0.15 than nonoculture oat pH; (2) electrical conductivity (EC) is reduced: intercropping jerusalem artichoke is than nonoculture jerusalem artichoke EC value decline 0.06ms/cm, and intercropping oat is than nonoculture oat EC value decline 0.03ms/cm; (3) basicity (ESP) is reduced: the jerusalem artichoke of intercropping reduces by 2.3% than nonoculture jerusalem artichoke ESP, and intercropping oat reduces by 2.2% than nonoculture oat ESP; (4) total salt quantity is reduced: the jerusalem artichoke of intercropping reduces by 0.07% than nonoculture jerusalem artichoke total salt quantity, and intercropping oat reduces by 0.06% than nonoculture oat total salt quantity; (5) soil organic matter content is improved: the jerusalem artichoke of intercropping increases by 0.05% than the nonoculture jerusalem artichoke content of organic matter, and intercropping oat increases by 0.11% than the nonoculture oat content of organic matter; (6) stalk output: the jerusalem artichoke of intercropping is than nonoculture jerusalem artichoke stalk output increased 11%, and intercropping oat is than nonoculture oat straw output increased 12.1%; (7) economic flow rate: the jerusalem artichoke of intercropping improves 19.3% than nonoculture jerusalem artichoke economic flow rate, and intercropping oat improves 22.3% than nonoculture oat economic flow rate.Statistical analysis, prove that jerusalem artichoke and oat intercropping pH, EC, basicity and ESP significantly decline, thus improve the physicochemical property of salt affected soil, stalk output and economic flow rate reach and significantly improve, and reach the significance of 5% between process.
embodiment 2
Test site is selected in ring money institute's alkaline land improving proving ground, academy of agricultural sciences of Shanxi Province of Jing Zhuan village of Jing Zhuan township, Hunyuan County, Datong City, Shanxi Province.Soil is slight soda salinization soil, pH9.3, electrical conductivity (EC) 0.45 ms/cm, total salt quantity 0.32%, basicity (ESP) 21.5%, soil organic matter content 1.03%.Before improvement, peasant sporadicly plants, and output is not high.
Concrete implementation step is as follows:
(1) utilize autumn laser land leveling instrument to carry out land readjustment, make the discrepancy in elevation in same plot be no more than 3-5cm.After smooth, application of organic fertilizers 1.5 tons/mu, desulfurated plaster 1 ton/mu and 80 kgs/acre, chemical improvement agent ferrous sulfate, rotary tillage, rake a kind of farm tools, then carry out irrigating the desalinization of soil by flooding or leaching winter, irrigation volume is 150m 3/ mu.
(2) Second Year spring, carry out plot in good time and turn over whole, use chemical fertilizer, jerusalem artichoke and oat are applied fertilizer respectively.Jerusalem artichoke every mu uses 12kg N, 15kg P 2o 5with 7.5kg K 2the chemical fertilizer of simple substance of O, oat every mu uses 8kg N, 6kg P 2o 5with 5kg K 2the chemical fertilizer of simple substance of O.Rotary tillage, rake a kind of farm tools is carried out after fertilising.
(3) intercropping is sowed.The line number of jerusalem artichoke and oat is respectively 3 row and 10 row.Oat is sowing in ice crust at the beginning of 4 months, and kind is white swallow No. 2, sowing depth 2 ~ 3cm, and line-spacing is 20 ~ 25cm, uses seed drilling, the amount of broadcasting 10 kgs/acre; Jerusalem artichoke late April is sowed, and kind is blue or green taro No. 2, and with kind of a block sowing, every bunch planting 1 ~ 2 piece, sowing depth is 4 ~ 5cm, and spacing in the rows is 36cm, line-spacing 60cm.After planting drag sealer a kind of farm tools, having peace of mind.
(4) field management.Carry out thinning when jerusalem artichoke 2 ~ 3 leaf, mu strain numerical control, built in 3000 strains, at the interim weeding of stem 7 ~ 8 leaf, and is earthed up; Oat is herbicide spraying before envelope ridge, controls weeds in field.
(5) gather in the crops.Oat and September 18 start to gather in the crops, results seed, and stalk is as silage fodder; Jerusalem artichoke started results October 23, and results underground stem tuber, stalk is as feed.
After gathering in the crops a season, Soil K+adsorption the results are shown in Table 3, and jerusalem artichoke and amount of oat yield result are as table 4:
Different land use patterns layer soil (0 ~ 20cm) character pair ratio after a season gathered in the crops by table 3
Table 4 different land use patterns yield result contrasts
As can be seen from table 3 and table 4, jerusalem artichoke has significant improving effect than jerusalem artichoke and oat nonoculture to alkaline land soil with oat intercropping, reaches the significance of 5% between process.The advantage of jerusalem artichoke and oat intercropping is mainly manifested in: (1) reduces soil pH value: the jerusalem artichoke of intercropping reduces by 0.23 than nonoculture jerusalem artichoke pH, and intercropping oat reduces by 0.16 than nonoculture oat pH; (2) electrical conductivity (EC) is reduced: intercropping jerusalem artichoke is than nonoculture jerusalem artichoke EC value decline 0.09ms/cm, and intercropping oat is than nonoculture oat EC value decline 0.06ms/cm; (3) basicity (ESP) is reduced: the jerusalem artichoke of intercropping reduces by 2.2% than nonoculture jerusalem artichoke ESP, and intercropping oat reduces by 1.5% than nonoculture oat ESP; (4) total salt quantity is reduced: the jerusalem artichoke of intercropping reduces by 0.08% than nonoculture jerusalem artichoke total salt quantity, and intercropping oat reduces by 0.05% than nonoculture oat total salt quantity; (5) soil organic matter content is improved: the jerusalem artichoke of intercropping increases by 0.06% than the nonoculture jerusalem artichoke content of organic matter, and intercropping oat increases by 0.05% than the nonoculture oat content of organic matter; (6) stalk output: the jerusalem artichoke of intercropping is than nonoculture jerusalem artichoke stalk output increased 14.8%, and intercropping oat is than nonoculture oat straw output increased 11.5%; (7) economic flow rate: the jerusalem artichoke of intercropping improves 14.0% than nonoculture jerusalem artichoke economic flow rate, and intercropping oat improves 10.5% than nonoculture oat economic flow rate.Statistical analysis, proves that jerusalem artichoke and oat intercropping pH, EC, basicity and ESP significantly decline, reaches the significance of 5% between process.Show to significantly improve salt affected soil physical property and chemical functional, stalk output and economic flow rate reach and significantly improve.

Claims (1)

1. the method in jerusalem artichoke intercropping oat improvement saline land, inland, comprises the following steps:
(1) in suitable condition pH8.8-10.5, total salt quantity 0.3%-1.0%, basicity 15% ~ 75%, saline land, severe inland;
(2) late October-early November, carry out land readjustment, smooth rear application of organic fertilizers 1 ~ 2 ton/mu, desulfurated plaster 1 ~ 2 ton/mu, 50 ~ 100 kgs/acre, chemical improvement agent ferrous sulfate, above-mentioned improved materials is spread fertilizer over the fields on earth's surface, then use rotovator rotary tillage in the 15 ~ 20cm soil of top layer, make it mix with soil;
(3) mid-November ~ late November, carry out irrigating the desalinization of soil by flooding or leaching winter, irrigation volume is 150 ~ 200m 3/ mu;
(4) in the line number of jerusalem artichoke and oat be respectively the ratio intercropping of 3 row and 10 row whole, apply fertilizer and sow, respectively: oat uses 5 ~ 8kg N, 4 ~ 6kg P according to every mu at the beginning of 4 months 2o 5with 3 ~ 5kg K 2the chemical fertilizer of simple substance of O or the composite fertilizer of equivalence, carry out rotary tillage, rake a kind of farm tools after fertilising, sowing depth 2 ~ 3cm, line-spacing is 20 ~ 25cm, the amount of broadcasting 8 ~ 10 kgs/acre; Jerusalem artichoke late April is sowed, and uses 8 ~ 12kg N, 10 ~ 15kg P according to every mu 2o 5with 5 ~ 8kg K 2the chemical fertilizer of simple substance of O or the composite fertilizer of equivalence, utilize rotovator rotary tillage after spreading fertilizer over the fields, fertilizer is fully mixed with soil, jerusalem artichoke kind of a block sowing, every bunch planting 1 ~ 2 piece, sowing depth is 4 ~ 5cm, spacing in the rows is 30 ~ 40cm, line-spacing 50 ~ 60cm, after planting drag sealer a kind of farm tools, having peace of mind;
(5) carry out thinning when jerusalem artichoke 2 ~ 3 leaf, mu strain numerical control, built in 3000 strains, at the interim weeding of stem 7 ~ 8 leaf, and is earthed up, results after mid-October, blade started to turn yellow; Oat is herbicide spraying before envelope ridge, controls weeds in field, starts results in milk ripe stage mid-September.
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