CN103732853A - 控制井下制品中腐蚀速率的方法和具有受控的腐蚀速率的井下制品 - Google Patents

控制井下制品中腐蚀速率的方法和具有受控的腐蚀速率的井下制品 Download PDF

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CN103732853A
CN103732853A CN201280036477.4A CN201280036477A CN103732853A CN 103732853 A CN103732853 A CN 103732853A CN 201280036477 A CN201280036477 A CN 201280036477A CN 103732853 A CN103732853 A CN 103732853A
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O·A·马兹雅
M·约翰逊
S·高德特
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Abstract

一种除去井下组件的方法，其包括在电解质存在下，将第一制品与第二制品接触，该第一制品包含第一材料并且充当阳极，和该第二制品包含反应性低于该第一材料的第二材料并且充当阴极，该井下组件包括与该第二制品电接触的该第一制品，其中该第一制品的至少一部分在该电解质中腐蚀。

Description

控制井下制品中腐蚀速率的方法和具有受控的腐蚀速率的井下制品
对相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2011年8月5日提交的美国申请13/204359的权益，其在此以其全部引入作为参考。
发明背景
某些井下作业包括了将元件放置在井下环境中，在这里该元件发挥了它的作用，然后被除去。例如，元件(例如球/球座组件和压裂塞)是用于密封钻孔中的下部区域，以进行水力压裂方法(在本领域也称作“裂化(fracking)”)，来破碎储层岩石的不同区域的井下元件。在裂化作业后，除去球/球座或者塞以使得流体流入或者流出压裂的岩石。
球和/或球座和压裂塞可以由可腐蚀的材料形成，以使得它们不必从井下环境中完整无缺地物理除去。以此方式，当完成包括球/球座或者压裂塞的作业时，将该球、球座和/或压裂塞溶解掉。否则，该井下制品可能必须在孔中保持比作业所需更长的时间。
为了便于除去，该元件可以由与周围的井下环境反应的材料来形成，以使得它们不必通过例如机械操作来物理除去，而代之以在井下条件下腐蚀或者溶解。但是，虽然用于制备这种可腐蚀的制品的例如合金的腐蚀速率可以通过调整合金组成来控制，但是控制井下制品的腐蚀速率的替代方式是令人期望的。
发明内容
在一个实施方案中，现有技术的上述和其他缺点通过除去井下组件的方法来克服，该方法包括在电解质存在下，将第一制品与第二制品接触，该第一制品包含第一材料并且充当阳极，该第二制品包含反应性低于该第一材料的第二材料并且充当阴极，该井下组件包括与该第二制品电接触的该第一制品，其中该第一制品的至少一部分在该电解质中腐蚀。
在另一实施方案中，一种在井下组件中产生电势的方法包括将第一制品和第二制品与电解质和导电元件接触以形成电路，该第一制品包含第一材料并且充当阳极，该第二制品包含反应性低于该第一制品的材料的第二材料并且充当阴极。
在另一实施方案中，一种井下组件包括：第一制品和第二制品，该第一制品包含第一材料并且充当阳极，该第二制品包含反应性低于该第一材料的第二材料并且充当阴极，该第一和第二制品通过导电元件电连接以形成电路，其中在电解质存在下，该井下组件产生电势，和该第一制品的至少一部分被腐蚀。
附图说明
现在参考附图，其中在几个图中相同的元件采用类似的数字标记：
图1A显示了井下组件100a的横截面图，其具有由可腐蚀的第一金属制成的球120，和由第二金属制成的座部分111的座110；
图1B和1C显示了井下组件(100b，100c)的横截面图，其具有球120和座111m，该座111m从第一位置110b位移到第二位置110c，以将该座111m与由第二金属制成的嵌入件114接触来引发腐蚀；
图2显示了井下组件200的横截面图，其具有球220(具有由可腐蚀的第一金属制成的芯221，涂层222)和座210(具有由第二金属制成的座部分211)，其中桥接连接B将球220与座210电连接；
图3A显示了井下组件300的横截面图，其具有球320(具有被外芯322包围的第一金属的轴芯321)，座310(具有由第二金属制成的座部分311)；和
图3B显示了在除去图3A中的轴芯321后的井下组件300a的横截面图，其具有球320a(具有被外芯322包围的通道321a)，和座310(具有由第二金属制成的座部分311)。
具体实施方式
这里公开了一种控制井下制品的腐蚀的方法。该井下装置包括两个子单元的组件，第一子单元由第一材料制成，和第二子单元由第二材料制成，该第一材料具有比第二材料更高的流电活性(即，更具反应性)。该第一和第二材料可以各自为例如来自电势序的不同金属。该第一和第二材料在电解质(例如盐水)存在下彼此接触。该第一子单元例如是由可腐蚀的高反应性金属(例如镁)制成的球，其是阳极，和该第二子单元例如是由非可腐蚀的、相对低反应性的金属(与用于形成该球的高反应性金属相比)(例如镍、铁、钴等)制成的球座，其是阴极。可选地，在一个实施方案中，该第一子单元例如是球座，和该第二子单元是球。在一个实施方案中，通过选择两个子单元的材料的活性以在腐蚀电势中具有更大或更小的差异，该高反应性材料分别以更快或者更慢的速率腐蚀。
为了引发电化腐蚀，需要阳极的高反应性金属和阴极的低反应性金属的电连接，并且还存在电解质，它与阳极和阴极二者同时接触。在一个实施方案中，电连接这些子单元引发了电化腐蚀。在较高反应性组件(例如该球)被高反应性金属的氧化产物(例如Mg(OH)2，这里该高反应性金属是镁或其合金)的涂层覆盖时，直流电势可以经由电连接施加到阳极和阴极子单元(或者由其产生)，以引发由高反应性金属制成的子单元(例如该球)的腐蚀。该直流源可以例如是井下或在地表放置的电池，并且电连接到所述制品。
相反，当这些不同的金属在电解质存在下电接触时，在阳极的高反应性金属子单元(即，上述例子中的该球)和阴极的低反应性金属子单元(例如，球座)之间产生了电化学势。不同金属之间的腐蚀势差越大，所产生的电势越大。在这种安排中，保护阴极子单元以免被阳极子单元腐蚀，在这里阳极子单元作为牺牲阳极而腐蚀。金属子单元在卤水和其他电解质中的腐蚀可以通过将它们连接到更具活性的金属上而降低。例如，与没有与镁制品电接触的钢制品相比，在卤水存在下电连接到镁制品上的钢制品不太易于腐蚀。
将阳极球和阴极球座与电解质电连接也产生了电势，其可用于为井下装置供能，例如用于井下发信号或者传感的装置。
因此，一种除去井下组件的方法包括在电解质存在下，将第一制品与第二制品接触，该第一制品包含第一材料并且充当阳极，该第二制品包含反应性低于该第一制品的材料的第二材料并且充当阴极，该井下组件包括与该第二制品电接触的该第一制品，其中该第一制品的至少一部分在该电解质中腐蚀。
该第一材料包括任何适用于井下环境的材料，条件是该第一材料在井下环境中相对于具有不同反应性的第二材料是可腐蚀的。在一个实施方案，该第一材料包括镁合金。镁合金包括在腐蚀性环境中是可腐蚀的任何合金，腐蚀性环境包括典型地在井下遇到的那些环境，例如含水环境，其包括盐(即，卤水)、或者酸性或腐蚀性试剂(例如硫化氢、盐酸或者其他这种腐蚀性试剂)。适用的镁合金包括镁与以下的合金：铝(Al)、镉(Cd)、钙(Ca)、钴(Co)、铜(Cu)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、镍(Ni)、硅(Si)、银(Ag)、锶(Sr)、钍(Th)、锌(Zn)、锆(Zr)或者包括这些元素至少一种的组合。特别有用的合金包括镁合金颗粒，其包括由镁与Ni、W、Co、Cu、Fe或者其他金属合金化所制备的那些。可以以不同的量包括合金化或者痕量元素来调整镁的腐蚀速率。例如，这些元素的四种(镉、钙、银和锌)必须对于腐蚀速率具有轻微到中等的加速效果，而四种其他元素(铜、钴、铁和镍)对于腐蚀具有更大的加速效果。示例性的市售镁合金(其包括上述合金化元素的不同组合来实现不同的耐腐蚀度)包括但不限于例如与铝、锶和锰合金化的那些，例如AJ62、AJ50x、AJ51x和AJ52x合金，和与铝、锌和锰合金化的那些，包括AZ91A-E合金。
将会理解的是，具有大于上述示例性合金的腐蚀速率的合金可以预期在此是有用的。例如，已经发现当含有小于或等于约0.5wt%，具体地小于或等于约0.4wt%，和更具体地小于或等于约0.3wt%的量，镍可用于降低镁合金的耐腐蚀性(即，提高腐蚀速率)，以提供对于可腐蚀的井下制品的有用的腐蚀速率。
上述镁合金可用于形成第一制品，并且是通过浇铸、锻造和机加工来形成所需的形状和尺寸。可选地，镁或镁合金的粉末可用于形成第一制品。该镁合金粉末通常的粒度是约50-约250微米(μm)，和更具体地约60-约140μm。该粉末进一步使用方法(例如化学气相沉积、阳极化等来涂覆，或者通过物理方法(例如低温碾磨、球磨等)与金属或金属氧化物(例如Al、Ni、W、Co、Cu、Fe、这些金属之一的氧化物等)进行混合。这种涂覆的镁粉末在此称作受控电解材料(CEM)。该CEM然后模制或者通过例如冷压缩，使用约40-约80ksi(约275-约550MPa)的等静压机压缩成所需形状，随后挤出、锻造或烧结或者机加工，以提供具有所需形状和尺寸的芯。
将会理解的是，镁合金或CEM将因此具有实现制品所需性能所必需的任何腐蚀速率。在一个具体的实施方案中，用于形成芯的镁合金或CEM具有使用3wt%的KCl水溶液在200°F(93℃)约0.1-约150mg/cm2/h，具体地约1-约15mg/cm2/h的腐蚀速率。
第一制品任选地在该第一制品表面上具有非金属涂层。该涂层包括可溶性玻璃、可溶性聚合物或者金属氧化物或者氢氧化物涂层(包括阳极化涂层)。在一个实施方案中，该非金属涂层是第一制品的金属的氧化产物，特别是在该第一制品包含活性金属(相对于第二制品)时。例如，在该第一制品包含镁合金时，该非金属涂层可以是通过阳极方法形成的氢氧化镁。可选地，硬金属氧化物涂层(例如氧化铝)可以通过沉积方法施用到第一制品的表面上。
非金属涂层通过井下环境条件来除去，或者通过施加电势来除去。例如，在涂层是可溶性材料(例如可溶性玻璃或可溶性聚合物的情况中，该涂层溶解在环境井下流体(例如水、卤水、馏出物等)中，以暴露下面的第一材料。可选地，在使用金属氧化物或者氢氧化物时，可以在第一和第二制品之间建立电接触，并且施加电势以在涂层上进行电解和诱导腐蚀。
在一个实施方案中，第二材料是具有比第一材料更低的反应性的任何金属，基于例如盐水电势序。该第二材料也耐腐蚀材料的腐蚀。作为此处使用的，“耐腐蚀”表示该第二材料不被所遇到的任何腐蚀性井下条件(即，卤水、硫化氢等，在大于大气压的压力和在超过50℃的温度)所蚀刻或者腐蚀。
通过选择第一和第二材料的反应性以在它们的腐蚀势中具有更大或更小的差异，高反应性材料(例如高反应性金属)分别以更快或更慢的速率腐蚀。通常，对于处于电势序的金属来说，从较贵(即，更低活性和更具阴极性)到不太贵的(即，更大活性和更具阳极性)的金属次序包括例如钢、钨、铬、镍、钴、铜、铁、铝、锌和镁。第二材料包括钢、钨、铬、镍、铜、铁、铝、锌、其合金或者包含前述至少一种的组合，其中第一材料是镁或者其合金。在一个具体的实施方案中，第一材料是镁合金，和第二材料是钢、镍、钴或者铜。
在一个实施方案中，第二制品完全由第二材料制成，或者该第二制品包括第二材料的层。这里，层包括单层或者相同或不同材料的多层。在使用层时，下面的材料是金属、陶瓷等，和在一个实施方案中例如由第一材料制成，以使得它通过第二材料的层与第一制品的第一材料分离。
第一制品和第二制品不限于任何具体的形状或者功能。在一个实施方案中，该第一和第二制品一起用于定制的组件。例如在一个实施方案中，该第一制品是CEM球，和该第二制品是球座。可选地，该第一制品是CEM球座，和该第二制品是球。在另一实施方案中，该第一制品是CEM压裂塞和该第二制品是该压裂塞的外壳。在一个实施方案中，该第一制品是CEM球或者压裂塞，和该第二制品是球座或者外壳(分别地)，其中这种安排允许系统具有更大的适应性，该系统中多个非固定制品(例如球)全部与一种类型的固定制品(例如球座)一起使用。当需要时，固定制品(例如球座)的一部分由涂覆有更贵的(第二)金属(例如锌、铝或镍)的CEM形成，以使得该固定制品通过除去第二金属涂层，并且腐蚀下面的CEM来除去。
在一个实施方案中，第一制品包括非可腐蚀的芯(其包含第二材料和至少部分地穿入该第一制品)和包含该第一材料的可腐蚀的包围结构，其中仅该包围结构被腐蚀。该第一制品以此方式部分地包含第一材料和第二材料。例如，该第一制品是球或者伸长结构，其具有部分插入到制品中、或者轴向或沿着穿过球或结构的中心或者偏心(分别的)的弦延伸的一种或多种非可腐蚀的芯。第一制品可以被穿入到任何尺寸；在一个实施方案中，最长的尺寸是被芯横贯。因此，在一个实施方案中，该第一制品包括部分穿入该第一制品的低反应性芯(例如镍)，和可腐蚀的包围结构(例如镁合金或者CEM)。
在一个非限定性例子中，第一制品是由镁合金或者CEM形成的可腐蚀的球，其具有一个或多个插入其中镍芯或螺杆。这种安排提供了第一和第二材料的密切接触，其中第一制品的腐蚀通过将该制品置于井下，并且将镍螺杆的一个或多个与镁合金球电连接来加速。相反，该第一制品是可腐蚀的座，其具有部分或者完全径向穿入(例如螺旋进入)到侧面中的一个或多个非可腐蚀的芯。这些芯的存在提供了第一和第二材料之间另外的接触，并且促进了与第二制品(例如球，这里该第一制品是座，或者反之亦然)的电接触。
在另一实施方案中，第一制品包括可腐蚀的芯(其包含第一材料和至少部分地穿入该第一制品)和包含第二材料的非可腐蚀的包围结构，其中仅芯被腐蚀。该第一制品以此方式包括通过第一制品的长轴或者直径穿入的可腐蚀的芯和非可腐蚀的包围结构。对该第一制品施加受控的腐蚀将使得仅芯被腐蚀，留下穿过球的通道。在一个非限定性例子中，该第一制品是由低反应性材料(例如铝或镍的)制成的非可腐蚀的球，具有穿透(例如螺旋穿入或者形成于)其中的一个或多个高反应性(例如镁合金)芯。
相反，该第一制品是具有通过侧面径向穿入(例如螺纹进入)的可腐蚀的芯的座，其中将可腐蚀的芯腐蚀和除去开放到下面的侧壁和任何下面的特征(例如通道等)。以此方式，使用球(或座)来允许部分流动。在另一实施方案中，芯包含在连续层中的多于一种的金属，每种具有不同的反应性。这种安排可以用于选择性增加流动，例如通过形成渐增的贵金属(在流电规模上，例如不同的镁合金层，其相对于包围结构是可腐蚀的)的同心层的第一制品，其将允许随着另外的层被腐蚀，逐渐增加通道的尺寸。
电解质包括含水的或者不含水的电解质，这取决于应用和环境条件的可控性。不含水的电解质包括离子液体、熔盐、溶解在油中的离子液体或者溶解在极性非质子溶剂(例如碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丙烯酯、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺、γ-丁内酯或者其他这种溶剂)中的盐。但是，在该制品是井下元件的情况中，控制环境条件以排除湿气是不现实的，因此在这种条件下，该电解质是含水电解质。含水电解质包括水或者溶解在水中的盐(例如卤水)，酸或者包含前述至少一种的组合。
在一种控制井下环境的腐蚀的方法中，如下来完成通过电解质来腐蚀第一制品：在电解质存在下将第一和第二制品电接触，任选地通过在电解质存在下对第一和第二制品施加电势来诱导腐蚀。因此，直流电势可以经由电连接来施加到阳极和阴极(分别是第二和第一制品，其中该第一和第二制品彼此电绝缘，并且电池反向运行)，以引发第一制品的腐蚀。用于这种方法的直流源可以例如是在制品中的移动套管，其中该套管机械连接到电源(电池、永磁发电机或者通过感应产生电流的小型发电机)。
在另一实施方案中，井下组件当电连接以提供闭合电路时，通过形成原电池而产生电流，其中第一和第二制品(即，阳极和阴极，分别包含第一和第二金属，其中电池正向运行)在电解质存在下通过桥接电路而电连接。该第一和第二制品没有彼此直接电接触，而是通过电解质来电接触(即，与电解质共同电接触)，或者其中通过例如绝缘材料(例如Mg(OH)2涂层或者非导电性O形环)隔开物理接触，以防止电池短路。这种安排足以提供功率来运行装置，例如变送器或传感器或者其他这种装置。因此，一种在井下组件中产生电势的方法包括将第一制品和第二制品与电解质接触，该第一制品包含第一金属并且充当阳极，该第二制品包含反应性低于第一制品的金属的第二金属并且充当阴极。该阳极和阴极经由导电元件(例如电负载，如传感器或者加热器)彼此共同电接触，以形成电路。
一种井下组件，其包括：第一制品和第二制品，该第一制品包含第一材料，该第二制品包含反应性低于第一制品的材料的第二材料并且充当阴极，该第一和第二制品通过导电元件(例如电负载)电连接以形成电路，其中在电解质存在下，该井下组件产生电势，和该第一制品的至少一部分被腐蚀。
在附图中进一步描述井下组件不同的示例性实施方案。
图1A显示了井下组件100a的横截面图。在组件100a中，由可腐蚀的第一金属制成的球120安装在座110中，该座110具有由第二金属制成的座部分111，并且包含在外壳112中。当存在电解质时，或者当不存在绝缘层(例如Mg(OH)2)或者其他分隔球120和座110的材料时，球120和座110彼此直接电接触。
在图1B和1C所示的另一实施方案中，球120安装于可移动的座部分111m(图1B中的初始组件100b)。座111m包含第一金属，并且是可移动单元，其初始保持在第一位置110b，与不含第二金属的侧壁113接触。通过将球120安装于座111m，座111m通过包围外壳112从第一位置(图1B中的110b)纵向移动到第二位置(图1C中的110c)，以提供图1C中的移位组件100c，其中座111m与由第二金属形成的嵌入件114接触。在初始组件100b中，嵌入件114与侧壁113电绝缘。以此方式，座111m直到它移动到与第二材料的嵌入件114电流接触才被腐蚀。同样在一个实施方案中，球120、座111m和嵌入件114每个均由不同材料的构造形成，其中每个可互换地由第一金属、第二金属或者第三金属制成，该第三金属具有介于第一和第二金属中间的反应性。
在另一实施方案中，图2显示了井下组件200的横截面，其具有球220(其具有由可腐蚀的第一金属制成的芯221，涂层222)和座210(其具有由第二金属制成的座部分211，并且容纳在外壳212中)。在一个实施方案中，该涂层例如是可腐蚀的第一金属(例如Mg(OH)2，其中该第一金属是镁或镁合金)的金属的氧化产物。将会理解的是，在一个实施方案中，涂层的存在将球220与座210电绝缘，和因此通过电连接到桥接连接(B)的电源来施加电流，并且该电源将球220和座210电连接，在电解质存在时引起球220的腐蚀。
在另一实施例中，图3A显示了井下组件300的横截面图，其具有球320(其具有被外芯322包围的第一金属的轴芯321)，座310(其具有由第二金属制成的座部分311)和外壳312。一个任选的桥接连接B(未示出)将球320和座310电连接，并且在存在绝缘涂层(未示出)时通过施加电流而引起轴芯321的腐蚀，或者产生势。
在另一实施方案中，轴芯321可以由第一金属形成，而外芯322可以由第二金属制成，其中轴芯321腐蚀，留下外芯322。类似地，在另一实施方案中，轴芯321可以由第二金属制成，而外芯322可以由第一金属制成，其中外芯322腐蚀，留下轴芯321。在这些实施方案中，轴芯321和外芯322保持恒定的电接触。因为该第一金属上没有完全的Mg(OH)2涂层，因此电解质与轴芯和外芯321和322二者分别接触。在该实施方案中，由更具反应性的第一金属制成的制品的部分将更快地腐蚀，并且因此座部分311的材料将不支配电流相互作用。
需要注意的是，轴芯321和外芯322保持恒定的电接触。因为第一金属上没有完全的Mg(OH)2涂层，因此电解质与轴芯321和外芯322二者接触。在该实施方案中，由更具反应性的第一金属制成的制品的部分(例如球)将更快地腐蚀，并且因此座部分311的材料不影响轴芯或者外芯321或322的腐蚀。
图3B显示了井下组件300a的横截面图，其类似于图3A，但是是在第一金属腐蚀后(其中该轴芯321a包含第一金属)，其具有球320a(其具有被外芯322包围的通道321a(对应于图3A中的轴芯321，现在被除去))和座310(其具有由第二金属制成的座部分311，并且包含在外壳312中)。通道321a仅允许安装的球之上和之下的区域之间有限的开口，以将流体在它们之间的流动限制到中等水平。
在另一实施方案中，第一金属的、并且具有第一金属的球或者止回阀的压裂塞具有另外的活性材料(例如反应性镁合金粉末)的盖，该另外的活性材料比第一金属更具反应性，并且置于塞的上面。在这种方式中，该另外的活性材料通过与较低反应性的压裂塞/球/止回阀接触而腐蚀，允许通向该球或止回阀。
虽然已经显示和描述了一个或多个实施方案，但是可以对其进行改变和替换，而不脱离本发明的主旨和范围。因此，将会理解的是，本发明已经通过说明性而非限制性的方式进行了描述。
这里公开的全部范围包括端点，并且该端点可以独立地彼此组合。作为此处使用的，后缀“(s)”意在包括它修饰的术语的单数和复数二者，由此包括至少一种该术语(例如着色剂包括至少一种着色剂)。“任选的”或“任选地”表示随后所述的事件或环境可以发生或者可以不发生，并且说明书包括了事件发生的情况和它不发生的情况。作为此处使用的，“组合”包括了共混物、混合物、合金、反应产物等。全部的参考文献在此引入作为参考。
在描述本发明的上下文中(特别是在所附权利要求书的上下文中)，使用术语“一个”和“一种”和“该”和类似的指示被解释为覆盖了单数和复数二者，除非这里另有指示，或者上下文中明显矛盾。此外，还应当注意的是术语“第一”、“第二”等在这里不表示任何的次序、量或重要性，而是用于区分一种元素与另一元素。与量有关使用的修饰词“约”包括了所述的值，并且具有上下文所述的含义(例如它包括了与具体量的测量有关的误差程度)。

Claims (20)

1.一种除去井下组件的方法，其包括
在电解质存在下将第一制品与第二制品接触，
该第一制品包含第一材料并且充当阳极，和
该第二制品包含反应性低于该第一材料的第二材料并且充当阴极，
该井下组件包括与该第二制品电接触的该第一制品，
其中该第一制品的至少一部分在该电解质中腐蚀。
2.权利要求1的方法，其中该第一材料包括镁合金。
3.权利要求1的方法，其中该第一制品在其表面上具有非金属涂层。
4.权利要求3的方法，其中该涂层包括可溶性玻璃、可溶性聚合物或者金属氧化物或氢氧化物涂层。
5.权利要求3的方法，其中该非金属涂层是氢氧化镁。
6.权利要求3的方法，其中通过施加电势以在该第一和第二制品之间建立电接触而除去该非金属涂层。
7.权利要求1的方法，其中该第二材料包括钢、钨、铬、镍、铜、铁、铝、锌、其合金或者包含前述至少一种的组合。
8.权利要求1的方法，其中该第一制品是受控电解材料(CEM)球或者压裂塞。
9.权利要求1的方法，其中该第二制品是球座。
10.权利要求1的方法，其中该第一制品包括：
可腐蚀的芯，其包含该第一材料，并且至少部分地穿入该第一制品，和
非可腐蚀的包围结构，其包含该第二材料，
其中仅该芯被腐蚀。
11.权利要求1的方法，其中该第一制品包括：
非可腐蚀的芯，其包含该第二材料，并且至少部分地穿入该第一制品，和
可腐蚀的包围结构，其包含该第一材料，
其中仅该包围结构被腐蚀。
12.权利要求1的方法，其中该电解质是水、卤水、酸或者包含前述至少一种的组合。
13.一种在井下组件中产生电势的方法，其包括
将第一制品和第二制品与电解质和导电元件接触以形成电路，
该第一制品包含第一材料并且充当阳极，和
该第二制品包含反应性低于该第一制品的材料的第二材料并且充当阴极。
14.权利要求13的方法，其中该第一材料包括镁合金，其具有小于或等于约0.5重量%的镍。
15.权利要求13的方法，其中该电解质是水、卤水、酸或者包含前述至少一种的组合。
16.权利要求13的方法，其中该第二材料包括钢、钨、铬、镍、钴、铜、铁、铝、锌、其合金或者包含前述至少一种的组合。
17.权利要求13的方法，其进一步包括在电解质中腐蚀该第一制品。
18.一种井下组件，其包括：
第一制品，其包含第一材料并且充当阳极，和
第二制品，其包含反应性低于该第一材料的第二材料并且充当阴极，
该第一和第二制品通过导电元件电连接以形成电路，
其中在电解质存在下，该井下组件产生电势，和该第一制品的至少一部分被腐蚀。
19.权利要求18的制品，其中该第一材料包括镁，和该第二材料包括钢、钨、铬、镍、钴、铜、铁、铝、锌、其合金或者包含前述至少一种的组合。
20.权利要求18的制品，其中该第一制品是球，和该第二制品是球座。
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