CN104186139A - Reasonable and efficient planting method for wheat stubble sesame - Google Patents
Reasonable and efficient planting method for wheat stubble sesame Download PDFInfo
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- CN104186139A CN104186139A CN201410384831.3A CN201410384831A CN104186139A CN 104186139 A CN104186139 A CN 104186139A CN 201410384831 A CN201410384831 A CN 201410384831A CN 104186139 A CN104186139 A CN 104186139A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a reasonable and efficient planting method for wheat stubble sesame. The planting method guarantees the full stand of rush planting of sesame after wheat harvesting when the soil is damp, is simple and efficient, saves labor and time, is beneficial for later-period sesame growth and development, yield formation and field management and solves the problems that the conflict between rush harvesting and rush planting exists all the time and because high wheat stubble is left in land after wheat harvesting, next-stubble crops can not be cultivated easily. According to the concrete scheme, the wheat stubble is kept at the original position after wheat harvesting, damage to the granular structure of the land and loss of the soil moisture content due to high-intensity mechanized cultivation are reduced, wheat straw is cleared out, and grain husks are left in the land; a rotary cultivator carries out rotary cultivation and soil aeration between wheat stubble lines; base fertilizer is sufficiently applied in the fertilization mode of combining quick-acting fertilizer and controlled-release fertilizer, sesame seeds are sown in line, the seeds to be sown are treated with insecticide like carbendazim, and a herbicide is sprayed after sowing to close weeds. Inter-cultivation is not needed in the whole cultivation process, so that labor is saved, the sesame yield and the fertilizer utilization ratio are increased, and the planting method is worthy of application and popularization.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to arviculture technical field, be specifically related to a kind of reasonable high-efficiency grow method of wheat stubble sesame that is applicable to northern area.
Background technology
Sesame belongs to Pedaliaceae flax and belongs to, and is a kind of ancient oil crop, have the title of " kings of oil crop ".Sesame seed oil content is 50-60%, and contains the Natural Antioxidants such as the multiple nutrients such as rich in protein, mineral matter material and sesamol, sesamin.Sesame and products thereof has very high using value, is loved by the people.
North China carries out two crops a year farming system, custom plantation in winter wheat.Wheat is all realized combine results, and harvest-seed extraction is integrated.The rear wheat stubble of results stays high, and stalk is all detained field, and the processing of staying field stalk and wheat stubble is the thorny problem of puzzlement second stubble crop plantation growth.Current processing method has following several:
1, crop straw burning the method had both caused serious air pollution and disaster hidden-trouble, can change again the physicochemical property of soil.
2, manually choose except mode the method be that wheat straw is transported to field, then adopt mechanical stubble-cleaning or plough deeply also field.The method wheat stubble processing links is many, difficult treatment, and mechanical cultivation expense is large, and time-consuming taking a lot of work, easily makes the soil evaporation of water in soil, misses the farming season, and can not realize the sowing of losing no time in sowing while there is sufficient moisture in the soil as early as possible after wheat harvest.Incur loss through delay sesame plantation or date of seeding too late, can affect sesame late growing stage, and in impact, the yield potentiality performance of late-maturing high yield type.And a large amount of buried burying of wheat straw are striven nitrogen with rice shoot, affect the early growth of sesame seedling.
3, directly cultivate because sesame seed is immature, a little less than pushing up native power, the method is difficult to ensure that sesame one is broadcast full stand and seedling is weak, irregular, easily causes sesame low yield.
Simultaneously, aspect the field management of sesame, conventional method is heavy base fertilizer application, and impose urea and carry seedling seedling stage, initial bloom stage again every mu impose urea 5-10kg.Time-consuming the taking a lot of work of repeatedly applying fertilizer, and the excessive use of fertilizer easily causes water and soil to pollute.
Sesame is more drought-enduring but extremely responsive to steeping evil, how to solve " double rush for harvesting and sowing " contradiction after wheat harvest, utilize and complete sesame, wheat efficent rotation best farming season, and save labor, ensure that one broadcasts full stand, high yield, stable yields, reduce flood stain evil and damage by disease and insect and occur, increase the benefit and increase farmers' income, gently simplify high efficiency culture technique most important.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem to be solved by this invention is to overcome existing technological deficiency and plantation difficulty, provides a kind of wheat stubble sesame reasonable high-efficiency grow method.The method is simple efficient, saving of work and time, can ensure that sesame one broadcasts full stand, is beneficial to the later stage sesame output of growing and forms and field management, solves " double rush for harvesting and sowing " contradiction all the time, does not miss the farming season.On the basis of wheat stubble straw-returning, the fertilization mode that adopts quick-acting fertilizer to combine with Controlled Release Fertilizer, reduces fertilizer application frequency 2 times whole breeding time simultaneously, and fertilizer amount reduces by 13% left and right, and utilization rate of fertilizer significantly improves, and Sesame Seed Yield improves more than 14%.
Technical scheme of the present invention is: the reasonable high-efficiency grow method of a kind of wheat stubble sesame, it is characterized in that,
(1) after front stubble wheat results, retain layout between Mian Hegou embanked field, original railway carriage or compartment, with the rake 2-3 time that rakes the soil level, clean out wheat stalk, retain motionless, the clever shell of wheat stubble and stay field;
(2) rotovator is in the ranks digged along wheat stubble, and depth of turning soil 5-10cm makes soil soft; Use sufficient base fertilizer, execute 30 kilograms of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizers for every mu, use coated release-controlled nitrogenous fertilizer 9kg/ mu simultaneously, comprise (release period 7 days) 3kg and (release period 45 days) 6kg (substitute respectively carry seed manure seedling stage and initial bloom stage topdresses), before sowing, bar applies below topsoil 10cm;
(3) select sesame improved seeds, with 40% thiophanate methyl or 40% carbendazim, by the 0.1%-1% seed dressing of grain weight, dry rear sowing;
(4) then at wheat stubble drilling sesame (can machine sowing also can animal-power sowing) in the ranks, sowing date not late with June 15, adopt between wheat stubble and wait line-spacing plantation, sowing depth 2-3cm, earthing is gently pressed; After planting herbicide spraying carries out the front feud of seedling in time;
(5) after planting 5～6d of sesame, fills the gaps with seedlings in time; Treat Qi Miaohou, thinning when 1 pair of true leaf (thinning distance is not squeezed seedling with seedling), when 3～4 pairs of true leaves, thinning is once again; Treat that the growth of sesame seedling is stable, when 7～8 pairs of true leaves, carry out final singling; Mid-term is sprayed insecticide 1 time in fertility;
(6) in the middle and later periods of containing flower, extract the growth top heart of the nearly 1cm in top, gather in harvest time.
In described step (2) nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus (are amounted to P
2o
5), potassium (amounts to K
2o) using mass ratio is 1:1:1;
The sesame improved seeds that described step (3) is selected are that plant is tall and big, growth potential is strong, high and stable yield, large, the drought-enduring waterlogging tolerance of yield potential is strong, disease resistance is good kind, as series of productss such as Ji sesame, distant sesame, Zheng Zhi.Require full seed, cleanliness is not less than 97%, purity 97%, and germination rate is not less than 85%.With 40% thiophanate methyl or carbendazim seed dressing, be preferably 0.3% seed dressing by kind of quality.
The preferred weed killer herbicide of described step (4) and consumption thereof are: 50% Acetochlor 120ml/ mu, 96% gold medal be that liquid 60ml/ mu or 50% napropamide 150ml/ mu all.
The spray insecticide of described step (5) is specially: 20% 2000 times of bacillus thuringiensis missible oil liquid, 2000 times of liquid of 20% deltamethrin milk oil or 300 times of liquid spraying controls of 20% salithion.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows: culture technique of the present invention has overcome the difficulty of staying field stalk and wheat stubble to cultivate succession crop, simplified whole ground rotary tillage operating process.Also optimize cropping system in field with wheat stubble, clever shell, ensured that one broadcasts full stand simultaneously; Wheat stubble stays field can bring into play wheat stubble water holding water retention capacity, and effectively control sesame in early stage meets with and rainy season the problem of waterlogging easily occurs, thereby makes robust plant reduce the generation of damage by disease and insect simultaneously; Reduce the large intensity mechanical work of stubble ploughing, rotary tillage, reduced manpower and materials losses, avoided the soil moisture in the soil of faling apart, also reduced soil aggregate is destroyed.Adopt quick-acting fertilizer to combine with Controlled Release Fertilizer, sustainable provide seedling stage and early stage the sesame required nutrient of growing, the recruitment of topdressing of minimizing seedling stage, initial bloom stage.Before seed, Dressing reduces later stage damage by disease and insect generation, reduces the applications of pesticide, environmental protection.This technology reuses former wheat three ditches simultaneously, and whole growing process is exempted from intertillage, saves recruitment, has improved Sesame Seed Yield and economic benefit, has good application value.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1:
(1) after front stubble wheat results, retain layout between Mian Hegou embanked field, original railway carriage or compartment, with the rake 2-3 time that rakes the soil level, clean out wheat stalk, retain motionless, the clever shell of wheat stubble and stay field;
(2) rotovator is ploughed deeply soil in the ranks along wheat stubble and is made soil soft (degree of depth 5-10cm), is beneficial to soil moisture conservation.Use sufficient base fertilizer, execute 30 kilograms of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizers for every mu, nitrogen, phosphorus (are amounted to P
2o
5), potassium (amounts to K
2o) using mass ratio is 1:1:1, uses coated release-controlled nitrogenous fertilizer 9kg/ mu simultaneously, comprises (release period 7 days) 3kg and (release period 45 days) 6kg, and before sowing, bar applies below topsoil 10cm;
(3) kind is selected
Improved seeds are bases of cultivating sesame seeds with high yield, in conjunction with our province climate condition and cultivation condition, select that plant is tall and big, growth potential is strong, high and stable yield, large, the drought-enduring waterlogging tolerance of yield potential is strong, disease resistance is good kind.As series of productss such as Ji sesame, distant sesame, Zheng Zhi.Require full seed, cleanliness is not less than 97%, purity 97%, and germination rate is not less than 85%.Before broadcasting, bask seeds and chemicals treatment is conducive to full stand strong sprout, chemicals treatment can, with 40% thiophanate methyl or carbendazim, be dressed seed by seed quality 0.3%, dries rear sowing;
(4) sowing of losing no time in sowing while there is sufficient moisture in the soil
The sowing of losing no time in sowing while there is sufficient moisture in the soil in time after wheat harvest, sowing date is earlier than June 15, adopts and between wheat stubble, waits line-spacing plantation, line-spacing 40cm, spacing in the rows 15cm.Sowing depth 2-3cm, every mu of (667m
2) seeding quantity is at 0.3～0.5kg.Prevent that earthing is excessively dark, seeding down is feeding-up.
(5) sesame is broadcast rear 5～6d, as incomplete in do not emerged in time or emerge, and should check immediately reason, reseeds in time.After Qi Miao, want timely thinning, accomplish early thinning, late final singling (the final singling time is too early unsuitable, in case scarce).When 1 pair of true leaf, thinning in time prevents high leg seedling, and thinning distance is not squeezed seedling, thinning again when 3～4 pairs of true leaves with seedling.Treat that the growth of sesame seedling is stable, when 7～8 pairs of true leaves (seedling age 28-32 days), then row final singling.Between, when final singling, a little less than dredging, stay strong, go littlely to stay greatly, planned spacing in the rows is stopped seedling number.After final singling, single stalk type kind density range is every mu of (667m
2) 10000～12000 strains; Every mu of (667m of ramiform kind density range
2) 8000～10000 strains.
(6) pinch and control length
Extract the growth top heart of the nearly 1cm in top in the middle and later periods of containing flower (about spring sesame is just spent rear 25d, and summer sesame is just spent rear 15～20d), to increase thousand kernel weight and output, improve the quality of products.
(7) extermination of disease and insect pest
After planting timely herbicide spraying (50% Acetochlor 120ml/ mu, 96% gold medal be that liquid 60ml/ mu or 50% napropamide 150ml/ mu all), sealing weeds; Insect pest has aphid, mirid pentatomid, cotton bollworm, sesame snout moth, cotton bollworm etc., prevents and treats method: 20% 2000 times of bacillus thuringiensis missible oil liquid, 2000 times of liquid of 20% deltamethrin milk oil or 300 times of liquid spraying controls of 20% salithion; As the case may be, if there are the soil insects such as cutworm, mole cricket, grub, should spread poison bait after planting to prevent and treat in time;
(8) results
According to each variety characteristic, plant middle and lower part leaf abscission, bottom capsule fine fisssure, seed is the intrinsic color and luster of kind, is proper time, should gather in time.Before the storage of sesame seed, when fully airing makes water content be down to 9% left and right, can preserve.
Compare the effect of the present invention and prior art below in conjunction with comparative example:
1, cultivation method of the present invention
(1) front stubble wheat results on June 10, retain layout between Mian Hegou embanked field, original railway carriage or compartment after receiving, and with the rake 2-3 time that rakes the soil level, clean out wheat stalk, retain motionless, the clever shell of wheat stubble and stay field; Rotovator is in the ranks digged along wheat stubble, depth of turning soil 5-10cm, and ground makes soil soft.Use sufficient base fertilizer, execute 30 kilograms of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizers (it is 1:1:1 that nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium are used mass ratio) for every mu, use coated release-controlled nitrogenous fertilizer 9kg/ mu simultaneously, comprise (release period 7 days) 3kg and (release period 45 days) 6kg, bar applies below topsoil 10cm; June 12, at wheat stubble drilling sesame (can machine sowing also can animal-power sowing) in the ranks, adopted between wheat stubble and waits line-spacing plantation, sowing depth 2-3cm, and earthing is gently pressed; After planting herbicide spraying carries out the front feud of seedling in time; 40% thiophanate methyl or carbendazim seed for before sowing, dress seed by 0.3% of grain weight.
(2) thinning 1 time in the time that sesame grows to 1 pair of true leaf, 3-4 during to true leaf again thinning once, 7-8 is to true leaf final singling, mid-term is sprayed insecticide 1 time in fertility, contains the middle and later periods of flower, extracts the growth top heart of the nearly 1cm in top, Routine Management is to ripe results.
Sesame per mu yield 80kg after results, per mu yield value is 1440 yuan, approximately 230 yuan of every mu of consuming cost.
2, stubble-cleaning is ploughed deeply intensive cultivation planting patterns
(1) front stubble wheat results on June 10, the stubble cleaner wheat stubble that goes out after receiving, and soil deeptillage is buried by stalk, machinery spreads fertilizer over the fields base fertilizer 30kg/ mu.Due to soil, to plough deeply loose moisture in the soil fast, June 13 moisture creating of watering, June 16 in the time that the moderate machine of soil moisture content can enter ground, drilling sesame.Deng line-spacing plantation, line-spacing 40cm, sowing depth 2-3cm, earthing is gently pressed, and broadcasts front seed treatment and broadcasts the same the present invention of rear enclosed weeds.
(2) growing to 2 pairs of true leaves at sesame is thinning 1 times, 4-5 during to true leaf again thinning once, 7-8 final singling during to true leaf; Every mu of seedling stage impose 5kg urea and carry seed manure, every mu of initial bloom stage imposes 10kg urea, and early stage is sprayed insecticide 1 time in fertility, and florescence to the maturing stage sprays 500 times of liquid of 50% carbendazim 2 times, and Routine Management is to ripe results.
Because date of seeding is more late, sesame per mu yield 70kg, than underproduction 10kg of the present invention, per mu yield value is 1260 yuan, approximately 340 yuan of every mu of consuming cost.
3, traditional direct-seeding planting mode
After wheat harvest on June 10, broadcast sowing sesame, then harrow soil and gently cover, the 30kg/ mu that applies fertilizer to the subsoil, growing to 2 pairs of true leaves at sesame is thinning 1 times, 4-5 during to true leaf again thinning once, 7-8 final singling during to true leaf; Every mu of seedling stage impose 5kg urea and carry seed manure, every mu of initial bloom stage imposes 10kg urea, and early stage is sprayed insecticide 1 time in fertility, and florescence to the maturing stage sprays 500 times of liquid of 50% carbendazim 2 times, and Routine Management is to ripe results.Other farming methods are with implantation methods 2.
Irregular owing to emerging, band stubble is compared with unmanageable, and after results, the per mu yield of statistics sesame is 50kg, and than underproduction 30kg of the present invention, per mu yield value is 900 yuan, and every mu consumes nearly 200 yuan of tractor-ploughing, the cost such as artificial.
4, result contrast
By the output of 3 kinds of planting patternss and output value contrast, concrete recruitment and input are in table 1 and table 2.
The recruitment input ratio of table 1 implantation methods of the present invention and conventional art
Note: 60 yuan/mu of mechanical recruitment expenses, by the generation expense conversion amount of labour used; Within artificial 1 day, calculate 1 work, 70 yuan of/works of recruitment expense.
Input/the income of table 2 implantation methods of the present invention and conventional art is (unit: unit/mu) relatively
By the output of 3 kinds of planting patternss and output value contrast; can obviously find out; more than mu volume increase 10-30kg of the present invention, mu increases the output value more than 300 yuan, cost-saving more than 100 yuan; save fertilizer amount 13.3%; save recruitment 2-4, reduce spray medicine 2 times, reduce and topdress 2 times; increase fertilizer utilization efficiency, be beneficial to environment and soil-water protection.Meanwhile, alleviate labour intensity, reduced the destruction of mechanical cultivation to soil plough horizon, there is significant promotional value.
Claims (7)
1. the reasonable high-efficiency grow method of wheat stubble sesame, is characterized in that,
(1) after front stubble wheat results, retain layout between Mian Hegou embanked field, original railway carriage or compartment, with the rake 2-3 time that rakes the soil level, clean out wheat stalk, retain motionless, the clever shell of wheat stubble and stay field;
(2) rotovator is in the ranks digged along wheat stubble, depth of turning soil 5-10cm; Use sufficient base fertilizer, execute 30 kilograms of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizers for every mu, use the release period coated release-controlled nitrogenous fertilizer 3kg/ mu of 7 days and the release period coated release-controlled nitrogenous fertilizer 6kg/ mu of 45 days simultaneously; Fertilizer bar before sowing applies below topsoil 10cm;
(3) select sesame improved seeds, with 40% thiophanate methyl or 40% carbendazim, by the 0.1%-1% seed dressing of seed quality, dry rear sowing;
(4) then at wheat stubble drilling sesame in the ranks, sowing date not late with June 15, adopt between wheat stubble and wait line-spacing plantation, sowing depth 2-3cm, earthing is gently pressed; After planting herbicide spraying carries out the front feud of seedling;
(5) after planting 5～6d of sesame, fills the gaps with seedlings in time; Treat Qi Miaohou, thinning when 1 pair of true leaf, when 3～4 pairs of true leaves, thinning is once again; Treat that the growth of sesame seedling is stable, when 7～8 pairs of true leaves, carry out final singling; Mid-term is sprayed insecticide 1 time in sesame fertility;
(6) contain at sesame the middle and later periods of spending, extract the growth top heart of the nearly 1cm in top, gather in harvest time.
2. the reasonable high-efficiency grow method of a kind of wheat stubble sesame as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, in described nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, to use mass ratio be 1:1:1 for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium.
3. the reasonable high-efficiency grow method of a kind of wheat stubble sesame as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, described step (4) herbicide spraying is: 50% Acetochlor 120ml/ mu, 96% gold medal be that liquid 60ml/ mu or 50% napropamide 150ml/ mu all.
4. the reasonable high-efficiency grow method of a kind of wheat stubble sesame as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, the spray insecticide of described step (5) is specially: 20% 2000 times of bacillus thuringiensis missible oil liquid, 2000 times of liquid of 20% deltamethrin milk oil or 300 times of liquid spraying controls of 20% salithion.
5. the reasonable high-efficiency grow method of a kind of wheat stubble sesame as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, the sesame improved seeds that described step (3) is selected are that plant is tall and big, growth potential is strong, high and stable yield, large, the drought-enduring waterlogging tolerance of yield potential is strong, disease resistance is good kind.
6. the reasonable high-efficiency grow method of a kind of wheat stubble sesame as claimed in claim 5, is characterized in that, described sesame improved seeds are Ji sesame series, distant sesame series or Zheng Zhi series.
7. the reasonable high-efficiency grow method of a kind of wheat stubble sesame as described in claim 1-6, is characterized in that, 40% thiophanate methyl or 40% carbendazim for described step (3), by 0.3% seed dressing of seed quality.
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Cited By (2)
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| CN108029461A (en) * | 2017-12-26 | 2018-05-15 | 山东棉花研究中心 | A kind of wheat stubble sesame gently simplifies implantation methods |
| CN109618856A (en) * | 2018-12-24 | 2019-04-16 | 济南飞天农业科技有限公司 | A kind of wheat stubble mung bean gently simplifies implantation methods |
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| CN108029461A (en) * | 2017-12-26 | 2018-05-15 | 山东棉花研究中心 | A kind of wheat stubble sesame gently simplifies implantation methods |
| CN109618856A (en) * | 2018-12-24 | 2019-04-16 | 济南飞天农业科技有限公司 | A kind of wheat stubble mung bean gently simplifies implantation methods |
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Application publication date: 20141210 |