CN104039856B - 制备聚氨酯硬质泡沫和聚异氰脲酸酯硬质泡沫的方法 - Google Patents
制备聚氨酯硬质泡沫和聚异氰脲酸酯硬质泡沫的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104039856B CN104039856B CN201280065848.1A CN201280065848A CN104039856B CN 104039856 B CN104039856 B CN 104039856B CN 201280065848 A CN201280065848 A CN 201280065848A CN 104039856 B CN104039856 B CN 104039856B
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种制备聚氨酯硬质泡沫或聚异氰脲酸酯硬质泡沫的方法,该方法通过使至少一种多异氰酸酯A),基于芳族二羧酸的聚醚酯多元醇B),如果需要不同于组分B)的其他聚酯多元醇C),和至少一种聚醚多元醇D反应而获得,所述聚醚酯多元醇B)通过以下物质的酯化反应而获得:b1)10至70mol%的二羧酸组合物,其包含b11)50至100mol%的一种或多种芳族二羧酸或其衍生物,基于所述二羧酸组合物计,b12)0至50mol%的一种或多种脂族二羧酸或其衍生物,基于所述二羧酸组合物b1)计,b2)2至30mol%的一种或多种脂肪酸和/或脂肪酸衍生物,b3)10至70mol%的一种或多种具有2至18个碳原子的脂族或脂环族二醇或其烷氧基化物,b4)2至50mol%的聚醚多元醇,其官能度大于或等于2并且通过官能度大于2的多元醇的烷氧基化反应而制备,其中组分B)和如果合适组分C)的总和与组分D)的质量比至少为7。本发明还涉及通过所述方法获得的硬质泡沫及其用于制备具有硬质或柔性外层的夹层元件的用途。本发明还涉及基础多元醇组分。
Description
本发明涉及一种制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫或硬质聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫的方法,其使用基于芳族二羧酸的某些聚醚酯多元醇。本发明还涉及由此获得的硬质泡沫及其用于制备具有硬质或柔性外层的夹层元件的用途。本发明还涉及相关的多元醇组分。
通过有机的或改性有机的二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯与含有两个以上活泼氢原子的较高分子量的化合物——特别是由环氧烷烃聚合得到的聚醚多元醇或由醇与二羧酸缩聚得到的聚酯多元醇——在聚氨酯催化剂、增链剂和/或交联剂、发泡剂以及其他助剂和添加剂的存在下反应来制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫是已知的并且记载于许多专利和文献出版物中。
在本公开文本的上下文中,术语“聚酯多元醇”(“polyester polyol”)、“聚酯醇”(“polyesterol”)、“聚酯醇”(“polyester alcohol”)和缩写“PESOL”可互换使用。
常规的聚酯多元醇是芳族二羧酸和/或脂族二羧酸与链烷二醇和/或链烷三醇或醚二醇的缩聚物。然而,也可加工聚酯废料,特别是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)和/或聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)。用于此目的的整个系列的方法是已知的并且已有记载。一些方法基于聚酯向对苯二甲酸二酯(例如对苯二甲酸二甲酯)的转化。DE-A1003714和USA5,051,528记载了这种利用甲醇和酯交换催化剂的酯交换反应。
还已知基于对苯二甲酸的酯在燃烧性能方面优于基于邻苯二甲酸的酯,如在WO2010/043624中所描述的。
当基于芳族羧酸或其衍生物(如对苯二甲酸或邻苯二甲酸酐)的聚酯多元醇用于制备硬质聚氨酯(PU)泡沫时,聚酯多元醇的高粘度往往具有明显不利的影响,由于具有聚酯的共混物的粘度提高,结果其与异氰酸酯的混合明显更困难。
EP-A1058701公开了低粘度的芳族聚酯多元醇,其通过邻苯二甲酸衍生物、二元醇、多元醇和疏水性脂肪基材料的混合物进行酯交换而获得。
此外,某些制备硬质PU泡沫的体系——例如利用甘油作为相对较高官能度的醇聚酯组分的体系——可能会由于尺寸稳定性不足而产生如下问题:当通过双带法(doublebelt process)进行加工时,发泡产物在脱模后或压力区段后显著变形。
对于所有体系而言,硬质聚氨酯泡沫在遇火情况下的表现问题至今仍没有令人满意地得到解决。例如,当使用三羟甲基丙烷(TMP)作为相对较高官能度的醇聚酯组分时,可形成有毒的化合物。
制备硬质泡沫的一个普遍问题是形成表面缺陷,优先在与金属外层的界面处形成。这些泡沫表面缺陷导致在夹层元件中形成不均匀的金属表面,因而常常会导致该产品的视觉不可接受。对泡沫表面的改进降低了此类表面缺陷的发生频率,因而导致在夹层元件的表面上的视觉改善。
硬质聚氨酯泡沫通常表现出高脆性,切割时,在泡沫上形成严重的粉尘和高灵敏度,以及锯切时,特别是在锯切具有金属外层和聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫的芯的复合元件时,可导致在泡沫中形成裂纹。
通常还期望提供具有非常高的自反应性以使催化剂的使用最小化的体系。
本发明的一个目的是提供基于芳族二羧酸的聚酯多元醇,用于制备具有低脆性的硬质PU泡沫。本发明的另一个目的是提供一种包含所述聚酯多元醇且具有高自反应性的多元醇组分。
此外,其他目的是改善或至少不削弱PU终产物的尺寸公差(dimensionaltolerance),以及降低或至少不劣化在遇火情况下的有毒化合物的形成。并且,一个目的是改善与表面缺陷形成有关的加工特性。
此外,一个目的是聚酯多元醇应具有低粘度,以便使其在制备硬质PU泡沫期间易于计量和混合。发泡剂如戊烷在多元醇组分中的溶解度也应当非常好。
该目的通过一种制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫或硬质聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫的方法而实现,该方法包括使以下组分进行反应
A)至少一种多异氰酸酯,
B)至少一种聚醚酯多元醇,其通过以下物质的酯化反应而获得
b1)10至70mol%的二羧酸组合物,其包含
b11)50至100mol%的一种或多种芳族二羧酸或其衍生物,基于所述二羧酸组合物计,
b12)0至50mol%的一种或多种脂族二羧酸或其衍生物,基于所述二羧酸组合物b1)计,
b2)2至30mol%的一种或多种脂肪酸和/或脂肪酸衍生物,
b3)10至70mol%的一种或多种具有2至18个碳原子的脂族或脂环族二醇或其烷氧基化物,
b4)2至50mol%的聚醚多元醇,其官能度至少为2,通过官能度大于2的多元醇的烷氧基化反应而制备,
均基于组分b1)至b4)的总量计,其中所述组分b1)至b4)总计为100mol%,
C)任选地除组分B)之外的其他聚酯多元醇,
D)至少一种聚醚多元醇,和
E)任选地阻燃剂,
F)一种或多种发泡剂,
G)催化剂,和
H)任选地其他助剂或添加剂,
其中组分B)和任选地组分C)的总和与组分D)的质量比至少为7。
本发明还提供一种多元醇组分,其包含上述组分B)至H),其中组分B)和任选地组分C)的总和与组分D)的质量比至少为7。
本发明还提供由本发明方法获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫和硬质聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫,以及它们用于制备具有硬质或柔性外层的夹层元件的用途。
现将更具体地描述本发明。优选实施方案的组合在本发明的范围内。特别是对于本发明中各个组分A)至H)具有优选特征的那些实施方案同样如此。下文所述的关于组分B)至H)的实施方案不仅涉及本发明的方法和由此获得的硬质泡沫,而且还涉及本发明的多元醇组分。
组分B
在本公开文本的上下文中,术语“聚酯多元醇”(“polyester polyol”)和“聚酯醇”(“polyesterol”)如同“聚醚多元醇”(“polyether polyol”)和“聚醚醇”(“polyetherol”)一样可互换使用。
组分b11)优选包括至少一种选自下组的化合物:对苯二甲酸、对苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMT)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、邻苯二甲酸、邻苯二甲酸酐(PA)和间苯二甲酸。特别优选用于组分b11)的包括至少一种选自下组的化合物:对苯二甲酸、对苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMT)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)和邻苯二甲酸酐(PA)。非常特别优选用于组分b11)的包括邻苯二甲酸酐、对苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMT)、对苯二甲酸或它们的混合物。组分b11)芳族二羧酸或其衍生物更优选分别选自上述芳族二羧酸和二羧酸衍生物,以及特别地选自对苯二甲酸和/或对苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMT)。组分b11)中的对苯二甲酸和/或DMT使聚醚酯B)具有特别好的消防特性(fire protection property)。对苯二甲酸是非常特别优选的,因为相对于DMT,对苯二甲酸能够避免破坏性消除产物的形成。
一般而言,二羧酸组合物b1)包含0至30mol%、优选0至10mol%的脂族二羧酸或其衍生物(组分b12)。特别优选地,二羧酸组合物b1)不包含脂族二羧酸或其衍生物,因而由100mol%的一种或多种芳族二羧酸或其衍生物组成,上述是优选的。
组分b2)优选以3至20mol%、更优选5至18mol%的量使用。
组分b3)优选以20至60mol%、优选25至55mol%、更优选30至45mol%的量使用。
组分b4)优选以2至40mol%、优选8至35mol%、更优选15至25mol%的量使用。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,脂肪酸或脂肪酸衍生物b2)由脂肪酸或脂肪酸混合物、脂肪酸或脂肪酸混合物的一种或多种甘油酯和/或一种或多种脂肪酸单酯如生物柴油或脂肪酸的甲酯组成,并且组分b2)特别优选由脂肪酸或脂肪酸混合物和/或一种或多种脂肪酸单酯组成,更特别地,组分b2)由脂肪酸或脂肪酸混合物和/或生物柴油组成,并且特别地,组分b2)由脂肪酸或脂肪酸混合物组成。
在本发明的一个优选的实施方案中,脂肪酸或脂肪酸衍生物b2)选自蓖麻油、多羟基脂肪酸、蓖麻油酸、羟基改性的油、葡萄籽油、黑枯茗油(black cumin oil)、南瓜仁油、琉璃苣籽油(borage seed oil)、大豆油、小麦胚芽油、菜籽油、葵花油、花生油、杏仁油(apricot kernel oil)、阿月浑子树油(pistachio oil)、甜杏仁油(almond oil)、橄榄油、澳洲坚果油、鳄梨油、沙棘油、芝麻油、麻籽油、榛子油、报春花油、野玫瑰油、红花油、核桃油、动物油脂如牛脂、脂肪酸、羟基改性脂肪酸、生物柴油、脂肪酸的甲酯,和基于以下酸的脂肪酸酯:肉豆蔻酸、棕榈油酸、油酸、十八碳烯酸、岩芹酸(petroselic acid)、鳕油酸、芥酸、神经酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸和γ-亚麻酸、亚麻油酸(stearidonic acid)、花生四烯酸、二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳五烯酸(clupanodonic acid)和二十二碳六烯酸(cervonic acid)以及混合的脂肪酸。
在本发明的一个特别优选的实施方案中,脂肪酸或脂肪酸衍生物b2)为油酸、生物柴油、大豆油、菜籽油或牛脂,特别优选为油酸、生物柴油、大豆油、菜籽油或牛脂,更特别优选油酸或生物柴油,最特别优选油酸。脂肪酸或脂肪酸衍生物尤其改善了在制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫中发泡剂的溶解度。
非常特别优选地,组分b2)不包括任何的甘油三脂,特别是不包括油或脂肪。如上所述,甘油三酯通过酯化/酯交换而释放的甘油对硬质泡沫的尺寸稳定性具有不利影响。因此,组分b2)中优选的脂肪酸和脂肪酸衍生物为脂肪酸本身以及脂肪酸的烷基单酯或脂肪酸混合物的烷基单酯,尤其是脂肪酸本身和/或生物柴油。
优选地,脂族或脂环族二醇b3)选自乙二醇、二甘醇、丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇和3-甲基-1,5-戊二醇及其烷氧基化物。特别优选地,脂族二醇b3)为单甘醇或二甘醇,尤其是二甘醇。
特别地,组分b4)可使用氢氧化钾或胺作为催化剂来制备。然而,使用KOH需要额外的后处理步骤。在本发明的一个优选的实施方案中,用于制备组分b4)的胺催化剂选自二甲基乙醇胺(DMEOA)、咪唑和咪唑衍生物及其混合物,更优选为咪唑。
优选地,使用官能度大于2的此类聚醚多元醇b4),其通过官能度至少为3的多元醇的烷氧基化而制备。
根据本发明,聚醚多元醇b4)具有的官能度大于2。其具有的官能度优选至少为2.7,尤其至少为2.9。一般而言,其具有的官能度至多为6,优选至多为5,更优选至多为4。
聚醚多元醇b4)优选选自山梨糖醇、聚甘油、甘油、三羟甲基丙烷(TMP)、季戊四醇或其混合物与环氧烷烃的反应产物。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,聚醚多元醇b4)可通过官能度大于2的多元醇与环氧乙烷和/或环氧丙烷、优选与环氧乙烷反应而获得。特别优选地,聚醚多元醇b4)可通过用环氧乙烷进行烷氧基化而获得,这导致硬质聚氨酯泡沫具有改善的消防特性。
优选地,聚醚多元醇b)可通过选自以下的多元醇的烷氧基化、优选乙氧基化而获得:山梨糖醇、季戊四醇、三羟甲基丙烷、甘油、聚甘油和及其混合物,更优选选自三羟甲基丙烷和甘油。
在本发明的一个具体的实施方案中,聚醚多元醇b4)由甘油与环氧乙烷和/或环氧丙烷、优选与环氧乙烷的反应产物组成。这导致组分B具有特别高的储存稳定性。
在本发明的另一个具体的实施方案中,聚醚多元醇b4)由三羟甲基丙烷与环氧乙烷和/或环氧丙烷、优选与环氧乙烷的反应产物组成。这同样导致组分B)具有特别高的储存稳定性。
优选地,聚醚多元醇b4)具有的OH值为150至1250mg KOH/g、优选300至950mg KOH/g、特别优选500至800mg KOH/g。在该范围内,可获得特别有利的机械特性和消防特性。
优选地,每kg聚醚酯多元醇B)使用至少200mmol、更优选至少400mmol、甚至更优选至少600mmol、还更优选至少800mmol、最优选至少1000mmol的组分b4)。
在本发明的一个特别优选的实施方案中,聚醚多元醇b4)由三羟甲基丙烷或甘油、优选甘油与环氧乙烷的反应产物组成,其中聚醚多元醇b4)的OH值为500至800mg KOH/g并且优选为500至650mg KOH/g。
在本发明的一个特别优选的实施方案中,聚醚多元醇b4)由三羟甲基丙烷或甘油、优选甘油与环氧乙烷的反应产物组成,其中聚醚多元醇b4)的OH值为500至800mg KOH/g并且优选为500至650mg KOH/g,脂族或脂环族二醇b3)为二甘醇,并且脂肪酸或脂肪酸衍生物b2)为油酸。
聚醚酯多元醇B)的数量加权平均官能度(number-weighted averagefunctionality)优选至少为2、更优选大于2、甚至更优选大于2.2、并且特别优选大于2.3,这导致由其制备的聚氨酯具有较高的交联密度,并由此导致聚氨酯泡沫具有较佳的机械特性。
为制备本发明的聚醚酯多元醇,在没有催化剂或优选在酯化催化剂的存在下,有利地在惰性气体(例如氮气)的气氛中,以150至280℃、优选180至260℃温度的熔体形式,任选在减压下,将脂族和芳族多元羧酸和/或其衍生物以及多元醇缩聚至有利地小于10、优选小于2的所需的酸值。在一个优选实施方案中,在上述温度下、在大气压力下,并随后在低于500毫巴、优选40至400毫巴的压力下,将酯化混合物缩聚至80至20、优选40至20的酸值。合适的酯化催化剂为,例如以金属、金属氧化物或金属盐的形式的铁、镉、钴、铅、锌、锑、镁、钛和锡催化剂。但是,该缩聚反应也可在液相中在稀释剂和/或夹带剂(例如苯、甲苯、二甲苯或氯苯)的存在下进行以蒸出作为共沸物的缩合水。
为制备所述聚醚酯多元醇,有利地使有机多元羧酸和/或其衍生物以及多元醇以1:1-2.2、优选1:1.05-2.1、特别优选1:1.1-2.0的摩尔比缩聚。
所得的聚醚酯多元醇通常具有300至3000、优选400至1000并且特别是450至800的数均分子量。
本发明的聚醚酯多元醇B)的比例通常至少为10重量%、优选至少20重量%、更优选至少40重量%、甚至更优选至少50重量%,基于组分B)至H)的总和计。
为通过本发明的方法制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫,除上文描述的特定的聚酯多元醇(聚醚酯多元醇B)之外,还使用本身已知的结构性组分,关于此可提供以下细节。
组分A
用于本发明目的的多异氰酸酯为每分子包含两个以上活性异氰酸酯基团的有机化合物,即官能度至少为2。当所用的多异氰酸酯或两种以上多异氰酸酯的混合物不具有一致的官能度,则所用的组分A)的数量加权平均官能度将至少为2。
可用的多异氰酸酯A)包括本身已知的脂族多官能异氰酸酯、脂环族多官能异氰酸酯、芳脂族多官能异氰酸酯并且优选芳族多官能异氰酸酯。这类多官能异氰酸酯本身是已知的或可通过已知方法制得。更特别地,多官能异氰酸酯还可作为混合物使用,在该情况下组分A)包括多种多官能异氰酸酯。可用作多异氰酸酯的多官能异氰酸酯中每分子的异氰酸酯基团的数目为2(因而所述多官能异氰酸酯在下文中被称为二异氰酸酯)或大于2。
特别地,可具体提及以下实例:亚烷基基团中含有4至12个碳原子的亚烷基二异氰酸酯,例如1,12-十二烷二异氰酸酯、2-乙基四亚甲基1,4-二异氰酸酯、2-甲基五亚甲基1,5-二异氰酸酯、四亚甲基1,4-二异氰酸酯,并且优选六亚甲基1,6-二异氰酸酯;脂环族二异氰酸酯,例如环己烷1,3-二异氰酸酯和环己烷1,4-二异氰酸酯以及这些异构体的任意所需混合物、1-异氰酸酯基-3,3,5-三甲基-5-异氰酸甲酯基环己烷(IPDI)、2,4-六氢甲苯二异氰酸酯和2,6-六氢二异氰酸酯及其相应异构体的混合物、4,4’-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯、2,2’-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯和2,4’-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯及其相应异构体的混合物;并且优选芳族多异氰酸酯,例如2,4-甲苯二异氰酸酯和2,6-甲苯二异氰酸酯及其相应异构体的混合物,4,4’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、2,4’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯和2,2’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯及其相应异构体的混合物,4,4’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯和2,2’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯的混合物,多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯,4,4’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、2,4’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯和2,2’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯和多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯的混合物(粗MDI)以及粗MDI和甲苯二异氰酸酯的混合物。
特别适宜的为2,2’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、2,4’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯和/或4,4’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)、1,5-亚萘基二异氰酸酯(NDI)、2,4-甲苯二异氰酸酯和/或2,6-甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)、3,3’-二甲基联苯二异氰酸酯、1,2-二苯基乙烷二异氰酸酯和/或对亚苯基二异氰酸酯(PPDI)、三亚甲基二异氰酸酯、四亚甲基二异氰酸酯、五亚甲基二异氰酸酯、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯、七亚甲基二异氰酸酯和/或八亚甲基二异氰酸酯、2-甲基五亚甲基1,5-二异氰酸酯、2-乙基亚丁基1,4-二异氰酸酯、五亚甲基1,5-二异氰酸酯、亚丁基1,4-二异氰酸酯、1-异氰酸酯基-3,3,5-三甲基-5-异氰酸甲酯基环己烷(异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯,IPDI)、1,4-双(异氰酸甲酯基)环己烷和/或1,3-双(异氰酸甲酯基)环己烷(HXDI)、1,4-环己烷二异氰酸酯、1-甲基-2,4-和/或-2,6-环己烷二异氰酸酯以及4,4’-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯、2,4’-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯和/或2,2’-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯。
还通常使用改性的多异氰酸酯,即通过有机多异氰酸酯的化学反应获得的每分子具有两个以上活性异氰酸酯基团的产物。可特别提及的是包含酯基团、脲基团、缩二脲基团、脲基甲酸酯基团、碳二亚胺基团、异氰脲酸酯基团、脲二酮基团、氨基甲酸酯基团和/或氨基甲酸乙酯基团的多异氰酸酯。
以下实施方案是特别优选的组分A)的多异氰酸酯:
i)基于甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI),尤其是2,4-TDI或2,6-TDI或2,4-TDI与2,6-TDI的混合物的多官能异氰酸酯;
ii)基于二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI),尤其是2,2'-MDI或2,4'-MDI或4,4'-MDI或低聚MDI的多官能异氰酸酯,其也被称为多苯基多亚甲基异氰酸酯,或两种或三种上述二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯的混合物,或在制备MDI中获得的粗MDI,或至少一种MDI低聚物与至少一种前述低分子量MDI衍生物的混合物;
iii)至少一种根据实施方案i)的芳族异氰酸酯与至少一种根据实施方案ii)的芳族异氰酸酯的混合物。
多聚二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯是非常特别优选的多异氰酸酯。多聚二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(在下文中称为聚合MDI)是双核MDI与低聚缩合产物的混合物,因此是二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)的衍生物。多异氰酸酯还可优选由单体芳族二异氰酸酯和聚合MDI的混合物构成。
除了双核MDI之外,聚合MDI还包括一个或多个官能度大于2、尤其是官能度为3或4或5的MDI的多核缩合产物。聚合MDI是已知的,其通常被称为多苯基多亚甲基异氰酸酯或低聚MDI。聚合MDI通常由官能度不同的MDI基异氰酸酯的混合物构成。聚合MDI通常以与单体MDI的混合物使用。
包含聚合MDI的多异氰酸酯的(平均)官能度可以在约2.2至约5、尤其是2.3至4、尤其是2.4至3.5的范围内变化。粗MDI——作为MDI制备中的中间体而获得——更特别地为具有不同官能度的MDI基多官能异氰酸酯的混合物。
基于MDI的多官能异氰酸酯或两种或更多种多官能异氰酸酯的混合物是已知的,并且可例如以名称获得于BASF Polyurethanes GmbH。
组分A)的官能度优选至少为2、尤其至少为2.2、更优选至少为2.4。组分A)的官能度优选为2.2至4、更优选为2.4至3。
组分A)的异氰酸酯基团含量优选为5至10mmol/g、尤其是6至9mmol/g、更优选为7至8.5mmol/g。本领域技术人员知悉以mmol/g计的异氰酸酯基团含量与以g/当量计的所谓的当量重量之间的相互关系。根据ASTM D-5155-96A,以mmol/g计的异氰酸酯基团含量由以重量%计的含量获得。
在一个特别优选的实施方案中,组分A)由至少一种多官能异氰酸酯组成,所述多官能异氰酸酯选自二苯基甲烷4,4'-二异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷2,4'-二异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷2,2'-二异氰酸酯和低聚二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯。在该优选实施方案中,组分(a1)更优选包含低聚二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯并且其官能度至少为2.4。
所用的组分A)的粘度可以在宽的范围内变化。组分A的粘度)优选在100至3000mPa·s的范围内,更优选在200至2500mPa·s的范围内。
组分C
适宜的聚酯多元醇C)不同于聚醚酯多元醇B),并且可例如由具有2至12个碳原子的有机二羧酸、优选芳族二羧酸或芳族二羧酸和脂族二羧酸的混合物,和具有2至12个碳原子、优选2至6个碳原子的多元醇、优选二醇来制备。
具体而言,可用的二羧酸为:丁二酸、戊二酸、己二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸、癸烷二羧酸、顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、邻苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸和对苯二甲酸。还可以使用这些二羧酸的衍生物,例如对苯二甲酸二甲酯。这些二羧酸可以单独使用或彼此混合使用。还可以使用相应的二羧酸衍生物,例如具有1至4个碳原子的醇的二羧酸酯或二羧酸酐,代替游离二羧酸。作为芳族二羧酸,优选使用单独的邻苯二甲酸、邻苯二甲酸酐、对苯二甲酸和/或间苯二甲酸或混合物。作为脂族二羧酸,优选使用重量比例如为20-35:35-50:20-32重量份的丁二酸、戊二酸和己二酸的二羧酸混合物并且特别是己二酸。二元醇和多元醇特别是二醇的实例有:乙二醇、二甘醇、1,2-丙二醇或1,3-丙二醇、二丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、1,10-癸二醇、甘油、三羟甲基丙烷和季戊四醇。优选使用乙二醇、二甘醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇或至少两种所提及的二醇的混合物,特别是1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇和1,6-己二醇的混合物。还可以使用衍生自内酯(例如ε-己内酯)或羟基羧酸(例如ω-羟基己酸)的聚酯多元醇。
为了制备其他的聚酯多元醇C),生物基起始原料和/或其衍生物也适用,例如蓖麻油、多羟基脂肪酸、蓖麻油酸、羟基改性的油、葡萄籽油、黑枯茗油、南瓜仁油、琉璃苣籽油、大豆油、小麦胚芽油、菜籽油、葵花油、花生油、杏仁油、阿月浑子树油、甜杏仁油、橄榄油、澳洲坚果油、鳄梨油、沙棘油、芝麻油、麻油、榛子油、报春花油、野玫瑰油、红花油、核桃油、脂肪酸、羟基改性脂肪酸,和基于以下酸的脂肪酸酯:肉豆蔻酸、棕榈油酸、油酸、十八碳烯酸、岩芹酸、鳕油酸、芥酸、神经酸、亚油酸、α-和γ-亚麻酸、亚麻油酸、花生四烯酸、二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳五烯酸以及二十二碳六烯酸。
聚醚酯多元醇B)与聚酯多元醇C)的质量比通常至少为0.1、优选至少为0.25、更优选至少为0.5、并且特别优选至少为0.8。
在一个特别优选的实施方案中不使用任何其他的聚酯多元醇C)。
组分D
根据本发明,使用一种或多种聚醚多元醇D)作为组分D)。聚醚醇D)可通过已知的方法来制备,例如由一种或多种具有2至4个碳原子的环氧烷烃通过使用碱金属氢氧化物(例如氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾)或碱金属醇盐(例如甲醇钠、乙醇钠或乙醇钾或异丙醇钾)或胺烷氧基化催化剂(例如二甲基乙醇胺(DMEOA)、咪唑和/或咪唑衍生物)外加至少一种含有2至8,优选2至6个结合形式的活性氢原子的起始分子进行阴离子聚合,或通过使用路易斯酸(例如五氯化锑、三氟化硼乙醚等)或漂白土进行阳离子聚合。
合适的环氧烷烃为例如四氢呋喃、1,3-环氧丙烷、1,2-环氧丁烷或2,3-环氧丁烷、氧化苯乙烯以及优选环氧乙烷和1,2-环氧丙烷。这些环氧烷烃可以单独使用、连续使用或作为混合物使用。优选的环氧烷烃为环氧丙烷和环氧乙烷,特别优选环氧乙烷。
可用的起始分子为,例如:水、有机二羧酸(例如丁二酸、己二酸、邻苯二甲酸和对苯二甲酸)、任选地被N-单烷基、N,N-二烷基和N,N’-二烷基取代的在烷基中具有1至4个碳原子的脂族和芳族二胺,例如任选被单烷基和二烷基取代的乙二胺、二亚乙基三胺、三亚乙基四胺、1,3-亚丙基二胺、1,3-亚丁基二胺或1,4-亚丁基二胺、1,2-六亚甲基二胺、1,3-六亚甲基二胺、1,4-六亚甲基二胺、1,5-六亚甲基二胺和1,6-六亚甲基二胺、苯二胺、2,3-甲苯二胺、2,4-甲苯二胺和2,6-甲苯二以及4,4’-二氨基二苯基甲烷、2,4’-二氨基二苯基甲烷和2,2’-二氨基二苯基甲烷。特别优选所提及的二伯胺,例如乙二胺。
其他可能的起始分子为:烷醇胺(例如乙醇胺、N-甲基乙醇胺和N-乙基乙醇胺)、二烷醇胺(例如二乙醇胺、N-甲基二乙醇胺和N-乙基二乙醇胺)和三烷醇胺(例如三乙醇胺)和氨。
优选使用二元醇或多元醇,例如乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇和1,3-丙二醇、二甘醇(DEG)、二丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,6-己二醇、甘油、三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、山梨醇和蔗糖。
聚醚多元醇D),优选聚氧亚丙基多元醇和聚氧亚乙基多元醇,更优选聚氧亚乙基多元醇,具有的官能度优选为2至6、更优选2至4、特别优选2至3、并且更特别优选2并且数均分子量为150至3000g/mol、优选200至2000g/mol并且特别优选250至1000g/mol。
在一个优选的实施方案中使用烷氧基化二醇、优选乙氧基化二醇(例如乙氧基化乙二醇)作为聚醚多元醇D),优选聚乙二醇。
在本发明的一个具体的实施方案中,聚醚醇组分D)仅仅由聚乙二醇、优选数均分子量为250至1000g/mol的聚乙二醇组成。
聚醚多元醇D)的比例通常为0至11重量%、优选2至9重量%且更优选4至8重量%,基于组分B)至H)的总和计。
本发明的组分B)和组分C)的总和与组分D)的质量比大于7、优选大于7.5、更优选大于8、甚至更优选大于10并且最优选大于12。
本发明的组分B)和组分C)的总和与组分D)的质量比还小于80、优选小于40、更优选小于30、甚至更优选小于20、还更优选小于16并且最优选小于14。
组分E
作为阻燃剂E),通常可以使用现有技术已知的阻燃剂。合适的阻燃剂为,例如,溴化酯、溴化醚(lxol)或溴化醇例如二溴新戊醇、三溴新戊醇和PHT-4-二醇以及氯化磷酸酯例如三(2-氯乙基)磷酸酯、三(2-氯丙基)磷酸酯(TCPP)、三(1,3-二氯丙基)磷酸酯、磷酸三甲苯酯、三(2,3-二溴丙基)磷酸酯、四(2-氯乙基)亚乙基二磷酸酯、二甲基甲烷膦酸酯、二乙基二乙醇氨基甲基膦酸酯以及市售的含卤素的阻燃剂多元醇。作为液体阻燃剂,可以使用其他的磷酸酯或膦酸酯,例如二乙基乙烷膦酸酯(DEEP)、三乙基磷酸酯(TEP)、二甲基丙基膦酸酯(DMMP)或二苯基甲苯基磷酸酯(DPK)。
除了上述阻燃剂之外,还可以使用无机或有机的阻燃剂例如红磷、包括红磷的制剂、水合氧化铝、三氧化锑、氧化砷、多磷酸铵和硫酸钙、可膨胀性石墨或氰尿酸衍生物例如三聚氰胺,或至少两种阻燃剂的混合物,例如多磷酸铵和三聚氰胺和任选地玉米淀粉或多磷酸铵、三聚氰胺和可膨胀性石墨和任选地芳族聚酯,用于使硬质聚氨酯泡沫具有耐燃性。
优选地,阻燃剂不含有对异氰酸酯有反应活性的基团。阻燃剂优选在室温下为液体。特别优选为TCPP、DEEP、TEP、DMPP和DPK。
阻燃剂E)的比例通常为2至50重量%、优选5至30重量%以及更优选8至25重量%,基于组分B)至H)计。
组分F
用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的发泡剂(F)包括,优选水、甲酸及其混合物。其与异氰酸酯基团反应形成二氧化碳并且在甲酸的情况下形成二氧化碳和一氧化碳。由于这些发泡剂通过与异氰酸酯基团进行化学反应而释放气体,因而其被称为化学发泡剂。此外,可使用物理发泡剂如低沸点的烃类。具体而言,适宜的物理发泡剂为对多异氰酸酯A)呈惰性并且具有在大气压力下低于100℃、优选低于50℃的沸点的液体,以使其在放热的加成聚合反应条件下蒸发。可优选使用的此类液体的实例为,烷烃,例如庚烷、己烷、正戊烷和异戊烷,优选正戊烷和异戊烷的工业混合物、正丁烷和异丁烷和丙烷;环烷烃,例如环戊烷和/或环己烷;醚,例如呋喃、二甲醚和二乙醚;酮,例如丙酮和甲基乙基酮;烷基羧酸酯,例如甲酸甲酯、草酸二甲酯和乙酸乙酯;以及卤代烃,例如二氯甲烷、二氯一氟甲烷、二氟甲烷、三氟甲烷、二氟乙烷、四氟乙烷、氯二氟乙烷、1,1-二氯-2,2,2-三氟乙烷、2,2-二氯-2-氟乙烷和七氟丙烷。还可以使用这些低沸点液体与彼此和/或与其他取代的或未取代的烃类的混合物。有机羧酸例如甲酸、乙酸、草酸、蓖麻油酸和含羧基的化合物也是适用的。
作为发泡剂,优选不使用任何的卤代烃。优选使用水、甲酸-水混合物或甲酸作为化学发泡剂,并且特别优选的化学发泡剂为甲酸-水混合物或甲酸。作为物理发泡剂,优选使用戊烷异构体或戊烷异构体的混合物。
化学发泡剂可单独使用,即不加入物理发泡剂,或化学发泡剂与物理发泡剂一起使用。优选地,化学发泡剂与物理发泡剂一起使用,在该情况下优选甲酸-水混合物或纯甲酸与戊烷异构体或戊烷异构体的混合物一起使用。
发泡剂完全地或者部分地溶解在多元醇组分(即B+C+D+E+F+G+H)中或者通过静态混合器在紧接着多元醇组分的发泡之前加入。通常水、甲酸-水混合物或甲酸完全或部分地溶解在多元醇组分,且物理发泡剂(例如戊烷)和其余的化学发泡剂“在线(on-line)”引入。
多元醇组分与戊烷、可能地部分的化学发泡剂以及所有或部分的催化剂原位混合。多元醇掺混物中已存在助剂和添加剂以及阻燃剂。
所用的发泡剂或发泡剂混合物的量为1至45重量%、优选1至30重量%、更优选1.5至20重量%,均基于组分B)至H)的总和计。
如果用水、甲酸或甲酸-水混合物作为发泡剂,则其优选以0.2至10重量%的量加入至多元醇组分(即B+C+D+E+F+G+H)中,基于组分B)计。水、甲酸或甲酸-水混合物的加入可以与其他所述的发泡剂的使用相结合。优选使用甲酸或甲酸-水混合物与戊烷的组合。
组分G
特别地,用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的催化剂G)为基本上加速含有活性氢原子、尤其是羟基基团的组分B)至H)化合物与多异氰酸酯A)的反应的化合物。
有利地使用碱性聚氨酯催化剂,例如叔胺,例如三乙胺、三丁胺、二甲基苄胺、二环己基甲胺、二甲基环己胺、N,N,N’,N’-四甲基二氨基二乙醚、双(二甲氨基丙基)脲、N-甲基吗啉或N-乙基吗啉、N-环己基吗啉、N,N,N’,N’-四甲基乙二胺、N,N,N,N-四甲基丁二胺、N,N,N,N-四甲基己-1,6-二胺、五甲基二亚乙基三胺、双(2-二甲氨基乙基)醚、二甲基哌嗪、N-二甲氨基乙基哌啶、1,2-二甲基咪唑、1-氮杂双环[2.2.0]辛烷、1,4-二氮杂双环[2.2.0]辛烷(Dabco);和烷醇胺化合物,例如三乙醇胺、三异丙醇胺、N-甲基二乙醇胺和N-乙基二乙醇胺、二甲氨基乙醇、2-(N,N-二甲氨基乙氧基)乙醇;N,N’,N”–三(二烷氨基烷基)六氢三嗪,例如N,N’,N”-三(二甲氨基丙基)-s-六氢三嗪、和三亚乙基二胺。但是,金属盐例如氯化亚铁(II)、氯化锌、辛酸铅并且优选锡盐例如二辛酸锡、二乙基己酸锡和二月桂酸二丁基锡以及特别是叔胺与有机锡盐的混合物也是适用的。
其他可用的催化剂为:脒,例如2,3-二甲基-3,4,5,6-四氢嘧啶;氢氧化四烷基铵,例如氢氧化四甲铵;碱金属氢氧化物,例如氢氧化钠;和碱金属醇盐,例如甲醇钠和异丙醇钾;碱金属羧酸盐以及含有10至20个碳原子和任选地侧OH基的长链脂肪酸的碱金属盐。优选使用0.001至10重量份的催化剂或催化剂结合物,基于(估算)100重量份的组分B)计。还可使反应在无催化剂下进行。在这种情况下,利用胺引发的多元醇的催化活性。
在发泡过程中,如果使用相对较大过量的多异氰酸酯,则用于过量的NCO基彼此的三聚反应的其他合适的催化剂为:形成异氰脲酸酯基团的催化剂,例如单独的或与叔胺结合的铵离子盐或碱金属盐,尤其是铵或碱金属羧酸盐。异氰脲酸酯的形成产生了阻燃的PIR泡沫,其优选用于工业硬质泡沫,例如用于建筑和建筑物的绝缘板或夹层元件。
关于上述的和其他的起始原料的进一步信息可见于技术文献中,例如Kunststoffhandbuch,第VII卷,Polyurethane,Carl Hanser Verlag Munich,Vienna,第1版,第2版和第3版,1966,1983和1993。
组分H
可以任选地向用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的反应混合物中添加其他助剂和/或添加剂H)。可提及的实例为,例如,表面活性物质、泡沫稳定剂、孔调节剂、填料、染料、颜料、水解抑制剂、抑制真菌的和抑制细菌的物质。
可用的表面活性物质为,例如,用来辅助起始原料的均化以及还可适于调节聚合物的孔结构的化合物。可提及的实例为,例如,乳化剂,例如蓖麻油硫酸盐的钠盐或脂肪酸的钠盐,以及脂肪酸与胺的盐,例如油酸二乙胺、硬脂酸二乙醇胺、蓖麻酸二乙醇胺,磺酸的盐,例如十二烷基苯磺酸或二萘基甲二磺酸和蓖麻油酸的碱金属盐或铵盐;泡沫稳定剂,例如硅氧烷-氧化烯共聚物和其他的有机聚硅氧烷、乙氧基化烷基酚、乙氧基化脂肪醇、石蜡油、蓖麻油酯或蓖麻油酸酯、土耳其红油和花生油;以及孔调节剂,例如石蜡、脂肪醇和二甲基聚硅氧烷。具有聚氧化烯和氟代烷基作为侧基的低聚丙烯酸酯也适合用于改善乳化作用、孔结构和/或用于稳定泡沫。这些表面活性物质通常以0.01至10重量份的量使用,基于(估算)100重量份的组分B)计。
就本发明而言,填料、特别是增强填料,为本身已知的常规的有机或无机填料、增强材料、增重剂、用来改善油漆和涂料组合物中的磨损性能的试剂等。具体实例为:无机填料,例如硅质矿物,例如层状硅酸盐例如叶蛇纹石、蛇纹石、角闪石、闪石、纤蛇纹石(chrisotile)和滑石;金属氧化物,例如高岭土、铝氧化物、钛氧化物和铁氧化物;金属盐,例如白垩、重晶石;以及无机颜料,例如硫化镉、硫化锌;以及玻璃等。优选使用高岭土(瓷土)、硅酸铝和硫酸钡与硅酸铝的共沉淀物以及天然的和合成的纤维矿石例如硅灰石、金属纤维和特别是具有不同长度的玻璃纤维,所述玻璃纤维可以涂覆有胶料。可用的有机填料为,例如:碳、三聚氰胺、松香、环戊二烯基树脂和接枝聚合物以及纤维素纤维、聚酰胺、聚丙烯腈、聚氨酯、基于芳族和/或脂族二羧酸酯的聚酯纤维,并且特别是碳纤维。
这些无机的和有机的填料可以单独地或作为混合物使用并且有利地以基于组分A)至H)的重量计的0.5至50重量%、优选1至40重量%的量加入反应混合物中,尽管天然和合成纤维的毡片、非织造布、和织造布的含量可达到最高达基于组分A)至H)的重量计的80重量%的值。
关于上述其他的常规助剂和添加剂的进一步信息可见于技术文献中,例如J.H.Saunders和K.C.Frisch的专著―High Polymers‖第XVI卷,Polyurethanes,第1部分和第2部分,Interscience Publishers1962和1964或Kunststoff-Handbuch,Polyurethane,第VII卷,Hanser-Verlag,Munich,Vienna,第1版和第2版,1966和1983。
本发明还提供一种多元醇组分,其包含
10至90重量%的聚醚酯多元醇B),
0至60重量%的其他聚酯多元醇C),
0.1至11重量%的聚醚多元醇D),
2至50重量%的阻燃剂E),
1至45重量%的发泡剂F),
0.5至10重量%的催化剂G),和
0.5至20重量%的其他助剂和添加剂H),
均如上文所定义并且均基于组分B)至H)的总重量计,其中重量%总计为100重量%,并且其中组分B)和组分C)的总和与组分D)的质量比至少为7。
特别优选地,所述多元醇组分包含
50至90重量%的聚醚酯多元醇B),
0至20重量%的其他聚酯多元醇C),
2至9重量%的聚醚多元醇D),
5至30重量%的阻燃剂E),
1至30重量%的发泡剂F),
0.5至10重量%的催化剂G),和
0.5至20重量%的其他助剂和添加剂H),
均如上文所定义并且均基于组分B)至H)的总重量计,其中重量%总计为100重量%,并且其中组分B)和组分C)的总和与组分D)的质量比至少为7.5。
在本发明的多元醇组分中,本发明的组分B)和任选地组分C)的总和与组分D)的质量比还优选小于80、更优选小于40、还更优选小于30、甚至更优选小于20、甚至还更优选小于16并且最优选小于14。
为制备本发明的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,使任选改性的有机多异氰酸酯A)、本发明的特定的聚醚酯多元醇B)、任选地其他聚酯多元醇C)、聚醚醇D)和其他组分E)至H)以这样的量混合:多异氰酸酯A)的NCO基团与组分B)和任选地C)和D)至H)的活性氢原子的总和的当量比为1-6:1,优选1.6-5:1并且特别为2.5-3.5:1。
以下实施例对本发明进行说明。
实施例
使用下文中特定的聚酯多元醇(聚酯醇1和聚酯醇3)和聚醚酯多元醇(聚酯醇2和聚酯醇4)。
聚酯醇1(对比):34mol%的对苯二甲酸、9mol%的油酸、40mol%的二甘醇和17mol%的甘油的酯化产物,其具有2.33的羟基官能度、244mg KOH/g的羟值和该聚酯醇中的20.3重量%的油酸含量。
聚酯醇2(发明):31mol%的对苯二甲酸、8mol%的油酸、43mol%的二甘醇和18mol%的基于甘油和环氧乙烷的并且具有3的OH官能度和535mg KOH/g的羟值的聚醚的酯化产物。该聚酯具有2.31的羟基官能度、238mg KOH/g的羟值和该聚酯醇中的14.7重量%的油酸含量。
聚酯醇3(对比):30.5mol%的邻苯二甲酸酐、12mol%的油酸、39.5mol%的二甘醇和18mol%的三羟甲基丙烷的酯化产物,其具有2.22的羟基官能度,247mg KOH/g的羟值和该聚酯醇中的24.9重量%的油酸含量。
聚酯醇4(发明):25mol%的邻苯二甲酸酐、15mol%的油酸、37mol%的二甘醇和23mol%的基于三羟甲基丙烷和环氧乙烷的并且具有3的OH官能度和610mg KOH/g的羟值的聚醚的酯化产物。该聚酯具有2.22的羟基官能度、244mg KOH/g的羟值和该聚酯醇中的24.5重量%的油酸含量。
硬质聚氨酯泡沫的固化和脆性的测定
通过螺栓测试测定固化。为此,在将聚氨酯泡沫的各组分在聚苯乙烯烧杯中混合后2.5、3、4、5、6和7分钟,用拉伸/压力测试机迫使具有半径为10mm的球形螺帽的钢螺栓压入成形的蘑菇形泡沫中10mm深。此处需要的以N计的最大力为泡沫固化的量度。
通过测定在螺栓测试中硬质泡沫的表面呈现可见破裂区域的时间来测定硬质聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫的脆性。还通过在发泡后压缩泡沫并将泡沫分成1至6等级而主观上直接测定脆性,其中1表示泡沫几乎没有脆性,6表示泡沫具有高脆性。
聚氨酯体系的自反应性的测定
下文描述的聚氨酯体系通过改变聚氨酯催化剂的浓度而被调节至一致的纤维时间(fiber time)。当体系需要较低浓度的催化剂时,则意味着该体系具有较高的自反应性。
发明实施例1和2及对比实施例1和2
硬质聚氨酯泡沫的制备(变型1)
将异氰酸酯和对异氰酸酯有反应活性的组分连同发泡剂、催化剂和所有的其他添加剂以100:190的多元醇:异氰酸酯的恒定混合比进行发泡。
多元醇组分:
添加剂:
异氰酸酯组分:
190重量份的M50(购自BASF SE的25℃下粘度约500mPa*s的多聚亚甲基(二苯基二异氰酸酯)(PMDI))
使用实验室搅拌器剧烈搅拌所述组分。通过改变含水量同时保持15.0份的恒定的戊烷含量将泡沫密度调节为32+/-1g/l。还通过改变双(2-二甲氨基乙基)醚溶液(在二丙二醇中的浓度为70重量%)(催化剂1)的比例将纤维时间调节为49+/-1s。
结果总结于表1中。
表1:
聚酯醇1 | 聚酯醇2 | 聚酯醇3 | 聚酯醇4 | |
固化 | ||||
2.5分钟 | 36 | 39 | 32 | 35 |
3分钟 | 47 | 47 | 39 | 42 |
4分钟 | 66 | 63 | 57 | 56 |
总计(2.5;3和4分钟) | 149 | 149 | 128 | 133 |
脆性(主观) | 6 | 2.5 | 6 | 2 |
在螺栓测试中破裂 | 3分钟 | 没有破裂 | 2.5分钟 | 没有破裂 |
催化剂1 | 1 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.6 |
此处明显可见,本发明的聚酯多元醇2和4降低了绝热材料的脆性并且提高了体系的自反应性,而并未对泡沫固化产生任何不利的影响。
发明实施例3和4及对比实施例3和4
硬质聚氨酯泡沫的制备(变型2)
在变型2中,除用甲酸溶液(在水中的浓度为85重量%)作为化学发泡剂替换变型1中使用的化学发泡剂水之外,类似于变型1进行发泡。
使用实验室搅拌器剧烈搅拌所述组分。通过改变甲酸溶液(在水中的浓度为85重量%)的量同时保持15.0份的恒定的戊烷含量将泡沫密度调节为32+/-1g/l。还通过改变双(2-二甲氨基乙基)醚溶液(在二丙二醇中的浓度为70重量%;(催化剂1))的比例将纤维时间调节为51+/-1s。
结果总结于表2中。
表2:
聚酯醇1 | 聚酯醇2 | 聚酯醇3 | 聚酯醇4 | |
固化 | ||||
2.5分钟 | 28 | 34 | 24 | 31 |
3分钟 | 36 | 42 | 31 | 38 |
4分钟 | 55 | 56 | 46 | 50 |
总计(2.5;3和4分钟) | 119 | 132 | 101 | 119 |
脆性(主观) | 6 | 4,5 | 6 | 3 |
在螺栓测试中破裂 | 2.5分钟 | 4分钟 | 3分钟 | 5分钟 |
催化剂1 | 3.2 | 1.6 | 2.7 | 2.2 |
此处明显可见,本发明的聚酯醇2和4降低了绝热材料的脆性并且提高了体系的自反应性,而并未对泡沫固化产生任何不利的影响。
Claims (14)
1.一种制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的方法,其通过使以下组分反应进行
A)至少一种多异氰酸酯,
B)至少一种聚醚酯多元醇,其通过以下物质的酯化反应而获得
b1)10至70mol%的二羧酸组合物,其包含
b11)50至100mol%的一种或多种芳族二羧酸或其衍生物,基于所述二羧酸组合物计,
b12)0至50mol%的一种或多种脂族二羧酸或其衍生物,基于所述二羧酸组合物b1)计,
b2)2至30mol%的一种或多种脂肪酸或脂肪酸衍生物,
b3)10至70mol%的一种或多种具有2至18个碳原子的脂族或脂环族二醇或其烷氧基化物,
b4)2至50mol%的聚醚多元醇,其官能度至少为2并且羟值为300至1250mg KOH/g,通过官能度大于2的多元醇的烷氧基化反应而制备,
均基于组分b1)至b4)的总量计,其中所述组分b1)至b4)总计为100mol%,
C)任选地除组分B)之外的其他聚酯多元醇,
D)至少一种聚醚醇多元醇,
E)任选地阻燃剂,
F)一种或多种发泡剂,
G)催化剂,和
H)任选地其他助剂或添加剂,
其中组分B)和任选地组分C)的总和与组分D)的质量比至少为7。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中聚醚酯多元醇B)与不同于组分B)的其他聚酯多元醇C)的质量比至少为0.1。
3.权利要求1或2的方法,其中不使用其他聚酯多元醇C)。
4.权利要求1或2的方法,其中聚醚醇b4)具有>2的官能度。
5.权利要求1或2的方法,其中所述聚醚醇b4)通过使多元醇进行烷氧基化而制备,所述多元醇选自山梨糖醇、季戊四醇、三羟甲基丙烷、甘油、聚甘油及其混合物。
6.权利要求1或2的方法,其中所述聚醚醇b4)通过用环氧乙烷进行烷氧基化而制备。
7.权利要求1或2的方法,其中所述组分b11)包括一种或多种选自下组的化合物:对苯二甲酸、对苯二甲酸二甲酯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、邻苯二甲酸、邻苯二甲酸酐和间苯二甲酸。
8.权利要求1或2的方法,其中所述二羧酸组合物b1)不包含脂族二羧酸b12)。
9.权利要求1的方法,其中所述脂肪酸或脂肪酸衍生物b2)选自蓖麻油、多羟基脂肪酸、蓖麻油酸、羟基改性的油、葡萄籽油、黑枯茗油、南瓜仁油、琉璃苣籽油、大豆油、小麦胚芽油、菜籽油、葵花油、花生油、杏仁油、阿月浑子树油、甜杏仁油、橄榄油、澳洲坚果油、鳄梨油、沙棘油、芝麻油、麻籽油、榛子油、报春花油、野玫瑰油、红花油、核桃油、和基于以下酸的脂肪酸、羟基改性脂肪酸和脂肪酸酯:肉豆蔻酸、棕榈油酸、油酸、十八碳烯酸、岩芹酸、鳕油酸、芥酸、神经酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸和γ-亚麻酸、亚麻油酸、花生四烯酸、二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸。
10.权利要求9的方法,其中所述脂肪酸或脂肪酸衍生物b2)选自油酸和油酸甲酯。
11.权利要求1或2的方法,其中所述脂族或脂环族二醇b3)选自乙二醇、二甘醇、丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇和3-甲基-1,5-戊二醇及其烷氧基化物。
12.由权利要求1至11中任一项的方法获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫。
13.权利要求12的硬质聚氨酯泡沫用于制备具有硬质或柔性外层的夹层元件的用途。
14.一种用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的多元醇组分,其包含
10至90重量%的聚醚酯多元醇B),
0至60重量%的其他聚酯多元醇C),
0.1至11重量%的聚醚多元醇D),
2至50重量%的阻燃剂E),
1至45重量%的发泡剂F),
0.5至10重量%的催化剂G),
0.5至20重量%的其他助剂和添加剂H),
在各个情况下如在权利要求1至11中任一项中所定义,其中组分B)和组分C)的总和与组分D)的质量比至少为7。
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- 2012-12-13 JP JP2014550666A patent/JP2015504113A/ja not_active Ceased
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- 2012-12-13 CN CN201280065848.1A patent/CN104039856B/zh active Active
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Patent Citations (1)
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CN102245668A (zh) * | 2008-10-15 | 2011-11-16 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 基于对苯二甲酸的聚酯多元醇 |
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MY167781A (en) | 2018-09-25 |
JP2018111818A (ja) | 2018-07-19 |
ZA201405619B (en) | 2015-12-23 |
SG11201403796RA (en) | 2014-11-27 |
PH12014501409A1 (en) | 2014-09-22 |
CA2862774C (en) | 2020-08-18 |
ES2560968T3 (es) | 2016-02-23 |
AU2012364369A1 (en) | 2014-07-24 |
BR112014016275A8 (pt) | 2017-07-04 |
RS54603B1 (en) | 2016-08-31 |
IN2014CN04925A (zh) | 2015-09-18 |
EP2800769B1 (de) | 2015-12-09 |
CA2862774A1 (en) | 2013-07-11 |
BR112014016275A2 (pt) | 2017-06-13 |
HUE027908T2 (en) | 2016-11-28 |
CN104039856A (zh) | 2014-09-10 |
EA201491312A1 (ru) | 2014-11-28 |
JP2015504113A (ja) | 2015-02-05 |
KR20140109475A (ko) | 2014-09-15 |
KR102018406B1 (ko) | 2019-10-21 |
EA027089B1 (ru) | 2017-06-30 |
JP6567709B2 (ja) | 2019-08-28 |
MX339548B (es) | 2016-05-30 |
PL2800769T3 (pl) | 2016-06-30 |
BR112014016275B1 (pt) | 2020-10-27 |
AU2012364369B2 (en) | 2016-01-14 |
MX2014007821A (es) | 2014-09-01 |
EP2800769A1 (de) | 2014-11-12 |
WO2013102540A1 (de) | 2013-07-11 |
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