CN103168606A - Method for cultivating broccoli in greenhouse at high yield and high efficiency - Google Patents
Method for cultivating broccoli in greenhouse at high yield and high efficiency Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for cultivating broccoli in a greenhouse at high yield and high efficiency. The method comprises the steps of: preparing a seedling bed; implementing plug seedling in tray; implementing seedling management; preparing a land and applying a fertilizer; planting; implementing field management; preventing and controlling diseases and insect damages; adjusting temperature and humidity; reasonably closing or opening front and the back films of the greenhouse, a small arched shed thin film and two front doors of the greenhouse according to data of the temperature and the humidity in the greenhouse as well as weather conditions during the early budding period of the broccoli; and harvesting, and the like. The method has the beneficial effects that the harvesting period of the broccoli can be manually controlled by utilizing the sensitivity of buds in a developmental period to the temperature, so that the broccoli can be sold in the market around the Spring Festival, so that a high economic benefit can be obtained; simultaneously, the quality of the broccoli is improved and the production value per mu is high; and standardized pollution-free greenhouse cultivation is realized.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of cultivation method of broccoli, especially a kind of cultivation method of booth broccoli high-yield and high-efficiency belongs to field of plant growing technology.
Background technology
Broccoli (Broccoli) claim again Broccoliflorets, broccoli, belongs to the Cruciferae rape and belong in brassica specie a mutation take green bouquet and fertile tender scape as product.Broccoli is nutritious, and local flavor is good, and green constant after the cooking, delicate fragrance is tender, suitablely boils, stir-fry, cold and dressed with sauce, freezing.American-European wait state's research to think, broccoli contains cancer-resisting substance, frequent edible anti-cancer in advance, and the reduction cancer morbidity is described as high-grade health-care vegetable, sells well.Along with the raising of living standards of the people, the consciousness of nutrition and health care is constantly strengthened, broccoli is familiar with by consumers in general gradually, and cultivated area, consumption figure enlarge year by year.Broccoli is very not strict to the requirement of illumination, but like sufficient illumination in its process of growth, plant meeting robust growth during the illumination foot, form powerful trophosome, be conducive to the accumulation of photosynthesis and nutrient, and make the bouquet consolidation fine and close, and the bud green quality of color is better, however midsummer, sunlight was crossed strong the growing of broccoli that also be unfavorable for.It is 15-18 ℃ that broccoli curd is grown thermophilic, temperature during higher than 25 ℃ the Head quality mutability bad, Yi Maohua, quality descends, but only otherwise endure cold evil, bouquet at 5 ℃ the low temperature below even still can slowly grow.At present, the production of Jiangsu Province broccoli is mainly take autumn and winter as main, the listing phase is in March in late October to next year, all the other need from Fujian times or introduce in the other places such as Gansu, but existing broccoli plantation is generally the common species method for planting, is only to utilize greenhouse gardening to regulate the harvest time of bouquet, and this plantation mode obtains vegetables, and not only mouthfeel is bad, also easily fall ill in growth, output is lower.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is the defective that exists according to prior art, proposes the cultivation method of high, the profitable booth broccoli high-yield and high-efficiency of a kind of output.
The present invention is the technical solution problem by the following technical programs, and a kind of cultivation method of booth broccoli high-yield and high-efficiency comprises the following steps:
Step 1, seedling bed are prepared, and select high-land, ventilating cool, and irrigation and drainage are convenient, and booth is built in the plot that the soil is porous, and covers silver gray sunshade net and 20 order fly nets on booth, and Insect preventing sunshade net needs full canopy to cover;
Step 2, point disk seedling growing adopt 72 hole dishes to sow, grow seedlings broccoli seeds, and with cave disk cover upper film covering;
Step 3, seedling management, after sowing 2～3 days and emerging, choosing has the solar time to remove covering, allow rice shoot fully see light, extraneous (booth is outer) when temperature surpasses 30 ℃, booth is covered sunshade net avoiding canopy temperature too high, thinning when seedling grows to 1～2 true leaf;
Step 4, site preparation and fertilization are leveled land, and apply base manure, every 667 ㎡ execute decomposed dung 3000kg, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium 75kg, boron fertilizer 1kg, fertiliser containing magnesium 1kg, then turn over and bury, mix with soil, make the flat furrow of shallow ridges of wide 1.2～1.5m, ditch depth 10～15cm, furrow width 25～30cm, the booth external-open is wider than 30cm, deeply greater than the drain ditch of 40cm, prevent that the interior occluded water of the outer pin ditch of canopy penetrates into booth when raining heavyly;
Step 5, field planting select carry out field planting the dusk of cloudy day or fine day, and the distance between rows and hills by 40 * 35 moves to the land for growing field crops with seedling;
Step 6, field management, in time water normal root water after field planting, and moisten soil 2～4 times in broccoli heading stage drip irrigation, to keep ground moistening, field planting is topdressed after 7 days for the first time, every 667 ㎡ execute urea 1.5kg, and potassium chloride 1kg topdressed after topdressing for the first time 10 days for the second time, every 667 ㎡ execute urea 5kg, potassium chloride 3kg carried out 1～2 time according to plant growth condition every 10 days later on and topdresses, and its fertilizing type is with fertilizing type is identical for the second time;
Step 7, prevention and elimination of disease and pests, utilize 800 times of liquid of 75% tpn wetting powder or 500 times of liquid of 70% mancozeb, spray in every 7～10 days 1 time, even spraying 2～3 times prevents and treats damping off, downy mildew and black rot, utilize 600 times of liquid of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder, 800 times of 5% 700 times of flufenoxuron missible oil liquid or 5% UC 62644 missible oil are are alternately prevented and treated diamond-back moth, cabbage caterpillar and aphid;
Booth full front of a Chinese gown film, little shed film and booth two main entrances are rationally closed or opened to step 8, adjusting temp. and humidity at the broccoli early squaring, according to temp. and humidity data and weather condition in booth;
Step 9, gather, when the edge small bud of broccoli master bouquet is slightly loose, bouquet is cut off at scape 3cm place together with bottom band scape.
The present invention is further technical solution problem by the following technical programs: also having the broccoli of selection kind and basis and cauliflower between step 1 and step 2 need determine the sowing time listing date.In described step 2,, the vegetables special nutrient soil available from Shanghai Denmark Pin Shi is arranged in 72 hole dishes.If the cloudy day in described step 3 is removed sunshade net keeping the moistening of soil, and Yu Yuqian coils the cover film covering with the cave, prevents the rain drop erosion seedbed.Progressively remove covering before field planting 1 week to practice seedling in described step 5, it is 28～32 days that the seedling age of seedling is selected in described field planting.
Described fertilizing type is that urea and the water-soluble rear pouring of potassium chloride are executed, and described Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium is that N:P:K is the composite fertilizer of 15:15:15.
In described step 8, if the weather wet weather is cloudy, when day temperature is 3～5 ℃, with booth full front of a Chinese gown film, little shed film and booth two main entrance Close Alls; If 2～3 ℃ of extraneous minimum temperatures, maximum temperature be more than 10 ℃, during 4～5 grades of wind-force, open booth full front of a Chinese gown film and booth two main entrances 5～7 hours daytime, and little shed film is closed; If during 11 of same day, canopy temperature was 18～20 ℃, within 11 o'clock to 15 o'clock time, booth full front of a Chinese gown film and booth two main entrances to be opened and ventilated, little shed film is closed; If 6～8 ℃ of extraneous minimum temperatures, 15～17 ℃ of maximum temperatures, during 8 a.m., canopy temperature is 20～22 ℃, perhaps night, minimum temperature was over 10 ℃, when daytime, temperature of shed surpassed 20 ℃, 9 of daytimes open booth full front of a Chinese gown films, little shed film and booth two main entrances at 16 in afternoon and ventilate.The present invention utilizes bouquet at 5 ℃ under the low temperature below even, only otherwise the characteristic that the evil of enduring cold still can slowly be grown, from the bouquet early squaring, by postponing or opening in advance large hut tectorial membrane time, regulate the harvest time of bouquet, make broccoli in the listing of gathering in 10 days around the Spring Festival in every year, can enrich the market supplies, can significantly improve the Cotton Varieties by Small Farming Households benefit again, have very wide market prospects.
booth broccoli high-yield high-efficiency cultivation technology broccoli of the present invention should be selected disease-resistant, in late-maturing, the kind that picking time is long, in early and middle ten days sowing in the August in every year, approximately field planting 30 days time of seedling age, and in the unlatching by large small shed thin film or close the temperature in canopy is regulated to the recovery process of the early squaring of broccoli curd, utilize the flower bud development phase to the susceptibility of temperature, but the picking time of manual control broccoli, make broccoli obtain higher economic benefit in listing around the Spring Festival, simultaneously, improved the quality of broccoli, its per mu yield value is reached more than ten thousand yuan, realized standardized nuisanceless greenhouse cultivation.
Embodiment
Material: the seed of broccoli is chosen seed on sale on market, and as green in the sage (middle-late ripening variety) needs about 115 days to gathering after field planting, reach 15 days picking time, bouquet hemispherical, main bouquet type are more than the heavy 0.6kg of single ball, available from Ruifan Agricultural Gardening Co., Ltd., Zhenjiang City.
Embodiment one
The present embodiment is cultivated broccoli according to following steps:
(1) build simple plastic greenhouse, select physical features high and dry, ventilating cool, the draining good soil is loose builds up booth with fertile plot, booth north and south seat to, canopy and canopy spacing are 2m, the long 40m of single canopy, wide 6m, booth cover silver gray sunshade net and fly net, and the full canopy of fly net covers.
(2) sowing, in sowing on August 12 (February 3 was the Spring Festival then), adopt 72 hole dishes (PVC material) to grow seedlings, the built-in vegetables special nutrient soil of cave dish, Nutrition Soil surface lies panel surface 1cm is as the criterion, and 3～4, every cave seed is broadcast the central authorities in the hole, cave, evenly spread again one deck Nutrition Soil after all finishing, water sufficient water, newspaper on surface cover is in order to moisturizing.
(3) seedling management, sow and emerge after 3 days, in time remove covering, allow rice shoot fully see sunlight, noon, canopy covered sunshade net outward when temperature is higher than 30 ℃, cloudy day is removed sunshade net to keep the ground moistening in seedling stage, rainy day is at booth upper cover film, timely final singling when seedling grows to 2 true leaves, and 1 strain seedling is stayed in every cave, opened covering September 6 and carry out hardening, field planting the previous day (September 11) water 1 time permeable.
(4) fertilizer application, the field site preparation and fertilization, executed the land for growing field crops and executed Chicken dung 5000kg/667 ㎡ August 18, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium N:P:K(15:15:15) 75kg/667 ㎡, boron fertilizer 1kg/667 ㎡, fertiliser containing magnesium 1kg/667 ㎡, plough in conjunction with rake and execute down, mix with soil.To make the flat furrow of shallow ridges of wide 1.5m, ditch depth 15cm, furrow width 30cm when playing furrow.
(5) field planting, field planting on September 12, during field planting, earthing is to the cotyledon place, and water drenches normal root water, every furrow plantation 2 row, line-spacing 40cm, spacing in the rows 35cm, cross colonisation, approximately 3000 strains/667 ㎡.
(6) science control water, the broccoli not cover film of front booth of buddingging on moisture management, is widened canopy outer drain ditch system, and when arid in good time drip irrigation profit soil 3～4 times.
(7) topdress, approximately topdressed for the first time in 7 days after field planting, execute urea 1.5kg/667 ㎡, potassium chloride 1kg/667 ㎡, both water-soluble rear pouring is executed, and topdresses for the second time and approximately carries out in 10 days after topdressing for the first time, executes urea urea 5kg/667 ㎡, potassium chloride 3kg/667 ㎡ is later on every approximately carrying out topdressing for 1～2 time according to plant growth condition in 10 days again.
(8) integrated control damage by disease and insect, when fine, in booth, temp. and humidity is higher, should suitably increase noon and ventilate 1～2 hour, to reduce the temp. and humidity in canopy, utilize 800 times of liquid of 75% tpn wetting powder or 500 times of liquid of 70% mancozeb, spray in every 7～10 days 1 time, even spraying 2～3 times prevents and treats damping off, downy mildew and black rot, utilize 600 times of liquid of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder, 800 times of 5% 700 times of flufenoxuron missible oil liquid or 5% UC 62644 missible oil are are alternately prevented and treated diamond-back moth, cabbage caterpillar and aphid.
(9) regulation and control temp. and humidity, December 15, broccoli was just buddingged, 15～January 20 December, according to thermohygrometer data in canopy, range estimation fog size, in conjunction with weather forecast and enter the artificial sensation of booth etc., rationally close or open booth full front of a Chinese gown film, little shed film, the north and south door.Be specially:
A. whole day is closed: namely door, booth full front of a Chinese gown film, little shed film and skirt film were closed in equal 24 hours; Adopt when have one of following situation winter: overcast and rainy cloudy, 3～5 ℃ of day temperatures.
B. semi-open: as namely to open booth south gate, north gate and full front of a Chinese gown film, close small shed thin film, opening time is to open south gate, north gate and the full front of a Chinese gown film daytime 5～7 hours, remaining and night contract fully, when being arranged, one of following situation adopts: the one, and 2～3 ℃ of weather forecast minimum temperatures, maximum temperature is more than 10 ℃, wind-force 4-5 level; The 2nd, at 11 o'clock in the morning, temperature of shed was 18～20 ℃, opened north and south door and the ventilation of full front of a Chinese gown film up to 15 o'clock in 11;
C. full open: namely open booth south gate and north gate and full front of a Chinese gown film and little shed film, open about 9 o'clock daytimes, at 16 o'clock in afternoon closed later, when being arranged, one of following situation adopts: the one, and 6～8 ℃ of the weather forecast minimum air temperatures, the highest 15～17 ℃, at 8 o'clock in morning this moment, temperature of shed was 20～22 ℃, the 2nd, early September is to early November, night, minimum temperature surpassed 10 ℃, and the interior temperature of canopy on daytime surpasses 20 ℃, and full open is ventilated.
(10) results, on 20-February 10 January, edge small bud group is slightly loose for bouquet, with bouquet bottom band scape approximately 3cm cut off together, and keep 3-4 sheet leaflet, the packing of gathering successively listing, output reaches 1900kg/667 ㎡.
Embodiment two
The present embodiment is cultivated broccoli according to following steps:
(1) build simple plastic greenhouse, select physical features high and dry, ventilating cool, the draining good soil is loose builds up booth with fertile plot, booth north and south seat to, canopy and canopy spacing are 2m, the long 40m of single canopy, wide 6m, booth cover silver gray sunshade net and fly net, and the full canopy of fly net covers.
(2) sowing, sowing on August 3 (January 23 was the Spring Festival then) adopts 72 hole dishes (PVC material) to grow seedlings, vegetables special nutritional seedlings and soil.
(3) seedling management is sowed and is emerged after 2 days, removes covering during fine day, allows rice shoot fully see light, and noon, canopy covered sunshade net outward when temperature is higher than 30 ℃.Cloudy day is removed sunshade net keeping the ground moistening in seedling stage, and the rainy day is at booth upper cover film, final singling when seedling grows to 1 true leaf, and 1 strain seedling is stayed in every cave, practices seedling August 26, and September 1 watered permeable.
(4) fertilizer application, August 10, the field site preparation and fertilization, executed decomposed dung 3000kg/667 ㎡, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium N:P:K(15:15:15) 75kg/667 ㎡, boron fertilizer 1kg/667 ㎡, fertiliser containing magnesium 1kg/667 ㎡, plough in conjunction with rake and execute down, mix with soil.To make the flat furrow of shallow ridges when playing furrow, the wide 1.2m of furrow, the furrow ditch depth is 15cm approximately, and the furrow furrow width is 30cm approximately.
(5) field planting, September 2 was carried out field planting, and during field planting, earthing is to the cotyledon place, and water drenches normal root water, every furrow plantation 2 row, line-spacing 40cm, spacing in the rows 35cm, cross colonisation, approximately 3000 strains/667 ㎡.
(6) science control water, the broccoli not cover film of front booth of buddingging on moisture management, is widened canopy outer drain ditch system, and during arid, the drip irrigation profit is native 3～4 times in good time.
(7) topdress, approximately topdressed for the first time in 7 days after field planting, execute urea 1.5kg/667 ㎡, potassium chloride 1kg/667 ㎡, both water-soluble rear pouring is executed, and approximately carries out in 10 days after topdressing for the first time for the second time, executes urea urea 5kg/667 ㎡, potassium chloride 3kg/667 ㎡.Later on every approximately carrying out again topdressing for 1～2 time according to plant growth condition in 10 days.
(8) integrated control damage by disease and insect, when fine, in booth, temp. and humidity is higher, suitably increase noon and ventilated 1～2 hour, reduce temp. and humidity in canopy, prevent and treat damping off, downy mildew, black rot etc. with the spraying of the bactericide such as tpn, carbendazim, metalaxyl, with insects such as chrysanthemum ester class, the control of bacillus thuringiensis,Bt (Bt) insecticides diamond-back moth, cabbage caterpillar and aphids.
(9) regulation and control temp. and humidity, December 5, broccoli was just buddingged, 5～January 10 December, according to thermohygrometer data in canopy, range estimation fog size is in conjunction with weather forecast and enter the artificial sensation of booth etc., rationally close or open full front of a Chinese gown film, little shed film, the north and south door.Be specially:
The a whole day is closed: namely door, booth full front of a Chinese gown film, little shed film and skirt film were closed in equal 24 hours; Adopt when have one of following situation winter: overcast and rainy cloudy, 3～5 ℃ of day temperatures.
B is semi-open: namely open booth south gate, north gate and full front of a Chinese gown film, close small shed thin film, opening time is to open south gate, north gate and skirt film daytime 5～7 hours, remaining and night contract fully, when being arranged, one of following situation adopts: the one, and weather forecast minimum temperature 2～3, maximum temperature is more than 10,4～5 grades of wind-force; The 2nd, at 11 o'clock in the morning, temperature of shed was 18～20 ℃, opened north and south door and the ventilation of full front of a Chinese gown film up to 15 o'clock in 11;
C full open: namely open booth south gate and north gate and full front of a Chinese gown film and little shed film, open about 9 o'clock daytimes, at 16 o'clock in afternoon closed later, when being arranged, one of following situation adopts: the one, and 6～8 ℃ of the weather forecast minimum air temperatures, the highest by 15～17, at 8 o'clock in morning this moment, temperature of shed was 20～22 ℃, the 2nd, early September is to early November, night, minimum temperature surpassed 10, and the interior temperature of canopy on daytime surpasses 20 ℃, and full open is ventilated.
(10) results, the packing of gathering successively 10～February 5 January listing, output reaches 2000kg/667 ㎡.
In addition to the implementation, the present invention can also have other embodiments.All employings are equal to the technical scheme of replacement or equivalent transformation formation, all drop on the protection domain of requirement of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. the cultivation method of a booth broccoli high-yield and high-efficiency, is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
Step 1, seedling bed are prepared, and select high-land, ventilating cool, and irrigation and drainage are convenient, and booth is built in the plot that the soil is porous, and covers silver gray sunshade net and 20 order fly nets on booth;
Step 2, point disk seedling growing adopt 72 hole dishes to sow, grow seedlings broccoli seeds, and with cave disk cover upper film covering;
Step 3, seedling management, after sowing 2～3 days and emerging, choosing has the solar time to remove covering, allows rice shoot fully see light, when ambient temperature surpasses 30 ℃, booth is covered sunshade net, thinning when seedling grows to 1～2 true leaf;
Step 4, site preparation and fertilization are leveled land, and apply base manure, every 667 ㎡ execute decomposed dung 3000kg, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium 75kg, boron fertilizer 1kg, fertiliser containing magnesium 1kg, then turn over and bury, mix with soil, make the flat furrow of shallow ridges of wide 1.2～1.5m, ditch depth 10～15cm, furrow width 25～30cm, the booth external-open is wider than 30cm, deeply greater than the drain ditch of 40cm, prevent that the interior occluded water of the outer pin ditch of canopy penetrates into booth when raining heavyly;
Step 5, field planting select carry out field planting the dusk of cloudy day or fine day, and the distance between rows and hills by 40 * 35 moves to the land for growing field crops with seedling;
Step 6, field management, in time water normal root water after field planting, and moisten soil 2～4 times in broccoli heading stage drip irrigation, to keep ground moistening, field planting is topdressed after 7 days for the first time, every 667 ㎡ execute urea 1.5kg, potassium chloride 1kg topdressed after topdressing for the first time 10 days for the second time, and every 667 ㎡ execute urea 5kg, potassium chloride 3kg carried out 1～2 time according to plant growth condition every 10 days later on and topdresses;
Step 7, prevention and elimination of disease and pests, utilize 800 times of liquid of 75% tpn wetting powder or 500 times of liquid of 70% mancozeb, spray in every 7～10 days 1 time, even spraying 2～3 times prevents and treats damping off, downy mildew and black rot, utilize 600 times of liquid of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder, 800 times of 5% 700 times of flufenoxuron missible oil liquid or 5% UC 62644 missible oil are are alternately prevented and treated diamond-back moth, cabbage caterpillar and aphid;
Booth full front of a Chinese gown film, little shed film and booth two main entrances are rationally closed or opened to step 8, adjusting temp. and humidity at the broccoli early squaring, according to temp. and humidity data and weather condition in booth;
Step 9, gather, when the edge small bud of broccoli master bouquet is slightly loose, bouquet is cut off at scape 3cm place together with bottom band scape.
2. the cultivation method of booth broccoli high-yield and high-efficiency according to claim 1 is characterized in that: also have between step 1 and step 2 the broccoli of selection kind and according to and cauliflower need listing date determine the sowing time.
3. the cultivation method of booth broccoli high-yield and high-efficiency according to claim 1, is characterized in that: in described step 2, the vegetables special nutrient soil available from Shanghai Denmark Pin Shi is arranged in 72 holes dishes.
4. the cultivation method of booth broccoli high-yield and high-efficiency according to claim 1 is characterized in that: if in described step 3 the cloudy day, remove sunshade net keeping the moistening of soil, and Yu Yuqian coils the cover film covering with the cave, prevent the rain drop erosion seedbed.
5. the cultivation method of booth broccoli high-yield and high-efficiency according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: progressively remove covering before field planting 1 week to practice seedling in described step 5, it is 28～32 days that the seedling age of seedling is selected in described field planting.
6. the cultivation method of booth broccoli high-yield and high-efficiency according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described fertilizing type is that urea and the water-soluble rear pouring of potassium chloride are executed, and described Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium is that N:P:K is the composite fertilizer of 15:15:15.
7. the cultivation method of booth broccoli high-yield and high-efficiency according to claim 1, is characterized in that: in described step 8, if the weather wet weather is cloudy, when day temperature is 3～5 ℃, with booth full front of a Chinese gown film, little shed film and booth two main entrance Close Alls; If 2～3 ℃ of extraneous minimum temperatures, maximum temperature be more than 10 ℃, during 4～5 grades of wind-force, open booth full front of a Chinese gown film and booth two main entrances 5～7 hours daytime, and little shed film is closed; If during 11 of same day, canopy temperature was 18～20 ℃, within 11 o'clock to 15 o'clock time, booth full front of a Chinese gown film and booth two main entrances to be opened and ventilated, little shed film is closed; If 6～8 ℃ of extraneous minimum temperatures, 15～17 ℃ of maximum temperatures, during 8 a.m., canopy temperature is 20～22 ℃, perhaps night, minimum temperature was over 10 ℃, when daytime, temperature of shed surpassed 20 ℃, 9 of daytimes open booth full front of a Chinese gown films, little shed film and booth two main entrances at 16 in afternoon and ventilate.
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