CN103814786B - Method for monitoring nitrogen and phosphorous leaching loss of paddy soil under fertilizing condition - Google Patents
Method for monitoring nitrogen and phosphorous leaching loss of paddy soil under fertilizing condition Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for monitoring nitrogen and phosphorous leaching loss of paddy soil under a fertilizing condition. The method includes the following steps: A, selecting an experimental field, namely selecting paddy soil for measuring; B, arranging small areas, namely setting the number of the small areas according to experiment processing number and repeating number; C, constructing the small areas; D, mounting seepage pipes, namely monitoring nitrogen and phosphorous leaching loss conditions of percolate at different depths; E, fertilizing the small areas, namely mixing fertilizer with soil after the field experimental small areas are built; F, raising and planting seedlings, namely selecting rice varieties and enabling planting space and number of each small area to be identical; G, irrigating the small areas, namely opening small grooves between the small areas and main grooves during irrigating of the small areas and watering towards the small areas; H, intertilling and weeding; I, preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests; J, harvesting paddy rice; K, sampling the percolate; L, testing nitrogen and phosphorous of the percolate, namely testing total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorous and inorganic phosphorous in the percolate. The method is high in accuracy, high in operability, high in practicability and suitable for realtime testing of nitrogen and phosphorous leaching loss of the paddy soil of various types.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area technical field, more specifically relate to the monitoring method of paddy soil nitrogen phosphorus leaching loss under a kind of fertilizer application condition, it is suitable for the Real-Time Monitoring to all kinds paddy soil nitrogen phosphorus leaching loss.
Background technology
Along with the improper increase of the dependence of agricultural production to fertilizer, the widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area that long-term fertilization and excessive fertilization cause soil nitrogen phosphorus to run off and cause is day by day serious, causes the ecotopes such as body eutrophication to be destroyed.In agricultural land soil, nitrogen and phosphorus loss comprises 2 approach, rainwash and underground leaching loss, farmland nitrogen phosphorus is easy to sampling monitoring with the loss of surface runoff amount, and the vegetation coverage real time sample monitoring caused by underground leaching loss is comparatively loaded down with trivial details, particularly due to the tillage pan feature and rice growing season waterflooding state etc. in rice field, all there were significant differences with nonirrigated farmland, and the Real-Time Monitoring therefore carrying out paddy soil underground nitrogen phosphorus leaching loss is more difficult.Experimental field pipe is imbedded in underground 65 centimeters at continuous wheat as far back as people such as nineteen ninety-five Britain Lausanne experiment station Heckrath, by regularly getting its phosphorus content of aquametry in subsoil drain, the leaching loss situation of phosphorus under analysis different fertilization conditions.But it is comparatively large that the problem that the method measures is quantities, and difficulty of construction is large, costly.Domestic usual employing soil solution nutsch filter gathers arable soil sampling of ground water and carries out nitrogen and phosphorus content analysis, the certain degree of depth in underground is imbedded by pot clay end, pot clay end one end connects plastics aqueduct and extends on ground, and employing is taken out negative pressure mode and measured its nitrogen and phosphorus content by plastics aqueduct extraction underground water.Xu Xiaohui etc. adopt soil solution nutsch filter method to determine the change of not applying fertilizer with nitrogen phosphorus leaching loss in the paddy soil degree of depth 15,30, the 60 and 90 centimeters aqueous solution that applies fertilizer for 2013.It is Nitrogen Leaching situation in 20,40, the 60 and 120 centimeters aqueous solution that Lu Min etc. within 2006, adopt the method have studied not to apply fertilizer with the paddy soil degree of depth under fertilizer treatment.The method Problems existing is, is easily blocked by soil colloid and plastic tube and sandy soil pipe junction easily come off due to vitrified-clay pipe, causes not take out underground water; In addition owing to adopting the mode of taking out negative pressure to gather underground water, the water sample obtained may be not exclusively free water, thus affects the reliability of measurement result; Adopt vitrified-clay pipe price high in the method simultaneously, in addition, also need the aspiration pump price of taking out negative pressure also more expensive.In addition, also some researchers are had to adopt plastic tube (pvc pipe) to make leak device to gather its nitrogen phosphorus leaching loss situation of rice field study of groundwater, as Wang Jiping etc. adopts the plastic tube of diameter 11 centimetres to bury rear collection 1.5 meters of-2.5 meters of rice fields, depths and dryland soil underground water underground for 2007, the leaching loss situation of research arable soil nitrate nitrogen.The diameter being equipped with 5 millimeters of apertures on the sidewall of bottom that Yuan Man Man etc. adopt bottom to shut in 2011 is that the plastic tube of 3 centimetres gathers 15 centimetres, rice field depths water sample, analyzes its nitrogen leaching loss situation.The plastic tube of 80-170 of sealed bottom centimetres is squeezed in the soil of community, rice field in 2011 by Wang Yongsheng etc., and 20 centimeters punchings more than bottom plastic tube, collect seepage loss in paddy rice field liquid and extract its Nitrate Nitrogen Leaching situation of post analysis with depressimeter again.But these method Problems existing, one is all need to adopt draw-off pump or depressimeter groundwater abstraction sample, and not only equipment cost is high, and complex operation, very easily causes obstruction when extracting percolate, and draw-off pump and depressimeter sampler are not easy to cleaning; Two is easily cause probe tube surrounding soil destructurized when imbedding plastics probe tube, affects the actual seepage situation of natural leakage liquid; In addition, when probe tube sealed bottom is placed in paddy soil and collects percolate by some, very easily make percolate go bad smelly, affect nitrogen phosphorus yield result in solution; Also there is probe tube upper end not cover and easily cause rainwater to enter probe tube, affect the mensuration of concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in percolate equally.The present invention establishes the monitoring method of paddy soil nitrogen phosphorus leaching loss under a kind of fertilizer application condition, Real-Time Monitoring can be carried out to all kinds paddy soil nitrogen phosphorus leaching loss situation under different fertilization conditions exactly, for the agriculture nitrogen phosphorus pollution of area source of control, there is important effect.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to there are provided the monitoring method of paddy soil nitrogen phosphorus leaching loss under a kind of fertilizer application condition, the method accuracy is high, workable, practical, is applicable to the real time measure to all kinds paddy soil nitrogen phosphorus leaching loss.Be used to guide all kinds rice field Rational Application nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, can rice high yield be arrived, the problem of environmental pollution because rice field nitrogen phosphorus leaching loss causes can be prevented again.
In order to realize above-mentioned object, the present invention adopts following technical measures:
The monitoring method of paddy soil nitrogen phosphorus leaching loss under a kind of fertilizer application condition, it is the feature for Chinese paddy soil and moisture and cultivation management mode, main Types rice field under the fertilizer application condition selecting certain needs to monitor, adopt Dressing Moist Rice Field earth repeatedly sedimentation Zhu Jian community ridge and pavement, and employing is widened and adopts waterproof material coverage cell ridge and pavement, to prevent minizone nutrient and moisture crossfire, rice field percolate probe tube is installed in community, and adopt tap drain to connect the community irrigation method of ditch, increase each process number of repetition, each process fertilizing amount improves constantly, community is arranged at random at Qu Zuzhong, guarantee that each community density of transplants is identical with standing grain clump number, after fertilising after growth period duration of rice and rice harves, regular employing sampler gets percolate from probe tube, lab analysis respectively processes the measures such as percolate nitrogen and phosphorus content.Effective technological approaches is provided for monitoring Chinese paddy soil nitrogen phosphorus leaching loss on the spot.
Under fertilizer application condition, a monitoring method for paddy soil nitrogen phosphorus leaching loss, comprises the following steps:
A, experimental field are selected.According to province, city, county's soil survey data, selection needs to measure certain main Types paddy soil, experimental field should be selected among the rice field in flakes that the gross area reaches more than 5-10 hectares or 10 hectares, experimental field should away from house, highway, ancient tree and graveyard etc., traffic wants convenient, be conducive to test material and sample carrying turnover experimental field, test field area requirements reaches 1000-2000 square metres, require that source of irrigation water is sufficient throughout the year, face, field is higher than drainage ditch more than 80 centimetres, be convenient to draining, without high-tension electricity transmission tower or hillside in field surrounding 100 meters, illumination condition is good.
B, community are arranged.Arrange number of cells according to test process number and repeat number, usual field trial process number is 5-9, and test repeat number is 3-4 times, and so field plot adds up to 15-36.Zone leader 5-6 meters, wide 4-5 meters, plot area is 20-30 square metres.All communities are arranged in the middle of rice field, and group outer surrounding in district's is protection row.High 25-35 centimetres, wide 30-50 centimetres ridge is done between community and community; 2 high 25-35 centimetres, ridges of wide 30-50 centimetres are established between district's group; it is the tap drain of dark 25-35 centimetres, wide 25-30 centimetres between 2 ridges; high 25-35 centimetres, wide 0.5-1 meter pavement is established between Qu Zuyu protection row; between tap drain and community, open the ditch of dark 25-35 centimetres, wide 20-25 centimetres, tap drain is communicated with ditch and is used for irrigating and draining in community.
C, community build.After choosing suitable experimental field, dark 3-5 centimetres are poured water to rice field, plough 2-3 times with Cultivator after 3-4 days, make monoblock paddy soil even.Then discharge water and make the rice field depth of water 1-2 centimetres.According to district's group and cell size and quantity, the stake of diameter 3-4 centimetres, high 0.8-1.2 rice is respectively squeezed at the drift angle place on each district group, community, ridge, tap drain and pavement, yarn is drawn between stake and stake, 20-40 centimetres, line-spacing ground, marks the position on community, ridge, tap drain and pavement.Manually with hoe, mud is done first time little ridge along ridge and sidewalk line, first time finish the sedimentation of relief earth after 0.5-1 day more artificial hoe carry out second time and widen, second time makes earth sedimentation 0.5-1 day after widening again, then carry out third time to widen, circulation like this 3-6 times, is 0.3-1.0 meters until the community ridge newly done and pavement reach width, is highly 25-35 centimetres.When doing ridge and pavement, excavating tap drain simultaneously, the earth of excavation tap drain being just used on and doing ridge and pavement.Then between tap drain and community, ditch is dug.High 25-35 centimetres of ridge after carrying out, wide 30-50 centimetres, dark 15-25 centimetres of tap drain, wide 25-30 centimetres, high 25-35 centimetres, wide 0.5-1 meter of pavement, dark 25-35 centimetres of tap drain, wide 25-30 centimetres, little ditch depth 25-35 centimetres, wide 20-25 centimetres.After the community ridge newly done and pavement are dry 5-7 days; at ridge and pavement colour bar cloth or plastic foil, to prevent each minizone liquid manure crossfire, ridge and pavement can be protected simultaneously; avoid weeds propagation and widespread, convenient operation personnel are in minizone walking and test.
D, leaky pipe are installed.Be 250 millimeters or 315 millimeters by diameter, be highly the plastic tube of 40-50 centimetres, insert in the topsoil of the good cell centre of farming, the degree of depth be 15-20 centimetres until tillage pan, plastic tube upper end exceeds 20-30 centimetres, face, field, with water ladle, water taking-up in plastic tube is abandoned outside pipe, and suitably take out the thin mud of 1-2 cm thicks.Then bore a diameter with the fried dough twist earth boring auger that diameter is 44-46 millimeters and be 48-50 millimeters, be that (degree of depth is determined according to the underground water prosposition in rice field in 80-120 centimetres of holes deeply, to get into till subterranean water level goes out), cut-off footpath is the plastic tube (pvc pipe) of 49-51 millimeters, length is defined as 110-150 centimetres deeply according to hole, the careful pvc pipe that rotates gently inserts in the good hole of above-mentioned brill, pvc pipe upper end exceeds more than 30 centimetres, face, field, rice field, the debottleneckling plastic bottle that suit 1 diameter is 60-80 millimeters is inverted in pvc pipe upper end, and with plastic adhesive tape, debottleneckling plastic bottle is fixed on pvc pipe, pvc pipe is entered into prevent rainwater.1 leaky pipe is installed in each community.Also can install multiple leaky pipe (2-15 leaky pipes) in 1 community, its degree of depth is respectively 20 or 40 or 60 or 80 or 100 or 120 centimetres, the nitrogen phosphorus leaching loss situation of monitoring different depth percolate.
E, community fertilising.After field trial community is built up, after each community water irrigating depth reaches 2-4 centimetres, close the ditch between community and tap drain.According to randomly assigne, process is set up separately in the community of each district group at random, Sign Board is inserted in each community, process can be do not apply fertilizer or execute NPK or NK+ pig manure or execute 1 times of pig manure or 2 times of pig manures or 4 times of pig manures or 6 times of pig manures or 8 times of pig manures etc., and process also can be do not apply fertilizer or execute NPK or K+2 times of N+2 times of P or K+4 times of N+4 times of P or K+6 times of N+6 times of P or K+8 times of N+8 times of P etc.Fertilising is artificial afterwards suitably to be mixed fertilizer and soil.
F, seedling and rice transplanting.Rice varieties can select super hybridized rice H1518 or Y two excellent 3218, is seeded in seedling Tanaka, when the length of time rice seedlings grow grows to 30-35 days, migrates to experimental plot after seed soaking, vernalization.Regulate community Soil surface water to be deep to 1-2 centimetres during rice transplanting, adopt the method for rice transplanting after pulling strings, make seeding row spacing be 11-13 cm x 18-21 centimetres, every clump 1-2 seedling, the seeding row spacing of each community with from several identical, neat and consistent.
G, community are irrigated.Community needs the ditch opened when irrigating between community and tap drain, can pour water, close ditch after pouring water to community.The irrigation method of rice growing season is: to later stage sampling gap irrigation method of tillering (with reference to " rural economy and science and technology " the 4th phase methods of 36 pages in 2005 such as Yang Yufeng) after rice transplanting, later stage draining dry field of tillering controls to tiller, booting stage to heading stage and irrigation at seed filling stage, ripe later stage draining dry field is to gather in the crops.
H, intertillage and weeding.Within after rice transplanting 15-25 days, manually intertill, in conjunction with weeds in intertillage removing community, within after this 15-20 days, intertill and clean tillage is once again.To pay special attention in test to remove the barnyard grass in standing grain clump, running check and observation, find that barnyard grass removes, at any time in order to avoid affect the growth of paddy rice at any time.
I, the extermination of disease and insect pest.According to community rice growing season insect pest, a situation arises, cauline leaf spraying or 3000-5000 times of 2% abamectin emulsifiable concentrate cauline leaf spraying after after every 666.7 square metres of rice fields are watered 40-50 kilograms with 70-90 milliliter of 40.7% chlopyrifos emulsion, cauline leaf spraying or every 666.7 square metres of rice fields are watered 40-50 kilograms with 20-24 milliliter of 25% pyrrole ketone suspending agent, control striped rice borer or the insect such as rice fulgorid or rice leaf roller.According to rice disease, a situation arises, after every 666.7 square metres of rice fields are watered 40-50 kilograms with 50-100 gram of 20% tricyclazole wettable powder, cauline leaf spraying or 100-150 gram of 5% jinggangmeisu wetting powder in every 666.7 square metres of rice fields are watered 50-75 kilograms of sprayings, control panicle blast or banded sclerotial blight.
J, rice harves.When paddy rice is ripe; fine day is selected to gather in the crops; manually each community paddy rice is cut off respectively; use small-sized thresher threshing, obtain the hair rice of each community, pack respectively and put into label; then be placed in grain-sunning ground respectively by community rough rice to shine 3-4 days; with the empty flat paddy of FC-01 type electronic paddy windmill removing, gained essence paddy is weighed, obtains the rice yield of each community.
K, percolate sample.Within after the fertilization of rice of community 3-7 days, start the 1st time and gather percolate sample, after this every 10-20 days, sampling should be carried out, require shorter (10-15 days) at paddy growth sampling interval duration in early stage, after the later stage to rice harves, sampling interval duration can suitably be grown (15-20 days).Self-control sampler is adopted to carry out percolate sampling, after medical infusion lines two end is cut off, be fixed on the aluminium-plastic pipe of diameter 12-15 millimeters with adhesive tape, woven hose lower end is higher than aluminium-plastic pipe 5-8 millimeters, and woven hose upper end connects the disposable syringe of 1 40-100 milliliters.Percolate in leaky pipe pumps with sampler the previous day by sampling, percolate is extracted with sampler again after 24 hours, be placed in happy button crisper (Ge Pai plastic cement Industrial Co., Ltd. of Shantou City product) of 100-400 milliliters of the number of finishing, to take in a leaky pipe after sample, the distilled water cleaning of sampler with band, again with after the percolate cleaning in next leaky pipe, can be used for carrying out next sample collection.
Described sampler by aluminium-plastic pipe (diameter 12-15 millimeters, length 1.2-1.8 meters), the disposable syringe of 40-100 milliliters and medical infusion lines form.Be connected with syringe woven hose one end, then be fixed on aluminium-plastic pipe by woven hose and syringe hinge, woven hose lower end is higher than 5-8 millimeters, aluminium-plastic pipe lower end, aligns with aluminium-plastic pipe upper end in syringe upper end.
L, diafiltration liquid nitrogen phosphorus measure.The percolate sample gathered should be taken back indoor immediately and analyze, first by percolate bilayer at a slow speed quantitative filter paper filter, SKALAR Continuous Flow Analysis instrument of sampling immediately after filtration (Holland produce) measures full nitrogen in filtered fluid, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, full phosphorus, content of inorganic phosphorus.
Under described fertilizer application condition, the monitoring method of paddy soil nitrogen phosphorus leaching loss comprises: experimental field is selected, and community is arranged, and community builds, and leaky pipe is installed, seedling and rice transplanting, community is irrigated, intertillage and weeding, the extermination of disease and insect pest, rice harves, percolate samples, and diafiltration liquid nitrogen phosphorus measures.
The present invention has the following advantages:
1. the monitoring method of paddy soil nitrogen phosphorus leaching loss under this fertilizer application condition, installs percolate probe tube little to paddy soil Influence on test result, can obtain the liquid nitrogen of paddy soil diafiltration accurately phosphorus measurement result.
2., because leaky pipe is reasonable in design, percolate effectively can be avoided smelly in pipe endometamorphism, and rainwater can be avoided to enter wherein, thus improve the accuracy of diafiltration liquid nitrogen phosphorus measurement result.
3. simply, cost is low, easy to operate for the method leaky pipe and sampler structure, and sampler is easy to cleaning, can effectively prevent from influencing each other between different depth and variable concentrations percolate.
4. nitrogen and phosphorus content sampling flow injection instruments automatic analysis in effusion, analytical test personnel are easy to control, and the accuracy of measurement result is high, and may be used for the percolate measuring low nitrogen and phosphorus content.
5. practicality is wide, and the Real-Time Monitoring of nitrogen phosphorus leaching loss under applicable all kinds paddy soil different fertilization conditions, guaranteeing that rice field Rational Application nitrogenous-phosphatic manure arrives on rice high yield basis, prevents rice field nitrogen and phosphorus loss from causing water environment pollution simultaneously.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram of paddy soil nitrogen phosphorus leaching loss monitoring method under a kind of fertilizer application condition.
Fig. 2 is a kind of schematic diagram of paddy soil percolating pipe.
Fig. 3 is a kind of paddy soil percolate sampler schematic diagram.
Paddy soil ammonia nitrogen leaching loss situation under Fig. 4 different fertilization conditions.
Paddy soil available phosphorus leaching loss situation under Fig. 5 different fertilization conditions.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1:
Under fertilizer application condition, a monitoring method for paddy soil nitrogen phosphorus leaching loss, comprises the following steps:
A, experimental field select 1.Requirement is selected according to test rice field, the test rice field that example is selected is positioned at 1 group, white clay Hu Xiang Jia He village of Xiangyin County of Hunan Province, geographical coordinate is north latitude 28 ° 44 ' 41.6 ", east longitude 112 ° 50 ' 51.5 ", more than 20 hectares, rice field is in flakes had around experimental field, experimental field area is 1200 square metres, distance 500 meters, highway, 200 meters, distance peasant household house, irrigation condition is good, and illumination is abundant.Soil is the zhuyu paddy soil that lacustrine deposits matrix is formed, and is Lake Dongting area typical representative paddy soil type.
B, community arrange 2.Example Paddy fields process number is 9, each process repetition 3 times.Zone leader 5 meters, wide 4 meters, plot area is 20 square metres.All communities are arranged in the middle of rice field, and group outer surrounding in district's is protection row.High 25-35 centimetres, wide 30-50 centimetres ridge is done between community and community; 2 high 25 or 28 or 32 or 35 centimetres, ridges of wide 30 or 33 or 50 centimetres are established between district's group; it is the tap drain of dark 25 or 28 or 33 or 35 centimetres, wide 25 or 28 or 30 centimetres between 2 ridges; high 25 or 27 or 31 or 33 or 35 centimetres, wide 0.5 or 0.8 or 1 meter pavement is established between Qu Zuyu protection row; between tap drain and community, open the ditch of dark 25 or 28 or 32 or 35 centimetres, wide 20 or 23 or 25 centimetres, tap drain is communicated with ditch and is used for irrigating and draining in community.
C, community build 3.After choosing suitable experimental field, dark 3 or 4 or 5 centimetres are poured water to rice field, plough a field with Cultivator after 3 or 4 days and harrow a field each 2 or 3 times, make monoblock paddy soil even.Then discharge water and make the rice field depth of water 1 or 2 centimetres.According to district's group and cell size and quantity, the stake of diameter 3 or 4 centimetres, high 1 meter is respectively squeezed at the drift angle place on each district group, community, ridge, tap drain and pavement, yarn is drawn between stake and stake, line-spacing ground 20 or 25 or 30 or 35 or 40 centimetres, mark the position on community, ridge, tap drain and pavement.Manually with hoe, mud is done first time little ridge along ridge and sidewalk line, first time finish relief earth sedimentation 0.5 or 1 day after more artificial hoe carry out second time and widen, second time makes earth sedimentation 0.5 or 1 day after widening again, then carry out third time to widen, circulation 3 like this or 4 or 5 or 6 times, until the community ridge newly done and pavement reach required width and height.When doing ridge and pavement, excavating tap drain simultaneously, the earth of excavation tap drain being just used on and doing ridge and pavement.Then between tap drain and community, ditch is dug.High 25 or 28 or 33 or 35 centimetres, wide 30 or 33 or 37 or 42 or 46 or 50 centimetres of ridge after carrying out, dark 15 or 18 or 23 or 25 centimetres of tap drain, wide 25 or 28 or 30 centimetres, high 25 or 28 or 32 or 35 centimetres, wide 0.5 or 0.8 or 1 meter of pavement, dark 25 or 28 or 33 or 35 centimetres of tap drain, wide 25 or 28 or 30 centimetres, little ditch depth 25 or 28 or 32 or 35 centimetres, wide 20 or 23 or 25 centimetres.After the community ridge newly done and pavement are dry 5 or 6 or 7 days; at ridge and pavement colour bar cloth or plastic foil, to prevent each minizone liquid manure crossfire, ridge and pavement can be protected simultaneously; avoid weeds propagation and widespread, convenient operation personnel are in minizone walking and test.
D, leaky pipe install 4.Be 250 millimeters or 315 millimeters by diameter, be highly the plastic tube of 40-50 centimetres, insert in the topsoil of the good cell centre of farming, the degree of depth be 15-20 centimetres until tillage pan, plastic tube upper end exceeds 20-30 centimetres, face, field, with water ladle, water taking-up in plastic tube is abandoned outside pipe, and suitably take out the thin mud of 1-2 cm thicks.Then boring a diameter with the fried dough twist earth boring auger that diameter is 44-46 millimeters is 48 or 49 or 50 millimeters, be that (degree of depth is determined according to the underground water prosposition in rice field in 80 or 90 or 100 or 110 or 120 centimetres of holes deeply, to get into till subterranean water level goes out), cut-off footpath is the plastic tube (pvc pipe) of 49 or 50 or 51 millimeters, length is defined as 110 or 120 or 130 or 140 or 150 centimetres deeply according to hole, the careful pvc pipe 15 that rotates gently inserts in the good hole of above-mentioned brill 14, pvc pipe upper end exceeds more than 30 centimetres, face, field, rice field, the debottleneckling plastic bottle 13 that suit 1 diameter is 60 or 70 or 80 millimeters is inverted in pvc pipe upper end, and with plastic adhesive tape, debottleneckling plastic bottle is fixed on pvc pipe, pvc pipe is entered into prevent rainwater.1 leaky pipe is installed in each community.Also can install multiple leaky pipe (2-15 leaky pipe) in 1 community, its degree of depth is respectively 20 or 40 or 60 or 80 or 100 or 120 centimetres, the nitrogen phosphorus leaching loss situation of monitoring different depth percolate.
E, community fertilising 5.After field trial community is built up, after each community water irrigating depth reaches 2 or 3 or 4 centimetres, close the ditch between community and tap drain.According to randomly assigne, process is set up separately in the community of each district group at random, Sign Board is inserted in each community, process comprises respectively not to be applied fertilizer (CK) or executes NPK chemical fertilizer (NPK) or NK+ pig manure (NK+M) or execute 1 times of pig manure (1M) or 2 times of pig manures (2M) or 4 times of pig manures (4M) or 6 times of pig manures (6M) or 8 times of pig manures (8M), and concrete fertilizer treatment is in table 1.Wherein, nitrogenous fertilizer adopts urea, and phosphate fertilizer adopts superphosphate, and potash fertilizer adopts potassium chloride; Pig manure picks up from scale livestock farming, and to dry pig manure weighing scale, the full nitrogen of pig manure (N) content is 4.22%, full phosphorus (P) content is 3.67%, full potassium (K) content is 1.56%.After fertilising, fertilizer and soil are fully mixed.
The process of table 1 Paddy fields small plot experiment
* pig manure is with oven-dried weight gauge.
F, seedling and rice transplanting 6.Rice varieties can select super hybridized rice H1518 or Y two excellent 3218, is seeded in seedling Tanaka, when the length of time rice seedlings grow grows to 30-35 days, migrates to experimental plot after seed soaking, vernalization.Regulate community Soil surface water to be deep to 1 or 2 centimetre during rice transplanting, adopt the method for rice transplanting after pulling strings, make seeding row spacing be 11-13 cm x 18-21 centimetres, every clump 1-2 seedling, the seeding row spacing of each community with from several identical, neat and consistent.
G, community irrigate 7.Community needs the ditch opened when irrigating between community and tap drain, can pour water, close ditch after pouring water to community.The irrigation method of rice growing season is: to later stage sampling gap irrigation method of tillering after rice transplanting, and later stage draining dry field of tillering controls to tiller, booting stage to heading stage and irrigation at seed filling stage, and ripe later stage draining dry field is to gather in the crops.
H, intertillage and weeding 8.Within after rice transplanting 15 or 18 or 21 or 23 or 25 days, manually intertill, in conjunction with weeds in intertillage removing community, within after this 15 or 17 or 19 or 20 days, intertill and clean tillage is once again.To pay special attention in test to remove the barnyard grass in standing grain clump, running check and observation, find that barnyard grass removes, at any time in order to avoid affect the growth of paddy rice at any time.
I, the extermination of disease and insect pest 9.According to community rice growing season insect pest, a situation arises, cauline leaf spraying or 3000 or 3500 or 4000 or 4500 or 5000 times of 2% abamectin emulsifiable concentrate cauline leaf spraying after after every 666.7 square metres of rice fields are watered 40 or 45 or 50 kilograms with 70 or 80 or 90 milliliter of 40.7% chlopyrifos emulsion, cauline leaf spraying or every 666.7 square metres of rice fields are watered 40 or 45 or 50 kilograms with 20 or 22 or 24 milliliter of 25% pyrrole ketone suspending agent, control striped rice borer or the insect such as rice fulgorid or rice leaf roller.According to rice disease, a situation arises, after every 666.7 square metres of rice fields are watered 40 or 45 or 50 kilograms with 50 or 80 or 100 gram of 20% tricyclazole wettable powder, cauline leaf spraying or 100 or the 130 or 150 gram of 5% jinggangmeisu wetting powder in every 666.7 square metres of rice fields are watered 50 or 55 or 60 or 65 or 70 or 75 kilograms of sprayings, control panicle blast or banded sclerotial blight.
J, rice harves 10.When paddy rice is ripe; fine day is selected to gather in the crops; manually each community paddy rice is cut off respectively; use small-sized thresher threshing, obtain the hair rice of each community, pack respectively and put into label; then be placed in grain-sunning ground respectively by community rough rice to shine 3 or 4 days; with the empty flat paddy of FC-01 type electronic paddy windmill removing, gained essence paddy is weighed, obtains the rice yield of each community.
K, percolate sampling 11.Within after the fertilization of rice of community 3 or 5 or 7 days, start the 1st time and gather percolate sample, after this every 10 or 14 or 18 or 20 days, sampling should be carried out, and require shorter at paddy growth sampling interval duration in early stage, after the later stage to rice harves, sampling interval duration can suitably be grown.Self-control sampler is adopted to carry out percolate sampling, after medical infusion lines two end is cut off, with adhesive tape 18 woven hose 17 is fixed on the aluminium-plastic pipe 19 of diameter 12 or 13 or 15 millimeters, woven hose lower end is higher than aluminium-plastic pipe 5 or 7 or 8 millimeters, and woven hose upper end connects the disposable syringe 16 of 1 40 or 60 or 80 or 100 milliliters.Percolate in leaky pipe pumps with sampler the previous day by sampling, percolate is extracted with sampler again after 24 hours, be placed in the happy button box of 100 or 200 or 300 or 400 milliliters of the number of finishing, to take in a leaky pipe after sample, the distilled water cleaning of sampler with band, again with after the percolate cleaning in next leaky pipe, can be used for carrying out next sample collection.
L, diafiltration liquid nitrogen phosphorus measure 12.The percolate sample gathered should be taken back indoor immediately and analyze, first by percolate bilayer at a slow speed quantitative filter paper filter, SKALAR Continuous Flow Analysis instrument of sampling immediately after filtration (Holland produce) measures full nitrogen in filtered fluid, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, full phosphorus, content of inorganic phosphorus.
Claims (1)
1. the monitoring method of paddy soil nitrogen phosphorus leaching loss under fertilizer application condition, the steps include:
A, experimental field are selected: according to province, city, county's soil survey data, select to measure certain type paddy soil, experimental field is selected among the rice field in flakes that the gross area reaches 5-10 hectare, experimental field is away from house, highway, ancient tree and graveyard, and test field area reaches 1000-2000 square metre, and source of irrigation water is sufficient throughout the year, face, field is higher than drainage ditch 80 centimetres, be convenient to draining, field surrounding is unmanned is or natural shade that illumination condition is good;
B, community is arranged: arrange number of cells according to test process number and repeat number, usual field trial process number is 5-9, test repeat number is 3-4 time, field plot adds up to 15-36, zone leader 5-6 rice, wide 4-5 rice, plot area is 20-30 square metre, all communities are arranged in the middle of rice field, group outer surrounding in district's is protection row, high 25-35 centimetre is between community and community, the ridge of wide 30-50 centimetre, 2 high 25-35 centimetre are established between district's group, the ridge of wide 30-50 centimetre, be dark 25-35 centimetre between 2 ridges, the tap drain of wide 25-30 centimetre, high 25-35 centimetre is established between Qu Zuyu protection row, the pavement of wide 0.5-1 rice, dark 25-35 centimetre is opened between tap drain and community, the ditch of wide 20-25 centimetre, tap drain is communicated with ditch and is used for irrigating and draining in community,
C, community builds: behind Selection experiment field, poured water dark 3-5 centimetre in rice field, plough a field with Cultivator after 3-4 days and harrow a field each 2-3 time, make monoblock paddy soil even, then discharge water and make rice field depth of water 1-2 centimetre, according to district's group and cell size and quantity, in each district group, community, ridge, the drift angle place on tap drain and pavement respectively squeezes into diameter 3-4 centimetre, the stake of high 0.8-1.2 rice, yarn is drawn between stake and stake, line-spacing ground 20-40 centimetre, mark community, ridge, the position on tap drain and pavement, manually with hoe, mud is done first time little ridge along ridge and sidewalk line, first time finish the sedimentation of relief earth after 0.5-1 days more artificial hoe carry out second time and widen, second time makes earth sedimentation 0.5-1 days after widening again, then carry out third time to widen, circulation 3-6 time, until it is 0.3-1.0 rice that the community ridge newly done and pavement reach width, be highly 25-35 centimetre, when doing ridge and pavement, excavate tap drain simultaneously, the earth of excavation tap drain is just being used on and is doing ridge and pavement, then between tap drain and community, ditch is dug, ridge height 25-35 centimetre after carrying out, wide 30-50 centimetre, pavement height 25-35 centimetre, wide 0.5-1 rice, the dark 25-35 centimetre of tap drain, wide 25-30 centimetre, little ditch depth 25-35 centimetre, wide 20-25 centimetre, the community ridge newly done and the dry rear 5-7 days in pavement, at ridge and pavement colour bar cloth or plastic foil,
D, leaky pipe is installed: by diameter be 250 millimeters or 315 millimeters, it is highly the plastic tube of 40-50 centimetre, insert in the topsoil of the good cell centre of farming, the degree of depth be 15-20 centimetre until tillage pan, plastic tube upper end exceeds face, field 20-30 centimetre, with water ladle, water taking-up in plastic tube is abandoned outside pipe, and take out the thin mud of 1-2 cm thick, then boring a diameter with the fried dough twist earth boring auger that diameter is 44-46 millimeter is 48-50 millimeter, dark is 80-120 centimetre of hole, cut-off footpath is the plastic tube of 49-51 millimeter, length is defined as 110-150 centimetre deeply according to hole, rotary plastic pipe inserts in the good hole of above-mentioned brill, plastic tube upper end exceeds 30 centimetres, face, field, rice field, the debottleneckling plastic bottle that suit 1 diameter is 60-80 millimeter is inverted in plastic tube upper end, and with plastic adhesive tape, debottleneckling plastic bottle is fixed on plastic tube, 1-15 leaky pipe is installed in each community, its degree of depth is respectively 20 or 40 or 60 or 80 or 100 or 120 centimetres, the nitrogen phosphorus leaching loss situation of monitoring different depth percolate,
E, apply fertilizer in community: after field trial community is built up, after each community water irrigating depth reaches 2-4 centimetre, close the ditch between community and tap drain, according to randomly assigne, process is set up separately in the community of each district group at random, Sign Board is inserted in each community, process does not apply fertilizer or execute NPK or NK+ pig manure or executes 1 times of pig manure or 2 times of pig manures or 4 times of pig manures or 6 times of pig manures or 8 times of pig manures, NPK or K+2 times N+2 times P or K+4 times N+4 times P or K+6 times N+6 times P or K+8 times N+8 times of P is not applied fertilizer or executes in process, artificial by fertilizer and soil mixing after fertilising,
F, seedling and rice transplanting: rice varieties selects super hybridized rice H1518 or Y two excellent 3218, seedling Tanaka is seeded in after seed soaking, vernalization, experimental plot is migrated to when the length of time rice seedlings grow grows to 30-35 days, community Soil surface water is regulated to be deep to 1-2 centimetre during rice transplanting, adopt the method for rice transplanting after pulling strings, make seeding row spacing be 11-13 cm x 18-21 centimetre, every clump of 1-2 seedling, the seeding row spacing of each community is identical with clump number, neat and consistent;
G, community are irrigated: open the ditch between community and tap drain when community is irrigated, pour water to community, ditch is closed after pouring water, the irrigation method of rice growing season is: to later stage sampling gap irrigation method of tillering after rice transplanting, later stage draining dry field of tillering controls to tiller, booting stage to heading stage and irrigation at seed filling stage, ripe later stage draining dry field is to gather in the crops;
H, intertillage and weeding: within after rice transplanting 15-25 days, manually intertill, in conjunction with weeds in intertillage removing community, after this 15-20 days again intertill and clean tillage once, to pay special attention in test to remove the barnyard grass in standing grain clump, check and observe, finding barnyard grass removing;
I, the extermination of disease and insect pest: a situation arises according to community rice growing season insect pest, cauline leaf spraying after every 666.7 square metres of rice field 70-90 milliliter 40.7% chlopyrifos emulsions are watered 40-50 kilogram, or cauline leaf spraying after every 666.7 square metres of rice field 20-24 milliliter 25% pymetrozine suspension agents are watered 40-50 kilogram, or 3000-5000 is 2% abamectin emulsifiable concentrate cauline leaf spraying doubly, control striped rice borer or rice fulgorid or rice leaf roller insect, according to rice disease, a situation arises, cauline leaf spraying after every 666.7 square metres of rice field 50-100 gram 20% tricyclazole wettable powder is watered 40-50 kilogram, or every 666.7 square metres of rice field 100-150 gram 5% jinggangmeisu wetting powder is watered 50-75 kilogram of spraying, control panicle blast or banded sclerotial blight,
J, rice harves: when paddy rice is ripe, fine day is selected to gather in the crops, manually each community paddy rice is cut off respectively, use thresher threshing, obtain the hair rice of each community, pack respectively and put into label, then be placed in grain-sunning ground respectively by community rough rice and shine 3-4 days, with the empty flat paddy of electronic paddy windmill removing, gained essence paddy is weighed, obtains the rice yield of each community;
K, percolate samples: within after the fertilization of rice of community 3-7 days, start the 1st time and gather percolate sample, after this every 10-20 days, sampling should be carried out, require shorter at paddy growth sampling interval duration in early stage, after later stage to rice harves, sampling interval duration is suitably long, self-control sampler is adopted to carry out percolate sampling, after medical infusion lines two end is cut off, be fixed on the aluminium-plastic pipe of diameter 12-15 millimeter with adhesive tape, woven hose lower end is higher than aluminium-plastic pipe 5-8 millimeter, woven hose upper end connects the disposable syringe of 1 40-100 milliliter, percolate in leaky pipe pumps with sampler the previous day by sampling, use again after 24 hours
Sampler extracts percolate, is placed in the happy button box of the 100-400 milliliter of the number of finishing, takes in a leaky pipe after sample, the distilled water cleaning of sampler with band, then with after the percolate cleaning in next leaky pipe, for carrying out next sample collection;
L, diafiltration liquid nitrogen phosphorus measure: the percolate sample of collection is taken back indoor and analyzed, first by percolate bilayer at a slow speed quantitative filter paper filter, filter post-sampling SKALAR Continuous Flow Analysis instrument and measure full nitrogen in filtered fluid, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, full phosphorus, content of inorganic phosphorus.
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