CN104620681B - 用于等离子体弧切割炬的电极 - Google Patents

用于等离子体弧切割炬的电极 Download PDF

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CN104620681B
CN104620681B CN201380047136.1A CN201380047136A CN104620681B CN 104620681 B CN104620681 B CN 104620681B CN 201380047136 A CN201380047136 A CN 201380047136A CN 104620681 B CN104620681 B CN 104620681B
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electrode
annular solid
insertion body
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CN104620681A (zh
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P·K·南布鲁
J·M·威尔逊
J·L·温
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Lincoln Global Inc
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05HPLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05HPLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3442Cathodes with inserted tip

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Abstract

提供一种用于等离子体弧炬的电极,所述电极具有用于改善电极损耗的特征。发射插入体被接收到沿所述炬主体的一个端形成的腔中。所述发射插入体的一部分通过靠近所述插入体的所述发射表面沿所述插入体安置的套与所述炬主体分开。所述套可以操作来减慢所述电极本体的侵蚀,并且由此改善整体电极寿命。

Description

用于等离子体弧切割炬的电极
技术领域
本公开的主题一般地涉及用于等离子体弧炬的电极,并且更具体地,涉及用于这样的电极的发射插入体的配置。
发明背景
常规的等离子体弧炬的操作被本领域技术人员很好地理解。这些炬的基本部件是主体、安装在主体中的电极、限定用于等离子体弧的孔口的喷嘴、可电离气体的源,以及用于在气体中生产弧的电力供应装置。在开始时,电流被供应至电极(一般地阴极),并且典型地在电极和喷嘴之间的可电离气体中起始导弧(pilot arc),所述喷嘴限定阳极。
电离气体的传导流随后从电极到工件产生,其中所述工件随后限定阳极,并且等离子体弧因而从电极到工件产生。可电离气体可以是非反应性的(如氮气),或者反应性的(如氧气或空气)。
伴随常规的等离子体弧炬的长期存在的问题是电极的损耗。典型地,电极包括铪或者锆插入体。当用反应性的气体等离子体切割时,这些材料针对其材料性能是期望的,但是非常昂贵并且需要经常更换。
尽管不是意在被任何具体的理论约束,被认为是,多种因素促成电极损耗。例如,在炬的操作期间,当电子从高发射材料发出以形成弧时,插入体材料变得非常热并且进入熔融状态。最终,可以在插入体的暴露的发射表面上形成洞或者腔。该腔,典型地是凹形的,是由于操作期间来自插入体的熔融的、高发射材料的喷射形成的。材料的喷射可以发生在切割过程期间的多个时间,如,例如在起始的等离子体弧的开始创建期间,在用弧切割操作期间,和/或当停止等离子体弧时或者在停止等离子体弧之后。熔融材料的喷射不仅产生插入体的损耗,而且还损耗炬的其他部分,如喷嘴。更具体地,来自插入体的熔融材料可以从电极喷射到周围的喷嘴,这反过来可以造成弧不适当地附接至喷嘴,并且由此损坏喷嘴。
因此,具有一个或更多个用于改善损耗的特征的电极将是有用的。更具体地,可以减轻或者最小化熔融材料从插入体的喷射的电极将是有益的。这样的电极,即还可以减轻或者最小化对电极围绕插入体的部分的损坏的电极,也将是有用的。
发明内容
本发明涉及一种用于等离子体弧的电极,所述电极具有用于改善电极损耗的特征。发射插入体被接收到沿所述炬主体的一个端形成的腔中。所述发射插入体的一部分通过靠近所述插入体的所述发射表面沿所述插入体安置的套与所述炬主体分开。所述套可以操作来减慢所述电极本体的侵蚀,从而改善整体电极寿命。本发明的另外的目的和优点将部分地陈述在以下的描述中,或者可以从所述描述是明晰的,或者可以是通过所述发明的实践而学到的。
在一个示例性实施方案中,本发明提供一种用于等离子体弧炬的电极。所述电极包括细长的本体,所述细长的本体限定纵向方向并且包括高导热性的材料。所述本体在所述电极的放电端具有面。所述本体限定沿所述纵向方向延伸的孔。插入体被接收到所述孔中。所述插入体具有外部分和内部分。所述内部分与所述细长的本体接触,并且所述外部分具有暴露的发射表面,所述发射表面相对于所述细长的本体的所述面是凹陷的。环形体被接收到邻近所述插入体的所述孔中。所述环形体将所述插入体的所述外部分与所述细长的本体分开。
在另一个示例性实施方案中,本发明提供一种用于等离子体弧炬的电极。所述电极包括电极本体,所述电极本体由导热并且导电的金属构成。所述电极本体具有面以及安置在所述面中的腔。插入体被安装在所述腔中,并且包括具有这样的功函数的发射材料,所述功函数小于所述电极本体的功函数。所述插入体被安置与所述电极本体接触。所述插入体相对于所述电极本体的所述面是凹陷的。套围绕所述插入体,并且将所述插入体的靠近所述电极本体的所述面的一部分与所述电极本体分开。
参考以下描述和所附的权利要求书,本发明的这些和其他特征、方面和优点将变得更好被理解。被并入并构成本说明书的一部分的所附的附图图示说明所述发明的实施方案,并且与所述描述一起用来解释所述发明的原理。
附图简述
本发明针对本领域普通技术人员的充分的并且能够实施的公开,包括最佳方式,被陈述在说明书中,所述公开参考所附的附图,其中:
图1提供本发明的等离子体弧炬系统的示例性实施方案的示意图。
图2是本发明的电极的示例性实施方案的剖视图。
图3是本发明的电极的另一个示例性实施方案的剖视图。
在附图中相同或类似的参考编号的使用表示相同或类似的特征。
详细描述
为描述发明的目的,现在将详细参考本发明的实施方案,所述实施方案的一个或更多个实施例在附图中图示说明。每个实施例是通过发明的举例说明,而非发明的限制的方式提供的。事实上,将对本领域技术人员明晰的是,可以在本发明中进行各种修改和变化,而不背离发明的范围或精神。例如,作为一个实施方案的一部分被说明或描述的特征,可以与另一个实施方案一起使用以产生再进一步的实施方案。因此,意图是本发明覆盖这样的修改和变化,即进入所附的权利要求书及其等同物的范围内。
图1是常规的等离子体弧炬系统10的示例性实施方案的简化示意图。图1中示出的示例性实施方案仅是以实施例的方式提供的。不同配置的其他等离子体弧炬系统也可以与本发明一起使用。
等离子体弧炬系统10包括等离子体弧炬11,所述等离子体弧炬11具有一般地作为12被指出的基本主体。主体12包括限定供应室36的炬供应管34,所述供应室36是通过气体供应管线26用来自气体供应装置24的加压的可电离气体源供应的。远程驱动阀,如螺线管阀28,被设置在供应管34和气体源24之间的管线上,以当阀致动时关闭气体向炬10的供应。如被本领域技术人员领会的,等离子体气体可以是非反应性的(如氮气),或者反应性的(如氧气或空气)。
炬主体12包括典型地由(例如)铜形成的细长的电极本体46。电极插入体或元件50被装配进入电极本体46的下端——其示例性实施方案将在下文更充分地描述。具体地当反应性气体被用作等离子体气体时,元件50典型地是由铪或者锆形成的。
绝缘体38一般地围绕供应管34和电极本体46。阴极体40一般地被设置成围绕供应管34,并且阳极体42一般地被设置成围绕绝缘体38。喷嘴16被设置在电极本体46的前端并且限定与电极插入体50对齐的弧通道52。旋流环44被设置成包围电极本体46,并且具有限定在其中的洞,以诱导等离子体气体的一旋流分量进入等离子体气体室14,如将在下文更详细地讨论的。
电源供应装置18被提供来向电极本体46和电极元件50供应电流。负极电源引线20是与供应管34和阴极体40电连通的。在导弧模式中,正极电源引线22通过开关23与阳极体42是电连通的。绝缘体38在电气上隔离阳极体42与阴极体40。正极电源引线22还可连接到工件54的,一旦开关23被开启,所述工件54要被等离子体炬切割。电源供应装置18可以构成任何足够以合适的电压为炬提供电流以起始导弧,并且随后在炬的操作的切割模式中维持弧的常规的DC(直流)电源供应装置。
如大体上由箭头指出的,在操作中,等离子体气体从源24流动,通过供应管线26和关闭阀28,进入供应管34的室36。在进入下面的等离子体气体室14之前,室36中的等离子体气体向下流动通过阴极体上的孔口和旋流环44上的孔口。应该理解的是,下面的等离子体气体室14与供应管34的供应室36的整体是气动连通的,从而在系统内任何地方的压力的变化都会影响下面的等离子体气体室14内的压力的变化。在操作中,在供应室36和下面的等离子体气体室14之间存在压力差,从而等离子气体从供应室36流动通过旋流环44,并且流出喷嘴16,其中一旋流分量被诱导到所述喷嘴16。
在炬10的导弧模式中,开关23是关闭的,从而正极引线被连接至阳极体42。电源供应装置18以合适的电压提供电流,以在电极元件50和喷嘴16之间起始导弧。期望的等离子体气体流和压力是由操作者为起始导弧设置的。导弧是由火花或者其他手段启始的,如接触启始技术,所述火花或者其他手段都是本领域已知的。
导弧模式期间的等离子体流是从供应装置24,通过供应管线26和螺线管阀28,进入供应室36,通过阴极体40的孔口,通过旋流环44中的孔口,进入下面的等离子体室14,并且通过喷嘴16的弧通道52流出。由旋流环44产生的旋流(swirling flow)作为用于稳定在操作的切割模式中的弧,从而弧不侵袭和损坏喷嘴的手段是期望的。
为了将炬10转移到切割模式,炬被带至靠近工件54,从而当开关23开启时弧转移至工件54,从而正极电源仅被供给到工件54。电流被增加至期望的用于切割的水平,从而等离子体弧56被产生,所述等离子体弧56延伸通过弧通道52到工件54。操作的电流水平取决于炬的类型和期望的应用。例如,操作的电流水平范围可以从约20至约400amps(安培)。
当操作电流在切割过程的开始期间增加时,在下面的等离子体室14内的等离子体气体变热,并且导致流出喷嘴16的等离子体气体的减少。为了维持足够的等离子体气体流动通过喷嘴16,以维持等离子体弧56,被供应的等离子体气体的压力必须随着电流的增加而增加。相反地,在切割过程即将结束之际,电流水平和等离子体气体流量的下降可以被仔细调整以(例如)防止对电极的损坏。
图2提供细长的电极本体46的另一个示例性实施方案的剖侧视图。电极本体46限定纵向方向L并且具有安置在放电端62的面60。电极本体46是由高导热并且高导电的材料构成的。例如,电极本体46可以是由铜或者银构成的。电极本体46可以被构成为具有用于将本体46附接至等离子体弧炬11的多种特征。如示出的,图2的示例性实施方案包括用于互补地接纳到炬11中的螺纹64。也可以使用其他的配置。电极本体46还包括室58,所述室58可以在切割操作期间被提供有例如热传递流体以帮助冷却电极本体46。
电极本体46限定从面60沿纵向方向L延伸的腔或者孔66。对于电极本体46的该示例性实施方案,插入体68被接收到孔66中。插入体68是由具有低的电子功函数的高发射材料构成的,如,例如铪、锆、钨及其合金。同样地,当,例如在插入体68和相邻的工件之间施加足够的电势差时,插入体68将容易从发射表面72发出电子。显著地,插入体68的电子功函数小于电极本体46的电子功函数,从而等离子体弧产生在发射表面72。
插入体68包括两个部分,即,包括发射表面72的外部分76和隐蔽在电极本体46中的内部分78。内部分78与电极本体46接触。这样的接触提供电连接,通过所述电连接,电流可以传递以在发射表面72处产生等离子体弧。此外,内部分78和电极本体46之间的接触还提供离开发射插入体68的热传递。
外部分76提供发射表面72,其中等离子体弧优选地在炬系统10操作期间产生。如示出的,外部分76通过套或环形体70被分开,不与电极本体46接触。更具体地,插入体68和环形体70被接收到电极本体46的孔66中。然而,插入体68的外部分76被封闭在环形体70内,从而插入体68的提供发射表面72的端被与电极本体62隔离。对于该示例性实施方案,环形体70的暴露端还提供有斜切表面74。此外,如示出的,外部分76的发射表面72相对于电极本体46的面60是凹陷的。
没有被束缚于任何具体的操作理论,发明人相信通过提供包围插入体68的外部分的环形体70,同时使插入体68相对于面60是凹陷的,环形体70提供这样的材料,所述材料隔离插入体68并且与等离子体弧炬系统10操作期间的插入体68作用不同。更具体地,没有环形体70,被认为来自凹陷的插入体68的材料将湿润孔66的靠近面60的暴露的圆周表面(参见,例如图3中的表面75),以针对损耗提供有限的电极本体46防护。然而,当插入体68损耗时,最终来自插入体68的发射材料不再湿润孔66的暴露的圆周表面,并且电极本体46将不符合期望地损耗。但是,发明人已经确定,通过将环形体70围绕插入体68的凹陷的外部分76安置,环形体70的材料作为耐火物操作来进一步保护电极本体46,并且在电极损耗方面提供额外的改善。环形体70上的斜切缘74还可以进一步最小化电极本体46的损耗。
此外,在发明的一个示例性实施方案中,用于环形体70的材料可以包括与用于插入体68相同的材料。例如,环形体70和插入体68两者都可以是由铪构成的。因此,即使当环形体70和插入体68是由相同材料制成的,当环形体70起到使插入体68隔热的作用并且相对于电极本体起到耐火物的作用时,也可以获得电极损耗方面的改善。
在发明的其他实施方案中,环形体70是由与插入体68不同的材料构成的,并且相对于用于插入体68的材料具有更高的电子功函数、更高的熔点温度,或者两者都有。在再发明的其他的实施方案中,环形体70包括电绝缘并且热绝缘体。例如,陶瓷材料,如,例如氧化铝、碳化硅和/或碳化钨可以被用于环形体70,以改善所述环形体70充当耐火材料的能力。
图3提供本发明的另一个示例性实施方案,除了环形体70的表面74相对于电极本体46的面60的位置,所述实施方案均类似于图2的实施方案。更具体地,对于该示例性实施方案,环形体70和插入体68两者都是在电极本体56的孔66内凹陷的。对于该示例性实施方案,被认为的是,环形体70仍作为耐火物操作来帮助隔离插入体68与电极本体46,如针对图2的实施方案描述的。用于环形体70和插入体68的构成的材料类似于针对图2的示例性实施方案描述的材料。在再发明的其他实施方案中,环形体70可以是相对于面60是凹陷的,但是,是与插入体68的发射表面72平齐的。
尽管本主题已经针对具体的示例性实施方案及其方法被详细描述,将被领会的是,在获得和理解前述方式的基础上,本领域技术人员可以容易地对这样的实施方案产生变更、变化和等同物。因此,本公开的范围是以实施例的方式而不是限制的方式,并且主题公开并不排除包含对本主题的这样的修改、变化和/或增加,如使用本文公开的教导,将容易地成为对于本领域普通技术人员是明晰的。
参考编号:
10 炬系统 50 电极插入体
11 炬 52 弧通道
12 炬主体 54 工件
14 等离子体气体室 56 弧
16 喷嘴 58 室
18 电源供应装置 60 面
20 负极电源引线 62 放电端
22 正极电源引线 64 螺纹
23 开关 66 孔
24 气体源 68 插入体
26 供应管线 70 环形体
28 阀 72 发射表面
34 供应管 74 斜切表面
36 室 75 表面
38 绝缘体 76 外部分
40 阴极体 78 内部分
42 阳极体 L 纵向方向
44 旋流环
46 电极本体

Claims (13)

1.一种用于等离子体弧炬(10)的电极,所述电极包括:
细长的本体(46),所述细长的本体(46)限定纵向方向(L)并且包括高导热性的材料,所述本体(46)在所述电极的放电端(62)具有面(60),所述本体(46)限定沿所述纵向方向(L)延伸的孔(66);
插入体(68),所述插入体(68)被接收到所述孔(66)中并且具有外部分(76)和内部分(78),其中所述内部分(78)与所述细长的本体(46)接触,并且所述外部分(76)具有暴露的发射表面(72),所述发射表面(72)相对于所述细长的本体(46)的所述面(60)是凹陷的;以及
环形体(70),所述环形体(70)被接收到邻近所述插入体(68)的所述孔(66)中并且将所述插入体(68)的所述外部分(76)与所述细长的本体(46)分开,所述环形体(70)相对于所述细长的本体是凹陷的,并且是与所述插入体的所述暴露的发射表面平齐的。
2.如权利要求1所述的电极,其中所述环形体(70)包括具有这样的功函数的材料,所述功函数大于所述插入体(68)的功函数。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的电极,其中所述环形体(70)包括具有这样的熔点温度的材料,所述熔点温度大于所述插入体(68)的熔点温度。
4.如权利要求1所述的电极,其中所述环形体(70)和所述插入体(68)每个由相同材料构成。
5.如权利要求4所述的电极,其中所述环形体(70)和所述插入体(68)每个由铪构成。
6.如权利要求1所述的电极,其中所述环形体(70)由陶瓷材料构成。
7.如权利要求1所述的电极,其中所述环形体(70)由电绝缘体构成。
8.如权利要求1所述的电极,其中所述环形体(70)具有一暴露的表面(74),所述暴露的表面(74)是斜切的。
9.一种用于等离子体弧炬(10)的电极,所述电极包括:
电极本体(46),所述电极本体(46)由导热并且导电的金属构成,所述电极本体(46)具有面(60)以及安置在所述面(60)中的孔(66);
插入体(68),所述插入体(68)被安装在所述孔(66)中,所述插入体(68)包括具有这样的功函数的发射材料,所述功函数小于所述电极本体(46)的功函数,所述插入体(68)被安置与所述电极本体(46)接触,所述插入体(68)相对于所述电极本体(46)的所述面(60)是凹陷的;以及
环形体(70),所述环形体(70)围绕所述插入体(68),并且将所述插入体(68)的靠近所述电极本体(46)的所述面(60)的一部分(76)与所述电极本体(46)分开,所述环形体(70)相对于所述电极本体是凹陷的,并且是与所述插入体的暴露的发射表面平齐的。
10.如权利要求9所述的电极,其中所述环形体(70)包括具有这样的功函数的材料,所述功函数大于所述插入体(68)的所述功函数;和/或其中所述环形体(70)包括具有这样的熔点温度的材料,所述熔点温度大于所述插入体(68)的熔点温度。
11.如权利要求9所述的电极,其中所述环形体(70)和所述插入体(68)每个由铪构成。
12.如权利要求9或10所述的电极,其中所述环形体(70)由陶瓷材料构成。
13.如权利要求9所述的电极,其中所述环形体(70)具有一暴露的表面(74),所述暴露的表面(74)是斜切的。
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WO2014009796A1 (en) 2014-01-16
BR112015000712A2 (pt) 2017-06-27
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JP3198727U (ja) 2015-07-23
CN104620681A (zh) 2015-05-13

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