CN103314895A - Artificial breeding method for parapenaeopsis hardwickii - Google Patents
Artificial breeding method for parapenaeopsis hardwickii Download PDFInfo
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract
Disclosed is an artificial breeding method for parapenaeopsis hardwickii. A breeding pond is a circular or square cement pond, the area of the breeding pond is 12-20m<2>, the depth of the breeding pond is 0.7-1.0m, fine water circulation and pollution discharge functions are required, water is transparent, clear and free from harmful heavy metal ions, water with the depth of 70cm-100cm enters the parapenaeopsis hardwickii pond for the first time, the water is disinfected with 0.3mg/L of dibromohydantoin, individuals with plump gonads, strong bodies, no diseases and tawny or breen ovaries are selected as parent shrimps, after the sea parent shrimps are transported for a long distance, shrimp baskets are immediately immerged into the parent shrimp breeding pond, baits for opossum shrimps at a larva stage are yolks, compound feed (prawn crackers, Cheyuan and BP) and rotifers, the rotifers are generally fed twice a day, and the breeding water is filtered by a 100-mesh dilly bag.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the method for aquaculture, especially a kind of Ha Shi imitates the prawn artificial breeding method.
Background technology
Ha Shi imitates prawn (Parapenaeopsis hardwickii (Miers)) and belongs to Decapoda, prawn family, Penaeidae, imitative Penaeus (be commonly called as sliding skin shrimp, shrimp chokes).Put down in writing according to 5 Zhejiang faunas 6 (shell-fish), this shrimp is coastal waters property, medium-sized shrimps (the author investigates 12 cm that reach that body grows up), grow in offshore 70 m, can inhabit the variously seabed of matter, wide in the Zhejiang sea summer profile, how intensive in 30 m with the interior stretch of coastal water.Be distributed in China's southern Yellow Sea, be distributed in the states such as Pakistan, India, Singapore, Malaysia abroad.This shrimp output is high, meat is good, for eating (the shrimp taste of choking is delicious especially) raw and making dried shrimps, is one of Important Economic kind of Offshore of Zhejiang Province.Be the coastal main object that drags shrimp to produce in fisherman's November to March in next year, its output accounts for and drags 25% of shrimp gross yield the whole year.
The imitative prawn growth of Ha Shi is fast, breeding period length, strong adaptability, population quantity is large, price is high, is a kind of potential cultivation object.Have not yet to see both at home and abroad as the cultivation object and carry out biology, breed the report with culture research.For a long time, Zhejiang area prawn culturing middle and later periods shrimp seedling lacks, and seriously restricts the development of breeding production.Carry out the research of this shrimp seed breeding technology, to develop new breed variety for this reason.
But, because the imitative prawn resources development and utilization of the Ha Shi of Sea Area of East China Sea is early, lack again scientific management, over nearly 10 years, the stock number of this shrimp obviously reduces, and catching intensity increases again, and output also almost no longer increases, and causes on the contrary decline in benefits.At present, the natural resources of the imitative prawn of Ha Shi can not need by satisfying the market, carries out the artificial breeding of the imitative prawn of Ha Shi, and carrying out releases breeds and propagate artificially is the effective way of dealing with problems.Domestic research to the imitative prawn seed-rearing of Ha Shi is less.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, provide a kind of Ha Shi to imitate the prawn artificial breeding method.
According to technical scheme provided by the invention, a kind of Ha Shi imitates the prawn artificial breeding method, may further comprise the steps:
Breeding environment: cultivating the pond is circle or square water mud sump, area 12 ~ 20m
2, dark 0. 7 ~ 1. 0 m; Require water circulation and dirt eliminating function good; Water quality is transparent, limpid, does not contain the harmful heavy metal ion, and sulphide is no more than 0.02mg/L, and total coliform count is less than 5000/L, and salinity is 21~28, and adds EDTA3. 0* 10
-6, add simultaneously terramycin 2. 0* 10
-6Or furazolidone 1. 0* 10
-6Pre-anti-bacteria.If trash fish is arranged, kill with 35mg/L tea bran; If assorted shrimp is arranged, kill with the 2.5mg/L trichlorphon.High-order pond or ground membrane cisterna, with the sterilization of 0.4mg/L C5H6Br2N2O2, illumination: 500lx ~ 1500lx, even, soft, not dazzling; Water temperature: 15 ℃ ~ 18 ℃; PH maintains between 7.6 ~ 8.2; Dissolved oxygen: greater than 6 m g/L; The water of growing seedlings uses the white door curtain made of cloth of shading, 5 in the every pond of gas exhausting stone again through after the sand filtration after 200 order mesh bags filter; The shrimp pool 70cm~100cm of intaking first is with 0.3mg/L C5H6Br2N2O2 sterilization water body.Use Micro Algae somatotropin 2kg/ mu and photosynthetic bacteria 5mg/L, applied again Micro Algae somatotropin 1kg/ mu every 2~3 days as topdressing, cultivated through 7~10 days, pond water water colour is yellow green or dark brown, transparency reaches 35~40cm, try the water with the shrimp seedling and to confirm can to consider to put seedling after toxicity disappears in pH7.8~8.8;
Domestication and the cultivation of parent shrimp: select sexual gland plentiful, healthy and strong anosis, ovary is the individuality of yellowish-brown or breen as close shrimp, close shrimp is caught after long-distance transport in the sea, immediately the shrimp basket is immersed in the parent shrimp rearing pond, suitably tune up aeration quantity, guarantee that dissolved oxygen is sufficient in the pond, the pond water temperature remains on 25~28 ℃, and breeding density is 15~20 tail m
-2, salinity remains on 24~27, and the nurturing period requires temperature, salinity relatively stable, throws something and feeds every day 2 times, throws some fresh, nutritious bait, and such as spiral shell meat, bright shrimp etc., day feeding volume is 10 %~15 % of close shrimp weight.Feeding volume is grasped flexibly according to residual bait amount, accomplishes slightly to remain bait.Every morning blowdown 1 time notes keeping water quality pure and fresh, and dissolved oxygen amount is not less than 6mgL
-1, change weekly water 2 times, pull residual bait, shrimp shell and dead shrimp every day out, generally before and after 22:00, ovum is heavy property to the spawning peak of close shrimp, after laying eggs, second day is pulled close shrimp out afternoon, generally gets final product hatchling through 24~40 h;
Bait feeding: the bait in mysis stage is yolk, manufactured feed (prawn slice, car unit, BP) and wheel animalcule, wheel animalcule is thrown something and fed 2 times general every day, filter through 100 order mesh bags, later stage in mysis stage reduces the feeding volume of yolk gradually, increase the feeding volume of manufactured feed and wheel animalcule, daily ration of feeding is the per ten thousand tail young, 50 g; The young shrimp stage throw something and feed wheel animalcule and fairy shrimp nauplius, use 50 mgL before the brine shrimp eggs hatching
-1Formalin sterilization, brooding time more than 24 h, the young shrimp later stage wheel animalcule of no longer throwing something and feeding, the fairy shrimp of mainly throwing something and feeding is aided with an amount of oppossum shrimp simultaneously, throws something and feeds and takes a small amount of method repeatedly, and look in the pond density of biological feed and adjust;
Salinity control: in the seedling raising process, the salinity that nauplius stage salinity remains on 28, the Magna zoea larva stage is 27~28, the salinity in mysis stage is 25~26, the salinity in young shrimp stage is 21~25, after be stabilized in about 20, change to some extent in the different phase salinity;
Disease prevention and cure: bacteriosis: thoroughly clear pond, to the water strict sterilization filter, rationally bait throwing in, reasonable density of setting, treatment measure institute is with 2 ~ 3 mg/kg chloramphenicol or 3 ~ 5 mg/kg terramycin, full pool spilling head; The deep pool adds 1 g/kg terramycin or chloramphenicol such as soya-bean milk, yolk injustice in young bait, connects and feeds 3 d; With this full pool spilling head in 0.5 ~ 1.5 mg/kg nitrofurazone, furazolidone, the furans, sprinkle continuously 3 d; With 2 ~ 3 mg/kg sulfasomizoles or sulphathiazole full pool spilling head; Mycosis, cause of disease mainly contain chain vibrios, arc of recess bacterium, extra large vibrios, and methods for the treatment of institute full pool spilling head peacock protects, and get final product for general 1 time; Use nystatin, full pool spilling head 1 ~ 2 time; Use the trefanocide full pool spilling head, echinid class balantidiasis, cause of disease mainly contains campanularian, Zoothamnium, single contracting worm, tired branch worm, the swimming of symptom institute is slow, obstruction is ingested, decreased growth, slough off not lower casing, sink at last dead, when preventing and treating the early detection of method institute, rapid thorough ground more renews water, filamentous bacterial disease, and cause of disease is held a bacterium as common take Mucor, after this bacterium of symptom institute adheres to, make ovum can not continue to grow, young vigor weakens, and sinks to the bottom at last death, the method institute of control should keep water quality peace and quiet, also has the seta wasting disease injustice of abnormality disease deep pool between nursery stage, bubble illness, mid intestinal gland is downright bad sick, baculoviral disease etc.Adopt method of the present invention to carry out scientific, the raising that becomes more meticulous, effect of increasing production is obvious in the short time, the life rate is high, be fit to industrialization develops on a large scale.
Embodiment
Below will be described in detail the preferred embodiments of the present invention; Should be appreciated that preferred embodiment only for the present invention is described, rather than in order to limit protection scope of the present invention.
A kind of Ha Shi imitates the prawn artificial breeding method, may further comprise the steps:
Breeding environment: cultivating the pond is circle or square water mud sump, area 12 ~ 20m
2, dark 0. 7 ~ 1. 0 m; Require water circulation and dirt eliminating function good; Water quality is transparent, limpid, does not contain the harmful heavy metal ion, and sulphide is no more than 0.02mg/L, and total coliform count is less than 5000/L, and salinity is 21~28, and adds EDTA3. 0* 10
-6, add simultaneously terramycin 2. 0* 10
-6Or furazolidone 1. 0* 10
-6Pre-anti-bacteria.If trash fish is arranged, kill with 35mg/L tea bran; If assorted shrimp is arranged, kill with the 2.5mg/L trichlorphon.High-order pond or ground membrane cisterna, with the sterilization of 0.4mg/L C5H6Br2N2O2, illumination: 500lx ~ 1500lx, even, soft, not dazzling; Water temperature: 15 ℃ ~ 18 ℃; PH maintains between 7.6 ~ 8.2; Dissolved oxygen: greater than 6 m g/L; The water of growing seedlings uses the white door curtain made of cloth of shading, 5 in the every pond of gas exhausting stone again through after the sand filtration after 200 order mesh bags filter; The shrimp pool 70cm~100cm of intaking first is with 0.3mg/L C5H6Br2N2O2 sterilization water body.Use Micro Algae somatotropin 2kg/ mu and photosynthetic bacteria 5mg/L, applied again Micro Algae somatotropin 1kg/ mu every 2~3 days as topdressing, cultivated through 7~10 days, pond water water colour is yellow green or dark brown, transparency reaches 35~40cm, try the water with the shrimp seedling and to confirm can to consider to put seedling after toxicity disappears in pH7.8~8.8;
Domestication and the cultivation of parent shrimp: select sexual gland plentiful, healthy and strong anosis, ovary is the individuality of yellowish-brown or breen as close shrimp, close shrimp is caught after long-distance transport in the sea, immediately the shrimp basket is immersed in the parent shrimp rearing pond, suitably tune up aeration quantity, guarantee that dissolved oxygen is sufficient in the pond, the pond water temperature remains on 25~28 ℃, and breeding density is 15~20 tail m
-2, salinity remains on 24~27, and the nurturing period requires temperature, salinity relatively stable, throws something and feeds every day 2 times, throws some fresh, nutritious bait, and such as spiral shell meat, bright shrimp etc., day feeding volume is 10 %~15 % of close shrimp weight.Feeding volume is grasped flexibly according to residual bait amount, accomplishes slightly to remain bait.Every morning blowdown 1 time notes keeping water quality pure and fresh, and dissolved oxygen amount is not less than 6mgL
-1, change weekly water 2 times, pull residual bait, shrimp shell and dead shrimp every day out, generally before and after 22:00, ovum is heavy property to the spawning peak of close shrimp, after laying eggs, second day is pulled close shrimp out afternoon, generally gets final product hatchling through 24~40 h;
Bait feeding: the bait in mysis stage is yolk, manufactured feed (prawn slice, car unit, BP) and wheel animalcule, wheel animalcule is thrown something and fed 2 times general every day, filter through 100 order mesh bags, later stage in mysis stage reduces the feeding volume of yolk gradually, increase the feeding volume of manufactured feed and wheel animalcule, daily ration of feeding is the per ten thousand tail young, 50 g; The young shrimp stage throw something and feed wheel animalcule and fairy shrimp nauplius, use 50 mgL before the brine shrimp eggs hatching
-1Formalin sterilization, brooding time more than 24 h, the young shrimp later stage wheel animalcule of no longer throwing something and feeding, the fairy shrimp of mainly throwing something and feeding is aided with an amount of oppossum shrimp simultaneously, throws something and feeds and takes a small amount of method repeatedly, and look in the pond density of biological feed and adjust;
Salinity control: in the seedling raising process, the salinity that nauplius stage salinity remains on 28, the Magna zoea larva stage is 27~28, the salinity in mysis stage is 25~26, the salinity in young shrimp stage is 21~25, after be stabilized in about 20, change to some extent in the different phase salinity;
Disease prevention and cure: bacteriosis: thoroughly clear pond, to the water strict sterilization filter, rationally bait throwing in, reasonable density of setting, treatment measure institute is with 2 ~ 3 mg/kg chloramphenicol or 3 ~ 5 mg/kg terramycin, full pool spilling head; The deep pool adds 1 g/kg terramycin or chloramphenicol such as soya-bean milk, yolk injustice in young bait, connects and feeds 3 d; With this full pool spilling head in 0.5 ~ 1.5 mg/kg nitrofurazone, furazolidone, the furans, sprinkle continuously 3 d; With 2 ~ 3 mg/kg sulfasomizoles or sulphathiazole full pool spilling head; Mycosis, cause of disease mainly contain chain vibrios, arc of recess bacterium, extra large vibrios, and methods for the treatment of institute full pool spilling head peacock protects, and get final product for general 1 time; Use nystatin, full pool spilling head 1 ~ 2 time; Use the trefanocide full pool spilling head, echinid class balantidiasis, cause of disease mainly contains campanularian, Zoothamnium, single contracting worm, tired branch worm, the swimming of symptom institute is slow, obstruction is ingested, decreased growth, slough off not lower casing, sink at last dead, prevent and treat method: during early detection, rapid thorough ground more renews water, filamentous bacterial disease, and cause of disease is held a bacterium as common take Mucor, after this bacterium of symptom institute adheres to, make ovum can not continue to grow, young vigor weakens, and sinks to the bottom at last death, the method institute of control should keep water quality peace and quiet, also has the seta wasting disease injustice of abnormality disease deep pool between nursery stage, bubble illness, mid intestinal gland is downright bad sick, baculoviral disease etc.
Nauplius obtains shrimp seedling 20.1 ten thousand tails of long 1.5 cm of body through the cultivation of 25 d.The seed rearing survival rate is 66.56%, has obtained the effect of growing seedlings preferably.
Batch close shrimp gross weight/kg parent shrimp quantity/tail transportation survival rate/% tames survival rate/%
1 21.25 2625 94.51 64.34
2 13.50 1 770 86.72 65.36
3 10.50 1 400 84.28 70.25
4 18.50 3 330 83.33 76.47。
Claims (6)
1. a Ha Shi imitates the prawn artificial breeding method, may further comprise the steps:
Breeding environment: cultivating the pond is circle or square water mud sump, area 12 ~ 20m
2, dark 0. 7 ~ 1. 0 m; Require water circulation and dirt eliminating function good; Water quality is transparent, limpid, does not contain the harmful heavy metal ion, and sulphide is no more than 0.02mg/L, and total coliform count is less than 5000/L, and salinity is 21~28, and adds EDTA3. 0* 10
-6, add simultaneously terramycin 2. 0* 10
-6Or furazolidone 1. 0* 10
-6Pre-anti-bacteria.
2. if trash fish is arranged, kill with 35mg/L tea bran; If assorted shrimp is arranged, kill with the 2.5mg/L trichlorphon.
3. high-order pond or ground membrane cisterna are sterilized with the 0.4mg/L C5H6Br2N2O2, and illumination: 500lx ~ 1500lx is even, soft, not dazzling; Water temperature: 15 ℃ ~ 18 ℃; PH maintains between 7.6 ~ 8.2; Dissolved oxygen: greater than 6 m g/L; The water of growing seedlings uses the white door curtain made of cloth of shading, 5 in the every pond of gas exhausting stone again through after the sand filtration after 200 order mesh bags filter;
The shrimp pool 70cm~100cm of intaking first is with 0.3mg/L C5H6Br2N2O2 sterilization water body.
4. use Micro Algae somatotropin 2kg/ mu and photosynthetic bacteria 5mg/L, applied again Micro Algae somatotropin 1kg/ mu every 2~3 days as topdressing, cultivated through 7~10 days, pond water water colour is yellow green or dark brown, transparency reaches 35~40cm, try the water with the shrimp seedling and to confirm can to consider to put seedling after toxicity disappears in pH7.8~8.8;
Domestication and the cultivation of parent shrimp: select sexual gland plentiful, healthy and strong anosis, ovary is the individuality of yellowish-brown or breen as close shrimp, close shrimp is caught after long-distance transport in the sea, immediately the shrimp basket is immersed in the parent shrimp rearing pond, suitably tune up aeration quantity, guarantee that dissolved oxygen is sufficient in the pond, the pond water temperature remains on 25~28 ℃, and breeding density is 15~20 tail m
-2, salinity remains on 24~27, and the nurturing period requires temperature, salinity relatively stable, throws something and feeds every day 2 times, throws some fresh, nutritious bait, and such as spiral shell meat, bright shrimp etc., day feeding volume is 10 %~15 % of close shrimp weight.
5. feeding volume is grasped flexibly according to residual bait amount, accomplishes slightly to remain bait.
6. the every morning blowdown is 1 time, notes keeping water quality pure and fresh, and dissolved oxygen amount is not less than 6mgL
-1, change weekly water 2 times, pull residual bait, shrimp shell and dead shrimp every day out, generally before and after 22:00, ovum is heavy property to the spawning peak of close shrimp, after laying eggs, second day is pulled close shrimp out afternoon, generally gets final product hatchling through 24~40 h;
Bait feeding: the bait in mysis stage is yolk, manufactured feed (prawn slice, car unit, BP) and wheel animalcule, wheel animalcule is thrown something and fed 2 times general every day, filter through 100 order mesh bags, later stage in mysis stage reduces the feeding volume of yolk gradually, increase the feeding volume of manufactured feed and wheel animalcule, daily ration of feeding is the per ten thousand tail young, 50 g; The young shrimp stage throw something and feed wheel animalcule and fairy shrimp nauplius, use 50 mgL before the brine shrimp eggs hatching
-1Formalin sterilization, brooding time more than 24 h, the young shrimp later stage wheel animalcule of no longer throwing something and feeding, the fairy shrimp of mainly throwing something and feeding is aided with an amount of oppossum shrimp simultaneously, throws something and feeds and takes a small amount of method repeatedly, and look in the pond density of biological feed and adjust;
Salinity control: in the seedling raising process, the salinity that nauplius stage salinity remains on 28, the Magna zoea larva stage is 27~28, the salinity in mysis stage is 25~26, the salinity in young shrimp stage is 21~25, after be stabilized in about 20, change to some extent in the different phase salinity;
Disease prevention and cure: bacteriosis: thoroughly clear pond Yao filters the reasonable density of setting of reasonable bait throwing in Yao of Yao to the water strict sterilization, and treatment measure institute is with 2 ~ 3 mg/kg chloramphenicol or 3 ~ 5 mg/kg terramycin, full pool spilling head; The deep pool is kidd such as soya-bean milk Yao yolk and is added 1 g/kg terramycin or chloramphenicol in young bait, connects and feeds 3 d; With this full pool spilling head in 0.5 ~ 1.5 mg/kg nitrofurazone Yao furazolidone Yao furans, sprinkle continuously 3 d; With 2 ~ 3 mg/kg sulfasomizoles or sulphathiazole full pool spilling head; Mycosis, cause of disease mainly contain chain vibrios Yao arc of recess bacterium Yao sea vibrios, and methods for the treatment of institute full pool spilling head peacock protects, and get final product for general 1 time; Use nystatin, full pool spilling head 1 ~ 2 time; Use the trefanocide full pool spilling head, echinid class balantidiasis, cause of disease mainly contains the singly tired branch of contracting worm Yao worm of campanularian Yao Zoothamnium Yao, swim slow Yao of symptom institute hinders Yao's decreased growth Yao that ingests to slough off not lower casing, sink at last dead, when preventing and treating the early detection of method institute, rapid thorough ground more renews water, filamentous bacterial disease, and cause of disease is held a bacterium as common take Mucor, after this bacterium of symptom institute adheres to, make ovum can not continue to grow, young vigor weakens, and sinks to the bottom at last death, the method institute of control should keep water quality peace and quiet, also has the downright bad sick Yao baculoviral disease of abnormality disease deep pool seta wasting disease injustice Yao bubble illness Yao's mid intestinal gland etc. between nursery stage.
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Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN103503811A (en) * | 2013-10-15 | 2014-01-15 | 苏州市相城区盛胡特种养殖专业合作社 | Method for feeding myxocyprinus asiaticus by adoption of nano controlled-release feed |
CN105052837A (en) * | 2015-07-29 | 2015-11-18 | 通威股份有限公司 | Breeding method of larval stage feed of coregonus peled fry |
CN105557587A (en) * | 2016-01-13 | 2016-05-11 | 中国海洋大学 | Amphithoe japonica indoor artificial breeding method |
CN105994042A (en) * | 2016-05-30 | 2016-10-12 | 铜陵东晟生态农业科技有限公司 | Prawn breeding method |
CN106614171A (en) * | 2015-11-02 | 2017-05-10 | 射阳县朱平水产苗种有限公司 | High-efficiency river crab seedling growing integrated cultivation method |
CN109673555A (en) * | 2017-10-19 | 2019-04-26 | 嵊泗县东海贻贝科技创新服务有限公司 | A kind of method for culturing seedlings of Palaemon gravieri |
TWI760776B (en) * | 2020-06-29 | 2022-04-11 | 國立屏東科技大學 | Method for cultivating mysidacea |
CN115136913A (en) * | 2022-06-20 | 2022-10-04 | 浙江省海洋水产研究所 | Wild-imitating ecological breeding method for penaeus japonicus |
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2013
- 2013-06-17 CN CN2013102370102A patent/CN103314895A/en active Pending
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN103503811A (en) * | 2013-10-15 | 2014-01-15 | 苏州市相城区盛胡特种养殖专业合作社 | Method for feeding myxocyprinus asiaticus by adoption of nano controlled-release feed |
CN105052837A (en) * | 2015-07-29 | 2015-11-18 | 通威股份有限公司 | Breeding method of larval stage feed of coregonus peled fry |
CN106614171A (en) * | 2015-11-02 | 2017-05-10 | 射阳县朱平水产苗种有限公司 | High-efficiency river crab seedling growing integrated cultivation method |
CN106614171B (en) * | 2015-11-02 | 2019-07-05 | 射阳县朱平水产苗种有限公司 | A kind of integrated breeding method of efficient crab seedling rearing |
CN105557587A (en) * | 2016-01-13 | 2016-05-11 | 中国海洋大学 | Amphithoe japonica indoor artificial breeding method |
CN105994042A (en) * | 2016-05-30 | 2016-10-12 | 铜陵东晟生态农业科技有限公司 | Prawn breeding method |
CN109673555A (en) * | 2017-10-19 | 2019-04-26 | 嵊泗县东海贻贝科技创新服务有限公司 | A kind of method for culturing seedlings of Palaemon gravieri |
TWI760776B (en) * | 2020-06-29 | 2022-04-11 | 國立屏東科技大學 | Method for cultivating mysidacea |
CN115136913A (en) * | 2022-06-20 | 2022-10-04 | 浙江省海洋水产研究所 | Wild-imitating ecological breeding method for penaeus japonicus |
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