CN104334328A - 包含发泡聚乳酸的制品及其制造方法 - Google Patents
包含发泡聚乳酸的制品及其制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104334328A CN104334328A CN201280072664.8A CN201280072664A CN104334328A CN 104334328 A CN104334328 A CN 104334328A CN 201280072664 A CN201280072664 A CN 201280072664A CN 104334328 A CN104334328 A CN 104334328A
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Abstract
本发明涉及包含发泡聚乳酸的制品及其制造方法。所述制品可用于包装领域。发泡聚乳酸包含膨胀微球。
Description
本发明涉及包含发泡聚乳酸的制品及其制造方法。所述制品可用于包装领域。
聚乳酸(PLA)是由可再生资源制造的热塑性聚合物。其具有显著的可生物降解性。PLA塑料片用于制造热成型容器。然而,需要降低包装中使用的材料的量,而不显著影响机械性质或其他性质。
降低材料的量的一个解决方案是在热塑性材料如聚苯乙烯中引入在加热时产生气体的发泡剂。这样的发泡剂的例子包括柠檬酸和碳酸氢钠的组合,二者加热时一起反应并产生二氧化碳气体和水。发现这样的发泡剂在PLA中是不实用的,因为水导致PLA的水解从而破坏机械和/或流变学性质,和/或因为气体产生在工业方法中难以控制的显著的粘度降低:例如观察到不规则流动,其需要对所述方法进行持续的观察和调整。这在制备多层材料中更加难以控制。此外,在所述方法稳定之前,可能使用大量材料,并因此造成浪费。
文献CN101899167公开了在PLA中引入可膨胀微球来制备发泡PLA单层片材。然而,这种片材难以适应一些包装应用如食品应用,因为发泡结构不能提供对一些作用剂例如污染物的屏障,或不能提供对可改变食品的作用剂如氧的屏障。需要其它制品。
本发明用一种制品解决了至少一个上述问题或需要,所述制品包含多层塑性材料,其至少含有:
A)一个热塑性材料层A,所述热塑性材料不同于发泡聚乳酸,
B)一个发泡聚乳酸材料层B,所述发泡聚乳酸材料包含聚乳酸和膨胀微球。
本发明还涉及适于制备所述制品的方法。本发明还涉及在包含PLA层的多层制品中使用可膨胀微球。
令人惊奇地,发现可膨胀微球使所述层、尤其是待发泡的PLA层具有良好的可加工性。令人惊奇地发现获得具有良好机械性质如耐压性和/或其它性质如可折断性(snapability)的制品是可能的。
定义
在本应用中,非发泡聚乳酸(PLA)材料是指基本上不含气体夹杂物的聚乳酸,无论是直接在PLA中还是在包埋于所述PLA中的微球中。非发泡PLA具有通常高于1.2的密度。非发泡PLA还称为“致密PLA”。在本申请中,发泡聚乳酸(PLA)材料是指包含气体夹杂物的聚乳酸,无论是直接在PLA中或是优选在包埋所述PLA中的微球中。发泡PLA通常具有最高1.2、优选低于1.2、优选最高1.1的密度。
在本申请中,“可折断性”是指层状材料在挠曲作用下沿预切割线可被分割的能力。
在本申请中,添加剂是指可添加到聚乳酸或其它热塑性材料中的产品,其不同于包含可膨胀或膨胀微球的产品。
制品结构-片
本发明的制品是多层塑性材料,优选热塑性材料,其至少包含:
A)一个热塑性材料层A,所述热塑性材料不同于发泡聚乳酸,
B)一个发泡聚乳酸材料层B,所述发泡聚乳酸材料包含聚乳酸和膨胀微球。
层A的材料可被称作“材料A”。层B的材料可被称作“材料B”。
层A通常是非发泡的聚乳酸。材料A通常是致密聚乳酸材料,任选包含添加剂。材料A中的添加剂含量可以是例如以重量计0%至10%,优选0.1%至5%。
材料B是包含膨胀微球的发泡聚乳酸材料,并任选包含添加剂。材料B中的添加剂含量可以是例如以重量计0%至10%,优选0%至5%。在一个令人感兴趣的实施方式中,材料B不包含添加剂。令人惊奇地发现,可以使用材料B而不添加其它添加剂。
在一个优选实施方式中提到,聚乳酸材料包含以重量计0%至0.15%、优选0%至0.1%的交联剂,如过氧化物,其通常在聚合之后添加。在一个最优选的实施方式中,聚乳酸材料不包含这样的交联剂。令人惊奇地发现,这样的交联剂是无用的。
在一个实施方式中,实施制品是塑性片或膜。其通常具有厚度e。其通常具有两个其它维度如长度l和宽度b。通常,这两个维度l和b都是厚度的至少10倍、优选100倍。塑性片或膜通常具有0.1mm至5mm,优选0.5mm至2mm,优选0.6mm至1mm的厚度。厚度的实例为0.5mm、或0.7mm、或0.8mm、或0.9mm、或1mm。宽度通常可以是20cm至200cm。长度可以是至少200cm。塑料片可以以卷的形式提供。
在一个实施方式中,所述制品是容器。所述容器可以是热成型制品,优选从塑性片获得。所述容器通常至少包含对应于多层结构的部分。该容器可包含拉伸部分和非拉伸部分。非拉伸部分通常可对应于塑性片,具有塑性片的厚度。非拉伸部分可以是例如拉伸部分的周围的凸缘。例如所述制品可以是热成型杯,具有对应于片的通常热成型的拉伸部分的杯体,和对应于片的非拉伸部分的在所述杯体的周围的凸缘。关于容器的进一步的细节在下面给出。
所述制品可包含2或3层或更多层。其可由2或3层组成。其可以是例如两层材料(层A)-(层B)。其可以是3层材料(层A)-(层B)-(层C)。其可以是3层材料(第一个层A)-(层B)-(第二个层A)。第一个层A和第二个层A可以相同或不同。优选它们是相同的。所述制品优选包含以重量计至少19%,优选以重量计至少38%的层B。
沿着所述制品厚度以距离计的层的量可对应于下面的厚度分布:
-层A:10%至75%,
-层B:25-90%,
总计为100%的厚度。
在一个优选实施方式中,沿着所述制品厚度以距离计的层的量可对应于下面的厚度分布:
-第一个层A:5%至37.5%,
-层B:25-90%,
-第二个层A:5-37.5%,
总计为100%的厚度。
所述层的量以所述层的重量计可以是如下:
-层A:12.4%至93%,
-层B:19-68.4%,
总计为以重量计100%。
在一个优选实施方式中,以重量计的量如下:
-第一个层A:6.2%至46.5%,
-层B:19-68.4%,
-第二个层A:6.2-46.5%,
总计为以重量计100%。
聚乳酸
聚乳酸(PLA)聚合物是本领域技术人员已知的,市售可得的。它们通常通过乳酸单体的聚合而获得。乳酸单体通常通过微生物方法获得,涉及微生物体如细菌。
微球
材料B包含膨胀微球。膨胀微球通过对可膨胀微球进行膨胀而得到。
可膨胀微球是本领域技术人员已知的,并可以商购。这样的微球具有聚合物壳(通常是热塑性壳)和壳中的气体,其在加热时可膨胀。加热时,壳内部的气体压力增加,所述壳膨胀。气体压力在第一温度下增加,所述壳可在更高的第二温度下膨胀,此时其经历从脆性到延性的转变。通常,所述第二温度高于所述壳的聚合物的玻璃化转变温度,并低于该聚合物的融化温度。加热温度例如可以是80℃至250℃,优选150℃至250℃,优选150℃至200℃。
合适的气体包括例如烷烃,如异戊烷。微球优选具有壳,其可以是由烯属不饱和单体制成的热塑性壳,所述烯属不饱和单体包括丙烯腈。微球在膨胀之前可以具有5至20μm的平均粒径,并可以膨胀到例如20μm至200μm的平均粒径。体积膨胀可以是例如8-500,例如10-100。合适的聚合物、壳、微球和/或制备它们的方法的实例在下列文献中给出:WO201072663、WO2009153225、WO2007142593、WO2007091961、WO2007073318、WO2006068574、WO2006068573、WO2004113613、WO2004072160、WO2004056549、WO200183100、WO200145940、WO200107154和WO9324581。
可用的可膨胀微球包括由Akzo Nobel和/或Eka Chemicals以销售的产品。在一个实施方式中,可以使用可与食品接触相容的等级。
可膨胀微球可以为母炼胶的形式,其中所述微球可以分散在聚合物基质中,通常是热塑性基质如PLA中,或烯属不饱和单体的聚合物如乙烯乙酸乙烯酯共聚物中。所述基质不是本文中的添加剂。这样的母炼胶可包含例如以重量计5%-90%,优选10%至60%的聚合基质。这样的母炼胶可进一步包含添加剂,例如下面详述的添加剂。在一个具体的实施方式中,所述母炼胶除所述基质和所述微球外不含其它抗冲改性剂、可折断性改性剂和/或填料。
当加热时,微球和/或母炼胶的密度从初始值增加到最终值。这可取决于气体、其在壳中的量,取决于壳的组成和温度。因此可以选择微球以获得具有期望密度的期望材料,例如使用报告的发泡信息的体积密度和高度。
在一个优选实施方式中,发泡聚乳酸材料(材料B)具有0.5-1.2、优选0.75-1.1的密度。所述微球及其量可以据此选择。在一个优选实施方式中,所述发泡聚乳酸材料(材料B)包含以重量计0.1-5%、优选1-4%的膨胀微球。在一个优选实施方式中,所述制品(包括所有层)具有0.75至1.2,优选0.75至低于1.2或至低于1.0的密度。微球、其量、层A,任选的其他的层以及所述层的组成可据此选择。
添加剂
材料A和/或材料B中的添加剂(如果存在)可以相同或不同。可以使用的添加剂包括例如:
-抗冲改性剂,
-可折断性改性剂
-填料
-形貌(aspect)修饰剂,例如颜料或着色剂,
-稳定剂,
-润滑剂,
-其混合物或组合。
据提及一些添加剂可提供若干功能例如改性抗冲击性质和可折断
性。
可用于PLA中的添加剂是本领域技术人员已知的。实例包括烷基磺酸盐、芳族-脂族聚酯、聚(己二酸-共-对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯)如文献EP2065435中公开的那些、脂肪酸或其盐如甘油单硬脂酸酯、乙烯共聚物如WO 2011119639中公开的、和TiO2颜料如WO 2011119639中公开的。
添加剂可以以母炼胶形式添加。其中所述添加剂分散于聚合物基质如PLA中或添加于烯属不饱和单体如乙烯乙酸乙烯酯共聚物中。
材料A和/或材料B中的添加剂(如果存在)的存在量以重量计可通常为0.1%至15%,例如存在量为以重量计1%至10%。
容器
所述制品可以是容器,例如用作乳制品容器、如酸奶杯。本发明还涉及盛装食品、优选乳制品、优选基于牛奶(奶是动物奶或替代的植物奶例如豆奶或米乳等)的产品、优选发酵乳制品例如酸奶的容器。所述容器可具有酸奶杯形状,例如正方形横截面或具有圆角的正方形横截面,或圆形横截面。所述容器可具有锥形底,优选锥形圆底。所述容器具有可提供部件如贴纸或饰带的壁(垂直于所述横截面)。部件如饰带有助于加强所述容器的机械抗性。所述容器可以是例如50ml(或50g)至1L(或1kg)的容器,例如50ml(或50g)至80ml(或80g),或80ml(或80g)至100ml(或100g),或100ml(或100g)至125ml(或125g),或125ml(或125g)至150ml(或150g),或150ml(或150g)至200ml(或200g),或250ml(或250g)至300ml(或300g),或300ml(或300g)至500ml(或500g),或500ml(或500g)至750ml(或750g),或750ml(或750g)至1L(或1kg)的容器。
方法
所述制品可以通过任何合适的方法制备。材料A和/或材料B可在形成所述制品之前或所述制品形成期间制备。热塑性材料如PLA可以以粉末、丸或粒状引入。
如果材料A是几种成分的混合物,则这些成分可通常在挤出机中在形成所述制品时混合。可以实施与热塑性材料混合的添加剂的母炼胶。在另一个实施方式中,可使用通常以粉末、丸状或粒状形式的预混合化合物。
材料B是微球和聚乳酸的混合物。这些成分可通常在挤出机中在形成所述制品时混合。可以实施微球和任选的其它添加剂的母炼胶,或甚至几种母炼胶,以与聚乳酸混合。在另一种实施方式中,可使用通常以粉末、丸状或粒状形式的预混合化合物。有用的方法通常包括混合聚乳酸和可膨胀微球的步骤,以及加热以膨胀所述微球的步骤。加热温度可以是例如150℃至250℃,优选150℃至200℃。加热可在混合步骤期间或在另一个步骤中进行。混合和/或加热可在挤出机中在挤出步骤中进行。加热通常在挤出以形成层B的步骤期间进行。
在一个优选实施方式中,层A和层B是共挤出的,通常从熔融形式的材料A和材料B的流挤出。共挤出方法是本领域技术人员已知的。这些方法通常包括使不同的流流过不同的并排模具而挤出。通过模具之后所述流合并,形成至少一个界面。两层制品存在一个界面,三层制品存在两个界面。所述材料然后冷却以形成固体制品。为了获得期望的产品如片或膜,可以在共挤出后进行合适的处理。处理步骤是例如挤压处理、压延、拉伸等。可以调整这些处理步骤的参数如温度、压力、速度、处理的次数以获得期望的产品,例如片。在一个实施方式中,所述制品是通过包括共挤出和压延的方法制备的。
在一个实施方式中,所述制品是从塑性片获得的热成型容器。所述热成型制品优选通过以下获得:
1)共挤出至少层A和层B以获得多层塑性片,和
2)热成型所述塑性片以获得容器。
热成型是已知的操作。所述片可以热成型制备,从而获得期望形状的最终产品。可提及,一些拉伸可在热成型时发生。热成型可以是例如使用成型-充填-封口的热成型生产线来进行。热成型可具有如下步骤:
-在引导链(即钉子或夹子)上进行引入片;
-通过接触加热板对片进行加热;
-通过成型塞和气压的帮助,使用阴模而成型。所述模具可包含或不包含标签(label)。
在成型-充填-封口的热成型生产线中,在热成型后通常进行下面的步骤:
-所得到的形状填充产品,并然后,用盖膜热密封,
-最后,它们被切割并任选通过机械修改工具预切割。
本发明的进一步的细节或优点可表现在下面的非限制性实施例中。
实施例
所述实施例使用下面的材料进行:
-母炼胶:由Eka Chemicals AB(Akzo Nobel NV子公司)销售的FG92MBX 120。
-PLA:由NatureWorks销售的2003D。
-添加剂:抗冲改性剂。
实施例1-塑性片
根据下面的程序制备三层塑性片。
程序:
通过共挤出生产多层结构。用内径为45mm和长度为24D的Fairex挤出机挤出内部发泡的PLA层。两个外部致密层用内径为30mm和长度为26D的Scannex挤出机挤出。所获得的熔融PLA然后分开成两个不同的流进入进料块(feedblock)中以形成外部致密层。在两个挤出机中,螺杆上的温度在165和195℃之间。在挤出机后,不同的PLA流通过被两个薄板隔开的不同通道(模头)进入进料块通道。在分离平面的末端,三个流合并,形成两个界面,并且所述片通过温度在185-195℃的模头挤出。所述片在40℃的3个辊上压延。第一和第二个压延辊之间的压力保持为0,以稳定所述泡沫结构和避免微球气泡的任何塌陷。
所述层状片具有下面的层组成(含量以重量提供):
评价
在挤出期间没有观察到发泡PLA粘度的显著降低(与非发泡PLA比较),表明所述微球没有降解PLA。因此,所述发泡和致密PLA具有几乎相同的粘度,促进了不同PLA流合并流入进料块和然后通过模头挤出。而且,挤出流在短时间(3min)内稳定,表明微球的效能和它们的使用的简便性。
所述片的总厚度为750μm。多层结构的层分配通过光学显微镜确认(25%致密/50%发泡/25%致密)。图1展示了发泡PLA层的SEM(扫描电子显微镜)图片。在这张图片中,容易看到微球,表明PLA被发泡了。
所述片的密度由重量测定法确定,等于0.97。该结果表明与PLA原料相比,密度降低22.4%。
所获得的片称作“PLA泡沫”。
实施例2-酸奶杯
实施例1的塑性片根据下面的程序热成型为酸奶杯。
程序:
所述片引入F.F.S.热成型生产线并用下面的参数热成型:
-加热板温度:95℃;
-所述片使用6个加热步骤被逐渐加热,每个加热盒具有140ms的关闭时间;
-热成型步骤用常规的毡成型塞进行;
-模具温度固定在45℃以激活指示的热熔融和冷却所述PLA材料;
-成型空气压力:5巴;
-机器速度:28程/分钟。
图2和图3提供了酸奶杯的形状和尺寸(以mm计)。所述酸奶杯被切割成x4个附连的杯(称作“合装包”),4个杯的每一个之间具有预切割线。预切割线在F.F.S.装置上进行。通过操作员实施和控制各种深度。
评价:
-通过被称作最大负荷(Top Load)的压缩测试确定酸奶杯的机械性能。最大负荷值根据下面的方案评价:
-使用拉伸/压缩测试机ADAMEL LHOMARGY DY 34型
-在环境温度下以10mm/min的速度对杯(4个杯)施加压缩
-评价最大负荷值为:压缩曲线的最大值,并取位移3mm的力的值。
-预切割线的深度通过光学显微镜进行至少3次测量来测定。
-可折断性通过手动测量来确定,等级度量表示所述杯在施加挠曲下被分隔的能力。
-等级0–在三次施加中没有破裂或没有按照预切割线;
-等级1–在三次施加中破裂并按照预切割线;
-等级3–在两次施加中破裂并按照预切割线;
-等级5–在一次施加中破裂并按照预切割线。
-然后,比较预切割深度的可折断性以确定获得良好的可折断性所要求的最小预切割深度。
评价结果提供如下:
结果:
-在将片引入F.F.S.热成型生产线期间没有观察到残余的脆性。没有报告关于热成型步骤的问题,厚度分布接近用PLA原料获得的厚度分布(称作“致密”),已知其易于通过热成型转变。
-所获得的合装包的可折断性等级接近5,表明在所述膨胀层中不要求进一步的可折断添加剂。预切割线的深度在416μm and 449μm之间。
-所述杯的机械性能由压缩测量值确定:
-3mm处的最高负荷=58.2±5.1daN
-最大值处的最高负荷=90.6±3.6daN
这些最高负荷性能与常规材料如致密聚苯乙烯所要求的性能一致。
Claims (20)
1.包含多层塑性材料的制品,其至少包含:
A)一个热塑性材料层A,所述热塑性材料不同于发泡聚乳酸,
B)一个发泡聚乳酸材料层B,所述发泡聚乳酸材料包含聚乳酸和膨胀微球。
2.根据权利要求1的制品,其中所述微球具有由烯属不饱和单体制成的热塑性壳,所述烯属不饱和单体包含丙烯腈。
3.前述权利要求任一项的制品,其中所述发泡聚乳酸材料具有0.5至1.2、优选0.75至1.1的密度。
4.前述权利要求任一项的制品,其具有0.75至1.2的密度。
5.前述权利要求任一项的制品,其中所述发泡聚乳酸材料包含以重量计0.1-5%的膨胀微球。
6.前述权利要求任一项的制品,其中所述聚乳酸材料包含以重量计0%至0.15%、优选0%至0.1%的交联剂。
7.前述权利要求任一项的制品,其中层A是非发泡聚乳酸。
8.前述权利要求任一项的制品,其包含以重量计至少19%、优选至少38%的层B。
9.前述权利要求任一项的制品,其是三层材料(第一个层A)-(层B)-(第二个层A)。
10.权利要求9的制品,其中沿着所述制品厚度以距离计的层的量对应于以下分布:
-第一个层A:5-37.5%,
-层B:25-90%,
-第二个层A:5-37.5%,
总计为100%的厚度。
11.前述权利要求任一项的制品,其是塑性片。
12.权利要求11的制品,其中所述塑性片具有0.5mm至2mm、优选0.6-1mm的厚度。
13.权利要求1-10任一项的制品,其是容器。
14.权利要求13的制品,其中所述容器是热成型制品,优选从根据权利要求11或12任一项的塑性片制品获得。
15.权利要求13或14任一项的制品,其是热成型杯。
16.制备前述权利要求任一项的制品的方法,其包括混合聚乳酸和可膨胀微球的步骤,和加热以使所述微球膨胀的步骤。
17.权利要求16的方法,其中加热在150-250℃的温度下进行。
18.权利要求16至17任一项的方法,其中加热在挤出以形成层B的步骤期间进行。
19.权利要求16至18任一项的方法,其中至少层A和层B是共挤出的。
20.权利要求16至19任一项的方法,其中所述制品是通过以下获得的热成型容器:
1)共挤出至少层A和层B以获得多层塑性片,和
2)热成型所述塑性片以获得容器。
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PCT/IB2012/001188 WO2013160717A1 (en) | 2012-04-27 | 2012-04-27 | Article comprising foamed polylactic acid and process of making the same |
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US (1) | US20150147507A1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP2841246B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN104334328B (zh) |
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WO (1) | WO2013160717A1 (zh) |
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CN109476116A (zh) * | 2016-04-28 | 2019-03-15 | 自然工作有限责任公司 | 具有包含耐热聚合物层和聚丙交酯树脂层的多层片材的饰面的聚合物泡沫隔热结构 |
CN109476115A (zh) * | 2016-04-28 | 2019-03-15 | 自然工作有限责任公司 | 具有聚丙交酯树脂饰面层的聚合物泡沫隔热结构 |
CN115073902A (zh) * | 2022-06-20 | 2022-09-20 | 东华能源(宁波)新材料有限公司 | 一种绿色环保的轻质保温聚乳酸发泡材料的制备方法 |
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WO2014068348A1 (en) * | 2012-10-30 | 2014-05-08 | Sa Des Eaux Minerales D'evian Saeme | Article comprising polylactic acid layers and process of making the same |
EP2995448A1 (en) * | 2014-09-10 | 2016-03-16 | Clariant International Ltd. | Snap ability modifier for biodegradable polyesters |
US20230301242A1 (en) * | 2022-03-28 | 2023-09-28 | Lifoam Industries, Llc | Polylactic acid-based planters and associated methods |
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EP2841246A1 (en) | 2015-03-04 |
US20150147507A1 (en) | 2015-05-28 |
ES2600077T3 (es) | 2017-02-07 |
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