CN103650232B - 具有空气电极保护装置的金属-空气蓄电池 - Google Patents

具有空气电极保护装置的金属-空气蓄电池 Download PDF

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CN103650232B
CN103650232B CN201280024018.4A CN201280024018A CN103650232B CN 103650232 B CN103650232 B CN 103650232B CN 201280024018 A CN201280024018 A CN 201280024018A CN 103650232 B CN103650232 B CN 103650232B
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P·斯特文斯
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Abstract

本发明涉及可再充电蓄电池，其包括一个或多个金属‑空气电池，每个电池包括第一端子(1)和第二端子(2)、连接到所述第一端子(1)的金属‑空气电池的金属负电极(3)、析氧的第一正电极(4)、作为包含至少一种氧还原催化剂的多孔空气电极的第二正电极(5)、电解液、适于连续地将端子(2)和端子(1)之间的测量电压与设定值进行比较并在所述测量电压变成小于所述设定值时向切换装置发送切换信号的控制装置(6)、适于接收来自所述控制装置(6)的切换信号并将所述空气电极(5)与所述第二端子(2)连接和断开的切换装置(7)。本发明还涉及使用这种蓄电池的方法。

Description

具有空气电极保护装置的金属-空气蓄电池
发明领域
本发明涉及可再充电金属-空气蓄电池，其包括空气电极、析氧电极和在蓄电池的充电和放电阶段期间保护所述空气电极的自动装置。本发明还涉及使用这种蓄电池进行存储和释放电能的方法。
背景技术
金属-空气电池使用基于金属的负电极，所述金属为例如锌、铁或锂，所述负电极耦接到空气电极。在这种电池放电时，分子氧在正电极被还原，而所述金属在负电极被氧化：
O2+2H2O+4e-→4OH-
M→Mn++ne-
两个电极常常与碱性的水性电解液接触。
锌-空气电池被出售用于例如听觉假体中。
几十年来已经进行了大量的研究以开发和优化空气电极，这使得能够生产金属-空气电化学发生器，已知所述金属-空气电化学发生器能够达到几百Wh／kg的高能量密度。
空气电极具有如下优点：能够使用来自空气的氧作为电化学还原的氧化剂，空气可以随时随地无限量地使用。然而，因为空气中氧的密度低(0.03mol／L)，需要大的反应面积。空气电极的多孔固体结构提供了这种大的反应面积。空气电极为多孔固体结构，其与液体电解液接触，所述电解液一般为碱性的水溶液。空气电极与液体电解液之间的界面为所谓的“三相接触”界面，其中电极的活性物质、气态氧化剂和液体电解液同时存在。
对于可以用于锌-空气蓄电池中的各种类型的空气电极的描述，读者可以参考例如V. Neburchilov等人的文章“A review on air cathodes for zinc-airfuel cells”，Journal of Power Sources195(2010)，第1271-1291页。
然而，空气电极具有相当大的缺点，该缺点为在使用它们时在对蓄电池进行再充电时他们的大的脆性。具体来说，空气电极具有多孔结构并以体积的电极运行，在其中电化学反应发生在电极的全部体积中的气态氧化剂、液体电解液和固体活性物质(三相接触)之间的界面。在充电阶段，在空气电极的结构内形成气态分子氧。这种气态氧通过破坏碳颗粒和所用的粘合聚合物之间的结合快速地导致空气电极的多孔结构的机械破坏。
此外，在高电位下也加速了碳在氧的存在下通过碳氧化的腐蚀(参见电Kim J.、Lee J.、Tak Y.的文章“Relationship between carbon corrosion andpositive electrode potential in a proton-exchange membrane fuel-cell duringstart／stop operation”(2009)，Journal of Power Sources，192(2)，第674-678页，以及在Handbook of Battery Materials(J.O.Besenhard编辑)，Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH，Weinheim，Germany)中的Kinishita，K.的“Carbons”章节(2007)。
本发明人也已观察到引入空气电极中碳颗粒表面上的氧还原催化剂在逆氧化反应所必需的高电位下是不稳定的。有些作者使用了更具抗氧还原催化剂，将其耦合到在由两个电耦合层构成的双功能电极中的析氧催化剂上(参见US5306579)。然而，这种结构产生的电极寿命短且循环次数有限。
这种空气电极在蓄电池的再充电阶段劣化问题的另一种已知的解决方案是使用析氧电极，即第二正电极，其不会发生由于氧分子的形成而导致的劣化。
专利US3 532 548描述了这氧一种可再充电蓄电池，其包括负电极、空气电极和析氧电极(称为辅助电极)。在对在该文献中描述的蓄电池进行充电时，仅将负电极和析氧电极(辅助电极)进行连接。在对该蓄电池进行放电时，使用了两种操作模式：
-第一“正常”操作模式，其中只有空气电极与负电极一起操作，和
-第二“高功率”操作模式，其中两个正电极(空气电极和辅助电极)共同地操作。
尽管如此，本申请人已观察到在US3 532 548中所描述的系统不能够有效保护空气电极。具体来说，在放电起始，两个蓄电池端子之间的电压过高时，空气电极可能发生电化学劣化。
根据本申请人的了解，这种在放电起始的劣化至今未被检测，并且无论如何在文献US3 532 548中都没有被考虑。
发明内容
本发明的目的是不仅在蓄电池的充电阶段期间，而且在放电期间确保有效地保护金属-空气蓄电池的多孔空气电极。
在本发明中凭借自动保护系统实现了该目的，所述自动保护系统不断地监控两个蓄电池端子之间的电压，特别是在放电的起始，并且仅在该电压足够低时连接空气电极，以消除空气电极的机械或化学劣化的任何风险。
因此，本发明的一个主题是可再充电蓄电池，其包括一个或多个金属-空气电池，每个电池包括：
-第一端子和第二端子，
-金属-空气电池的金属负电极，其连接到所述第一端子，
-第一析氧正电极，
-第二正电极，其为含有至少一种氧还原催化剂的多孔空气电极，及
-电解液，
-控制装置，其适于连续地将所述第二端子和所述第一端子之间的测量电压(Vm)与设定值(Vc)进行比较，并适于在所述测量电压(Vm)降到低于所述设定值(Vc)时，向切换装置发送切换信号，
-切换装置，其适于接收来自控制装置的切换信号，并适于使所述空气电极与所述第二端子连接和断开。
因此，本发明的蓄电池在其电池的每一个中包括三种类型的电极：
-负电极，其永久地连接于第一端子，即在充电阶段和放电阶段期间，
-第一正电极，其在一种实施方式中连续地连接到第二端子，或其在另一种实施方式中与所述第二正极交替地连接到所述第二端子，即在第二正电极被连接时，其与所述第二端子断开，和
-空气电极(第二正电极)，其必须进行保护免于任何劣化，并且其仅在第二放电阶段期间当两个端子间的电压足够小时才连接到第二端子。
本发明也包括其中这些电极中的一个或多个以多个复制件或以多个部件存在时的变体。可以举例的方式列举具有单个平板式负电极、位于所述负电极的每一侧的两个空气电极、和位于平板式负电极和两个空气电极之间的两个金属正电极(析氧电极)的电池。
原则上所述负电极可以是广泛用于金属-空气电池中的任何金属电极。它可以例如是铁、锂或锌电极，优选锂电极(Li／LiOH)或锌电极(Zr／Zn(OH)4 2-)，以及更优选锌电极。
第一析氧正电极可以例如为银电极(Ag/AgO)或镍电极(Ni／NiO或NiOH／NiOOH)。在电化学电池中，这种电极优选镍电极，通常具有格栅结构或穿孔板结构，并且其一般位于负电极和空气电极之间。这种电极的穿孔结构，如其所知，起到在放电期间确保负电极和空气电极之间的液体电解液成分的自由通路的作用。
第二正电极为多孔的空气电极，其设计为允许在电解液、气态氧化剂和电极的固体活性物质之间的三相接触。原则上，其可以从所有常用于本领域的那些之中、尤其从上文提及的Neburchilov的文章中描述的那些中进行选择。
这优选是通过由具有高表面积的碳颗粒构成的碳粉的聚结而得到的电极，所述碳粉例如由Cabot公司销售的产品XC72。在将碳引入空气电极之前，可以通过与气体例如CO2的反应增加碳的比表面积。碳颗粒的比表面积是决定性的。实际上，比表面积越大，每单位电极几何表面积的电流密度越大。通过使用粘结剂使碳颗粒聚结来制造多孔电极，所述粘结剂优选是疏水性含氟聚合物，例如Dupont公司销售的FEP。例如申请WO2000／036677给出了金属-空气蓄电池的空气电极的详细描述。
此外，基于碳粒子的空气电极优选含有至少一种氧还原催化剂。这种氧还原催化剂优选选自氧化锰和氧化钴形成的组。虽然这些催化剂非常有效，但是在经受过高的电势时它们会失活，因此，在使用这些氧还原催化剂时，下面将更详细描述的由控制装置和切换装置的组合形成的本发明的自动保护装置是特别重要的。
所用的电解液优选是碱性的水性电解液，其与电池中的所有电极接触。在某些实施方式中，例如在其中使用锂电极作为负电极的情况下，如所知的，可能必需用锂离子传导固体电解质将水性电解液与负电极物理地分开。
在本发明中使用的控制装置必须适于连续地将第二端子和第一端子之间的测量电压(Vm)与设定值(Vc)进行比较。该设定值是例如由电池或由外部电池提供动力的稳定电压源提供的参考电压值。优选将其设置为比在仅连接空气电极时充电态的开路电池电压(即，对于锌空气电池为约1.44V，对于锂-空气电池为约3V)稍小的值。
优选地，将使用由运算放大器驱动的机电继电器作为控制装置。这种运算放大器例如由National Semiconducter以参考号LM324进行销售，并将参照图2更详细地进行描述。
本发明的另一个主题是使用如上面描述的蓄电池存储和释放电能的方法。
该方法包括以下相继步骤：
(a)充电阶段，在此期间所述负电极连接到所述第一端子，所述第一正电极连接到所述第二端子，并且所述空气电极断开，
(b)第一放电阶段，在此期间所述负电极连接到所述第一端子，所述第一正电极连接到所述第二端子，所述空气电极断开，并且所述控制装置连续地将两个端子之间的测量电压(Vm)与设定值(Vc)进行比较，
(c)第一切换步骤，在此期间，在两个端子之间的电压值降到低于所述设定值(Vc)时，所述第二正电极(其为所述空气电极)连接到所述第二端子，
(d)第二放电阶段，在此期间所述负电极连接到所述第一端子，并且所述空气电极连接到所述第二端子，以及
(e)第二切换步骤，在此期间所述空气电极与所述第二端子断开。
申请人认为相继步骤(b)和(c)，即在放电起始所述空气电极的不连接、通过合适的控制装置的两个端子之间的电压下降的连续监测、然后仅在端子间的电势差的绝对值已变得足够低时空气电极的连接，有效地保护空气电极并构成本发明对现有技术的贡献。
换句话说，在放电起始，只要两个端子之间的电压的绝对值高于所述设定值(例如Vc=1,44V)的绝对值，空气电极就保持断开并且不经受由过高的电势差而被劣化的风险。
在使用基于镍(Ni/NiO)的第一正电极的情况下，在充电起始的电压通常等于1.7V。
当通过控制装置连续测量的两个端子之间的电压值降到小于设定值(1.44V)时，控制装置发送切换信号给切换装置，目的在于最终将空气电极连接到第二端子。
空气电极可以保持连接直到放电步骤结束，即直到下一次充电阶段开始。在下一次充电步骤(步骤(a))之前空气电极的断开(步骤(e))可手动完成，或优选通过与进行本发明方法的第一切换步骤(步骤(c))的切换装置联合的控制装置自动完成。
在第二放电阶段，在此期间空气电极连接到第二端子，第一正电极可连接或断开。当然，第一正电极是连接还是断开，取决于切换装置的结构。在本发明的一个实施方式中，切换装置适于断开第二端子的第一正电极。在另一种实施方式中，切换装置适于不使第一正电极与第二端子断开，因此其在充电和放电期间都保持连续地连接于第二端子。
附图说明
将参照附图更详细地描述本发明，其中
图1为本发明的蓄电池的电池的一种实施方式的示意图，
图2为形成本发明的空气电极的保护装置的控制装置和切换装置的示意图。
具体实施方式
蓄电池的电池包括第一端子1和第二端子2。在蓄电池的放电期间，第一端子为负极端子并且第二端子为正极端子。
第一端子1连接到第一金属电极3(所谓的负电极)，其由例如锌或锂制成。
第二端子2经由切换装置7耦接到析氧电极4或空气电极5。在蓄电池的放电期间，这两个电极形成正电极。
析氧电极可以例如由镍制成。空气电极是基于碳的多孔电极，其在固体/气体界面上含有氧还原催化剂。该催化剂可以是氧化锰或氧化钴。
该三个电极3、4、5与至少一种电解液，、优选为碱性的水性电解液接触。
将两个正电极4、5通过切换装置7耦接到第二端子2。在图1所示的实施方式中，切换装置7是专用的，即它们将端子2或者连接到析氧电极4，或者连接到空气电极5。
根据本发明的蓄电池还包括控制装置6，其适于连续测量两个端子1和2之间的电压Vm，并且适于向切换装置7发送切换信号，并由此控制一个和／或其它正电极的连接或断开。
控制装置更详细地示于图2中。
等于设定值(Vc)的参考电压由连接在第一端子1和运算放大器9的负输入之间的稳定电压源8提供。第二端子2连接到运算放大器9的正输入，所述运算放大器测量两个输入之间的电压差。因此，从在第一端子和第二端子之间的电压中减去设定电压。在两个端子之间测量的电压等于设定电压时，由运算放大器测量的施加于两个输入的电压之间的差值等于0。
此外，控制装置6包括晶体管10，其起着两个端子11和12之间的电流环路的开关的作用。
当蓄电池的两个端子1和2之间的电压Vm大于设定电压Vc时，运算放大器向晶体管10的基极B发送给定的电压。然后晶体管10开启并允许电流在其发射极E和集电极C之间通过。
此外，控制装置包括线圈或电感器13。当电流在电流环路中流动时，线圈产生磁场。
例如，切换装置7可以包括继电器，所述继电器包含可以被磁场移动的传导元件14。
因此，在线圈13产生磁场时，传导元件14从第一位置移动到第二位置。在第一位置上，传导元件与空气电极分开，以便将其与蓄电池的第二端子断开，并且在第二位置上，空气电极连接到蓄电池的第二端子。

Claims (10)

1.可再充电蓄电池，包括一个或多个金属-空气电池，每个电池包括
-第一端子(1)和第二端子(2)，
-金属-空气电池的金属负电极(3)，其连接到第一端子(1)，
-第一析氧正电极(4)，其连续地连接到第二端子(2)，
-第二正电极(5)，其为包含至少一种氧还原催化剂的多孔空气电极，及
-电解液，
其特征在于，还包括
-控制装置(6)，其适于连续地将所述第二端子(2)和所述第一端子(1)之间的测量电压Vm与设定值Vc进行比较，并适于在所述测量电压Vm降到低于所述设定值Vc时，向切换装置(7)发送切换信号，
-切换装置(7)，其适于接收来自控制装置(6)的切换信号，并适于将所述空气电极(5)与所述第二端子(2)连接和断开。
2.如权利要求1所述的蓄电池，其特征在于，所述负电极(3)为锂电极Li/LiOH或锌电极Zn/Zn(OH)4 2-。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的蓄电池，其特征在于，所述第一析氧正电极(4)为银电极Ag/AgO或镍电极Ni/NiO或NiOH/NiOOH。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的蓄电池，其特征在于，所述空气电极包含碳粒子和在其上的至少一种氧还原催化剂。
5.如权利要求1或2所述的蓄电池，其特征在于，所述空气电极中的所述氧还原催化剂选自由氧化锰和氧化钴构成的组。
6.如权利要求1或2所述的蓄电池，其特征在于，将所述设定值Vc设定为小于当仅连接所述空气电极时充电态的所述电池的开路电压的值。
7.如权利要求1或2所述的蓄电池，其特征在于，所述控制装置(6)为由运算放大器驱动的机电继电器。
8.如权利要求1或2所述的蓄电池，其特征在于，所述第一析氧正电极(4)采用格栅的形式或穿孔板的形式，并且位于所述负电极和所述空气电极之间。
9.使用前述任一权利要求所述的蓄电池存储和释放电能的方法，所述方法包括以下相继步骤：
(a)充电阶段，在此期间所述负电极(3)连接到所述第一端子(1)，所述第一析氧正电极(4)连接到所述第二端子(2)，并且所述空气电极(5)断开，
(b)第一放电阶段，在此期间所述负电极(3)连接到所述第一端子(1)，所述第一析氧正电极(4)连接到所述第二端子(2)，所述空气电极(5)断开，并且所述控制装置(6)连续地将所述第二端子(2)和所述第一端子(1)之间的测量电压Vm与设定值Vc进行比较，
(c)第一切换步骤，在此期间，当所述第二端子(2)和所述第一端子(1)之间的电压值降到低于所述设定值Vc时，所述第二正电极(5)——其为所述空气电极，连接到所述第二端子(2)，
(d)第二放电阶段，在此期间所述负电极(3)连接到所述第一端子(1)，并且所述空气电极(5)连接到所述第二端子(2)，以及
(e)第二切换步骤，在此期间所述空气电极(5)与所述第二端子(2)断开。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法，其特征在于，在所述第一切换步骤中，所述切换装置(7)不使所述第一析氧正电极(4)与所述第二端子(2)断开。
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