CN103153572B - 真空隔热板在冷却装置中的固定 - Google Patents
真空隔热板在冷却装置中的固定 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103153572B CN103153572B CN201180045653.6A CN201180045653A CN103153572B CN 103153572 B CN103153572 B CN 103153572B CN 201180045653 A CN201180045653 A CN 201180045653A CN 103153572 B CN103153572 B CN 103153572B
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
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- B29C44/34—Auxiliary operations
- B29C44/58—Moulds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
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- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
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- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
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- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
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Abstract
聚氨酯(PU)泡沫反应体系用于将真空隔热板(VIP)面状固定于冷却装臵外壁的内部和/或冷却装臵内容器壁的外部上的用途,所述反应体系包含:a)有机和/或改性的有机多异氰酸酯,与b)至少一种具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基呈反应性的氢原子的较高分子量化合物,和任选的c)低分子量扩链剂和/或交联剂,在如下物质的存在下:d)发泡剂,e)催化剂,f)稳泡剂和任选的g)其他助剂和/或添加剂,其中选择组分a)-g)以获得具有50-1100g/l自由发泡密度和≥15kPa压缩强度的闭孔聚氨酯泡沫,且排除硬质整体泡沫。此外,描述了一种制备包含冷却装臵壁、衍生自上述PU泡沫反应体系的PU泡沫层和至少一块VIP的复合材料的方法。
Description
本发明涉及特定聚氨酯(PUR)泡沫反应体系在将真空隔热板(VIP)面状固定(Fixerung)于冷却装置的壁上的用途以及一种制备包含冷却装置壁、PUR泡沫层和至少一块VIP的复合材料的方法。
将真空隔热单元(也称为真空隔热板)越来越多地用于隔热。尤其将其用于制冷装置外壳、冷藏车用容器、冷却盒、冷却室或区域供暖管道。由于其低导热率,其具有优于常规隔热材料的优点。因此,与闭孔硬质聚氨酯泡沫相比,其节能潜力通常为约20-30%。
这类真空隔热单元通常包含隔热芯材例如开孔硬质聚氨酯(PUR)泡沫、开孔挤出聚苯乙烯泡沫、硅胶、玻璃纤维、松散聚合物粒子床、衍生自硬质PUR泡沫或半硬质PUR泡沫的压制研磨材料、珍珠岩,其包封在不透气膜中,抽真空并焊接以使其不透气。真空度应当小于100毫巴。由于该真空度,且取决于所述芯材的结构和孔径,可实现小于10mW/mK的板导热率。
就隔热目的而言,通常将真空隔热板引入待隔热的组件中并固定在此处。用于隔热的上述组件通常包含两个致密层,优选金属板或聚合物如聚苯乙烯。
在制冷器的生产过程中,将液态硬质PUR泡沫反应混合物注入空腔中,所述空腔通常由金属外壁、由塑料或基于纸板的多层复合材料构成的后壁以及塑料内壳(衬里)构成。VIP必须在所述反应混合物引入之前固定就位,以防止各构件在泡沫形成过程中,在空腔中不受控制地运动。
通常的固定方法是使用双面胶带,其中将VIP胶接于外层金属板的内部(JP2005-076966)或衬里(EP-A-0434225)上。当VIP已固定在金属外壁的内部上时,正在反应的硬质PUR泡沫反应混合物会在用泡沫填充空腔的过程中流过其周围。由硬质PUR泡沫反应混合物产生的反应热导致泡沫在所述装置中强烈加热。在随后的冷却过程中,由于VIP和硬质PUR泡沫的不同膨胀系数,外壳会发生不希望的形变。侧壁上所产生的不同形变尤其明显。特别是当使用不锈钢表面且当使用双面胶带固定VIP时,的确如此,这是因为在这种情况下,由于光亮表面而导致缺陷特别明显,且出于成本原因希望使用薄金属板。
对表面的不利效果可通过使用额外高强度板以进行加强而消除。由于当将金属板连接时不允许形成空腔等,因此该解决方案昂贵且复杂。另一缺点是制冷装置的重量显著增加。
DE-A19948361描述了一种借助由隔热材料制成的中间层将VIP固定于外壳的衬里和制冷装置的门上。所述中间层可为模制品或隔热泡沫,其中对所述中间层没有进行更详细地说明,而是将其以液体形式施加至衬里上,并将VIP以这种状态置于其上。据称隔热泡沫通常基于聚氨酯。
EP-A0822379描述了借助通常用于制造制冷装置的硬质PUR泡沫反应混合物或优选借助单组分PUR泡沫(例如获自Henkel的)而将VIP固定于刚性板上。所述刚性板例如为金属板或塑料板,优选金属盒。在一个实施方案中,可首先将所述泡沫反应混合物施加至所述板上且可将VIP置于仍为液态的反应混合物中。
单组分PUR泡沫(例如获自Henkel的)通常具有20-30g/l的自由发泡密度且为包含处于超计大气压下的物理发泡剂的异氰酸酯预聚物。这些体系的缺点在于其借助大气水分固化且为此需要许多小时。出于经济原因,该长固化时间对制冷器制造而言是不利的,这是因为此时通常获得数分钟的循环时间。
用于制造制冷装置的常规PUR泡沫反应混合物通常具有25-45g/l的自由发泡密度。在相应实施例(EP-A0822379)中,包含环戊烷的PUR泡沫反应混合物由聚醚多元醇(OH值为400)构成且使用聚合二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯。根据实施例,所述配制剂不含任何稳泡剂。缺点在于其结果不是保持泡沫结构,而是相反使所述泡沫塌陷至约60g/l的密度(根据DIN EN ISO845测定)。由于极粗的泡孔和开孔泡沫结构,在VIP胶接上之后所得的泡沫结构的特征在于很大的不均匀性,称为孔隙。这些孔隙明显位于整个薄金属外壁的外部,且因此使所述表面的质量降低。
为了确保PUR泡沫反应混合物在VIP下的装置壁上的良好面状分布,所述反应混合物必须以特定的最小的单位面积重量(g/m2)引入。在密度为25-45g/l的常规体系的情况下,仅仅当使用高致密化度(致密化度=发泡模制品的密度/自由发泡的堆密度)时,才能获得满意的单位面积的重量。然而,使用高致密化度意味着必须使用密闭式模具。实际上,此时必须对各种冷却装置使用不同的专用密闭式模具。这导致高生产成本。此外,由于存在将形成的PUR泡沫的压出这一问题,因此技术上难以获得高致密化度(约>3)。
WO2005/026605描述了硬质致密聚氨酯或具有致密外皮和泡孔芯的硬质聚氨酯泡沫(=硬质聚氨酯整体泡沫)的模制品,其包括至少一块用于制造冷却装置的真空隔热板。将VIP引入其中放置所述VIP的模具中,然后用用于PUR泡沫的反应混合物填充所述模具。闭合所述模具并在所述PUR泡沫固化后取出模制品。所述模制品为自支撑的,从而使得不需要封入金属或塑料外壳中,正如在常规冷藏容器的情况下那样。然而,所述模制品的一面可为金属层或塑料层,其中也将该层置于所述模具中。
所述硬质聚氨酯整体泡沫的自由发泡密度为200-800kg/m3;所述硬质致密聚氨酯的自由发泡密度为700-1200kg/m3。根据定义,硬质致密聚氨酯的配制剂中不含任何发泡剂。由于致密的外皮,该体系具有高于硬质PUR泡沫的λ值。致密体系也具有对应用不利的高λ值。
DE102008026528A1描述了一种使用液态PUR泡沫反应混合物制备由真空隔热板和制冷装置的外壁构成的复合材料的方法。将所述PUR泡沫反应混合物作为可固化粘合层以面状施加至冷却装置外壁的内部和/或冷却装置内容器壁的外部,并将VIP置于其中。在密闭式模具中进行发泡,直至所述反应混合物完全固化。据称所述泡沫体系可以以提高的密度加工。所用的PUR泡沫反应混合物优选为特征在于仅具有约3分钟的硬化时间的慢发泡泡沫体系。
本发明的目的是提供一种用于将VIP固定于制冷装置中的改进PUR泡沫体系,其不具有上述缺点,且同时具有令人满意的粘合性。特别地,应当提供也可用于密闭式保持设备中的体系。
令人惊奇地发现所述目的可通过使用权利要求1的PUR泡沫反应体系而实现。
本发明提供了聚氨酯(PUR)泡沫反应体系用于将真空隔热板(VIP)面状固定至冷却装置外壁的内部和/或冷却装置的内容器壁的外部上的用途,所述反应体系包含:
a)有机和/或改性的有机多异氰酸酯,与
b)至少一种具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基呈反应性的氢原子的较高分子量化合物,和任选的
c)低分子量扩链剂和/或交联剂,在如下物质的存在下:
d)发泡剂,
e)催化剂,
f)稳泡剂和任选的
g)其他助剂和/或添加剂,
其中选择组分a)-g)以获得具有50-1100g/l自由发泡密度和大于15kPa压缩强度的闭孔聚氨酯泡沫,且排除硬质整体泡沫。
也将冷却装置(例如制冷器)的门视为冷却装置的外壁,也将冷却装置的门的衬里视为内容器的壁。
本发明所用的聚氨酯泡沫的自由发泡密度根据DIN53420测定,且优选为55-500g/l,特别为60-200g/l。
所述泡沫的压缩强度根据DIN53421测定。因此,本发明所用的聚氨酯泡沫为半硬质泡沫或硬质泡沫。
单位面积的重量为材料的质量,即每单位面积所引入的包含组分a)-g)在内的反应混合物。本发明所用聚氨酯泡沫的单位面积重量为300-9600g/m2,优选为330-6000g/m2,特别优选为360-2400g/m2。
本发明所用的聚氨酯泡沫为闭孔的(DIN7726);开孔泡孔的比例不大于15%。
就本发明而言,硬质聚氨酯整体泡沫为具有致密外皮(基本上无孔)和泡孔芯的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,即表面区域的密度高于芯密度(DIN7726)。
聚氨酯已为人所知很长时间了且广泛描述于文献中。其通常通过使多异氰酸与具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基呈反应性的氢原子的化合物在发泡剂、至少一种催化剂和助剂和/或添加剂的存在下反应而制备。
在大多数情况下,所述具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基呈反应性的氢原子的化合物为多官能醇。此时,除聚酯醇之外,聚醚醇具有最高的工业重要性。
聚醚醇通常通过将氧化烯,优选氧化乙烯和/或氧化丙烯加成至多官能醇和/或胺上而制备。所述加成反应通常在催化剂的存在下进行。
所有这些方法都是本领域技术人员所已知的。PUR泡沫制备的概括性综述已例如出版于Polyurethane,Kunststoff-Handbuch,第7卷,1966第1版,R.Vieweg博士和博士编辑;以及1983年第二版,Oertel博士编辑,Carl Hanser Verlag,Munich,Vienna中。
如上所述,所述PUR泡沫通过使用本身已知的成型组分通过本发明的方法制备,关于这些可提供如下细节:
a)作为有机异氰酸酯,可使用所有的常规脂族、脂环族和优选芳族二异氰酸酯和/或多异氰酸酯。作为优选的异氰酸酯,可使用甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)和/或二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI),优选MDI,特别优选MDI与聚合二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(PMDI)的混合物。这些特别优选的异氰酸酯可全部或部分用脲二酮、氨基甲酸酯、异氰脲酸酯、碳二亚胺、脲基甲酸酯和优选的脲烷基团改性。
此外,可将预聚物以及上述异氰酸酯和预聚物的混合物用作异氰酸酯组分。这些预聚物由上文所述的异氰酸酯和下文所述的聚醚、聚酯或二者制备,且NCO含量通常为14-32重量%,优选为22-30重量%。
b)作为具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的较高分子量化合物,可使用所有具有至少两个对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团,例如OH、SH、NH、和CH-酸性基团的化合物。通常使用具有2-8个,优选2-6个对异氰酸酯呈反应性的氢原子的聚醚醇和/或聚酯醇。这些化合物的OH值通常为30-850mgKOH/g,优选为100-500mg KOH/g。
所述聚醚醇由已知方法获得,例如在添加至少一种包含2-8个,优选2-6个呈键合形式的反应性氢原子的起始剂分子下,在催化剂存在下通过氧化烯的阴离子聚合而获得。作为催化剂,可使用碱金属氢氧化物如氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾,或碱金属醇盐如甲醇钠、乙醇钠或乙醇钾或异丙醇钾,或者在阳离子聚合的情况下,使用路易斯酸如五氯化锑、醚合三氟化硼或漂白土作为催化剂。此外,也可使用双金属氰化物(称为DMC)作为催化剂。
优选使用一种或多种在亚烷基中具有2-4个碳原子的化合物作为氧化烯,例如氧化乙烯、1,2-氧化丙烯、四氢呋喃、1,3-氧化丙烯、1,2-氧化丁烯或2,3-氧化丁烯,在每种情况下单独使用或以混合物形式使用,特别优选氧化乙烯和/或1,2-氧化丙烯。
可能的起始剂分子例如为乙二醇、二甘醇、甘油、三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、糖衍生物如蔗糖、己糖醇衍生物如山梨醇,还有甲胺、乙胺、异丙胺、丁胺、苄胺、苯胺、甲苯胺、甲苯二胺,特别是邻甲苯二胺、萘胺、乙二胺、二亚乙基三胺、4,4'-亚甲基二苯胺、1,3-丙二胺、1,6-己二胺、乙醇胺、二乙醇胺、三乙醇胺以及其他二元或多元醇或单官能或多官能胺。优选乙二醇、二甘醇、甘油、三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、糖衍生物如蔗糖、己糖醇衍生物如山梨醇。
所用的聚酯醇通常通过使具有2-12个碳原子的多官能醇如乙二醇、二甘醇、丁二醇、三羟甲基丙烷、甘油或季戊四醇与具有2-12个碳原子的多官能羧酸如琥珀酸、戊二酸、己二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸、癸烷二甲酸、马来酸、富马酸、邻苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸、对苯二甲酸、萘二甲酸的异构体或所述酸的酐缩合而制备。
作为所述聚酯制备中的其他原料,还可同时使用疏水性物质。所述疏水性物质是不溶于水的物质,其包含非极性有机基团且具有至少一个选自羟基、羧酸基、羧酸酯基或其混合物的反应性基团。所述疏水性物质的当量重量优选为130-1000g/mol。可使用例如脂肪酸如硬脂酸、油酸、棕榈酸、月桂酸或亚油酸,还有脂肪和油如蓖麻油、玉米油、葵花油、大豆油、椰子油、橄榄油或妥尔油。
所用聚酯醇的官能度优选为1.5-5,特别优选为1.8-3.5。
c)所述具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物进一步包括扩链剂和/或交联剂。作为扩链剂和/或交联剂,可特别使用双官能或三官能胺和醇,特别是二元醇、三元醇或二者,在每种情况下其分子量小于350g/mol,优选60-300g/mol,特别是60-250g/mol。这类双官能化合物称为扩链剂,而三官能或更高官能的化合物称为交联剂。可使用例如具有2-14个,优选2-10个碳原子的脂族、脂环族和/或芳族二醇,如乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,2-戊二醇、1,3-戊二醇、1,10-癸烷二醇、1,2-二羟基环己烷、1,3-二羟基环己烷、1,4-二羟基环己烷、二甘醇和三甘醇、二丙二醇和三丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,6-己二醇和双(2-羟基乙基)氢醌;三醇如1,2,4-三羟基环己烷、1,3,5-三羟基环己烷、甘油和三羟甲基丙烷以及基于氧化乙烯和/或1,2-氧化丙烯以及上述二元醇和/或三元醇的低分子量含羟基聚氧化烯作为起始剂分子。
如果将异氰酸酯预聚物用作异氰酸酯(a),则具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物(b)含量计算包括用于制备异氰酸酯预聚物且具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物(b)。
作为发泡剂(d),使用包括水的发泡剂。此处,水可单独使用或与其他发泡剂组合使用。所述发泡剂(d)中的水含量优选高于40重量%,特别优选高于60重量%,非常特别优选高于约80重量%,基于发泡剂(d)的总重。特别地,使用水作为唯一的发泡剂。如果除了水之外还使用其他发泡剂,则可使用例如氯氟烃、饱和和不饱和氟化烃、烃、酸和/或液态或溶解的二氧化碳。不饱和氟化烃也称为HFO或氢氟烯烃。在另一实施方案中,可使用水和甲酸和/或二氧化碳的混合物作为发泡剂(d)。为了能将发泡剂更容易地分散于所述多元醇组分中,可将所述发泡剂(d)与极性化合物如二丙二醇混合。
含水量基于组分(b)-(f)总重量为0.05-3重量%,特别优选为0.1-2重量%。
作为催化剂(e),可使用所有能促进异氰酸酯-水反应或异氰酸酯-多元醇反应的化合物。这类化合物是已知的且例如描述于“Kunststoffhandbuch,第7卷,Polyurethanes”,Carl Hanser Verlag,1993年第3版,第3.4.1章中。这些包括胺基催化剂以及基于有机金属化合物的催化剂。
作为基于有机金属化合物的催化剂,可使用例如有机锡化合物如有机羧酸的锡(II)盐,例如乙酸锡(II)、辛酸锡(II)、乙基己酸锡(II)和月桂酸锡(II),以及有机羧酸的二烷基锡(IV)盐,例如二乙酸二丁基锡、二月桂酸二丁基锡、马来酸二丁基锡和二乙酸二辛基锡,还有羧酸铋,如新癸酸铋(III)、2-乙基己酸铋和辛酸铋,或羧酸的碱金属盐如乙酸钾或甲酸钾。
优选使用包含至少一种叔胺的混合物作为催化剂(e)。这些叔胺通常为还可具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团,如OH、NH或NH2基的化合物。一些最常用的催化剂为双(2-二甲基氨基乙基)醚、N,N,N,N,N-五甲基二亚乙基三胺、N,N,N-三乙基氨基乙氧基乙醇、二甲基环己胺、二甲基苄基胺、三乙胺、三亚乙基二胺、五甲基二亚丙基三胺、二甲基乙醇胺、N-甲基咪唑、N-乙基咪唑、四甲基六亚甲基二胺、三(二甲基氨基丙基)六氢化三嗪、二甲氨基丙胺、N-乙基吗啉、二氮杂双环十一碳烯和二氮杂双环壬烯。优选使用包含至少两种不同叔胺的混合物作为催化剂(e)。
稳泡剂(f)是在发泡过程中促进形成规整泡孔结构的物质。实例为:含硅氧烷的稳泡剂,如硅氧烷-氧亚烷基共聚物和其他有机聚硅氧烷。还有脂肪醇、羰基合成醇、脂肪胺、烷基酚、二烷基酚、烷基甲酚、烷基间苯二酚、萘酚、烷基萘酚、萘胺、苯胺、烷基苯胺、甲苯胺、双酚A、烷基化双酚A、聚乙烯醇的烷氧基化产物以及甲醛与烷基酚、甲醛与二烷基酚、甲醛与烷基甲酚、甲醛与烷基间苯二酚、甲醛与苯胺、甲醛与甲苯胺、甲醛与萘酚、甲醛与烷基萘酚以及甲醛与双酚A的缩合产物的烷基化产物或者这些稳泡剂中两种或更多种的混合物。
稳泡剂优选以0.5-4重量%,特别优选1-3重量%的量使用,基于组分(b)-(e)的总重量。
作为其他添加剂(g),可使用填料和其他添加剂如抗氧化剂。
填料(特别是增强填料)为本身所已知的常规有机和无机填料、增强材料等。具体的实例为:无机填料如硅质矿物质,例如层状硅酸盐如叶蛇纹石、蛇纹石、角闪石、闪石、纤蛇纹石、滑石;金属氧化物如高岭土、铝氧化物、钛氧化物和铁氧化物;金属盐如白垩、重晶石和无机颜料如硫化镉、硫化锌以及玻璃等。优选使用高岭土(陶土)、硅酸铝以及硫酸钡与硅酸铝的共沉淀物,还有天然和合成的纤维状矿物质如硅灰石,金属纤维,特别是不同长度的玻璃纤维,其可任选涂覆有施胶剂。还可使用空心玻璃微珠。可能的有机填料例如为:碳、蜜胺、松香、环戊二烯基树脂和接枝聚合物以及纤维素纤维、聚酰胺、聚丙烯腈、聚氨酯、基于芳族和/或脂族二羧酸酯的聚酯纤维和碳纤维。
本发明所用的真空隔热板(VIP)通常包含隔热芯材,例如开孔硬质聚氨酯(PUR)泡沫、开孔挤出聚苯乙烯泡沫、硅胶、玻璃纤维、聚合物材料的床、衍生自硬质PUR泡沫或半硬质PUR泡沫的压制研磨材料、珍珠岩,将其装入不透气的膜中,抽真空并焊接以使其不透气。真空度应小于100毫巴。在该真空度下,可获得小于10mW/mK的板导热率,这取决于所述芯材的结构和孔径。
就本发明而言,冷却装置尤其为制冷装置(例如制冷器)的外壳、冷藏车用容器、冷却盒、冷却室或区域供暖管道。
本发明进一步提供一种制备包含冷却装置壁、PUR泡沫层和至少一块VIP的复合材料的方法。所述冷却装置的壁为冷却装置外壁的内部或内容器壁的外部。也将冷却装置(例如制冷器)的门视为冷却装置的外壁,也将冷却装置的门的衬里视为内容器的壁。
所述外壁通常由金属制成,而内容器和衬里通常且特别是在制冷器的情况下由聚合物材料制成。
本发明方法如权利要求书所定义。
根据本发明用作固定剂的PUR泡沫的层厚为2-30mm,其可借助可任意改变下边界与上边界之间的距离的夹持设备设定。所述夹持设备的下边界为平面。
根据优选的实施方案,所述夹持设备为压机。在这种情况下,上边界起配重作用。所述配重可以以限定方式移动,从而设定特定的间隔。在该优选设备中,该组件在两侧开放。
将所述冷却装置的壁置于所述夹持设备的下边界上。需要的话,可额外使用将待填充的面粘合于内部上的模架。然后将本发明所用的液态PUR反应混合物施加至(任选在模架中)至所述冷却装置壁的面上,其中发现有利的是单位面积的重量为300-9600g/m2。将至少一块VIP置于仍为液态的反应混合物上,且所述PUR泡沫的层厚如上文所述设定。在所述PUR泡沫反应混合物充分固化后,取出由本发明方法制备的复合材料。
VIP原则上可覆盖整个面。在这种情况下,上述表面效果不起任何大作用。当VIP不覆盖整个表面时,原则上存在两种可能性:1.嵌入高度与VIP相同的间隔保持物,并在借助所述PUR反应混合物固定VIP之后再次移除。2.不使用间隔保持物,上升的泡沫将填充未被VIP占据的剩余空洞。
本发明方法可在所述冷却装置的其他壁上重复实施。
在另一实施方案中,如制冷器制造中常见的那样,所述复合材料的制备也可在四周密闭的模具中进行。当将VIP施加至所述冷却装置内壳的外壁或所述冷却装置门的衬里上时,优选该方案。
为了制造相应的门,将衬里置于密闭模具中,施加本发明所用的PUR泡沫反应体系,将至少一块VIP置于顶部;将金属门的内部置于顶部并闭合所述模具。
所述冷却装置可通过如下步骤生产:将根据本发明制备的金属外壁、PUR泡沫层和VIP的复合材料固定至冷却装置外壳的衬里上,且如隔热冷却装置中常见的那样,用常规硬质PUR泡沫(例如获自BASF的WO2006/037540,自由发泡密度为25-45g/l)填充所述冷却装置的剩余空间。
或者,所述冷却装置可通过如下步骤制备:将金属外壁紧固于如上所述制备的外壳衬里、PUR泡沫层和VIP的复合材料外壁上,且如上所述用常规硬质PUR泡沫填充所述冷却装置的剩余空间。
实施例
表1:所用的多元醇:
多元醇 | 化学组成 | 羟基值 | 官能度 |
mg KOH/g | |||
1 | 甘油-氧化丙烯(PO) | 400 | 3.0 |
2 | 蔗糖/季戊四醇/二甘醇-PO | 400 | 3.9 |
3 | 单丙二醇-PO | 100 | 2.0 |
4 | 蔗糖甘油-PO | 450 | 5.0 |
5 | 甲苯二胺(TDA)-氧化乙烯(EO)/PO | 390 | 3.8 |
6 | TDA-EO/PO | 160 | 3.9 |
实施例1由A和B组分制备PUR泡沫以固定VIP
A组分:
22重量份多元醇1、48.65重量份多元醇2、22重量份多元醇3与3重量份碳酸亚丙酯、0.55重量份水、1重量份稳泡剂(Niax Silicon L6900)、0.7重量份N,N-二甲基环己胺和1.8重量份二甲基苄胺一起的混合物
B组分:聚合MDI(获自BASF SE的
所述泡沫由A和B组分以100:88的A组分与B组分混合比制备。将所述原材料手动混合。硬化时间为127秒。这获得自由发泡密度为140g/l的均质PUR泡沫。所述混合比描述了组分A与组分B的质量比。
测定单位面积的重量
将A和B组分的混合物尽可能快地引入具有如下内部尺寸的模具中:400mm×300mm×10mm。将其沿模具的整个长度方向引入所述模具的中部。随后紧紧闭合所述模具。10分钟后,取出泡沫试样。各试样的结果总结于表2中。
实施例2制备硬质PUR泡沫
A组分:
类似于实施例1,但使用1.8重量份水、1.2重量份N,N-二甲基环己胺和2.0重量份二甲基苄胺
B组分:聚合MDI(获自BASF SE的
所述泡沫由A和B组分以100:105的A组分与B组分混合比制备。将所述原材料手动混合。硬化时间为90秒。
这获得自由发泡密度为55g/l的均质PUR泡沫。单位面积的重量通过类似于实施例1的方法测定。
实施例3(对照实施例,类似于EP0822379)制备硬质PUR泡沫
A组分:
100重量份多元醇4与2重量份水、10重量份环戊烷95和2.0重量份N,N-二甲基环己胺一起的混合物
B组分:聚合MDI(获自BASF SE的
所述泡沫以类似于专利EP0822379的方式通过使100重量份多元醇4(A组分)与100重量份B组分反应而制备。将所述原材料手动混合。硬化时间为90秒。
这获得具有明显不同尺寸的泡孔且自由发泡密度为63g/l(根据DIN ENISO845测定)的非均质硬质PUR泡沫。所述泡沫具有67%的开孔泡孔比例(根据DIN ISO4590测定)和极差的表面(其特征在于大孔隙)。
单位面积的重量通过类似于实施例1的方法测定。
表2:结果汇总
实施例 | 自由发泡密度 | 致密化度 | 模制品的平均密度 | 单位面积的重量 |
g/l | g/l | g/m2 | ||
1 | 140 | 1.3 | 179 | 1867 |
2 | 55 | 1.5 | 82 | 883 |
3 | 63 | 不可测定* | 不可测定* | 不可测定* |
*不可测定,这是由于所述PUR泡沫的塌陷所导致的,其结果是与致密化度无关,即甚至在>2.5的致密化度下,也无法完全填充待填充的体积。
用于制备包含VIP的本发明复合材料的实验装置
制备包含冷却装置的金属外壁、如实施例1-3所述的PUR泡沫层和VIP的复合材料。使用其中可任意改变下边界(平面)与上边界(配重)之间的距离的开放式压机制备所述复合材料。
将冷却装置的金属外壁置于所述压机的下边界上。在其内部上,将如实施例1-3所述的液态PUR泡沫反应混合物均匀面状施加以作为固定剂。将获自va-Q-tec的二氧化硅VIP(尺寸:800×430×15mm)置于仍为液态的反应混合物上,并借助所述装置的上边界将所述PUR泡沫的层厚设定为5mm。在所述PUR泡沫反应混合物固化后,取出金属外壁、PUR泡沫层和VIP的复合材料。
对第二外侧和所述制冷装置重复所述程序。然后将以此方式制备的复合材料作为侧壁和常规的后壁紧固至聚苯乙烯衬里壳上以制备制冷器外壳,然后用泡沫填充所述制冷器的剩余的空间。在制造所述装置后,将这些装置储存数天,随后评价。
发现当使用如根据本发明方法的实施例1和2所述的PUR泡沫反应混合物时,可制备稳定且在所述制冷装置外壁上不导致或导致视觉上几乎不可察觉的形变或者其他不利效果的复合材料。
当使用如实施例3所述的PUR反应体系时,在所述压机侧面发生严重的泡沫压出。因此,所述复合材料不可用于制造制冷器外壳。当使用闭合式模具时,可防止压出。然而,需要高致密化度(即>1.8)以使VIP下的面完全填充。
Claims (11)
1.聚氨酯(PUR)泡沫反应体系用于将真空隔热板(VIP)面状固定于冷却装置外壁的内部上和/或冷却装置内容器壁的外部上的用途,所述反应体系包含:
a)有机和/或改性的有机多异氰酸酯,与
b)至少一种具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基呈反应性的氢原子的较高分子量化合物,和任选的
c)低分子量扩链剂和/或交联剂,在如下物质的存在下:
d)发泡剂,
e)催化剂,
f)稳泡剂和任选的
g)其他助剂和/或添加剂,
其中选择组分a)-g)以获得具有50-1100g/l自由发泡密度和根据DIN53421大于15kPa压缩强度的闭孔聚氨酯泡沫,且排除硬质整体泡沫。
2.根据权利要求1的用途,其中使用水作为唯一的发泡剂d)。
3.根据权利要求2的用途,其中水含量基于组分b)-g)为0.05-3重量%。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项的用途,其中所述聚氨酯泡沫的自由发泡密度为55-500g/l。
5.根据权利要求1-3中任一项的用途,其中所述聚氨酯泡沫的自由发泡密度为60-200g/l。
6.一种制备包含冷却装置壁、PUR泡沫层和至少一块VIP的复合材料的方法,其包括如下步骤:
1)将冷却装置的外壁或内容器壁置于其中下边界与上边界之间的距离可变的夹持设备的下端平边界上,
2)以300-9600g/m2的单位面积重量将包含如下物质的液态PUR泡沫反应体系施加至所述冷却装置外壁的内部或所述冷却装置内容器壁的外部的所有或部分区域上:
a)有机和/或改性的有机多异氰酸酯,与
b)至少一种具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基呈反应性的氢原子的较高分子量化合物,和任选的
c)低分子量扩链剂和/或交联剂,在如下物质的存在下:
d)发泡剂,
e)催化剂,
f)稳泡剂和任选的
g)其他助剂和/或添加剂,
其中选择组分a)-g)以获得具有50-1100g/l自由发泡密度和根据DIN53421大于15kPa压缩强度的聚氨酯泡沫,且排除硬质整体泡沫;
3)将至少一块真空隔热板(VIP)置于所述液态PUR泡沫反应混合物上,
4)闭合所述夹持设备,且
5)在所述PUR泡沫反应混合物充分固化之后,从所述夹持设备中移除所述复合材料。
7.根据权利要求6的方法,其中所述夹持设备为压机。
8.根据权利要求6或7的方法,其中使用水作为唯一的发泡剂d)。
9.根据权利要求8的方法,其中水含量基于组分b)-g)为0.05-3重量%。
10.根据权利要求6或7的方法,其中所述聚氨酯泡沫的自由发泡密度为55-500g/l。
11.根据权利要求6或7的方法,其中所述聚氨酯泡沫的自由发泡密度为60-200g/l。
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PCT/EP2011/065009 WO2012038215A1 (de) | 2010-09-22 | 2011-08-31 | Fixierung von vakuumisolationspaneelen in kühlvorrichtungen |
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US20120235070A1 (en) | 2011-03-18 | 2012-09-20 | Basf Se | Process for producing flame-retardant porous materials based on polyurea |
US9188384B2 (en) | 2011-03-31 | 2015-11-17 | Basf Se | Dynamically evacuable devices comprising organic aerogels or xerogels |
DE102012001372A1 (de) * | 2012-01-24 | 2013-07-25 | Liebherr-Hausgeräte Ochsenhausen GmbH | Kühl- und/oder Gefriergerät |
DE102012008159A1 (de) * | 2012-03-26 | 2013-09-26 | Liebherr-Hausgeräte Ochsenhausen GmbH | Kühl- und/oder Gefriergerät |
WO2014048785A1 (de) * | 2012-09-28 | 2014-04-03 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung von verbundprofilen |
TW201710339A (zh) * | 2015-07-28 | 2017-03-16 | 李長榮化學工業股份有限公司 | 聚合物發泡體及其製備方法 |
ES2842179T3 (es) * | 2015-10-19 | 2021-07-13 | Basf Se | Estructura tipo sándwich que contiene un vip y procedimiento para su fabricación |
PL3749699T3 (pl) * | 2018-02-07 | 2022-07-04 | Basf Se | Elementy kompozytowe wykonane z materiału termoizolacyjnego, kleju i warstwy wierzchniej |
CN108626956A (zh) * | 2018-07-10 | 2018-10-09 | 长虹美菱股份有限公司 | 一种冰箱饰条或把手及其制作工艺 |
CN112646121A (zh) * | 2020-12-11 | 2021-04-13 | 淄博汇德聚氨酯制品股份有限公司 | 一种聚氨酯硬泡保温材料及其制备方法和应用 |
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AU2011304551B2 (en) | 2015-10-01 |
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WO2012038215A1 (de) | 2012-03-29 |
MX2013003212A (es) | 2013-06-28 |
RU2583809C2 (ru) | 2016-05-10 |
MX341379B (es) | 2016-08-18 |
JP5923095B2 (ja) | 2016-05-24 |
BR112013006287A2 (pt) | 2016-06-07 |
EP2618980A1 (de) | 2013-07-31 |
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PL2618980T3 (pl) | 2015-06-30 |
AU2011304551A1 (en) | 2013-04-04 |
ES2532539T3 (es) | 2015-03-27 |
EP2618980B1 (de) | 2014-12-17 |
CN103153572A (zh) | 2013-06-12 |
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