CN103461688A - Environment-friendly feed with low discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Environment-friendly feed with low discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an environment-friendly feed with low discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus. The feed comprises wheat meal, soybean meal, fish meal, rapeseed meal, soya-bean oil, trace element and vitamin premix, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, choline chloride, fish oil, carboxymethyl cellulose, methionine, lysine and L-threonine. Through addition of monomeric amino acids like methionine, lysine and threonine into the environment-friendly feed, the amino acid-balanced feed is obtained, the usage amount of fish meal is effectively reduced, cost for the cultivation feed is increased, and on the premise that growth effects of carp are guaranteed, discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus is effectively decreased and water body pollution is reduced.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of feed, relate in particular to the environment-protecting feed that a kind of fish is used, belong to the animal feeding field.
Background technology
During Modern Fishery is produced, feedstuff feeding has material impact to the water quality in cultivation waters, and fish nitrogen, phosphorus excretion are the principal elements that causes that the cultivation water area water-quality degenerates, and nitrogen, phosphorus are the essential nutrient elements of fish growth.Therefore measure that fish nitrogen, phosphorus excretion need the daily ration of nitrogen, phosphorus the research cultured fishes and cultivation waters environmental pollution is significant.
In recent years since, the water quality deterioration of plant becomes in the difficult problem of fishery field face, particularly freshwater aquiculture, and water quality deterioration has caused the Long-term Effect to environment, easily directly causes various diseases.The excreta of therefore breeding fish with exploitation and remaining feed is few, few feed becomes the problem that this area receives much concern to environmental pressure.Carp belongs to Chordata, spoke fin net-rope, Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae.Because its protein content is high, quality is good, is rich in multivitamin and mineral matter, and the digestibility in human body can reach 96% and liked by the consumer.Carp environment tolerance is strong, and growth is fast, is one of main breed variety of China's fresh water.Carp soma material the same as other fish contains the protein more than 65%, and the protein in feed is the main source of body protein deposition, and fish consume feed protein and obtain amino acid, after intestinal absorption again in order to synthetic new protein.Essential amino acid in impact, especially amino acid that fish protein need to be formed by daily ration amino acid, it is the major embodiment person of protein nutritive value, the kind of essential amino acid, requirement and ratio directly affect the nutritive value of protein.
Ammonia nitrogen in water body is the essential a kind of macroelement of algae, is also a kind of nutrient that limits primary productivity more common in breeding water body, very large to Influence of production.Wherein the ammoniacal nitrogen in water is to Influence of production maximum, NH
3with NH
4 +be all the essential nutritive salt of algae, nearly all algae can directly, rapidly and preferentially utilize NH
3.Yet the existence of ammoniacal nitrogen suppresses algae to nitrite nitrogen (NO
2g) and the utilization of urea, ammoniacal nitrogen also will consume dissolved oxygen in water in changing into the process of nitrate, and especially molecular state ammonia has very strong toxicity to fish and other aquatic animals, even concentration is very low, also can suppress growth, infringement gill tissue, increase the weight of fish disease, breeding production is caused to adverse effect.In pond waters, the main source of ammonia nitrogen is decomposition and the hydrobiological metabolism of itrogenous organic substance in Chi Shui and bed mud, and this is the main path that the water body ammonia content increases.Especially artificial a large amount of bait throwing in the pond of high investment, high production, fertilising in making pond nitrogenous debirs quantity increase; The density of putting in a suitable place to breed is large, and biological metabolism is vigorous, and the quantity of excretion refuse ammonia increases.Advancing the speed of ammonia substantially exceeded the phytoplankton limit of utilization, to ammonia is accumulated in water.
In the many index of evaluating water quality, ammonia nitrogen and nitrous acid nitrogen content are particularly important.Ammonia is the important end-product of penetrating in fishes and shrimps protein generation, and in water, excessive concentration produces and has a strong impact on fishes and shrimps kidney,liver,spleen, thyroid gland and blood tissues.Aquaculture water Central Asia nitrate nitrogen also can produce murder by poisoning to fishes and shrimps, and the transportation of the interior oxygen of major effect fishes and shrimps body, the oxidation of important compound also damage organ.Different fishes and shrimps are different to the resistance of water ammonia nitrogen and nitrous acid nitrogen, and as Chinese prawn nursery stage ammonia nitrogen can not surpass 0.6ppm, porgy nursery stage nitrous acid nitrogen content can not surpass 0.5ppm.
In fish culture, a large amount of use feeds has all caused harmful effect to water body environment and healthy fish at present, so this area is badly in need of a kind of feed of can effectively controlling and can be effectively guaranteed the feed of carp Balance Absorption essential amino acid again to the pollution of environment.
Summary of the invention
For the needs of prior art, the invention discloses a kind of fish that are applicable to, be particularly useful for the environment-protecting feed of the low nitrogen phosphorus excretion of carp raising, by its composition is improved, reduced the excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus, guaranteed amino acid whose balanced the absorption and utilization.
For achieving the above object, the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
A kind of environment-protecting feed of low nitrogen phosphorus excretion, comprise wheat flour, Soybean Meal, fish meal, rapeseed dregs, soya-bean oil, micro-dimension premix, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, Choline Chloride, fish oil, carboxymethyl cellulose, methionine, lysine, L-threonine.
In feed of the present invention, can reduce the consumption of fish meal by adding free methionine, lysine, threonine, adjust the daily ration amino acid balance and approach high-level fish-meal, effectively reduce nitrogen content in water under the prerequisite that does not affect carp growth, delay water quality deterioration.
Wherein, methionine used is liquid methionine hydroxy analogs (being called for short LMA) or DL-METHIONINE (being called for short DLM), is preferably the liquid methionine hydroxy analogs.
The applicant has determined the amount ranges of each composition (in mass fraction) in the present invention by great many of experiments: wheat flour 20-35, Soybean Meal 20-35, fish meal 5-15, rapeseed dregs 25-30, soya-bean oil 0.5-1.5, micro-dimension premix 1-3, calcium dihydrogen phosphate 1-5, Choline Chloride 0.1-0.5, fish oil 1-2, carboxymethyl cellulose 1-2, methionine 0.1-1, lysine 0.1-1, L-threonine 0.1-1;
Preferably, each composition consumption is wheat flour 22.4, Soybean Meal 23.6-24.0, fish meal 7-12, rapeseed dregs 27.8, soya-bean oil 0.82, micro-dimension premix 2.0, calcium dihydrogen phosphate 2.72, Choline Chloride 0.13, fish oil 1.68, carboxymethyl cellulose 1.79-1.81, methionine 0.64-0.82, lysine 0.54-0.88, L-threonine 0.56.
On the basis of the above, in order further to reduce the application cost of feed, also contain corn in feed, its consumption is 4-8.
The applicant has determined that by further experiment the best of feed forms, and wherein each composition consumption is wheat flour 22.4, Soybean Meal 23.6, fish meal 11, rapeseed dregs 27.8, soya-bean oil 0.82, micro-dimension premix 2.0, calcium dihydrogen phosphate 2.72, Choline Chloride 0.13, fish oil 1.68, carboxymethyl cellulose 1.79, liquid methionine hydroxy analogs LMA0.77, lysine 0.68, L-threonine 0.56, corn 4.05.
Accordingly, the invention also discloses the preparation method of above-mentioned feed, comprise each composition is ground to the step that powder stirs, concrete comprises the steps:
1) each composition is ground to powder; 2) use wheat flour as expanding agent carrier, add and tie up in a subtle way premix, Choline Chloride, CMC, lysine, L-threonine, methionine, above-mentioned feedstuff is fully mixed in the premix machine; 3) by 2) mixed fodder for preparing fully mixes with feed mixing machine with residual components; 4) by step 3) the gained feed, be machined to the carp pellet with feed granules; 5) drying and packaging.
Wherein, for improving carp to the digesting and assimilating of carbohydrate, in step 1) after, the carbohydrate feeds such as wheat flour and corn flour are carried out to the αization processing, fry.
Wherein, when methionine used is LMA, first gets a part of wheat flour and then add LMA fully to mix as the carrier of LMA.
In the present invention, the various compositions that use all have commercially available, wherein wheat flour, Soybean Meal, fish meal, rapeseed dregs, soya-bean oil, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, Choline Chloride, fish oil, carboxymethyl cellulose, methionine, lysine, L-threonine etc. all can buy from fish feed market, although there are various models in micro-dimension premix on market, it forms by vitamin A, Cobastab
2, Cobastab
6, Cobastab
1, Cobastab
12, vitamin D
3, vitamin E, vitamin K
3, the composition such as vitamin C phosphoric ester, nicotinic acid, calcium pantothenate, folic acid, manganese sulfate, ferrous sulfate, zinc oxide, copper sulphate, magnesia, purpose is as fish provide necessary vitamin component, mineral matter etc., 4% premix that this type of common premix nation as grand as Henan bio tech ltd is produced (production licence number: raise pre-(2006) 4642; Product standard numbering Q/HHB003-2010; Raise in product authentication code Henan; Pre-word (2010) 178005), the fresh-water fishes premixes such as the good series 1%, 2.5% of the ancient cooking vessel that Jia Jiawang animal husbandry Co., Ltd produces, the 1.2% carp compound premix (pre-word (2001) 063303 is raised by Soviet Union) that Wuxi Zhong Shui fishing medicine Co., Ltd produces, the fish doctor series 1% carp green compound premix feed that Liyang Zhengchang Feed Science & Technology Co., Ltd. produces etc., the premix of selling on fish feed market at present all can be used for the present invention.
Feed link of the present invention is crossed the free amino acids such as methionine, lysine and threonine that add monomer, reduced the consumption of fish meal, make feedstuff composition reach amino acid balance, reduce the breeding feed cost, not only can not affect the fish growth effect, can also effectively reduce the discharge of carp nitrogen, phosphorus, reduce water pollution simultaneously.
The accompanying drawing explanation
The feed that Fig. 1,2 is the different experiments group changes, changes by all water nitrite acid nitrogen concentrations by the Zhou Shuiti ammonia nitrogen concentration.
The specific embodiment
In following concrete enforcement, the applicant provides several concrete composition of environment-protecting feed of the present invention, and has detected its impact on carp growth and water body environment.Each embodiment provided is only for example, do not adopt following composition and adopts other composition also to be contained by the present invention.
Experimental subjects: healthy carp 90 tails that are 70～80 grams by initial weight, be divided into 5 groups, establish 3 repetitions for every group, cultivate the aquarium of water circulating filter in 120cm * 60cm * 80cm, water source is aeration underground water, water temperature is controlled at 25 ℃, according to 2%～4% amount of weight, divides and throws something and feeds for 4 times.Throw something and feed in 1h and eat up, if any residual feed, sucking-off is dried, the weighing quality, duration of test soil pick-up every day 1 time, and change bottom water.Aquarium is provided with aerator, uninterrupted pump gas oxygenation 24 hours every days.
Experimental technique: the different protein levels and added the methionine daily ration of varying level and kind of feeding respectively: A, B, C, D, E, each feed formula is in Table 1, each is organized feed and also adds appropriate lysine, L-threonine, makes Dietary Lysine and threonine content reach the NRC trophic level.Each feedstuff is mixed, pulverize, in order to be conducive to digest and assimilate the wheat flour parch, then make the carp pellet with granulator, Exposure to Sunlight is dried, and experimental period is 60 days.
Feed adopts following concrete steps preparation: 1) each composition is ground to powder, wherein wheat flour and corn flour etc. carry out the αization processing; 2) use wheat flour as expanding agent carrier, add and tie up in a subtle way premix, Choline Chloride, CMC, lysine, L-threonine, methionine, above-mentioned feedstuff is fully mixed in small-sized premix machine to 30min; 3) by 2) mixed fodder for preparing fully mixes 15min with residual components with feed mixing machine; 4) by step 3) the gained feed, be machined to the carp pellet with feed granules; 5) drying and packaging.
Detection mode: duration of test records food ration every day, measures while starting to test, the gross weight of every case fish 1 month the time, during off-test, calculates each experimental stage percent mass penalty, feed coefficient and protein efficiency ratio, PER.
Data processing method:
Weight during weight during Weight gain=off-test-on-test; Weight * 100% during percent mass penalty (WGR)=Weight gain/on-test; Feed coefficient (FCR)=daily ration, feeding quantity/Weight gain;
Albumen intake=daily ration, feeding quantity * crude protein content; Protein efficiency ratio, PER=Weight gain/albumen intake.
Gather weekly each case water sample, measure ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrous acid nitrogen content.Feed is carried out to the content of tatal phosphorus analysis, measure the phosphorus accumulation of fish body in the time of off-test, calculate the accumulation rate of phosphorus.
Phosphorus intake=daily ration, feeding quantity * feed phosphorus content; Phosphorus accumulation rate=(quality of fishes increases * survey fish body phosphorus content ratio)/phosphorus intake * 100%; Phosphorus excretion=phosphorus intake * (1-phosphorus accumulation rate).
Test data is carried out variance analysis, Student-Newman-Keuls multiple ratio with SPSS13.0 software.Data mean with mean value ± standard deviation.
Wherein the feedstuff composition of five groups of embodiment used is as follows, and Soybean Meal used is GB
1level, fish meal is the fish meal of commercially available 62% crude protein content commonly used, micro-dimension premix is 2% premix that the grand nation in Henan bio tech ltd is produced:
Table 1 gradient reduces carp test feed formula and the nutrient content that fish meal adds methionine
From table 1, be accompanied by the reduction of fish meal ratio expensive in feed, feed cost significantly reduces, and B, C feed cost reduce nearly 10% than the A group, and D, E group feed cost reduces nearly 20% than the A group.
Adopt above-mentioned five groups of forage feed carps, testing result is as shown in table 2, as seen from Table 2, to reducing in fish meal content (reduction of feed CP content) feed, add the free amino acids such as methionine, lysine, carp Weight gain and percent mass penalty are had no significant effect to (P>0.05).Gradient reduces crude protein content in the corresponding reduction feed of fish meal content, approach high-level fish-meal through supplementing free amino acid adjustment daily ration amino acid balance, substantially do not affect carp growth, wherein the growth result of tri-groups of A, B, C slightly is better than two groups of D, E, especially A group and C group.
The above results explanation, reduce fish meal ratio in finishing period carp feed in right amount, adds the amino acid balance that the free amino acids such as DLM and LMA meet trophic level, do not affect carp growth.The growth fraction of the interpolation LMA carp of same protein level and Methionine Levels adds the effective of DLM group.
Table 2 gradient reduces fish meal and adds the impact of methionine on carp growth
Annotate: 1) in the table, data are mean value ± standard deviation (n repetition).
2) * a, b, between the c distinct symbols the statistics on significant difference (P<0.05), NS means between each group not exist significant difference.
According to the account form set, calculate the parameters such as feed coefficient, protein efficiency ratio, PER, result of calculation is as shown in table 3, by table 3, can find suitably to reduce fish meal content, adds methionine, and feed protein efficiency improves.Wherein, add the feed coefficient of LMA group lower than adding the DLM group, when CP content reduces by 4%, feed coefficient increases (P>0.05).
Table 3 gradient reduces fish meal and adds the impact of methionine on carp food ration and feed coefficient
Simultaneously, the applicant calculates phosphorus intake, accumulation rate, excretion in experimentation, result of calculation is as described in Table 4, A, B, tri-groups of phosphorus accumulation rates of C are almost identical as can be seen from the table, illustrate reduce by 4% fish meal content (CP reduces by 2%) on the phosphorus accumulation rate without impact, under the prerequisite that wherein the phosphorus intake of B, C group reduces, cylinder accumulation phosphorus amount is identical, illustrates that taking in phosphorus discharge rate after digesting and assimilating reduces.
When reducing by 8% fish meal content (CP reduces by 4%), the phosphorus accumulation rate reduces, but each group difference is not remarkable.Each is organized the phosphorus excretion and reduces and reduce along with fish meal content.Two groups of B, C, the phosphorus excretion that D, E are two groups is more approaching, but gradient reduces fish meal content, makes phosphorus excretion fast reducing.
Table 4 feed phosphorus content and gradient reduce fish meal and add the impact of methionine on carp phosphorus accumulation rate
With reference to accompanying drawing 1,2, in process of the test, the present invention has detected the variation of ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrous acid nitrogen content in each processed group water, from accompanying drawing, can see, along with the test progress, in aquarium, ammoniacal nitrogen and the nitrous acid nitrogen concentration of water body increase gradually.But by reducing fish meal content in feed, can slow grows speed, and fish meal content reduces manyly, and in water, ammoniacal nitrogen and nitrous acid nitrogen content are also lower.Illustrate that reducing fish meal can effectively reduce nitrogen content in water, delays water quality deterioration.Result shows, B, C, D, tetra-groups of E are all low than ammoniacal nitrogen and the nitrous acid nitrogen contents of A group, at 4th week, the 6th week C, D, tri-groups of E and A group significant difference; At the 8th week D, E group and A group nitrous acid nitrogen content significant difference.Add LMA better than adding DLM to the effect that reduces nitrogen content in water.
Comprehensive above-mentioned result of the test can be found, feed of the present invention, gradient reduces fish meal content, add methionine, lysine and the threonine etc. of monomer, obtain the amino acid balance feed, reduce by 15% left and right of breeding feed cost, not only can not affect the carp growth effect, can also effectively reduce the discharge of carp nitrogen, phosphorus, reduce water pollution simultaneously.
Claims (8)
1. the environment-protecting feed of one kind low nitrogen phosphorus excretion, is characterized in that comprising wheat flour, Soybean Meal, fish meal, rapeseed dregs, soya-bean oil, micro-dimension premix, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, Choline Chloride, fish oil, carboxymethyl cellulose, methionine, lysine, L-threonine.
2. environment-protecting feed according to claim 1, is characterized in that described methionine is liquid methionine hydroxy analogs or DL-METHIONINE.
3. environment-protecting feed according to claim 2, is characterized in that described each composition consumption is: wheat flour 20-25, Soybean Meal 20-25, fish meal 5-15, rapeseed dregs 25-30, soya-bean oil 0.5-1.5, micro-dimension premix 1-5, calcium dihydrogen phosphate 1-5, Choline Chloride 0.1-0.5, fish oil 1-2, carboxymethyl cellulose 1-2, methionine 0.1-1, lysine 0.1-1, L-threonine 0.1-1.
4. environment-protecting feed according to claim 3, is characterized in that described each composition consumption is wheat flour 22.4, Soybean Meal 23.6-24.0, fish meal 7-13, rapeseed dregs 27.8, soya-bean oil 0.82, micro-dimension premix 2.0, calcium dihydrogen phosphate 2.72, Choline Chloride 0.13, fish oil 1.68, carboxymethyl cellulose 1.79-1.81, methionine 0.64-0.82, lysine 0.54-0.88, L-threonine 0.56.
5. environment-protecting feed according to claim 3, is characterized in that also containing corn, and its consumption is 4-8.
6. environment-protecting feed according to claim 2, is characterized in that each composition consumption is wheat flour 22.4, Soybean Meal 23.6, fish meal 11, rapeseed dregs 27.8, soya-bean oil 0.82, micro-dimension premix 2.0, calcium dihydrogen phosphate 2.72, Choline Chloride 0.13, fish oil 1.68, carboxymethyl cellulose 1.79, liquid methionine hydroxy analogs 0.77, lysine 0.68, L-threonine 0.56, corn 4.05.
7. the preparation method of environment-protecting feed claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that comprising the steps: 1) each composition is ground to powder; 2) use wheat flour as expanding agent carrier, add and tie up in a subtle way premix, Choline Chloride, CMC, lysine, L-threonine, methionine, above-mentioned feedstuff is fully mixed in the premix machine; 3) by 2) mixed fodder for preparing fully mixes with feed mixing machine with residual components; 4) by step 3) the gained feed, be machined to the carp pellet with feed granules; 5) drying and packaging.
8. preparation method according to claim 7, is characterized in that the carbohydrate feeds such as wheat flour and corn flour are carried out to the αization processing, fries.
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| CN104814327A (en) * | 2015-05-11 | 2015-08-05 | 四川农业大学 | Feed additive for preventing fish gill hyperemia and rotted gill diseases caused by ammonia nitrogen and feed |
| CN105995004A (en) * | 2016-06-20 | 2016-10-12 | 邓师雄 | Special yield-increasing environment-friendly feed for flathead |
| CN106071378A (en) * | 2016-06-17 | 2016-11-09 | 安庆市富江水产养殖有限公司 | A kind of strong carp feed of environmental protection attractant |
| CN106107211A (en) * | 2016-06-17 | 2016-11-16 | 安庆市富江水产养殖有限公司 | A kind of environmental protection and the Cyprinus carpio special feed of immunity can be effectively improved |
| CN113261614A (en) * | 2021-05-21 | 2021-08-17 | 天宝动物营养科技股份有限公司 | Methionine hydroxy analogue-calcium phosphate and its feed preparation and preparation method |
| CN115517205A (en) * | 2022-09-16 | 2022-12-27 | 华南农业大学 | Method for rapidly determining minimum phosphorus demand of fish |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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| CN105995004A (en) * | 2016-06-20 | 2016-10-12 | 邓师雄 | Special yield-increasing environment-friendly feed for flathead |
| CN113261614A (en) * | 2021-05-21 | 2021-08-17 | 天宝动物营养科技股份有限公司 | Methionine hydroxy analogue-calcium phosphate and its feed preparation and preparation method |
| CN115517205A (en) * | 2022-09-16 | 2022-12-27 | 华南农业大学 | Method for rapidly determining minimum phosphorus demand of fish |
| CN115517205B (en) * | 2022-09-16 | 2023-10-17 | 华南农业大学 | Method for rapidly determining minimum phosphorus demand of fish |
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Application publication date: 20131225 |