CN104204016B - 用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫和硬质聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫的方法 - Google Patents
用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫和硬质聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104204016B CN104204016B CN201380015646.0A CN201380015646A CN104204016B CN 104204016 B CN104204016 B CN 104204016B CN 201380015646 A CN201380015646 A CN 201380015646A CN 104204016 B CN104204016 B CN 104204016B
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫或硬质聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫的方法,该方法通过使以下物质反应而进行:至少一种多异氰酸酯A),基于芳族二羧酸的聚醚酯多元醇B),所述聚醚酯多元醇B)可通过以下物质的酯化而获得:b1)10至70mol%的二羧酸组合物,包括:b11)50至100mol%的一种或多种芳族二羧酸或其衍生物,基于所述二羧酸组合物计,b12)0至50mol%的一种或多种脂族二羧酸或其衍生物,基于所述二羧酸组合物b1)计,b2)2至30mol%的一种或多种脂肪酸和/或脂肪酸衍生物,b3)10至70mol%的一种或多种具有2至18个碳原子的脂族或脂环族二元醇或其烷氧基化物,b4)2至50mol%的官能度不小于2的聚醚多元醇,其在作为催化剂的胺的存在下通过官能度不小于2的多元醇的烷氧基化而制备,任选地不同于组分B)的其他的聚酯多元醇C),和至少一种聚醚多元醇D),其中全部组分B)和任选地C)与组分D)的质量比至少为7。本发明还涉及由此可获得的硬质泡沫且还涉及其用于制备具有刚性或弹性外层的夹层元件的用途。本发明还涉及相关的多元醇组分。
Description
本发明涉及一种使用某些基于芳族二羧酸的聚醚酯多元醇制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫或硬质聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫的方法。本发明还涉及可由此获得的硬质泡沫且还涉及其用于制备具有刚性或弹性外层的夹层元件的用途。本发明进一步涉及相关的多元醇组分。
已在许多专利及文献出版物中已知且记载了以下制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的方法:在聚氨酯催化剂、链增长剂和/或交联剂、发泡剂和另外的助剂和掺合剂的存在下,通过有机或改性有机二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯与具有两个或多于两个活性氢原子的较高分子量化合物反应,特别是与得自环氧烷聚合反应的聚醚多元醇或得自醇与二羧酸的缩聚反应的聚酯多元醇反应。
在本公开的上下文中,术语“聚酯多元醇(polyester polyol)”、“聚酯醇(polyesterol)”、“聚酯醇(polyester alcohol)”和缩写“PESOL”可互换使用。
常用的聚酯多元醇为芳族和/或脂族二羧酸与烷二醇和/或烷三醇或醚二醇的缩聚物。然而,也可处理聚酯废料,特别是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)和/或聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)废料。为此,已知且已描述了一系列完整的方法。一些方法基于将聚酯转化成对苯二甲酸的二酯,例如对苯二甲酸二甲酯。DE-A 1003714和US-A 5,051,528记载了使用甲醇和酯交换催化剂的这类酯交换反应。
还已知基于对苯二甲酸的酯就燃烧性能而言优于基于邻苯二甲酸的酯,如例如WO2010/043624中所述。
当基于芳族羧酸或其衍生物(如对苯二甲酸或邻苯二甲酸酐)的聚酯多元醇用于制备硬质聚氨酯(PU)泡沫时,聚酯多元醇的高粘度通常具有显著不利的影响,这是因为与聚酯的共混物的粘度升高,使得与异氰酸酯的混合明显更加困难。
EP-A 1058701公开了低粘度的芳族聚酯多元醇,其通过使邻苯二甲酸衍生物、二元醇、多元醇和疏水性脂肪类材料的混合物发生酯交换反应获得。
此外,用于制备硬质PU泡沫的某些体系,例如采用甘油作为较高官能度醇类聚酯组分的体系可能导致由于不足的尺寸稳定性而在脱模后或在由双带法处理时加压区段后所发泡的产物显著变形的问题。
所有体系关于硬质PU泡沫在着火情况下的性能的难题迄今均未令人满意地解决。例如,当使用三羟甲基丙烷(TMP)作为较高官能度醇类聚酯组分时,在着火的情况下可形成有毒化合物。
制备硬质泡沫的常见问题是形成表面缺陷,特别是在与金属外层的界面处形成表面缺陷。这些泡沫表面缺陷致使夹层元件中形成不平的金属表面,且因此常常导致产品的视觉不可接受性。对泡沫表面的改进可以减少该表面缺陷发生的频率且因此导致夹层元件表面的视觉改善。
硬质聚氨酯泡沫在切割时常显示高的脆性,其中就泡沫而言粉尘逸出严重且具有高敏感性,且在锯切时也显示高脆性,特别是锯切具有金属外层和聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫核的复合元件可能导致泡沫形成裂缝。
通常还需要提供具有非常高的自反应性的体系,以使催化剂的使用可最小化。
这些问题均可通过使用特定的聚醚醇作为用于制备聚酯多元醇的较高官能度的醇类聚酯组分来避免。
这些聚醚醇通常可通过OH-官能的起始分子的催化烷氧基化而制备。
所使用的标准烷氧基化催化剂为碱性化合物,特别是KOH。在某些情况下,也使用双金属氰化物(DMC)催化剂或碳烯。
KOH催化剂常用于OH-官能的化合物的烷氧基化,然而,在反应后需要后处理步骤以从产物中移除催化剂。该后处理通常采用中和且随后过滤的形式。这常常使催化剂中的部分产物被移除,这降低了产物收率。
需要能够省去聚醚醇的后处理(特别是鉴于多元醇的损失及花费在这部分设备的必要资金)。然后,常规选择的KOH催化作用会在聚醚醇中留下碱性催化剂,阻碍了后续用于制备聚酯醇的酸催化的酯化反应。
因此,本发明的目的在于提供具有上述技术优势的硬质PU泡沫,且用于此的材料,特别是用于此的基于特定聚醚醇的聚酯应在使成本和不便最小化下制备(特别是包括具有极少后处理和纯化步骤)。
这一目的通过一种制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫或硬质聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫的方法来实现,该方法包括以下物质的反应:
A)至少一种多异氰酸酯,
B)至少一种聚醚酯多元醇,其可通过以下物质的酯化反应获得:
b1)10至70mol%的二羧酸组合物,包括:
b11)50至100mol%的一种或多种芳族二羧酸或其衍生物,基于所述二羧酸组合物计,
b12)0至50mol%的一种或多种脂族二羧酸或其衍生物,基于所述二羧酸组合物b1)计,
b2)2至30mol%的一种或多种脂肪酸和/或脂肪酸衍生物,
b3)10至70mol%的一种或多种具有2至18个碳原子的脂族或脂环族二元醇或其烷氧基化物,
b4)2至50mol%的官能度不小于2的聚醚多元醇,其在作为催化剂的胺的存在下通过官能度不小于2的多元醇的烷氧基化而制备,
全部基于组分b1)至b4)的总量计,其中所述组分b1)至b4)共计100mol%,
C)任选地不同于组分B)的其他的聚酯多元醇,
D)至少一种聚醚多元醇,以及
E)任选地阻燃剂,
F)一种或多种发泡剂,
G)催化剂,以及
H)任选地其他助剂或掺合剂,
其中全部组分B)和任选地C)与组分D)的质量比至少为7。
出人意料地,可使用在作为催化剂的胺的存在下制备的聚醚多元醇b4),而没有后处理步骤且没有在后续的酸催化的酯化反应中的其他缺点,即使碱性、胺类的烷氧基化催化剂保留在聚醚多元醇b4)中。
本发明还提供一种包含上述组分B)至H)的多元醇组分,其中全部组分B)和任选地C)与组分D)的质量比至少为7。
本发明还提供可由本发明的方法获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫和硬质聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫,及其用于制备具有刚性或弹性外层的夹层元件的用途。
现将更具体地描述本发明。优选实施方案的组合不超出本发明的范围。这特别是适用于作为优选的本发明各组分A)至H)的实施方案的组合。在下文关于组分B)至H)所列举的实施方案不仅涉及本发明的方法及可由此获得的硬质泡沫,而且还涉及本发明的多元醇组分。
组分B
在本公开的上下文中,术语“聚酯多元醇(polyester polyol)”和“聚酯醇(polyesterol)”可互换使用,术语“聚醚多元醇(polyether polyol)”和“聚醚醇(polyetherol)”也可互换使用。
组分b11)优选包含至少一种选自对苯二甲酸、对苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMT)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、邻苯二甲酸、邻苯二甲酸酐(PA)和间苯二甲酸的化合物。组分b11)特别优选包含至少一种选自对苯二甲酸、对苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMT)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)和邻苯二甲酸酐(PA)的化合物。组分b11)非常特别优选包含邻苯二甲酸酐、对苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMT)、对苯二甲酸或其混合物。组分b11)芳族二羧酸或其衍生物更优选分别选自上述芳族二羧酸及二羧酸衍生物,且特别选自对苯二甲酸和/或对苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMT)。组分b11)中对苯二甲酸和/或DMT得到具有特别优良的防火特性的聚醚酯B)。非常特别优选对苯二甲酸,这是因为与DMT相比,可避免形成分裂型消除产物。
一般而言,脂族二羧酸或衍生物(组分b12))在二羧酸组合物b1)中包括的量为0至30mol%,优选0至10mol%。二羧酸组合物b1)特别优选不包含脂族二羧酸或其衍生物,且因此由100mol%的一种或多种芳族二羧酸或其衍生物组成,优选上述芳族二羧酸或其衍生物。
组分b2)优选使用量为3至20mol%,更优选为5至18mol%。
组分b3)优选使用量为20至60mol%,优选范围为25至55mol%,更优选范围为30至45mol%。
组分b4)优选使用量为2至40mol%,优选为8至35mol%,更优选为15至25mol%。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,脂肪酸或脂肪酸衍生物b2)由脂肪酸或脂肪酸混合物、一种或多种脂肪酸或脂肪酸混合物的甘油酯、和/或一种或多种脂肪酸单酯(例如生物柴油或脂肪酸甲酯)组成,且组分b2)特别优选由脂肪酸或脂肪酸混合物和/或一种或多种脂肪酸单酯组成;更特别地,组分b2)由脂肪酸或脂肪酸混合物和/或生物柴油组成,且组分b2)特别由脂肪酸或脂肪酸混合物组成。
在本发明的一个优选的实施方案中,脂肪酸或脂肪酸衍生物b2)选自蓖麻油、多羟基脂肪酸、蓖麻油酸、硬脂酸、羟基改性的油、葡萄籽油、黑小茴香油(black cumin oil)、南瓜仁油、琉璃苣籽油、大豆油、小麦胚芽油、菜籽油、葵花籽油、花生油、杏仁油、乳香黄连木油(pistachio oil)、扁桃仁油(almond oil)、橄榄油、澳洲坚果油(macadamia nut oil)、鳄梨油、沙棘油(sea buckthorn oil)、芝麻油、大麻油(hemp oil)、榛子油、报春花油(primula oil)、野玫瑰油、红花油、核桃油、动物脂肪(例如牛肉油滴)、脂肪酸、羟基改性的脂肪酸、生物柴油、脂肪酸甲酯以及基于肉豆蔻脑酸、棕榈油酸、油酸、11-十八碳烯酸、岩芹酸、顺9-二十碳烯酸(gadoleic acid)、芥酸、神经酸、亚油酸、α-及γ-亚麻酸、十八碳四烯酸(stearidonic acid)、花生四烯酸、二十碳五烯酸、鰶鱼酸(clupanodonic acid)以及二十二碳六烯酸(cervonic acid)的脂肪酸酯以及混合脂肪酸。
在本发明的一个特别优选的实施方案中,脂肪酸或脂肪酸衍生物b2)为油酸、生物柴油、大豆油、菜籽油或动物油脂,特别优选为油酸、生物柴油、大豆油、菜籽油或牛肉油滴,更特别地为油酸或生物柴油且最特别地为油酸。脂肪酸或脂肪酸衍生物尤其改善在制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫时的发泡剂的溶解性。
组分b2)非常特别优选不包含任何甘油三酸脂,特别是无油或脂肪。如上所述,通过酯化/酯交换反应从甘油三酸酯中释放的甘油对硬质泡沫的尺寸稳定性具有不利影响。因此,在组分b2)的情况下优选的脂肪酸和脂肪酸衍生物为脂肪酸本身以及脂肪酸烷基单酯或脂肪酸混合物烷基单酯,特别是为脂肪酸本身和/或生物柴油。
脂族或脂环族二元醇b3)优选选自乙二醇、二乙二醇、丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇及3-甲基-1,5-戊二醇及其烷氧基化物。脂族二元醇b3)特别优选为单乙二醇或二乙二醇,特别是二乙二醇。
在本发明的一个优选的实施方案中,用于制备组分b4)的胺催化剂选自二甲基乙醇胺(DMEOA)、咪唑和咪唑衍生物及其混合物,更优选为咪唑。
优选使具有不少于3的官能度的多元醇烷氧基化制备具有大于2的官能度的所述聚醚多元醇b4)。
聚醚多元醇b4)优选具有大于2的官能度。其优选具有不少于2.7且特别是不少于2.9的官能度。一般而言,其具有不超过6、优选不超过5且更优选不超过4的官能度。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,聚醚多元醇b4)可通过具有大于2的官能度的多元醇与环氧乙烷和/或环氧丙烷,优选环氧乙烷的反应获得。聚醚多元醇b4)特别优选可通过与环氧乙烷的烷氧基化反应获得,得到具有改善的防火特性的硬质聚氨酯泡沫。
聚醚多元醇b4)优选可通过选自山梨糖醇、季戊四醇、三羟甲基丙烷、甘油、聚甘油及其混合物的多元醇的烷氧基化,优选乙氧基化来获得,并且所述多元醇更优选为选自三羟甲基丙烷和甘油的多元醇。
在本发明的一个具体的实施方案中,聚醚多元醇b4)由甘油与环氧乙烷和/或环氧丙烷,优选与环氧乙烷的反应产物组成。这导致了组分B的储存稳定性特别高。
在本发明的另一个具体的实施方案中,聚醚多元醇b4)由三羟甲基丙烷与环氧乙烷和/或环氧丙烷,优选与环氧乙烷的反应产物组成。这同样导致组分B)具有特别高的改善的储存稳定性。
聚醚多元醇b4)优选具有的OH值范围为150至1250mg KOH/g,优选300至950mgKOH/g,特别优选500至800mg KOH/g。在该范围内,可获得特别有利的力学特性以及防火特性。
在本发明的一个特别优选的实施方案中,聚醚多元醇b4)由三羟甲基丙烷或甘油,优选甘油与环氧乙烷的反应产物组成,其中聚醚多元醇b4)的OH值范围为500至800mg KOH/g且优选500至650mg KOH/g,并且咪唑用作烷氧基化催化剂。
在本发明的一个特别优选的实施方案中,聚醚多元醇b4)由三羟甲基丙烷或甘油,优选甘油与环氧乙烷的反应产物组成,其中聚醚多元醇b4)的OH值范围为500至800mg KOH/g且优选500至650mg KOH/g,并且咪唑用作烷氧基化催化剂,脂族或脂环族二元醇b3)为二乙二醇,且脂肪酸或脂肪酸衍生物b2)为油酸。
每千克聚醚酯多元醇B)使用优选至少200mmol、更优选至少400mmol、甚至更优选至少600mmol、又甚至更优选至少800mmol且再甚至更优选至少1000mmol的组分b4)。
聚醚酯多元醇B)的数目加权平均官能度优选不小于2、更优选大于2、甚至更优选大于2.2且特别是大于2.3,就用其制备的聚氨酯而言得到更高的交联密度且因此就聚氨酯泡沫而言得到更好地机械特性。
为制备聚醚酯多元醇,脂族和芳族多元羧酸和/或衍生物和多元醇可在不存在催化剂的情况下或优选在存在酯化催化剂的情况下,有利地在惰性气体气氛(例如氮气)中,在150至280℃,优选180至260℃的温度下的熔体中,任选地在减压下缩聚至想要的酸值,所述酸值有利地小于10,优选小于2。在一个优选的实施方案中,酯化混合物在上述温度下、在大气压下且随后在小于500毫巴、优选40至400毫巴的压力下缩聚至80至20、优选40至20的酸值。可能的酯化催化剂为,例如,以金属、金属氧化物或金属盐的形式存在的铁、镉、钴、铅、锌、锑、镁、钛以及锡催化剂。然而,缩聚反应也可在液相中,在存在稀释剂和/或夹带剂(例如苯、甲苯、二甲苯或氯苯)下进行以便以共沸物的形式蒸馏出缩合的水。
为制备聚醚酯多元醇,有机多元羧酸和/或衍生物与多元醇有利地摩尔比为在1:1-2.2,优选1:1.05-2.1且特别优选1:1.1-2.0下缩聚。
获得的聚醚酯多元醇通常具有的数均分子量范围为300至3000,优选范围为400至1000且特别是范围为450至800。
根据本发明的聚醚酯多元醇B)的比例通常为至少10重量%、优选至少20重量%、更优选至少40重量%且甚至更优选至少50重量%,基于全部组分B)至H)计。
为通过本发明的方法制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫,除了上述特定的聚酯多元醇(聚醚酯多元醇B))外,也使用本身已知的构造组分,以下可提供关于构造组分的详细内容。
组分A
用于本发明目的的多异氰酸酯为每个分子含有两个或多于两个活性的异氰酸酯基团(即官能度不小于2)的有机化合物。当所用的多异氰酸酯或两种或多种多异氰酸酯的混合物不具有单一的官能度时,所用的组分A)的数目加权平均官能度应不小于2。
有用的多异氰酸酯A)包括本身已知的脂族、脂环族、芳脂族且优选芳族多官能异氰酸酯。这类多官能异氰酸酯本身为已知的或可通过本身已知的方法获得。多官能异氰酸酯更特别地还可用作混合物,在这种情况下组分A)包含多种多官能异氰酸酯。在适用作多异氰酸酯的多官能异氰酸酯中每个分子的异氰酸酯基的数目为两个(且因此所述多官能异氰酸酯在下文中称为二异氰酸酯)或多于两个。
特别地可详细提及以下:在亚烷基中具有4至12个碳原子的亚烷基二异氰酸酯,例如1,12-十二烷二异氰酸酯、2-乙基四亚甲基1,4-二异氰酸酯、2-甲基五亚甲基1,5-二异氰酸酯、四亚甲基1,4-二异氰酸酯和优选的六亚甲基1,6-二异氰酸酯;脂环族二异氰酸酯,例如环己烷1,3-二异氰酸酯和环己烷1,4-二异氰酸酯以及这些异构体的任何所需混合物、1-异氰酸酯基-3,3,5-三甲基-5-异氰酸酯基甲基环己烷(IPDI)、2,4-六氢甲代亚苯基二异氰酸酯和2,6-六氢甲代亚苯基二异氰酸酯以及相应的同分异构混合物、4,4’-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯、2,2’-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯和2,4’-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯以及相应的同分异构混合物,和优选的芳族多异氰酸酯,例如2,4-甲代亚苯基二异氰酸酯和2,6-甲代亚苯基二异氰酸酯以及相应的同分异构混合物,4,4’-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯、2,4’-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯和2,2’-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯以及相应的同分异构混合物,4,4’-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯和2,2’-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯的混合物、多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯、4,4’-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯、2,4’-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯和2,2’-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯和多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯的混合物(粗MDI)以及粗MDI和甲代亚苯基二异氰酸酯的混合物。
特别适用的为2,2’-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯、2,4’-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯和/或4,4’-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)、1,5-亚萘基二异氰酸酯(NDI)、2,4-甲代亚苯基二异氰酸酯和/或2,6-甲代亚苯基二异氰酸酯(TDI)、3,3’-二甲基-联苯二异氰酸酯、1,2-二苯基乙烷二异氰酸酯和/或对亚苯基二异氰酸酯(PPDI)、三亚甲基二异氰酸酯、四亚甲基二异氰酸酯、五亚甲基二异氰酸酯、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯、七亚甲基二异氰酸酯和/或八亚甲基二异氰酸酯、2-甲基五亚甲基1,5-二异氰酸酯、2-乙基亚丁基1,4-二异氰酸酯、五亚甲基1,5-二异氰酸酯、亚丁基1,4-二异氰酸酯、1-异氰酸酯基-3,3,5-三甲基-5-异氰酸酯基甲基环己烷(异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯,IPDI)、1,4-双(异氰酸酯基甲基)环己烷和/或1,3-双(异氰酸酯基甲基)环己烷(HXDI)、1,4-环己烷二异氰酸酯、1-甲基-2,4-环己烷二异氰酸酯和/或1-甲基-2,6-环己烷二异氰酸酯和4,4’-二环己甲烷二异氰酸酯、2,4’-二环己甲烷二异氰酸酯和/或2,2’-二环己甲烷二异氰酸酯。
还通常使用改性的多异氰酸酯,亦即通过有机多异氰酸酯化学转化获得且每个分子具有两个或多于两个反应性异氰酸酯基团的产物。特别提及包含酯基、脲基、缩二脲基、脲基甲酸酯基、碳二亚胺基、异氰脲酸酯基、脲二酮基、氨基甲酸酯基(carbamate)和/或氨基甲酸乙酯基(urethane)的多异氰酸酯。
以下实施方案特别优选作为组分A)的多异氰酸酯:
i)基于甲代亚苯基二异氰酸酯(TDI)的多官能异氰酸酯,特别是2,4-TDI或2,6-TDI或2,4-和2,6-TDI的混合物;
ii)基于二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯的多官能异氰酸酯,特别是2,2’-MDI或2,4’-MDI或4,4’-MDI或低聚物MDI,其还已知为多苯基多亚甲基异氰酸酯,或两种或三种上述二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯的混合物,或粗MDI,其在制备MDI的过程中获得,或至少一种MDI低聚物和至少一种上述的低分子量MDI衍生物的混合物;
iii)根据实施方案i)的至少一种芳族异氰酸酯和根据实施方案ii)的至少一种芳族异氰酸酯的混合物。
聚合的二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯非常特别优选作为多异氰酸酯。聚合的二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(下文中称之为聚合的MDI)是双核MDI和二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)的低聚缩合产物及由此的衍生物的混合物。多异氰酸酯也可优选由单体芳族二异氰酸酯和聚合的MDI的混合物构成。
除了双核MDI之外,聚合的MDI包含官能度为大于2,特别是3或4或5的MDI的一种或多种多核缩合产物。聚合的MDI为已知的且常常称之为多苯基多亚甲基异氰酸酯或低聚MDI。聚合的MDI通常由具有不同官能度的基于MDI的异氰酸酯的混合物构成。聚合的MDI通常与单体MDI掺合使用。
包含聚合的MDI的多异氰酸酯的(平均)官能度可在约2.2至约5、特别是2.3至4、特别是2.4至3.5的范围内变化。在制备MDI过程中作为中间产物获得的粗MDI更特别地为具有不同官能度的基于MDI的多官能异氰酸酯的该混合物。
多官能异氰酸酯或两种或多种基于MDI的多官能异氰酸酯的混合物是已知的且例如以商品名得自BASF Polyurethanes GmbH。
组分A)的官能度优选为至少2,特别是至少2.2且更优选为至少2.4。组分A)的官能度优选为2.2至4且更优选为2.4至3。
组分A)的异氰酸酯基团含量优选为5至10mmol/g,特别是6至9mmol/g且更优选为7至8.5mmol/g。本领域的普通技术人员知道以mmol/g为单位的异氰酸酯基团含量与以g/当量为单位的所谓当量重量之间的倒数关系。以mmol/g为单位的异氰酸酯基团含量是根据ASTMD-5155-96A从以重量%为单位的含量获得。
在一个特别优选的实施方案中,组分A)由至少一种选自二苯甲烷4,4’-二异氰酸酯、二苯甲烷2,4’-二异氰酸酯、二苯甲烷2,2’-二异氰酸酯以及低聚二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯的多官能异氰酸酯组成。在该优选的实施方案中,组分(a1)更优选包含低聚二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯且具有至少2.4的官能度。
所用组分A)的粘度可在较宽范围内变化。组分A)的粘度范围优选为100至3000mPa·s且更优选范围为200至2500mPa·s。
组分C
合适的聚酯多元醇C)不同于聚醚酯多元醇B)且可例如由具有2至12个碳原子的有机二羧酸、优选芳族二羧酸、或芳族和脂族二羧酸的混合物,与具有2至12个碳原子且优选2至6个碳原子的多元醇、优选二醇来制备。
特别地,可能的二羧酸为:丁二酸、戊二酸、己二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸、十二烷二酸、顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、邻苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸和对苯二甲酸。同样可使用这些二羧酸的衍生物,例如对苯二甲酸二甲酯。二羧酸可单独使用或彼此混合使用。也可使用相应的二羧酸衍生物,例如具有1至4个碳原子的醇的二羧酸酯或二羧酸酐,代替游离的二羧酸。作为芳族二羧酸,优选以混合物的形式或单独使用邻苯二甲酸、邻苯二甲酸酐、对苯二甲酸和/或间苯二甲酸。作为脂族二羧酸,优选使用丁二酸、戊二酸和己二酸的重量比例如为20-35:35-50:20-32重量份的二羧酸混合物且特别是己二酸。二元醇和多元醇特别是二醇的实例为:乙二醇、二乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇或1,3-丙二醇、二丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、1,10-癸二醇、甘油、三羟甲基丙烷以及季戊四醇。优选使用乙二醇、二乙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇或至少两种所提及的二醇的混合物,特别是1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇和1,6-己二醇的混合物。也可使用衍生自内酯(例如ε-己内酯)或羟基羧酸(例如ω-羟基己酸)的聚酯多元醇。
为制备其他的聚酯多元醇C),生物基的原料和/或其衍生物也是合适的,例如蓖麻油、多羟基脂肪酸、蓖麻油酸、羟基改性的油、葡萄籽油、黑小茴香油、南瓜仁油、琉璃苣籽油、大豆油、小麦胚芽油、菜籽油、葵花籽油、花生油、杏仁油、乳香黄连木油、扁桃仁油、橄榄油、澳洲坚果油、鳄梨油、沙棘油、芝麻油、大麻油、榛子油、报春花油、野玫瑰油、红花油、核桃油、脂肪酸、羟基改性的脂肪酸以及基于肉豆蔻脑酸、棕榈油酸、油酸、11-十八碳烯酸、岩芹酸、顺9-二十碳烯酸、芥酸、神经酸、亚油酸、α-及γ-亚麻酸、十八碳四烯酸、花生四烯酸、二十碳五烯酸、鰶鱼酸以及二十二碳六烯酸的脂肪酸酯。
聚醚酯多元醇B)与聚酯多元醇C)的质量比通常为至少0.1、优选至少0.25、更优选至少0.5且特别是至少0.8。可归于聚醚酯多元醇B)的全部聚酯多元醇B)和C)的比例优选为至少25重量%、优选至少50重量%、更优选至少75重量%且特别是100重量%。特别优选不使用其他的聚酯多元醇C)。
组分D
根据本发明,一种或多种聚醚多元醇D)用作组分D)。聚醚醇D)可由已知方法制备,例如通过使用碱金属氢氧化物,例如氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾;或碱金属醇盐,例如甲醇钠、乙醇钠或乙醇钾或异丙醇钾;或胺类烷氧基化催化剂,例如二甲基乙醇胺(DMEOA);咪唑或咪唑衍生物,使用至少一种包含以键合形式的2至8个、优选2至6个反应性氢原子的起始分子,使一种或多种具有2至4个碳原子的环氧烷进行阴离子聚合而制备,或使用路易斯酸(例如五氯化锑、氟化硼醚化物或漂白土)通过阳离子聚合而制备。
合适的环氧烷为,例如,四氢呋喃、1,3-环氧丙烷、1,2-环氧丁烷或2,3-环氧丁烷、氧化苯乙烯且优选环氧乙烷和1,2-环氧丙烷。环氧烷可单独、相继交替或以混合物的形式使用。优选的环氧烷为环氧丙烷和环氧乙烷,特别优选环氧乙烷。
可能的起始分子为,例如:水;有机二羧酸,如丁二酸、己二酸、邻苯二甲酸和对苯二甲酸;任选N-单烷基,N,N-二烷基和N,N’-二烷基-取代的脂族和芳族二胺,其烷基中具有1至4个碳原子,例如任选单烷基-取代的和二烷基-取代的乙二胺、二乙三胺、三乙四胺、1,3-丙二胺、1,3-丁二胺或1,4-丁二胺、1,2-己二胺、1,3-己二胺、1,4-己二胺、1,5-己二胺和1,6-己二胺、苯二胺、2,3-甲代亚苯基二胺、2,4-甲代亚苯基二胺和2,6-甲代亚苯基二胺以及4,4’-二氨基二苯基甲烷、2,4’-二氨基二苯基甲烷和2,2’-二氨基二苯基甲烷。特别优选为列举的二伯胺,例如乙二胺。
其他可能的起始分子为:烷醇胺(如乙醇胺、N-甲基乙醇胺和N-乙基乙醇胺)、二烷醇胺(例如二乙醇胺、N-甲基二乙醇胺和N-乙基二乙醇胺)和三烷醇胺(例如三乙醇胺)和氨。
优选为使用二元醇或多元醇,例如,乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇和1,3-丙二醇、二乙二醇(DEG)、二丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,6-己二醇、甘油、三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、山梨糖醇和蔗糖。
聚醚多元醇D),优选聚氧亚丙基多元醇(polyoxypropylene polyol)和聚氧亚乙基多元醇(polyoxyethylene polyol),更优选聚氧亚乙基多元醇具有的官能度优选为2至6,更优选为2至4、特别是2至3且特定地2并且数均分子量为150至3000g/mol,优选为200至2000g/mol且特别是250至1000g/mol。
本发明的一个优选实施方案使用烷氧基化二醇、优选乙氧基化二醇,例如乙氧基化乙二醇作为聚醚多元醇D),优选关注聚乙二醇。
在本发明的一个具体实施方案中,聚醚多元醇D)仅由聚乙二醇组成,优选具有的数均分子量为250至1000g/mol。
聚醚多元醇D)的比例范围通常为0至11重量%,优选范围为2至9重量%且更优选范围为4至8重量%,基于全部组分B)至H)计。
本发明的全部组分B)和C)与组分D)的质量比大于7、优选大于7.5、更优选大于8、甚至更优选大于10且又甚至更优选大于12。
本发明的全部组分B)和C)与组分D)的质量比进一步小于80、优选小于40、更优选小于30、甚至更优选小于20、又甚至更优选小于16且再甚至更优选小于13。
组分E
作为阻燃剂E,通常可使用现有技术中已知的阻燃剂。合适的阻燃剂为,例如,溴化酯、溴化醚(lxol)或溴化醇(例如二溴新戊醇、三溴新戊醇和PHT-4-二醇)以及氯化磷酸酯(例如磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯、磷酸三(2-氯丙基)酯(TCPP)、磷酸三(1,3-二氯丙基)酯、磷酸三甲苯酯、磷酸三(2,3-二溴丙基)酯、亚乙基二磷酸四(2-氯乙基)酯、甲烷磷酸二甲酯、二乙醇胺基甲基磷酸二乙酯)以及市售的含卤素的阻燃剂多元醇。对于其他的磷酸酯或膦酸酯,可使用乙烷膦酸二乙酯(DEEP)、磷酸三乙酯(TEP)、丙基膦酸二甲酯(DMPP)或磷酸二苯基甲苯酯(DPK)作为液体阻燃剂。
除了上述的阻燃剂之外,还可使用无机或有机阻燃剂,例如红磷、包含红磷的制剂、氧化铝水合物、三氧化锑、氧化砷、多磷酸铵和硫酸钙、可膨胀石墨或三聚氰酸衍生物(例如三聚氰胺),或者至少两种阻燃剂的混合物,例如多磷酸铵和三聚氰胺及任选地玉米淀粉的混合物或多磷酸铵、三聚氰胺、可膨胀石墨和任选地芳族聚酯的混合物用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫阻燃剂。
优选阻燃剂不具有异氰酸酯反应性基团。阻燃剂优选在室温下为液体。特别优选为TCPP、DEEP、TEP、DMPP和DPK。
阻燃剂E)的比例范围通常为2至50重量%、优选范围为5至30重量%且更优选范围为8至25重量%,基于组分B)至H)计。
组分F
用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的发泡剂F)优选包括水、甲酸及其混合物。其与异氰酸酯基反应形成二氧化碳且在甲酸的情况下,形成二氧化碳和一氧化碳。由于这些发泡剂通过与异氰酸酯基的化学反应而释放出气体,因此称其为化学发泡剂。此外,可使用物理发泡剂,例如低沸点烃。特别合适的为对多异氰酸酯A)呈惰性且在大气压下具有低于100℃、优选低于50℃的沸点,使其在放热的加聚反应条件下汽化的液体。优选可以使用的该液体的实例为烷烃,如庚烷、己烷、正戊烷和异戊烷,优选正戊烷和异戊烷、正丁烷和异丁烷及丙烷的工业混合物;环烷烃,如环戊烷和/或环己烷;醚,如呋喃、二甲醚和乙醚;酮类,如丙酮和甲基乙基酮;羧酸烷基酯,如甲酸甲酯、草酸二甲酯和乙酸乙酯;及卤代烃,例如二氯甲烷、二氯单氟甲烷、二氟甲烷、三氟甲烷、二氟乙烷、四氟甲烷、氯二氟乙烷、1,1-二氯-2,2,2-三氟乙烷、2,2-二氯-2-氟乙烷和七氟丙烷。也可使用这些低沸点液体彼此和/或与其他取代或未取代的烃类的混合物。有机羧酸如甲酸、乙酸、草酸、蓖麻油酸以及含羧基的化合物也是合适的。
优选不使用任何卤代烃作为发泡剂。优选使用水、甲酸-水混合物或甲酸作为化学发泡剂,且甲酸-水混合物或甲酸为特别优选的化学发泡剂。戊烷异构体或戊烷异构体的混合物优选用作物理发泡剂。
化学发泡剂可单独使用,亦即未添加物理发泡剂,或与物理发泡剂一起使用。化学发泡剂优选与物理发泡剂一起使用,在这种情况下,甲酸-水混合物或纯甲酸与戊烷异构体或戊烷异构体的混合物一起使用为优选
发泡剂完全或部分溶解于多元醇组分(亦即B+C+D+E+F+G+H)或者在多元醇组分发泡之前立即由静态混合器引入。通常使水、甲酸-水混合物或甲酸完全或部分溶解于多元醇组分中且使物理发泡剂(例如戊烷)和化学发泡剂的任何其余部分“在线”引入。
多元醇组分原位与戊烷、可能一些化学发泡剂以及所有的或一些催化剂混合。助剂和掺合剂以及阻燃剂已包含于多元醇掺合物中。
所用的发泡剂或发泡剂混合物的量的范围为1至45重量%,优选范围为1至30重量%且更优选范围为1.5至20重量%,全部基于全部组分B)至H)计。
当水、甲酸或甲酸-水混合物用作发泡剂时,优选以0.2至10重量%的量加入至多元醇组分(B+C+D+E+F+G+H)中,基于组分B)计。水、甲酸或甲酸-水混合物的添加可与所述的其他发泡剂的使用结合进行。优选使用甲酸或甲酸-水混合物与戊烷的结合。
组分G
用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的催化剂G)特别为大大加速包含反应性氢原子(特别是羟基)的组分B)至H)的化合物与多异氰酸酯A)的反应的化合物。
有利的使用碱性聚氨酯催化剂,例如叔胺如三乙胺、三丁胺、二甲基苄胺、二环己基甲胺、二甲基环己胺、N,N,N’,N’-四甲基二氨基二乙基醚、双(二甲基氨基丙基)脲、N-甲基吗啉或N-乙基吗啉、N-环己基吗啉、N,N,N’,N’-四甲基乙二胺、N,N,N,N-四甲基丁二胺、N,N,N,N-四甲基己烷-1,6-二胺、五甲基二乙三胺、双(2-二甲氨基乙基)醚、二甲基哌嗪、N-二甲氨基乙基哌啶、1,2-二甲基咪唑、1-氮杂双环[2.2.0]辛烷、1,4-二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷(Dabco)和烷醇胺化合物如三乙醇胺、三异丙醇胺、N-甲基二乙醇胺和N-乙基二乙醇胺、二甲氨基乙醇、2-(N,N-二甲氨基乙氧基)乙醇、N,N’,N”-三(二烷基氨基烷基)六氢三嗪、例如N,N’,N”-三(二甲基氨基丙基)-s-六氢三嗪,以及三乙二胺。然而,金属盐如氯化铁(II)、氯化锌、辛酸铅以及优选锡盐如二辛酸锡、二乙基己酸锡和二月桂酸二丁基锡以及特别地叔胺与有机锡盐的混合物也是合适的。
其他可能的催化剂为:脒如2,3-二甲基-3,4,5,6-四氢嘧啶、四烷基氢氧化铵如四甲基氢氧化铵、碱金属氢氧化物如氢氧化钠以及碱金属醇盐如甲醇钠和异丙醇钾、碱金属羧酸盐以及具有10至20个碳原子和任选侧链OH基团的长链脂肪酸的碱金属盐。优选使用0.001至10重量份的催化剂或催化剂组合,基于100重量份组分B)计(即推算)。也可使反应在没有催化作用下发生。在这种情况下,利用胺起始的多元醇的催化活性。
当在发泡过程中使用相对较大过量的多异氰酸酯时,其他适用于过量NCO基团彼此的三聚反应的催化剂为:单独或与叔胺组合形成异氰脲酸酯基的催化剂,例如铵离子盐或碱金属盐,特别是羧酸铵或碱金属羧酸盐。异氰脲酸酯的形成产生了阻燃的PIR泡沫,其优选用于工业硬质泡沫,例如作为绝缘板和夹层元件用于建筑结构中。
关于上述和其他原料的其他信息可见于技术文献中,例如Kunststoffhandbuch,第VII卷,Polyurethane,Carl Hanser Verlag Munich,Vienna,第1、第2和第3版1966、1983和1993。
组分H
其他助剂和/或掺合剂H)可任选地加入用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的反应混合物中。可提及例如表面活性物质、泡沫稳定剂、孔调节剂、填料、染料、颜料、水解抑制剂、抑真菌物质和抑细菌物质。
可能的表面活性物质为,例如用于辅助原料均化且还可适合于调节聚合物的孔结构的化合物。可提及,例如乳化剂,例如蓖麻油硫酸钠盐或脂肪酸钠盐以及脂肪酸与胺的盐,例如油酸二乙胺、硬脂酸二乙醇胺、蓖麻油酸二乙醇胺,磺酸的盐,例如十二烷基苯二磺酸或二萘甲烷二磺酸和蓖麻油酸的碱金属或铵盐;泡沫稳定剂如硅氧烷-氧基亚烷基共聚物和其他有机聚硅氧烷、乙氧基化烷基酚、乙氧基化脂肪醇、石蜡油、蓖麻油酯或蓖麻油酸酯、土耳其红油和花生油;以及孔调节剂如石蜡、脂肪醇和二甲基聚硅氧烷。上述具有聚氧亚烷基和氟烷基作为侧基的低聚丙烯酸酯也适用于改善乳化作用、孔结构和/或适用于稳定泡沫。表面活性物质通常用量为0.01至10重量份,基于100重量份组分B)计(即推算)。
就本发明而言,填料(特别是增强填料)为本身已知的常规的有机和无机填料、增强材料、增重剂、用于改善油漆、涂料组合物等的摩擦性能的试剂。具体的实例为:无机填料如硅质矿物,例如层状硅酸盐如叶蛇纹石、蛇纹石、角闪石、闪石、方英石和滑石;金属氧化物如高岭土、氧化铝、氧化钛和氧化铁;金属盐如白垩、重晶石和无机颜料如硫化镉和硫化锌以及玻璃等。优选使用高岭土(瓷土)、硅酸铝及硫酸钡和硅酸铝的共沉淀物以及天然和合成的纤维矿物如硅灰石、金属纤维以及特别是各种长度的玻璃纤维,其可用胶料涂覆。可能的有机填料为,例如:碳、三聚氰胺、松香、环戊二烯基树脂和接枝聚合物以及基于芳族和/或脂族二羧酸酯的纤维素纤维、聚酰胺、聚丙烯腈、聚氨酯、聚酯纤维且特别是碳纤维。
无机和有机填料可单独或以混合物形式使用,并且有利地以0.5至50重量%、优选1至40重量%的量加入反应混合物中,基于组分A)至H)的重量计,但天然和合成的纤维的毡、非织造布和编织物的含量可最高达80重量%,基于组分A)至H)的重量计。
关于上述其他的常规助剂和掺合剂的其他信息可见于技术文献中,例如J.H.Saunders和K.C.Frisch的专著“High Polymers”第XVI卷,Polyurethanes,第1和2部分,Interscience Publishers 1962和1964或Kunststoff-Handbuch,Polyurethane,第VII卷,Hanser-Verlag,Munich,Vienna,第1和第2版,1966和1983。
本发明还提供一种多元醇组分,其包含:
10至90重量%的聚醚酯多元醇B),
0至60重量%的其他聚酯多元醇C),
0.1至11重量%的聚醚多元醇D),
2至50重量%的阻燃剂E),
1至45重量%的发泡剂F),
0.5至10重量%的催化剂G),以及
0.5至20重量%的其他助剂和掺合剂H),
全部如上文定义且皆以组分B)至H)的总重量计,其中重量%总计达100重量%,且其中全部的组分B)和C)与组分D)的质量比至少为7。
多元醇组分特别优选包含
50至90重量%的聚醚酯多元醇B),
0至20重量%的其他聚酯多元醇C),
2至9重量%的聚醚多元醇D),
5至30重量%的阻燃剂E),
1至30重量%的发泡剂F),
0.5至10重量%的催化剂G),以及
0.5至20重量%的其他助剂和掺合剂H),
全部如上文定义且皆基于组分B)至H)的总重量计,其中重量%总计达100重量%,且其中全部的组分B)和C)与组分D)的质量比至少为7.5。
在本发明的多元醇组分中,本发明的全部组分B)和任选地C)与组分D)的质量比进一步优选小于80、更优选小于40、甚至更优选小于30、又甚至更优选小于20、再甚至更优选小于16且最优选小于13。
为制备本发明的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,任选改性有机多异氰酸酯A)、本发明的特定聚醚酯多元醇B)、任选地其他聚酯多元醇C)、聚醚多元醇D)和其他组分E)至H)以一定量混合,使得多异氰酸酯A)的NCO基团与组分B)以及任选地C)和D)至H)的反应性氢原子的总数的当量比为1-6:1、优选1.6-5:1且特别是2.5-3.5:1。
以下实例阐释本发明。
实施例
使用下文所述的聚酯多元醇(聚酯醇1)和聚醚酯多元醇(聚酯醇2和聚酯醇3),本发明的聚酯醇3用聚醚醇制备,且不必在烷氧基化反应和酯化反应之间后处理,这是因为烷氧基化在胺类烷氧基化催化剂的存在下进行。
聚酯醇1(对比物):对苯二甲酸(34mol%)、油酸(9mol%)、二乙二醇(40mol%)以及甘油(17mol%)的酯化产物,其中羟基官能度为2.3、羟基值为244mg KOH/g并且聚酯醇中油酸含量为20重量%。
聚酯醇2(对比物):对苯二甲酸(31mol%)、油酸(8mol%)、二乙二醇(43mol%)以及聚醚(18mol%)的酯化产物,其中所述聚醚基于甘油和环氧乙烷,羟基官能度为3、羟基值为533mg KOH/g,其在作为烷氧基化催化剂的KOH存在下制备且随后中和并移除产生的钾盐。聚酯具有的羟基官能度为2.3、羟基值为237mg KOH/g并且聚酯醇中油酸含量为15重量%。
聚酯多元醇3(本发明):对苯二甲酸(31mol%)、油酸(8mol%)、二乙二醇(43mol%)以及聚醚(18mol%)的酯化产物,其中所述聚醚基于甘油和环氧乙烷,羟基官能度为3、羟基值为546mg KOH/g,其在作为烷氧基化催化剂的咪唑存在下制备。该聚醚在未后处理的情况下用于随后的酯化反应。聚酯具有的羟基官能度为2.3、羟基值为239mg KOH/g且聚酯多元醇中油酸含量为15重量%。
测定尺寸稳定性
在发泡后通过测定元件厚度测定尺寸稳定性。为此,用双带法制备具有0.05mm厚铝箔作为外层材料的夹层元件且在制备后5min内在元件的中心处测定元件厚度。由此测定的元件厚度越接近设置的元件厚度(在本发明的情况下为170mm),尺寸稳定性越好。
本发明的实施例1和对比实施例1和2
制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫(变型1)
异氰酸酯以及对异氰酸酯呈活性的组分与发泡剂、催化剂和所有其他掺合剂一起在恒定的多元醇组分:异氰酸酯混合比为100:160下发泡。
多元醇组分:
65重量份本发明实施例或对比实施例的聚酯醇,
8重量份来自乙氧基化乙二醇的聚醚醇,其具有的羟基官能度为2且羟基值为190mgKOH/g,
25重量份磷酸三氯异丙酯(TCPP)作为阻燃剂,
2.0重量份Tegostab B8443(含硅氧烷)稳定剂。
掺合剂
约8重量份S 80:20戊烷(由80重量%正戊烷和20重量%异戊烷组成),
1.6重量份甲酸溶液(85重量%的水溶液),
1.6重量份甲酸钾溶液(36重量%的乙二醇溶液),
加上
双(2-二甲氨基乙基)醚溶液(70重量%的二丙二醇溶液)用于调整纤维时间(fiber time)。
异氰酸酯组分
160重量份的M50(购自BASF SE的聚合亚甲基(二苯基二异氰酸酯)(PMDI),其在25℃下具有的粘度为约500mPa*s)。
通过双带法制备170mm厚的夹层元件。通过改变戊烷的含量同时保持85%的甲酸水溶液的量恒定为1.6份而将泡沫密度调节至38+/-1g/L。通过改变70%双(2-二甲基氨基乙基)醚溶液的比例而将纤维时间进一步调节至39+/-1s。
结果概括于表1中。
表1:通过双带法制备170mm厚的夹层元件的测试结果
显然,聚醚酯多元醇(聚酯醇2和3)改善了硬质聚氨酯泡沫的尺寸稳定性,而本发明的聚酯醇3的合成由于避免了后处理步骤(中和以及钾盐的移除)而明显方便。表1示出了这种形式的操作简化对最终产物没有不利后果。
Claims (33)
1.一种制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫或硬质聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫的方法,其包括以下物质的反应:
A)至少一种多异氰酸酯,
B)至少一种可通过以下物质的酯化反应获得的聚醚酯多元醇:
b1)10至70mol%的二羧酸组合物,包括:
b11)50至100mol%的一种或多种芳族二羧酸或其衍生物,基于所述二羧酸组合物计,
b12)0至50mol%的一种或多种脂族二羧酸或其衍生物,基于所述二羧酸组合物b1)计,
b2)2至30mol%的一种或多种脂肪酸和/或脂肪酸衍生物,
b3)10至70mol%的一种或多种具有2至18个碳原子的脂族或脂环族二元醇或其烷氧基化物,
b4)2至50mol%的官能度不小于2的聚醚多元醇,其在作为催化剂的胺的存在下通过官能度不小于2的多元醇的烷氧基化而制备,胺类烷氧基化催化剂保留在聚醚醇b4)中,全部基于组分b1)至b4)的总量计,其中所述组分b1)至b4)共计100mol%,
C)任选地不同于组分B)的其他的聚酯多元醇,
D)至少一种聚醚多元醇,以及
E)任选地阻燃剂,
F)一种或多种发泡剂,
G)催化剂,以及
H)任选地其他助剂或掺合剂,
其中全部组分B)和任选地C)与组分D)的质量比至少为7。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中聚醚酯多元醇B)与其他聚酯多元醇C)的质量比至少为0.1。
3.权利要求2的方法,其中没有使用其他聚酯多元醇C)。
4.权利要求1至3中任一项的方法,其中全部组分B)和C)与组分D)的质量比小于80。
5.权利要求4的方法,其中全部组分B)和C)与组分D)的质量比小于40。
6.权利要求5的方法,其中全部组分B)和C)与组分D)的质量比小于30。
7.权利要求6的方法,其中全部组分B)和C)与组分D)的质量比小于20。
8.权利要求7的方法,其中全部组分B)和C)与组分D)的质量比小于16。
9.权利要求8的方法,其中全部组分B)和C)与组分D)的质量比小于13。
10.权利要求1的方法,其中所述聚醚多元醇b4)的官能度>2。
11.权利要求1的方法,其中所述聚醚多元醇b4)通过使选自山梨糖醇、季戊四醇、三羟甲基丙烷、甘油、聚甘油及其混合物的多元醇进行烷氧基化而制备。
12.权利要求1的方法,其中所述聚醚多元醇b4)通过用环氧乙烷进行烷氧基化而制备。
13.权利要求1的方法,其中所述组分b11)包含一个或多个选自对苯二甲酸、对苯二甲酸二甲酯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、邻苯二甲酸、邻苯二甲酸酐和间苯二甲酸的化合物。
14.权利要求1的方法,其中所述二羧酸组合物b1)不包含脂族二羧酸b12)。
15.权利要求1的方法,其中所述脂肪酸或脂肪酸衍生物b2)选自蓖麻油、多羟基脂肪酸、蓖麻油酸、羟基改性的油、葡萄籽油、黑小茴香油、南瓜仁油、琉璃苣籽油、大豆油、小麦胚芽油、菜籽油、葵花籽油、花生油、杏仁油、乳香黄连木油、扁桃仁油、橄榄油、澳洲坚果油、鳄梨油、沙棘油、芝麻油、大麻油、榛子油、报春花油、野玫瑰油、红花油、核桃油、选自肉豆蔻脑酸、棕榈油酸、油酸、11-十八碳烯酸、岩芹酸、顺9-二十碳烯酸、芥酸、神经酸、亚油酸、α-及γ-亚麻酸、十八碳四烯酸、花生四烯酸、二十碳五烯酸、鰶鱼酸以及二十二碳六烯酸的脂肪酸、以及基于肉豆蔻脑酸、棕榈油酸、油酸、11-十八碳烯酸、岩芹酸、顺9-二十碳烯酸、芥酸、神经酸、亚油酸、α-及γ-亚麻酸、十八碳四烯酸、花生四烯酸、二十碳五烯酸、鰶鱼酸以及二十二碳六烯酸的脂肪酸酯。
16.权利要求1的方法,其中所述脂肪酸或脂肪酸衍生物b2)选自基于肉豆蔻脑酸、棕榈油酸、油酸、11-十八碳烯酸、岩芹酸、顺9-二十碳烯酸、芥酸、神经酸、亚油酸、α-及γ-亚麻酸、十八碳四烯酸、花生四烯酸、二十碳五烯酸、鰶鱼酸以及二十二碳六烯酸的羟基改性的脂肪酸。
17.权利要求15或16的方法,其中所述脂肪酸或脂肪酸衍生物b2)选自油酸和油酸甲酯。
18.权利要求1的方法,其中所述脂族或脂环族二元醇b3)选自乙二醇、二乙二醇、丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇及3-甲基-1,5-戊二醇及其烷氧基化物。
19.权利要求1的方法,其中所述聚醚多元醇组分D)由聚氧亚丙基多元醇和/或聚氧亚乙基多元醇组成。
20.权利要求19的方法,其中所述聚醚多元醇组分D)由聚氧亚乙基多元醇组成。
21.权利要求1的方法,其中所述聚醚多元醇组分D)仅由聚乙二醇组成且不包含任何其他的聚醚醇。
22.权利要求1的方法,其中所述阻燃剂E)不具有异氰酸酯反应性基团。
23.权利要求1的方法,其中所述发泡剂F)包含化学发泡剂和物理发泡剂,其中化学发泡剂选自水、甲酸-水混合物和甲酸,且物理发泡剂由一种或多种戊烷异构体组成。
24.权利要求23的方法,其中所述化学发泡剂选自甲酸-水混合物和甲酸。
25.一种硬质聚氨酯或聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫,其可由权利要求1至24中任一项的方法而获得。
26.权利要求25的硬质聚氨酯或聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫用于制备具有刚性或弹性外层的夹层元件的用途。
27.一种用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的多元醇组分,其包含:
10至90重量%的聚醚酯多元醇B),
0至60重量%的其他聚酯多元醇C),
0.1至11重量%的聚醚多元醇D),
2至50重量%的阻燃剂E),
1至45重量%的发泡剂F),
0.5至10重量%的催化剂G),以及
0.5至20重量%的其他助剂和掺合剂H),
所述组分B)至H)如权利要求1至24中任一项所定义且全部基于组分B)至H)的总重量计,其中重量%总计达100重量%,且其中全部组分B)和任选地C)与组分D)的质量比至少为7。
28.权利要求27的多元醇组分,其中全部组分B)和C)与组分D)的质量比小于80。
29.权利要求28的多元醇组分,其中全部组分B)和C)与组分D)的质量比小于40。
30.权利要求29的多元醇组分,其中全部组分B)和C)与组分D)的质量比小于30。
31.权利要求30的多元醇组分,其中全部组分B)和C)与组分D)的质量比小于20。
32.权利要求31的多元醇组分,其中全部组分B)和C)与组分D)的质量比小于16。
33.权利要求32的多元醇组分,其中全部组分B)和C)与组分D)的质量比小于13。
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ES2932186T3 (es) * | 2015-06-18 | 2023-01-16 | Basf Se | Procedimiento para la fabricación de espumas rígidas de poliuretano |
CN104974340B (zh) * | 2015-06-25 | 2017-03-29 | 淄博德信联邦化学工业有限公司 | 主链中含酯键的高活性聚醚多元醇的制备方法 |
CN105176054A (zh) * | 2015-08-10 | 2015-12-23 | 常州仁华化工有限公司 | 一种阻燃性生物质基聚氨酯泡沫的制备方法 |
US10975190B2 (en) * | 2016-07-21 | 2021-04-13 | Bionanofoam Llc | Bio-based and hydrophilic polyurethane prepolymer and foam made therefrom |
KR20200110423A (ko) * | 2018-01-23 | 2020-09-23 | 스테판 컴파니 | 저 voc 폴리우레탄 용도의 폴리올 |
WO2019199629A1 (en) * | 2018-04-10 | 2019-10-17 | Stepan Company | Polyol blends and rigid foams with improved low-temperature r-values |
CN109054024A (zh) * | 2018-08-09 | 2018-12-21 | 苏州思德新材料科技有限公司 | 一种聚酯泡沫制备用的有机硅泡沫稳定剂的制备方法 |
CA3107575A1 (en) * | 2018-08-21 | 2020-02-27 | Huntsman International Llc | Catalyst for pir/pur foam production |
CN118103423A (zh) | 2021-10-18 | 2024-05-28 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 基于芳香族聚酯多元醇和环氧乙烷基聚醚多元醇的改进型聚异氰脲酸酯硬质泡沫塑料的制备方法 |
WO2023194140A1 (en) | 2022-04-04 | 2023-10-12 | Basf Se | Value chain return process for the recovery of phosphorous ester-based flame retardants from polyurethane rigid foams |
WO2024094788A1 (en) | 2022-11-03 | 2024-05-10 | Basf Se | Value chain return process for the recovery of not bonded additives by extraction from polyurethane or polyisocyanurate rigid foams and depolymerization of the polyurethane rigid foams |
WO2024094787A1 (en) | 2022-11-03 | 2024-05-10 | Basf Se | Value chain return process for the recovery and of polymeric methylene phenylene amine (pmda) as its hci salt from the depolymerization of spend polyurethane and polyisocyanurate rigid foams |
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