CN104220514A - 聚烯烃膨胀含磷阻燃剂体系 - Google Patents
聚烯烃膨胀含磷阻燃剂体系 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
公开了一种阻燃剂聚丙烯配混物。该配混物包含聚丙烯和非卤化磷酸铵阻燃剂,以及乙烯乙酸乙烯酯、氢氧化镁;含氟弹性体以及其他功能性添加剂。该配混物可大于或等于1.55mm的厚度实现UL 94的V-0评级。
Description
优先权要求
本申请要求于2012年4月6日提交的美国临时专利申请系列号61/621,126(代理人案卷号12012001)的优先权,该文通过参考结合于此。
技术领域
本发明涉及聚烯烃膨胀含磷阻燃剂体系,其展现良好的阻燃性质和对于薄壁挤出加工可接受的最小化熔融材料回滚(roll-back)。
发明背景
不像木材、金属或玻璃,热塑性配混物不会腐烂,生锈或破碎。因此,在过去70年全世界见证了材料科学的革命,其源自热塑性树脂和一种或多种功能添加剂的组合来为树脂提供特别的性质。
不像木材,但与金属和玻璃类似,热塑性树脂在给定温度下会熔化。其加工的通用性受益于其在熔融状态下与功能添加剂混合的能力。
但在使用中,将完全成形的热塑性制品暴露于过高的热量或火焰,对其性质和人员都会是非常有害的。阻燃性对于许多家居用品,例如吹风机、帘和窗帘、热水器和厨房电器,是一个关键属性。此外,不可燃和不易燃的材料对于许多工业应用,例如电子、通讯和交通是关键的。因此,经常添加阻燃剂、滴料抑制剂、矿物填料和碳成形剂作为功能添加剂,以帮助热塑性配混物延缓热或火焰造成熔化或者甚至是燃烧的效果。
最近,非卤化阻燃剂变得流行,因为他们使得如果塑料制品开始降解、熔化或燃烧时卤化化学物质的释放最小化。但是,相比于初始热塑性树脂,使用非卤化阻燃剂的聚合物掺混物通常较难加工,并且具有下降的物理和机械性质。
发明内容
本领域需要的是一种非卤化热塑性配混物,其既能够通过保险商实验室(Underwriters Laboratory)测试No.94(UL 94测试)并取得V-0评级,也能够使得薄壁挤出加工时回滚最小化。
本发明已经发现了已知成分在一起的特定组合,其在小于或等于1.55mm时在UL 94测试中实现V-0评级,并且实现了良好的可加工性,这是一项非常困难且难以预期实现的任务。
基于其物理性质,选定聚丙烯共聚物和乙烯乙酸乙烯酯作为基础热塑性树脂,将非卤化阻燃剂与其它功能成分结合,以实现所追求的V-0评级。
本发明的一个方面是阻燃剂聚丙烯配混物,其包含:约占配混物18-23重量%的量的乙烯乙酸乙烯酯;约占配混物21-26重量%的量的聚丙烯共聚物;约占配混物35-50重量%的量的经处理的聚磷酸铵;约占配混物1-2重量%的量的氢氧化镁;约占配混物0.25-0.35重量%的量的含氟弹性体。聚磷酸铵用三聚氰胺处理,并涂覆具有胺端基团的脂族热塑性聚合物。
任选地,所述配混物可包括如下的一种或多种:α-烯烃共聚物、N,N-乙撑双硬脂酰胺、位阻酚抗氧化剂、亚磷酸盐/酯稳定剂和着色剂。
本发明的另一个实施方式是一种模塑制品。更具体地,一种管道形式的模塑制品,用于保护进行传输的缆线。
下面将探索本发明的特征。
附图简要说明
图1所示是实施例部分中所述的实验室模拟测试中等级为5的“严重”熔融材料回滚的图。
图2所示是实施例部分中所述的实验室模拟测试中等级为3的“高”熔融材料回滚的图。
图3所示是实施例部分中所述的实验室模拟测试中等级为1的“最小化”熔融材料回滚的图。
具体实施方式
乙烯乙酸乙烯酯
乙烯乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)是乙烯和乙酸乙烯酯的共聚物。美国专利第4,338,227号描述了各种EVA共聚物及其用途。EVA树脂通常是软的、挠性的,类似于弹性体材料,且可以如同其他热塑性体一样进行加工。此外,EVA在-60℃至150℃的宽温度范围内维持挠性,并提供低温下优异的抗裂性。优选用于本发明的EVA具有28重量%的乙酸乙烯酯组成。
EVA可购自许多商业产品,包括杜邦公司(DuPont)的阿科玛公司(Arkema)的以及埃克森美孚公司(Exxon Mobil)的EscoreneTM。
聚烯烃
聚丙烯是一种经济的材料,其提供其他热塑性体所不具有的杰出的物理性质、机械性质、热性质和电性质的组合。出于本发明的目的,聚丙烯旨在涵盖丙烯的均聚物以及丙烯和另一α-烯烃(例如乙烯和丁烯等)的各种共聚物,或者均聚物和共聚物的混合物。共聚物可以是无规共聚物或者嵌段共聚物,其中嵌段自身可以是均聚物或无规共聚物。
存在许多聚丙烯的商业制造商,包括利安德巴塞尔公司(LyondellBasell)、埃克森美孚公司(ExxonMobil)、因厄思公司(Ineos)、弗林特希尔资源公司(FlintHills Resources)、福摩撒公司(Formosa)、大陆化学公司(Continental Chemical)、太阳石油化学品公司(Sunoco Chemicals)、布拉斯凯姆公司(Braskem)、道达尔公司(Total)、三井化学公司(Mitsui Chemical)以及池所化学公司(Chisso ChemicalCorporation)。
α-烯烃共聚物
α-烯烃共聚物是通过α-烯烃的聚合制造的。这种α-烯烃是碳碳双键在α-碳原子开始的烯烃。α-烯烃共聚物被用于改善热塑性烯烃配混物的冲击强度。乙烯/α-烯烃优选用于本发明,其增加了冲击吸收和冷温度下的延展性。商业供应商包括三井化学公司(Mitsui Chemical)商品名为TafmerTM,陶氏化学公司(Dow Chemical)商品名为InfuseTMOBC,其提供了数种系列的α-烯烃共聚物。
非卤素聚磷酸铵阻燃剂
聚磷酸铵可用作膨胀阻燃剂(FR)体系。这些体系具有配制无需卤素的优点,因此没有基于卤素体系的环保法规的限制。
聚磷酸铵是由聚磷酸与氨反应产生的无机盐。其化学式是[NH4PO3]n。
当暴露于热或火,聚磷酸铵会开始分解回氨和磷酸。磷酸起了碳基多元醇(例如木材中的纤维素)的脱水的催化剂的作用。磷酸与此类醇基团反应形成磷酸酯,其进一步分解释放二氧化碳。释放的不可燃的二氧化碳以及从氨进一步分解的氮和水,降低了正在燃烧的材料所能获得的氧的量。相反地,卤基体系会导致含卤素的气体释放进入环境中。
聚磷酸铵FR体系可商业购自许多制造商,包括JLS化学品公司,其提供JLS PNP1C、JLS PNP2V和JLS PNP3D。其他商业产品是Clariant Exolit AP、Amfine FP、Budenheim Budit、Chitec Zuran和JJI JJAZZTM。
本发明优选的是聚磷酸铵FR,例如JLS PNP3D,其用三聚氰胺处理并涂覆具有胺端基的低分子量(500-10,000 g/摩尔)的脂族热塑性聚合物涂层。该聚合物涂覆处理极大地改善了阻燃剂和聚合物基质之间的相容性。三聚氰胺提供了额外的氮分子,从而在膨胀体系分解过程中作为气体发出。不同于其他聚磷酸铵(例如JLS PNP1C和JLS PNP2V),JLS PNP3D不与乙烯基有机硅烷(一种用于表面处理的成分,以降低磷酸铵的水分吸收并降低吸水性)反应。
氢氧化镁
氢氧化镁是一种化学式为Mg(OH)2的无机化合物。不同于当氢氧化镁用作阻燃剂(通常50-70%的较高浓度)的情况,本发明的(约1-2%浓度的)氢氧化镁的主要目的是通过帮助防止模头中熔体积累来使得配混物材料回滚最小化。优选氢氧化镁合成作为具有片形或板形形貌的粉末。
含氟弹性体
含氟弹性体高度适用于苛刻环境,原因在于它们能够耐受高温的能力和优异的耐化学性。含氟弹性体可包括六氟丙烯(HFP)和偏二氟乙烯(VDF或VF2)的共聚物、四氟乙烯(TFE)、偏二氟乙烯(VDF)和六氟丙烯(HFP)的三聚物,以及含全氟甲基乙烯基醚(PMVE)的聚合物。含氟弹性体可购自许多商业产品,包括3M公司的DyneonTM、大金公司(Daikin)的和杜邦公司的品牌。
乙撑双硬脂酰胺
乙撑双硬脂酰胺(EBS),一种具有18个碳原子的饱和脂肪酸,其源自硬脂酸和乙二胺。EBS是一种润滑剂,其使得固体配混材料的分散稳定化,促进熔体流动,并降低聚合物表面的摩擦和磨损。商业产品包括陶氏化学公司(DowChemical)的AdvawaxTM、科罗达公司(Croda)的CrodamideTM、凯麦克斯性能公司(Chemax Performance)的Maxomer Lube、隆扎公司(Lonza)的AcrawaxTM、PMC生物基奈科斯公司(PMC Biogenix)的以及粉末、片状、粒状和珠形式的Crompton Kemami EBS产品。
抗氧化剂
抗氧化剂用于抑制材料中的其他分子的氧化反应。因此,它们通常用于聚合物在不利条件(例如,天气、紫外光和热)下的稳定化。常用的抗氧化剂包括聚合位阻酚,例如购自希巴葛杰公司(Ciba Geigy)的IRGANOX-1010,和亚磷酸盐/酯稳定剂,如AO-168,它们是在存在热和氧的情况下提供稳定性的抗氧化剂。
任选的添加剂
本发明的聚合物配混物可包括任意组合的不会对配混物的粘合性质造成不利影响的任意常规塑料添加剂。其量不应造成添加剂的浪费或对配混物的加工或性能有害。热塑性配混领域的技术人员无需过多的实验,仅须参考一些文献,例如来自“塑料设计库”(Plastics Design Library)(www.williamandrew.com)的“塑料添加剂数据库”(Plastics Additives Database)(2004),就能够选择许多不同类型的添加剂加入本发明的配混物中。
任选的添加剂的非限制性例子包括:粘合促进剂;抗氧化剂;杀生物剂(抗菌剂、杀真菌剂和防霉剂)、抗雾化剂;抗静电剂;粘合剂、起泡剂和发泡剂;分散剂;填料和增量剂;烟雾抑制剂;可膨胀的炭成形剂;抗冲改性剂;引发剂;润滑剂;云母;颜料、着色剂和染料;增塑剂;加工助剂;其它聚合物;脱模剂;硅烷、钛酸盐/酯和锆酸盐/酯;滑爽剂和抗粘连剂;稳定剂;硬脂酸盐/酯;紫外光吸收剂;粘度调节剂;蜡;及其组合。
表1显示了可用于本发明的成分的可接受的范围,认识到完全无需存在任选的成分。配混物可包括这些成分,主要由这些成分组成,或者由这些成分组成。所有的量都表示为整个配混物的重量百分数。
加工
本发明的配混物的制备并不复杂。本发明的配混物可以间歇或连续操作的方式制得。
以连续工艺进行的混合通常发生在温度升至足以熔化聚合物基质的单螺杆或双螺杆挤出机中,在挤出机的头部或者挤出机的下游添加其他成分。挤出机速度范围可以是约50-500转/分钟(rpm),优选约为350-450rpm。通常,将挤出机的输出物制成粒状,供后续挤出或模塑成聚合物制品。
以间歇工艺进行的混合操作通常在班伯里(Banbury)混合器中进行,该混合器能在足以使聚合物基体熔化的温度下操作,以便加入固体成分添加剂。混合速度范围为60-1000rpm。同样地,将从混合器的输出物切碎为更小的尺寸,供后续挤出或模塑成聚合物制品。
后续挤出或模塑技术是热塑性聚合物工程领域技术人员众所周知的。不需要过多的实验,仅仅需要参考诸如《挤出,权威加工指南和手册》(Extrusion,The Definitive Processing Guide and Handbook);《模塑部件收缩和翘曲手册》(Handbook of Molded Part Shrinkage and Warpage);《专业模塑技术》(Specialized Molding Techniques);《旋转模塑技术》(Rotational MoldingTechnology)和《模具、工具和模头修补焊接手册》(Handbook of Mold,Tool andDie Repair Welding)(均由塑料设计库出版(www.williamandrew.com))之类的参考文献,本领域的技术人员就能使用本发明的配混物制得具有任何想得到的形状和外观的制品。
本发明的实用性
热塑性配混物可通过挤出、模塑、砑光、热成形、或其他成形方式成形为任意塑料制品,所述塑料制品能用于火灾会造成人员伤害或财产损失的室内或封闭空间。所述配混物耐滴落或燃烧。
理论上来说,能用于人类占据空间如建筑、汽车或隧道的任意塑料制品都可受益于这种聚烯烃配混物的阻燃性。特别地,阻燃剂聚烯烃配混物可用于电线和电缆工业的导管,用于保护电线、光丝和高压线以及各种其他电子电路。
现有的由聚丙烯配混物制造的任意塑料制品如今可由本发明的非卤化阻燃剂配混物制得。
当厚度薄至0.8mm(1/32英寸)时,就取得了UL 94 V-0评级,那么众所周知地,具有任意更大厚度的塑料制品也就取得了UL 94 V-0评级。
此外,本发明的配混物仅具有最小的熔体回滚,这对于产品(例如缆线、板、膜、管、纤维和管道挤出)的薄壁挤出加工是重要的。此外,当以较高的线速度进行挤出时,回滚现象变得更为严重。
热塑性制品可出售到下述市场:电器、建筑和施工、消费者、电气和电子、健康护理、工业、包装、纺织、交通运输、和电线、电缆。本发明的配混物可用于任意这些市场。
保险商实验室测试No.UL 94是阻燃剂热塑性配混物的决定性测试。如表2所示,V-0评级有别于V-1和V-2评级,如果要追求最好的阻燃评级,则V-1和V-2评级是不可接受的。
阻燃性的一个替代测试是极限氧指数(LOI),根据ASTM 2863测量,其表示使得聚合物材料开始燃烧所需的氧的最小浓度(百分比)。
实施例提供本发明的不可预测性的评估数据。
实施例
表2显示选择用于实施例1-4和比较例A-H的成分列表。在这些比较例A-H和实施例1-5之前,尝试了79种其他例子,但是都失败了。因此,比较例A-H是在寻找能够实现V-0评级通过UL 94测试并且能够使得薄壁挤出过程中回滚最小化的配方的困难中的一个小的子集。
表4显示Coperion W&P双螺杆挤出机中的混合条件。
对挤出物进行切粒,用于后续模塑。
在模塑前,使得粒在60-75℃下干燥4-6小时,以降低水分含量。使用尼塞(Nissei)模塑机器,表5显示用于对厚度为1/8英寸的各个实施例和比较例的模塑测试样条的设定,测试如下:根据ASTM D-792的比重测量,190℃和2.16kg的重力重量的熔体流速根据ASTM D-1238测量,根据ASTM D-638的拉伸性质,以及根据ASTM D-2863测量的极限氧指数(LOI)。
表6和7分别显示比较例A-H和实施例1-5的配方。
表7和8分别显示比较例A-H和实施例1-5的如下数据:根据ASTM D-792的比重测量,190℃和2.16kg的重力重量的熔体流速根据ASTM D-1238测量,根据ASTM D-638的拉伸性质,根据ASTM D-790的挠曲模量测量,UL 94 VO阻燃剂性质;根据ASTM D-2863测量的极限氧指数(LOI),并观察加工过程中的熔体回滚。
回滚现象对于薄壁挤出加工通常是一个严重的问题。例如,在粒状材料的加工过程中视觉观察熔体回滚。回滚表示熔融材料在模头出口的积累,这会对薄壁制品的挤出造成有害影响。模头暴露于持续的热量会导致回滚材料最终分解和脱落,粘到挤出的制品(例如,导管的内表面或外表面)。在实践中,回滚现象会迫使生产线关闭,在恢复加工前清除积累的熔融材料。因此,这降低了产量并增加了刮擦率,在最坏的情况下(例如连续缆线挤出中),这可能无法停止加工来对模头处积累的熔融材料进行清除。
为了模拟加工过程中熔融材料的回滚,对实施例进行以下实验室测试方法。采用1英寸的单螺杆挤出机,其具有约24的一般计量螺杆L/D比,并装备有尺寸为宽1英寸、高0.02英寸的窄口模头。实施例在温度为180℃的挤出机中加工,并以100RPM螺杆速度穿过桶和通过带挤出模头。带挤出的下拉比约为1/1。在带连续挤出10分钟之后,视觉观察各个实施例的回滚现象。回滚的严重性定性地评级为0(无)至5(严重)。图1-3分别表示5-严重、3-高和1-最小化的评级。
对使用数种不同的非卤素阻燃剂(FR)进行评价,以得到符合UL 94 V-0评级的、无需使用卤化FR的聚丙烯配混物,其对于高的线速度下的薄壁挤出加工还具有可接受的最小化回滚。比较例F-H证实氮-磷酸盐/酯基膨胀FR必须至少为32%或更大,以实现UL 94 V-0评级,但是比较例F-H全都展现出严重的回滚,表现为严重回滚的最高等级5。
比较例D和E用JLS PNP1C(基于聚磷酸铵膨胀FR,其已经用乙烯基有机硅烷处理过并用三聚氰胺处理过)代替氮-磷酸盐/酯基膨胀FR。比较例D的UL 94 V-2评级失败,因为其测试样品滴落和一次引燃棉花。比较例D还显示出高的回滚。比较例E增加了比较例D中的FR的量,并且符合UL 94 V-0评级,但是相比于已经难以接受的比较例D的回滚,具有更差的回滚。
比较例A-C再次使用JLS PNP2V(基于聚磷酸铵膨胀FR,其已经用乙烯基有机硅烷处理过,但是不同于JLS PNP1C,没有用三聚氰胺处理)代替FR。比较例A和B无法符合UL 94的要求。比较例B的测试样品显示滴落,而比较例A的测试样品显示滴落和引燃棉花。比较例C符合UL 94 V-0评级,但是在测试期间显示出拉伸,一种熔体滴落的趋势。此外,比较例C显示熔融材料在加工过程中的中等回滚。
实施例1-5使用JLS PNP3D(基于聚磷酸铵膨胀FR,其已经用三聚氰胺处理过,并涂覆有低分子量热塑性含胺基团)代替FR。不同于JLS PNP1C和JLS PNP2V,JLS PNP3D不与乙烯基有机硅烷反应。实施例1-5都实现了UL 94V-0评级,显示良好的泡沫和无滴落。此外,实施例1-5分别展现出对于正常加工要求可接受的熔融材料的最小化回滚。因此,难以预料地,用三聚氰胺处理并涂覆有低分子量热塑性含胺基团的基于聚磷酸铵的膨胀FR是仅有的非卤化FR,其能够成功地同时符合阻燃性和可加工性的要求。
本发明不限于上述实施方式。以下是所附权利要求书。
Claims (6)
1.一种阻燃剂聚烯烃配混物,其包含:
(a)乙烯乙酸乙烯酯,其占所述配混物的约18-23重量%的量;
(b)聚丙烯共聚物,其占所述配混物的约21-26重量%的量;
(c)聚磷酸铵,其占所述配混物的约35-50重量%的量;
(d)氢氧化镁,其占所述配混物的约1-2重量%的量;
(e)含氟弹性体,其占所述配混物的约0.25-0.35重量%的量;
(f)任选地,α-烯烃共聚物,其占所述配混物的0至约12重量%的量;以及
(g)任选地,N,N-乙撑双硬脂酰胺,其占所述配混物的0至约2重量%的量,
其中,所述聚磷酸铵用三聚氰胺处理,并涂覆具有胺基端基团的脂族热塑性聚合物。
2.如权利要求1所述的配混物,所述配混物还包含位阻酚抗氧化剂和亚磷酸盐/酯稳定剂。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的配混物,所述配合物还包含着色剂。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的配混物,所述配合物还包含:粘合促进剂;抗氧化剂;杀生物剂(抗菌剂、杀真菌剂和防霉剂)、抗雾化剂;抗静电剂;粘合剂、起泡剂和发泡剂;分散剂;填料和增量剂;烟雾抑制剂;可膨胀的炭成形剂;抗冲改性剂;引发剂;润滑剂;云母;颜料、染料;增塑剂;加工助剂;其它聚合物;脱模剂;硅烷、钛酸盐/酯和锆酸盐/酯;滑爽剂和抗粘连剂;稳定剂;硬脂酸盐/酯;紫外光吸收剂;粘度调节剂;蜡;及其组合。
5.一种模塑制品,其包含如权利要求1所述的配混物。
6.如权利要求5所述的模塑制品,所述模塑制品是管道形式,其用于保护能够进行传输的缆线。
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PCT/US2013/035320 WO2013152224A1 (en) | 2012-04-06 | 2013-04-04 | Polyolefin intumescent phosphorous flame retardant system |
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US20160340517A1 (en) * | 2015-05-21 | 2016-11-24 | Chestnut Springs Llc | Flame retardant compositions and processes for preparation thereof |
CN107815169A (zh) * | 2017-09-22 | 2018-03-20 | 武汉亿维登科技发展有限公司 | 一种抗紫外电缆 |
CN108727679A (zh) * | 2018-05-21 | 2018-11-02 | 福州大学 | 一种改性聚磷酸铵/石墨烯阻燃eva泡沫复合材料 |
US20220019046A1 (en) * | 2020-07-20 | 2022-01-20 | Sterlite Technologies Limited | Thermal resistant water blocking tape |
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