CN112970636B - Method for improving muscle hardness and chewiness of grass carp and feed - Google Patents
Method for improving muscle hardness and chewiness of grass carp and feed Download PDFInfo
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- CN112970636B CN112970636B CN202110393688.4A CN202110393688A CN112970636B CN 112970636 B CN112970636 B CN 112970636B CN 202110393688 A CN202110393688 A CN 202110393688A CN 112970636 B CN112970636 B CN 112970636B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
- A23K10/22—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from fish
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
- A23K10/26—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from waste material, e.g. feathers, bones or skin
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/174—Vitamins
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/28—Silicates, e.g. perlites, zeolites or bentonites
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
- Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method and feed for improving the muscle and texture characteristics of grass carp, which increase the intake of vitamin K3 in the feeding process of grass carp to achieve the purpose of improving the muscle and texture characteristics of grass carp; the feed comprises the following components in parts by mass: 350 parts of wheat flour in 250-grade mode, 310 parts of soybean meal in 210-grade mode, 280 parts of rapeseed meal in 240-grade mode, 20-40 parts of freshwater fish meal, 20-40 parts of chicken bone meal, 25-35 parts of fine rice bran powder, 25-35 parts of soybean oil, 15-25 parts of monopotassium phosphate, 15-25 parts of bentonite and 10-30 parts of vitamin K3; the invention achieves the purpose of improving the muscle texture characteristics of the grass carp by adding vitamin K3 with a certain concentration into the feed to improve the muscle hardness and chewiness of the grass carp. The method and the feed have the effects of improving the muscle quality of the grass carp and improving the processing characteristics of the grass carp muscle.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of fish culture, in particular to a method and feed for improving the muscle and texture characteristics of grass carp.
Background
Grass carp (A)Ctenopharyngodon idellus) The current aquaculture breed is the largest aquaculture breed in the world, and the annual output is over 500 million tons only in China. It is not only an important source of inexpensive protein in developing or underdeveloped areas, but it also makes a significant contribution to the world's supply of high quality animal protein. From the perspective of global marine fishery resources, grass carp has great potential for sustainable development on a global scale due to low demand for fish meal.
The muscle texture characteristics of the fish meat, particularly the hardness and the chewiness, are very important quality indexes for producers, processors and consumers, and the fish meat with better texture characteristics can be processed into high-quality products more easily. Introduction of embrittled grass carp breed (Ctenopharyngodon idellus C.et V) is one of the most important developments in the grass carp farming industry. In the early 1970 s, the fish farmers in Dongsheng, Guangdong province, China accidentally found that the muscle structure of grass carp changed significantly after feeding broad bean for 90-120 days. Unlike ordinary grass carp, the grass carp fed with broad beans has significantly improved muscle hardness and brittleness, and is therefore popular with consumers. However, since broad beans are natural substances and are themselves expensive as commercial products, the cost of cultivating grass carp with crisped grass carp (grass carp fed with broad beans) is high and the market has poor risk resistance.
At present, many studies have shown that the muscle quality of grass carp can be improved by adding feed additives, but there is no method for improving the muscle hardness and chewiness of grass carp to such an extent as crisped grass carp.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for improving the muscle and structure characteristics of grass carps and feed, which are used for solving the problems in the prior art, and the vitamin K3 is added into the feed to improve the muscle and structure characteristics of the grass carps, so that the feed has very important significance for improving the muscle and structure characteristics of the grass carps in aquaculture.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following scheme:
the invention provides a method for improving the muscular structure characteristics of grass carp, which increases the intake of vitamin K3 in the feeding process of the grass carp.
Further, the daily intake increase of vitamin K3 is 0.04-0.08% of the fish body.
Further, the daily intake increase of vitamin K3 was 0.06% of the fish mass.
Further, the intake of vitamin K3 was increased for at least 30 consecutive days during the rearing of grass carp.
Further, the vitamin K3 is ingested in the form of a feed additive.
Furthermore, the addition amount of the vitamin K3 in the feed is 1-3 wt%.
Further, the vitamin K3 is feed grade, and the concentration is more than or equal to 98%.
The invention also provides a feed for improving the muscle and texture characteristics of grass carp, and 1-3wt% of vitamin K3 is added.
Further, the feed comprises the following components in parts by mass in addition to vitamin K3:
350 parts of wheat flour in 250-grade mode, 310 parts of soybean meal in 210-grade mode, 280 parts of rapeseed meal in 240-grade mode, 20-40 parts of freshwater fish meal, 20-40 parts of chicken bone meal, 25-35 parts of fine rice bran powder, 25-35 parts of soybean oil, 15-25 parts of monopotassium phosphate and 15-25 parts of bentonite.
Furthermore, the feed comprises the following components in parts by mass:
300 parts of wheat flour, 260 parts of soybean meal, 260 parts of rapeseed powder, 30 parts of freshwater fish meal, 30 parts of chicken bone meal, 30 parts of fine rice bran powder, 30 parts of soybean oil, 20 parts of monopotassium phosphate, 20 parts of bentonite and 20 parts of vitamin K3.
The invention discloses the following technical effects:
the invention achieves the purpose of improving the muscle texture characteristics of the grass carp by adding vitamin K3 with a certain concentration into the feed to improve the muscle hardness and chewiness of the grass carp. Vitamin K3 can be used as a trace element and an oxidizing promoter, and can be added properly to promote the increase of a signal molecule of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in grass carp muscles, when the ROS are accumulated to a certain degree, the proliferation and differentiation of myofibrils are further activated, the number and density of myofibrils are promoted to be increased, and finally the muscle hardness and chewiness are increased. The method and the feed have the effects of improving the muscle quality of the grass carp and improving the processing characteristics of the grass carp muscle.
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to various exemplary embodiments of the invention, the detailed description should not be construed as limiting the invention but as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features and embodiments of the invention.
It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Further, for numerical ranges in this disclosure, it is understood that each intervening value, between the upper and lower limit of that range, is also specifically disclosed. Every smaller range between any stated value or intervening value in a stated range and any other stated or intervening value in a stated range is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although only preferred methods and materials are described herein, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention. All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference herein for the purpose of disclosing and describing the methods and/or materials associated with the documents. In case of conflict with any incorporated document, the present specification will control.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the specific embodiments of the present disclosure without departing from the scope or spirit of the disclosure. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification. The specification and examples are exemplary only.
As used herein, the terms "comprising," "including," "having," "containing," and the like are open-ended terms that mean including, but not limited to.
The "parts" in the present invention are all parts by mass unless otherwise specified.
Example 1
The invention improves the muscle texture characteristics of the grass carp, particularly the hardness and the chewiness by adding the vitamin K3 into the compound feed.
(1) The fish feed formula of the invention is as follows (per 1000 g): 300g of wheat flour, 260g of soybean meal powder, 260g of rapeseed powder, 30g of freshwater fish powder, 30g of chicken bone powder, 30g of fine rice bran powder, 30g of soybean oil, 20g of monopotassium phosphate, 20g of bentonite and 20g of vitamin K3.
(2) The raw materials and the additives are fully mixed according to the formula, and water is added on the surface of the mixture by a watering can while stirring, so that the raw materials are in a wet powder state.
(3) The feed is made into compact particles by a complexing machine and then dried.
Example 2
The invention improves the muscle texture characteristics of the grass carp, particularly the hardness and the chewiness by adding the vitamin K3 into the compound feed.
(1) The fish feed formula of the invention is as follows (per 1000 g): 250g of wheat flour, 310g of soybean meal, 240 g of rapeseed powder, 40g of freshwater fish meal, 40g of chicken bone meal, 25g of fine rice bran powder, 35g of soybean oil, 25g of monopotassium phosphate, 25g of bentonite and 10g of vitamin K3.
(2) The raw materials and the additives are fully mixed according to the formula, and water is added on the surface of the mixture by a watering can while stirring, so that the raw materials are in a wet powder state.
(3) The feed is made into compact particles by a complexing machine and then dried.
Example 3
The invention improves the muscle texture characteristics of the grass carp, particularly the hardness and the chewiness by adding the vitamin K3 into the compound feed.
(1) The fish feed formula of the invention is as follows (per 1000 g): 350g of wheat flour, 210g of soybean meal, 280 g of rapeseed powder, 20g of freshwater fish meal, 20g of chicken bone meal, 35g of fine rice bran powder, 25g of soybean oil, 15g of monopotassium phosphate, 15g of bentonite and 30g of vitamin K3.
(2) The raw materials and the additives are fully mixed according to the formula, and water is added on the surface of the mixture by a watering can while stirring, so that the raw materials are in a wet powder state.
(3) The feed is made into compact particles by a complexing machine and then dried.
Test example 1
(1) Preparation of the experiment: a cement fish pond with 6 width, 2 meters, length, 2 meters and height of 1.1 meters is prepared in a culture room base of Zhujiang aquatic research institute, the cement fish pond is divided into three groups, namely a feed group, a broad bean group and a vitamin K3 group, about 1kg of grass carp is stocked in each pond, the tail of each pond is 10, the grass carp is healthy and healthy, and the grass carp is free of injury, and commercial feed (the feed prepared in example 1, which is the component described in example 1 and is not added with vitamin K3), soaked broad bean and the feed added with vitamin K3 (the feed prepared in example 1) are respectively fed to 6 ponds during the culture period.
(2) Processing broad beans: 1.5kg of dried broad beans were soaked in saline (1% NaCl solution) at room temperature for 24 hours and fed to a broad bean group.
(3) The breeding process comprises the following steps: before formal feeding, domesticating grass carps by using a small amount of soaked broad beans and feed added with vitamin K3 for one week, then feeding the grass carps by using a feeding amount of 3% of the mass of the grass carps every day for 120 days, and following a 'four-fixed' feeding principle of timing (9: 00-10:00, 6:30-17: 30), positioning, fixing quality and quantifying in the feeding process.
(4) 3 grass carp in each group are anesthetized and killed at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days in the culture process, scales and fish skins are removed, muscles are taken from the back and cut into muscle blocks of 2cm multiplied by 1cm, and texture test detection is carried out. Wherein the texture testing conditions are two consecutive 30% compression cycles with a 5 second interval between cycles. The speeds before, during and after the test were 1 mm/s, 1 mm/s and 5 mm/s, respectively, the compression interval was 2s, and the compression ratio was 25%.
(5) SPSS 22 statistical analysis software is adopted to carry out one-factor analysis of varianceP<The difference was considered to be significant at 0.05,P<0.01 is extremely significant.
The results of the experiment are shown in tables 1 and 2.
Table 1 effect of vitamin K3 addition to feed on muscle stiffness of grass carp (n = 3)
Note: the data in the same row with different shoulder marks and different lower case letters show significant difference (P<0.05)。
As shown in Table 1, the muscle hardness of broad bean grass carp group at 90d and 120d was higher than that of the feed group (P<0.05); the muscle hardness of grass carp in vitamin K3 group at 60d, 90d and 120d is higher than that of feed group(s) ((R))P<0.05); the muscle hardness of the vitamin K3 group at 60d and 120d is greater than that of the broad bean group (B)P<0.05). The muscle hardness of the grass carp is improved by eating the feed containing the vitamin K3 and the broad beans, and the muscle hardness of the grass carp is improved more quickly by eating the feed containing the vitamin K3 than by eating the broad beans.
Table 2 effect of vitamin K3 addition to feed on grass carp muscle chewiness (n = 3)
Note: the data in the same row with different shoulder marks and different lower case letters show significant difference (P<0.05)。
As shown in Table 2, the muscle chewiness of the broad bean grass carp group at 90d and 120d was higher than that of the feed group: (P<0.05); the muscle chewiness of the grass carps in the vitamin K3 group at 60d, 90d and 120d is higher than that in the feed group (P<0.05); the muscle chewiness of the vitamin K3 group is greater than that of the broad bean group at 60d, 90d and 120dP<0.05). The fact that the grass carp eats the feed containing the vitamin K3 and the broad beans can improve the muscle chewiness of the grass carp is demonstrated, and the process of improving the muscle chewiness of the grass carp by eating the feed containing the vitamin K3 is faster than that of eating the broad beans.
The above-described embodiments are merely illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and do not limit the scope of the present invention, and various modifications and improvements of the technical solutions of the present invention can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention, and the technical solutions of the present invention are within the scope of the present invention defined by the claims.
Claims (7)
1. A method for improving muscle hardness and chewiness of grass carp is characterized in that the intake of vitamin K3 is increased for at least 30 consecutive days during the feeding process of grass carp; the daily intake of vitamin K3 is 0.04-0.08% of the fish body.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the vitamin K3 is ingested in an amount of 0.06% of the fish's body mass per day.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the vitamin K3 is ingested in the form of a feed additive.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the vitamin K3 is added to the feed in an amount of 1-3% by mass of the feed.
5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein vitamin K3 is feed grade with a purity of 98% or more.
6. The feed for improving the muscle hardness and the chewiness of the grass carps is characterized in that 1-3% of vitamin K3 is added in parts by mass of the feed;
besides vitamin K3, the feed also comprises the following components:
350 parts of wheat flour in 250-grade mode, 310 parts of soybean meal in 210-grade mode, 280 parts of rapeseed meal in 240-grade mode, 20-40 parts of freshwater fish meal, 20-40 parts of chicken bone meal, 25-35 parts of fine rice bran powder, 25-35 parts of soybean oil, 15-25 parts of monopotassium phosphate and 15-25 parts of bentonite.
7. The feed according to claim 6, characterized by comprising the following components in parts by mass:
300 parts of wheat flour, 260 parts of soybean meal, 260 parts of rapeseed powder, 30 parts of freshwater fish meal, 30 parts of chicken bone meal, 30 parts of fine rice bran powder, 30 parts of soybean oil, 20 parts of monopotassium phosphate, 20 parts of bentonite and 20 parts of vitamin K3.
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