CN103348913B - Rapid propagation method for bletilla striata - Google Patents
Rapid propagation method for bletilla striata Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN103348913B CN103348913B CN201310265500.3A CN201310265500A CN103348913B CN 103348913 B CN103348913 B CN 103348913B CN 201310265500 A CN201310265500 A CN 201310265500A CN 103348913 B CN103348913 B CN 103348913B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- bletilla striata
- illumination
- field management
- seedling
- medium
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Landscapes
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a rapid propagation method for bletilla striata. The method comprises the following steps of: selecting cultivated fields; selecting and disinfecting explants; sprouting tender shoots; proliferating multiple shoots; carrying out rooting culturing; transplanting plant seedlings, transplanting hardened seedlings; and carrying out field management. According to the rapid propagation method for the bletilla striata, the explants are selected to be proliferated, the processing manner is simple and has an environment-friendly effect, poisonous agents are not utilized for carrying out disinfection treatment, sprouts of the bletilla striata are not injured, and the surviving rate of the sprouts of the bletilla striata is improved by utilizing the processing method; different culture media are utilized in different stages, and the surviving rate is relatively high; conditions of each stage are groped by planting, and an excellent bletilla striata variety is finally obtained.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to phytopathy field of planting, be specifically related to a kind of rapid propagation method for bletilla striata.
Background technology
The bletilla striata is distributed widely in Yangtze river basin each province of China, main product in Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, Henan, Zhejiang, the ground such as Shaanxi.Mostly be wild, also have a small amount of cultivation, 3 ~ 4 years results.
The environment that bletilla striata happiness is shady and cool, moistening and warm, Sichuan average temperature of the whole year about 17 DEG C, precipitation 1100 ~ 1 200 millimeters, the absolute maximum air temperature 38 DEG C, the absolute minimum air temperature-6 DEG C.Can normal growth.Adopt vegetative propagation, also can carry out sexual propagation, because seed is tiny, germinate more difficult, generally do not adopt seminal propagation.
The bletilla striata [Bletilla striata (Thunb.ex A.Murray) Reichb.f.] belongs to the orchid family Orchidaceae, and the bletilla striata belongs to.Perennial herb, high 30 ~ 70 centimetres, be one of monoid with economic worth most in temperate zone Terrestrial orchid section plant, not only there is higher ornamental value, one of traditional Chinese medicine that Ye Shi China is important.Existing bletilla striata platymiscium 6 kinds, is distributed in the Upper Myanmar in Asia in the world, through China to Japan.China has 4 kinds.Integrate medicinal, improve looks, lose weight and view and admire.
The bletilla striata is used as medicine with the string root stem tuber of subterranean root.Function astringing to arrest bleeding, detumescence and promoting granulation, treatment spitting of blood, haematemesis, traumatism and bleeding, have blood in stool, nosebleed, have special efficacy to empsyxis, UGB and traumatism and bleeding especially.Nowadays, the stub of senior cigarette glues with the bletilla striata.Doing internal medicine operation, do not stitch, is also paste bletilla striata film.It also can make herbal cuisine, has the function of beauty treatment ecchymose removing, fat-reducing.Because the bletilla striata blooms very gorgeous, potted plantly can view and admire again, there is higher ornamental value.Its reason is the impact in recent years by medicinal demand and the sought-after growth of gardening, China's bletilla striata market demand also showed increased; Excessively excavate and cause wild resource amount sharply to decline with habitat destruction.Interplant with woody medicinal species, the unit utilization ratio in soil can be improved.
Summary of the invention
Goal of the invention: the object of this invention is to provide a kind of rapid propagation method for bletilla striata, the method bud ratio is high, and incubation time is short, workable, and using value is high, less investment, and output is high.
Technical scheme: in order to solve the problem, the invention provides a kind of rapid propagation method for bletilla striata, comprises the following steps:
1) selection of planting site: select Schattenseite virgin land, the degree of depth 30cm that ploughs ~ 40cm, rake carefully flattens, and builds up that one group of 130 ~ 140cm is wide, the high furrow of 20 ~ 30cm, and superphosphate and well-rotted farmyard manure make base manure;
2) the choosing and sterilization of explant: in the bletilla striata harvest season, choose the pseudobulb then with tender shoots and old bulb to adjoin and cut, concentration is adopted to be 0.5% ~ 3% potassium permanganate sterilization, adopt after 15 ~ 20 minutes in the alcohol of 75% and soak 10 ~ 15 minutes, soak 5 ~ 10 minutes with 1% clorox, adopt aseptic water washing clean again, for subsequent use after cutting the part of variable color;
3) sprouting of tender shoots: by step 2) in sterilization after explant be inoculated in MS+0.5 mg/L BA+0.01 mg/L NAA medium, pH is 5.8, and cultivation temperature is 25 DEG C, illumination every day 8 hours, intensity of illumination is 900LX, within 10 ~ 15 days, grows up to seedling after inoculation;
4) propagation of Multiple Buds: by seedling inoculation in MS+0.5 mg/L BA+0.01 mg/L NAA medium, cultivation temperature is 25 DEG C, light intensity 1600LX, illumination every day 8 hours, obtains the bletilla striata without offspring in 45 ~ 60 days;
5) culture of rootage: adopt root media to carry out culture of rootage without offspring by highly there being the bletilla striata of 3.5cm, temperature is 25 DEG C, illumination 1600LX, illumination every day 10 hours, within 30 ~ 45 days, form whole plant seedling, described root media is 1/4MS+IBA0.05mg/L, 1/2MS+NAA0.6mg/L or 1/4MS+NAA0.6mg/L+1% active carbon, and the pH of described medium is 5.8;
6) transplanting of plant seedling: the whole plant seedling that growth selection is in good condition, cleans up medium, is transplanted in matrix, and keeps the humidity of 30% ~ 35% to obtain hardening;
7) hardening and carry out field management is transplanted: in the planting site that well-grown acclimatization and transplants is selected to step 1) by 3 ~ April, keep the humidity of soil 30% ~ 35%, and carry out field management, described field management comprises weeding, topdresses, irrigates, draining and the extermination of disease and insect pest, can gather in the crops the bletilla striata after plantation 2-3.
Described root media is 1/4MS+IBA0.05mg/L.
Matrix in described step 6) is peat soil, sandy soil and perlite, described peat soil: sandy soil: perlite proportioning is 2:1:2.
In described step 7), field management carries out weeding in 5 ~ June, and monthly enriches fertilizer once, described fertilizer be 30% soybean cake, 20% calcium phosphate and 50% pig manure.
In described step 7), the extermination of disease and insect pest is filled on planting site by being watered by phoxim baythion missible oil 600 ~ 650 times of liquid of 55%
Beneficial effect: the present invention is relative to prior art, have the following advantages: what 1) the present invention selected is that explant is bred, and the mode of process is simple, environmental protection, the not disinfection of employing toxic reagent, to bletilla striata bud not damaged, and this processing method strengthens the survival rate of bletilla striata seedling.
2) the different stage that method of the present invention adopts uses different medium, obtains higher survival rate.
3) the present invention has found out each stage different condition by plantation, finally obtains excellent bletilla striata kind.
Embodiment
Below the present invention is further described.
Embodiment 1:
A kind of rapid propagation method for bletilla striata, comprises the following steps:
1) selection of planting site: select Schattenseite virgin land, plough degree of depth 30cm, rake carefully flattens, and builds up that one group of 130cm is wide, the high furrow of 20cm, and superphosphate and well-rotted farmyard manure make base manure;
2) the choosing and sterilization of explant: in the bletilla striata harvest season, choose the pseudobulb then with tender shoots and old bulb to adjoin and cut, concentration is adopted to be 0.5% potassium permanganate sterilization, adopt after 15 minutes in the alcohol of 75% and soak 10 minutes, 5 minutes are soaked with 1% clorox, adopt aseptic water washing clean again, for subsequent use after cutting the part of variable color;
3) sprouting of tender shoots: by step 2) in sterilization after explant be inoculated in MS+0.5 mg/L BA+0.01 mg/L NAA medium, pH is 5.8, and cultivation temperature is 25 DEG C, illumination every day 8 hours, intensity of illumination is 900LX, within 10 ~ 15 days, grows up to seedling after inoculation;
4) propagation of Multiple Buds: by seedling inoculation in MS+0.5 mg/L BA+0.01 mg/L NAA medium, cultivation temperature is 25 DEG C, light intensity 1600LX, illumination every day 8 hours, obtains the bletilla striata without offspring in 45 ~ 60 days;
5) culture of rootage: adopt root media to carry out culture of rootage without offspring by highly there being the bletilla striata of 3.5cm, temperature is 25 DEG C, illumination 1600LX, illumination every day 10 hours, within 30 ~ 45 days, form whole plant seedling, described root media is 1/4MS+IBA0.05mg/L, and the pH of described medium is 5.8;
6) transplanting of plant seedling: the whole plant seedling that growth selection is in good condition, cleans up medium, is transplanted in matrix, and keeps the humidity of 30% to obtain hardening;
7) hardening and carry out field management is transplanted: in the planting site that well-grown acclimatization and transplants is selected to step 1) by 3 ~ April, keep the humidity of soil 30%, and carry out field management, described field management comprises weeding, topdresses, irrigates, draining and the extermination of disease and insect pest, can gather in the crops the bletilla striata after plantation 2-3.
Matrix in described step 6) is peat soil, sandy soil and perlite, described peat soil: sandy soil: perlite proportioning is 2:1:2.
In described step 7), field management carries out weeding in 5 ~ June, and monthly enriches fertilizer once, described fertilizer be 30% soybean cake, 20% calcium phosphate and 50% pig manure.
In described step 7), the extermination of disease and insect pest is filled on planting site by being watered by phoxim baythion missible oil 600 times of liquid of 55%.
By the bletilla striata that said method is planted, the transplanting survival rate of its bletilla striata seedling is more than 92%, and described bletilla striata mu fresh goods of gathering is 900 kilograms, can process 210 kilograms.
Embodiment 2
A kind of rapid propagation method for bletilla striata, comprises the following steps:
1) selection of planting site: select Schattenseite virgin land, plough degree of depth 40cm, rake carefully flattens, and builds up that one group of 140cm is wide, the high furrow of 30cm, and superphosphate and well-rotted farmyard manure make base manure;
2) the choosing and sterilization of explant: in the bletilla striata harvest season, choose the pseudobulb then with tender shoots and old bulb to adjoin and cut, concentration is adopted to be 3% potassium permanganate sterilization, adopt after 15 minutes in the alcohol of 75% and soak 10 minutes, 5 minutes are soaked with 1% clorox, adopt aseptic water washing clean again, for subsequent use after cutting the part of variable color;
3) sprouting of tender shoots: by step 2) in sterilization after explant be inoculated in MS+0.5 mg/L BA+0.01 mg/L NAA medium, pH is 5.8, and cultivation temperature is 25 DEG C, illumination every day 8 hours, intensity of illumination is 900LX, within 10 ~ 15 days, grows up to seedling after inoculation;
4) propagation of Multiple Buds: by seedling inoculation in MS+0.5 mg/L BA+0.01 mg/L NAA medium, cultivation temperature is 25 DEG C, light intensity 1600LX, illumination every day 8 hours, obtains the bletilla striata without offspring in 45 ~ 60 days;
5) culture of rootage: adopt root media to carry out culture of rootage without offspring by highly there being the bletilla striata of 3.5cm, temperature is 25 DEG C, illumination 1600LX, illumination every day 10 hours, within 30 ~ 45 days, form whole plant seedling, described root media is 1/4MS+NAA0.6mg/L+1% active carbon, and the pH of described medium is 5.8;
6) transplanting of plant seedling: the whole plant seedling that growth selection is in good condition, cleans up medium, is transplanted in matrix, and keeps the humidity of 35% to obtain hardening;
7) hardening and carry out field management is transplanted: in the planting site that well-grown acclimatization and transplants is selected to step 1) by 3 ~ April, keep the humidity of soil 35%, and carry out field management, described field management comprises weeding, topdresses, irrigates, draining and the extermination of disease and insect pest, can gather in the crops the bletilla striata after plantation 2-3.
Matrix in described step 6) is peat soil, sandy soil and perlite, described peat soil: sandy soil: perlite proportioning is 2:1:2.
In described step 7), field management carries out weeding in 5 ~ June, and monthly enriches fertilizer once, described fertilizer be 30% soybean cake, 20% calcium phosphate and 50% pig manure.
In described step 7), the extermination of disease and insect pest is filled on planting site by being watered by phoxim baythion missible oil 650 times of liquid of 55%.
By the bletilla striata that said method is planted, the transplanting survival rate of its bletilla striata seedling is more than 93%, and described bletilla striata mu fresh goods of gathering is 920 kilograms, can process 220 kilograms.
The above is only the preferred embodiment of the present invention; be noted that for those skilled in the art; under the premise without departing from the principles of the invention, can also make some improvements and modifications, these improvements and modifications also should be considered as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. a rapid propagation method for bletilla striata, is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
1) selection of planting site: select Schattenseite virgin land, the degree of depth 30cm that ploughs ~ 40cm, rake carefully flattens, and builds up that one group of 130 ~ 140cm is wide, the high furrow of 20 ~ 30cm, and superphosphate and well-rotted farmyard manure make base manure;
2) the choosing and sterilization of explant: in the bletilla striata harvest season, choose the pseudobulb then with tender shoots and old bulb to adjoin and cut, concentration is adopted to be 0.5% ~ 3% potassium permanganate sterilization, adopt after 15 ~ 20 minutes in the alcohol of 75% and soak 10 ~ 15 minutes, soak 5 ~ 10 minutes with 1% clorox, adopt aseptic water washing clean again, for subsequent use after cutting the part of variable color;
3) sprouting of tender shoots: by step 2) in sterilization after explant be inoculated in MS+0.5 mg/L BA+0.01 mg/L NAA medium, pH is 5.8, and cultivation temperature is 25 DEG C, illumination every day 8 hours, intensity of illumination is 900LX, within 10 ~ 15 days, grows up to seedling after inoculation;
4) propagation of Multiple Buds: by seedling inoculation in MS+0.5 mg/L BA+0.01 mg/L NAA medium, cultivation temperature is 25 DEG C, light intensity 1600LX, illumination every day 8 hours, obtains the bletilla striata without offspring in 45 ~ 60 days;
5) culture of rootage: adopt root media to carry out culture of rootage without offspring by highly there being the bletilla striata of 3.5cm, temperature is 25 DEG C, illumination 1600LX, illumination every day 10 hours, within 30 ~ 45 days, form whole plant seedling, described root media is 1/4MS+IBA0.05mg/L, and the pH of described medium is 5.8;
6) transplanting of plant seedling: the whole plant seedling that growth selection is in good condition, cleans up medium, is transplanted in matrix, and keeps the humidity of 30% ~ 35% to obtain hardening; Described matrix is peat soil, sandy soil and perlite, described peat soil: sandy soil: perlite proportioning is 2:1:2;
7) hardening and carry out field management is transplanted: in the planting site that well-grown acclimatization and transplants is selected to step 1) by 3 ~ April, keep the humidity of soil 30% ~ 35%, and carry out field management, described field management comprises weeding, topdresses, irrigates, draining and the extermination of disease and insect pest, the bletilla striata is gathered in the crops after plantation 2-3, described field management carries out weeding in 5 ~ June, and monthly enriches fertilizer once, described fertilizer be 30% soybean cake, 20% calcium phosphate and 50% pig manure; In described step 7), the extermination of disease and insect pest is filled on planting site by being watered by phoxim baythion missible oil 600 ~ 650 times of liquid of 55%.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201310265500.3A CN103348913B (en) | 2013-06-28 | 2013-06-28 | Rapid propagation method for bletilla striata |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201310265500.3A CN103348913B (en) | 2013-06-28 | 2013-06-28 | Rapid propagation method for bletilla striata |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN103348913A CN103348913A (en) | 2013-10-16 |
| CN103348913B true CN103348913B (en) | 2015-04-15 |
Family
ID=49305419
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201310265500.3A Active CN103348913B (en) | 2013-06-28 | 2013-06-28 | Rapid propagation method for bletilla striata |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN103348913B (en) |
Families Citing this family (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103828715B (en) * | 2013-11-29 | 2017-01-18 | 安徽中升生物科技有限公司 | Bletilla striata tissue culture breeding method |
| CN104041276A (en) * | 2014-06-13 | 2014-09-17 | 江苏茅山地道中药材种植有限公司 | Pollution-free bletilla striata cultivation method |
| CN104126398B (en) * | 2014-07-29 | 2016-08-24 | 郎溪县紫兰药材种植专业合作社 | The pine forest interplanting Chinese medicine bletilla striata is combined breeding method |
| CN105613234B (en) * | 2015-12-24 | 2018-10-23 | 陕西师范大学 | A kind of method of chrysanthemum bletilla protocorm live streaming |
| CN105746119B (en) * | 2016-02-25 | 2018-11-02 | 宁蒗县富农中药材种植专业合作社 | A kind of cultivation implantation methods of bletilla |
| CN105993956B (en) * | 2016-06-14 | 2018-09-25 | 江苏茅山地道中药材种植有限公司 | A kind of Atractylis lancea rapid propagation method |
| CN106305272A (en) * | 2016-08-18 | 2017-01-11 | 安庆市宝风农业发展有限公司 | Planting method of Chinese ash seedlings |
| CN106376328A (en) * | 2016-08-30 | 2017-02-08 | 云南金碧制药有限公司 | Wild bletila striata seed quick breeding method |
| CN106613192A (en) * | 2016-12-09 | 2017-05-10 | 渠县金穗农业科技有限公司 | Rapid propagation method for polygonum multiflorum |
| CN106748277A (en) * | 2017-01-24 | 2017-05-31 | 贵州省武陵山药用植物白芨开发有限公司 | A kind of soil conditioner of suitable bletilla striata growth and its preparation method and application |
| CN107173222A (en) * | 2017-03-27 | 2017-09-19 | 河池乐康生态农业科技有限公司 | A kind of wild bletilla striata quick breeding method for tissue culture |
| CN108064646A (en) * | 2017-12-06 | 2018-05-25 | 昆明学院 | A kind of method that basic element of cell division inspires bletilla striata bulb reproduction |
| CN108184559A (en) * | 2017-12-28 | 2018-06-22 | 中国科学院武汉植物园 | A kind of mating system of crop field bletilla |
| CN109197591A (en) * | 2018-10-24 | 2019-01-15 | 河南云帮农业科技有限公司 | A kind of excellent bletilla striata tissue culture method |
| CN111802201B (en) * | 2020-06-08 | 2022-03-11 | 贵州省植物园 | Pleione bud cutting propagation method |
| CN114342807A (en) * | 2022-01-05 | 2022-04-15 | 广西壮族自治区药用植物园 | In-vitro preservation method of rhizoma bletillae germplasm resources |
| CN116671441A (en) * | 2023-07-10 | 2023-09-01 | 云南省农业科学院药用植物研究所 | Efficient bletilla striata breeding method |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102246695A (en) * | 2011-05-10 | 2011-11-23 | 云南植物药业有限公司 | Method for preparing common bletilla pseudobulb in culture vessel and special culture media thereof |
| CN102283115A (en) * | 2011-06-28 | 2011-12-21 | 陕西科技大学 | Method for quickly reproducing bletilla striata seedlings |
| CN102599063A (en) * | 2012-04-09 | 2012-07-25 | 向华 | Rapid propagation method of Bletilla striata |
| CN102919024A (en) * | 2012-11-12 | 2013-02-13 | 贵州省农作物品种资源研究所 | Rhizome bletilla high-yield cultivation method |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2003079768A1 (en) * | 2002-03-26 | 2003-10-02 | Council Of Scientific And Industrial Research | A method for the clonal propagation of vanilla |
| TWI235031B (en) * | 2003-10-28 | 2005-07-01 | Univ Nat Chunghsing | Process for producing orchid seedlings by static liquid culture |
-
2013
- 2013-06-28 CN CN201310265500.3A patent/CN103348913B/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102246695A (en) * | 2011-05-10 | 2011-11-23 | 云南植物药业有限公司 | Method for preparing common bletilla pseudobulb in culture vessel and special culture media thereof |
| CN102283115A (en) * | 2011-06-28 | 2011-12-21 | 陕西科技大学 | Method for quickly reproducing bletilla striata seedlings |
| CN102599063A (en) * | 2012-04-09 | 2012-07-25 | 向华 | Rapid propagation method of Bletilla striata |
| CN102919024A (en) * | 2012-11-12 | 2013-02-13 | 贵州省农作物品种资源研究所 | Rhizome bletilla high-yield cultivation method |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 元江县野生白芨人工驯化栽培技术初探;黄永亮;《林业调查规划》;20130615;第38卷(第3期);第1.2、4.2、4.4节 * |
| 白芨组织培养与快速繁殖技术研究;石云平等;《广西农业科学》;20091231;第40卷(第11期);第1.1-1.3、2.1-2.6节 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN103348913A (en) | 2013-10-16 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN103348913B (en) | Rapid propagation method for bletilla striata | |
| CN104686265A (en) | Rice seedling raising method | |
| CN102524010B (en) | Method for sowing and raising seedlings of prunus tomentosa in summer | |
| CN105145261A (en) | Method for cultivating hybrid oranges | |
| CN105145104B (en) | Pseudobulbus Bletillae (Rhizoma Bletillae) tuber is utilized to carry out splitting breeding and seedling method | |
| CN104272937A (en) | Cultivation method for camphor trees | |
| CN102948355A (en) | Potting technology for mangrove forest seedling cultivation | |
| CN103858724A (en) | Breeding method for high-quality walnut seedlings | |
| CN103858645B (en) | A kind of greenhouse gardening method of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud tissue culturing seedling | |
| CN103348920B (en) | Rapid propagation method for high quality seedlings of Kyara | |
| CN106106004A (en) | A kind of rapid cuttage propagation method of Lagerstroemia indica L. individual plant kind matter | |
| CN104255249A (en) | Planting method of protein mulberry | |
| CN104285661A (en) | High-yield cultivation method for peucedanum praeruptorum dunn | |
| CN105165368A (en) | Method for rapidly breeding seedlings by using bletilla striata tubers | |
| CN103125386B (en) | Industrial horseradish planting method | |
| CN105284399A (en) | Hill-drop planting method for tuniclike psammosilene root | |
| CN105265127A (en) | Tomato cutting seedling technology | |
| CN103718816A (en) | Method for planting oleaster afforestation forest in saline and alkaline land | |
| CN104488474A (en) | Cultivation method for artemisia apiacea | |
| CN103493678B (en) | Horse chestnut seedling-cultivating method | |
| CN108184532A (en) | A kind of cultivation management method of large cherry | |
| CN105557273A (en) | Trollflower planting method and trollflowers obtained by planting | |
| CN102696376A (en) | Planting method for intercropping gutta percha tree with selfheal | |
| CN104663191A (en) | Method for cultivating callicarpa nudiflora | |
| CN104641848A (en) | Planting method of fructus forsythia |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |