CN1033870C - 内燃柴油机的排气阀及其制造方法 - Google Patents

内燃柴油机的排气阀及其制造方法 Download PDF

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CN1033870C
CN1033870C CN92105325A CN92105325A CN1033870C CN 1033870 C CN1033870 C CN 1033870C CN 92105325 A CN92105325 A CN 92105325A CN 92105325 A CN92105325 A CN 92105325A CN 1033870 C CN1033870 C CN 1033870C
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H·阿尔托费
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Xinsu She Diesel Engine Co ltd
Winterthur Gas and Diesel AG
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01LCYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L3/00Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
    • F01L3/02Selecting particular materials for valve-members or valve-seats; Valve-members or valve-seats composed of two or more materials
    • F01L3/04Coated valve members or valve-seats
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01LCYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L1/00Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C19/00Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
    • C22C19/03Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
    • C22C19/05Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/04Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
    • C23C4/06Metallic material
    • C23C4/073Metallic material containing MCrAl or MCrAlY alloys, where M is nickel, cobalt or iron, with or without non-metal elements
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01LCYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L3/00Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
    • F01L3/02Selecting particular materials for valve-members or valve-seats; Valve-members or valve-seats composed of two or more materials
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02BINTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B3/00Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
    • F02B3/06Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
  • Lift Valve (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)

Abstract

本发明排气阀1的主体2是用Nimonic型高温镍基合金制成的。用冶金的方法在其阀头区域将该主体与镀层3连接,该镀层或者用按重量百分比计为,≤0.10C,≤0.5Si,≤5Fe,≤0.5Mn,20至22Cr,≤0.4Ti,≤0.4Al,≤1.0Co,8.0至9.5Mo,3.15以至4.15Nb+Ta,其余为Ni的镍基合金制成或者用按重量百分比计为:0.04至0.05C,47至49Cr,0.3至0.40Ti其余为Ni的合金制成。

Description

内燃柴油机的排气阀及其制造方法
本发明涉及一种按柴油机方法工作的活塞式内燃机的排气阀,以及该排气阀的制造方法。
众所周知,上述型式的排气阀是整个用耐热镍基合金Nimonic80A制成的。虽然该合金由于其高达20%的含铬量而具有良好的耐高温应力的性能,但在用这种合金制造的排气阀的啮合表面在高输出时仍产生蚀损。在最初阶段这种腐蚀在啮合的表面形成深的麻点,结果引起所谓燃烧气体的局部漏气。这反过来又由于局部温度的升高进一步加速了腐蚀。引起这种腐蚀的主要原因是柴油机燃料中含有钒和钠。大家都知道这种腐蚀的细节。如果柴油机燃料中还含有硫,那末由于硫化作用会进一步加快由于钒和钠所引起的腐蚀。
US-4,867,116公开了一种排气阀,其阀主体用耐热镍基合金Nimonic制成,而阀杆外则涂覆有Inconel型镍基合金覆层,但它不能完全解决上述问题。
本发明的目的是提供一种改进的排气阀,使它的耐腐蚀性能优于Nimonic80A,而该阀的主体及其阀头的强度都能满足要求。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种制造上述改进的排气阀的方法。
根据本发明的一个方面,本发明的排气阀具有一个由耐热镍基合金制成的主体,此主体具有一个阀头部分,其特征在于,该阀头部分制成为与主体相连接的、由另一种镍基合金制成的覆层,该覆层除了制造过程中产生的杂质外,按重量百分比含有以下成份:≤0.10C,≤0.5Si,≤5Fe,≤0.5Mn,20至22Cr,≤0.4Ti,≤0.4Al,≤1.0Co,8.0至9.5Mo,3.15至4.15Nb+Ta,其余为Ni。
根据本发明的另一个方面,本发明的排气阀具有一个由耐热镍基合金制成的主体,此主体具有一个阀头部分,其特征在于,该阀头部分制成为与主体相连接的、由另一种镍基合金制成的覆层,该覆层除了制造过程中产生的杂质外,按重量百分比含有以下成份:0.04至0.05C,47至49Cr,0.3至0.40Ti,其余为Ni。
业已证明这种组合结构最能满足该阀的阀头部分的要求。这些要求是良好的抗蠕变力、高的硬度以及对由钒和钠(如果需要的话还有硫)引起的腐蚀具有良好的耐腐蚀性能。试验已表明,采用由本发明确定的组合结构阀的腐蚀率大大地低于上述整个由Nimonic80A制成的排气阀。因此可以提高装有本发明规定的排气阀的内燃机的功率。
阀主体的镍基合金相当于合金Nimonic80A的成分,该合金除了在制造过程中产生的杂质外,含有如下的成分(按重量计的百分比):0.04-0.10C,≤1.0Si,≤0.2Cu,≤1.0Fe,≤1.0Mn,18.0-21.0Cr,1.8-2.7Ti,1.0-1.8Al,≤2.0Co,≤0.3Mo,0.0015-0.005B,0.04-0.1Zr,其余为Ni,或者也可以相当于合金Nimonic81的成分,该合金除了在制造过程中产生的杂质外,含有如下的成分(按重量计的百分比):0.05C,≤0.5Si,≤0.2Cu,≤1.0Fe,≤0.5Mn,29-31Cr,1.5-2Ti,0.7-1.0Al,≤2.0Co,≤0.3Mo,0.0015-0.0022B,0.005-0.07Zr,其余为Ni,阀头部分的镍基合金的成分除了在制造过程中产生的杂质外,含有如下的成分(按重量计的百分比):≤0.10C,≤0.5Si,≤5Fe,≤0.5Mn,20-22Cr,≤0.4Ti,≤0.4Al,≤1.0Co,8.0-9.5Mo,3.15-4.15(Nb+Ta),其余为Ni,阀头部分的镍基合金也可以是,其成分除了在制造过程中产生的杂质外,含有如下的成分(按重量计的百分比):0.04-0.05C,47-49Cr,0.3-0.40Ti其余为Ni。阀头的前一镍基合金是牌号为IN625的合金,后一镍基合金是牌号为IN671的合金。就耐腐蚀性能而言,这两种阀头部分的合金均优于合金Nimonic80A;若把这两种阀头部分的合金进行比较,则合金IN625的耐腐蚀性能优于合金IN671。阀头部分若采用NiCrAlY型镍基合金,其成分为:除了在制造过程中所产生的杂质以外,含有(按重量计的百分比):24-25Cr,10-11Al,0.9-1.1Y,其余为Ni。
根据本发明的制造改进的排气阀的方法,其要点是在由上述成份组成的耐热镍基合金制成的主体上,在阀头部分的区域内,通过堆焊法涂覆另一种耐热镍基合金层;然后通以形降低涂覆层的厚度,该涂覆层因而被加工硬化;随后对这样制成的阀体进行退火处理;退火后用磨削法将阀头啮合表面进行精加工。
本发明可以用各种方法将阀头部分的合金镀到主体上,例如等离子喷镀、堆焊或者粉末冶金法。
下面用附图来较详细地说明本发明的实施例,该附图表示一种排气阀,即该图的右半部分为阀的中间状态,左半部分为阀的制好的状态。
如附图所示,呈菌形阀形状的四冲程内燃柴油机的成品排气阀1包括:一个主体2和被连接到该主体上的镀层3,该镀层形成该菌形阀的啮合表面。该主体1由镍基合金Nimonic80A制成,该合金除了在制造过程中产生的杂质外,含有如下的成分(按重量计的百分比):0.04-0.10C,≤1.0Si,≤0.2Cu,≤1.0Fe,≤1.0Mn,18.0-21.0Cr,1.8-2.7Ti,1.0-1.8Al,≤2.0Co,≤0.3Mo,0.0015-0.005B,0.04-0.1Zr,其余为Ni。该镀层3是由镍基合IN625制成的,该合金除了在制造过程中产生的杂质外,含有如下的成分(按重量计的百分比):≤0.10C,≤0.5Si,≤5Fe,≤0.5Mn,21Cr,≤0.4Ti,≤0.4Al,≤1.0Co,9Mo,3.6(Nb+Ta)其余为Ni。用已知的堆焊法把该层3镀到主体2上,镀层的厚度为10到12毫米(参见该阀的右半部分的3′)。尔后通过热轧成形使该镀层加工硬化,从而提高了该镀层的硬度。在此情况下,相对于原始被镀层3′的体积而言,该变形度大约为30-60%。堆焊产生了具有碳化物呈树枝状排列的铸态结构。采用热加工成形使加速腐蚀的碳化物达到均分分布,从而降低了腐蚀作用,换言之,提高了耐腐蚀性能。在热加工变形后,该阀在500-700℃或550℃-650℃下进行退火处理。退火后用磨削法对啮合表面进行精加工(参见该阀的左边部分3)。
作为所述实施例的一种变化,也可以用等离子喷镀将镀层3镀到主体2上。也可以用镀造变形法代替热轧成形法。对镀层进行冷变形也是可以的。
当阀头部分采用Inconel671和NiCrAlY合金时,就不需要进行变形处理和退火处理的步骤。

Claims (15)

1.一种按柴油机方法工作的活塞式内燃机的排气阀,该阀具有一个由耐热镍基合金制成的主体,此主体具有一个阀头部分,其特征在于,该阀头部分制成为与主体相连接的、由另一种镍基合金制成的覆层,该覆层除了制造过程中产生的杂质外,按重量百分比含有以下成份:≤0.10C,≤0.5Si,≤5Fe,≤0.5Mn,20至22Cr,≤0.4Ti,≤0.4Al,≤1.0Co,8.0至9.5Mo,3.15至4.15Nb+Ta,其余为Ni。
2.一种按柴油机方法工作的活塞式内燃机的排气阀,该阀具有一个由耐热镍基合金制成的主体,此主体具有一个阀头部分,其特征在于,该阀头部分制成为与主体相连接的、由另一种镍基合金制成的覆层,该覆层除了制造过程中产生的杂质外,按重量百分比含有以下成份:0.04至0.05C,47至49Cr,0.3至0.40Ti,其余为Ni。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的阀,其特征在于,该主体的耐热镍基合金除了制造过程中产生的杂质外,按重量百分比含有以下成份:≤0.04至0.10C,≤1.0Si,≤0.2Cu,≤1.0Fe,≤1.0Mn,18.0至21.0Cr,1.8至2.7Ti,1.0至1.8Al,≤2.0Co,≤0.3Mo,0.0015至0.005B,0.04至0.1Zr,其余为Ni。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的阀,其特征在于,主体的耐热镍基合金除了制造过程中产生的杂质外按重量百分比含有以下成份:0.05C,≤0.5Si,≤0.2Cu,≤1.0Fe,≤0.5Mn,29至31Cr,1.5至2Ti,0.7至1.0Al,≤2.0Co,≤0.3Mo,0.0015至0.0022B,0.05-0.07Zr,其余为Ni。
5.如权利要求1或2所述的阀,其特征在于,构成阀头部分的合金是用等离子喷镀法涂覆到主体上去的。
6.如权利要求1或2所述的阀,其特征在于,构成阀头部分的合金是用堆焊法涂覆到主体上去的。
7.如权利要求5所述的阀,其特征在于,构成阀头部分的合金在涂覆以后进行冷成形。
8.如权利要求6所述的阀,其特征在于,构成阀头部分的合金在涂覆以后进行冷成形。
9.如权利要求5所述的阀,其特征在于,构成阀头部分的合金在涂覆以后进行热成形。
10.如权利要求6所述的阀,其特征在于,构成阀头部分的合金在涂覆以后进行热成形。
11.制造如权利要求1或2所述的阀的方法,其特征在于,在由耐热镍基合金制成的主体上,在阀头部分的区域内,通过堆焊法涂覆另一种耐热镍基合金层;然后通过变形降低涂覆层的厚度,该涂覆层因而被加工硬化;随后对这样制成的阀体进行退火处理;退火后用磨削法将阀头啮合表面进行精加工。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,涂覆层的变形在热状态下进行。
13.如权利要求11或12所述的方法,其特征在于,涂覆层的变形通过轧制进行。
14.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,变形度在涂覆体积的30%和60%之间。
15.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,退火处理在温度为500℃至700℃之间进行。
CN92105325A 1991-07-04 1992-06-29 内燃柴油机的排气阀及其制造方法 Expired - Lifetime CN1033870C (zh)

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KR930002646A (ko) 1993-02-23
FI923019A0 (fi) 1992-06-29
DE59206839D1 (de) 1996-09-05
CN1068394A (zh) 1993-01-27
EP0521821B1 (de) 1996-07-31

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