CN103124999A - 导电性粒子、各向异性导电材料及连接结构体 - Google Patents
导电性粒子、各向异性导电材料及连接结构体 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103124999A CN103124999A CN2011800464284A CN201180046428A CN103124999A CN 103124999 A CN103124999 A CN 103124999A CN 2011800464284 A CN2011800464284 A CN 2011800464284A CN 201180046428 A CN201180046428 A CN 201180046428A CN 103124999 A CN103124999 A CN 103124999A
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Abstract
本发明提供一种导电性粒子及使用了该导电性粒子各向异性导电材料及连接结构体,其中,即使对导电性粒子赋予较大的力,在导电层中也不易产生较大的裂纹。本发明的导电性粒子(1)具备基体材料粒子(2)和设置在该基体材料粒子(2)的表面(2a)上的铜-锡层(3)。铜-锡层(3)含有铜和锡的合金。铜-锡层(3)整体中的铜的含量为超过20重量%且75重量%以下,且锡的含量为25重量%以上且低于80重量%。本发明的各向异性导电材料含有导电性粒子(1)和粘合剂树脂。本发明的连接结构体具备第一连接对象部件、第二连接对象部件和连接该第一、第二连接对象部件的连接部。上述连接部由导电性粒子(1)或含有导电性粒子(1)的各向异性导电材料形成。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种例如可以用于电极间连接的导电性粒子,更详细而言,涉及一种具有基体材料粒子和设置在该基体材料粒子的表面上的导电层的导电性粒子。另外,本发明还涉及一种使用了上述导电性粒子的各向异性导电材料及连接结构体。
背景技术
各向异性导电糊剂及各向异性导电膜等各向异性导电材料巳是众所周知的。就该各向异性导电材料而言,在粘合剂树脂中分散有导电性粒子。
上述各向异性导电材料可用于IC芯片和挠性印刷电路基板的连接及具有IC芯片和ITO电极的电路基板的连接等。例如在IC芯片的电极和电路基板的电极之间配置各向异性导电材料之后,通过进行加热及加压,可以电连接这些电极。
作为用于上述各向异性导电材料的导电性粒子的一个例子,在下述的专利文献1中公开有一种具备树脂粒子和设置在该树脂粒子的表面上的铜层的导电性粒子。在专利文献1中,这样的导电性粒子在具体的实施例中未被公开,但记载有在对向的电路的连接中可得到良好的电连接。
如专利文献1中记载的实施例中多使用的那样,目前,具有镍层的导电性粒子成为主流。然而,镍本身存在电阻高、难以降低连接电阻这样的问题。与此相对,由于铜的电阻小,因此,从降低连接电阻这样的观点考虑,应用铜作为导电性粒子的导电层时,是有利的。但是,铜与镍等相比,具有柔软的性质。因此,由铜形成的导电层过于柔软,对导电性粒子赋予较大的力时,在导电层中容易产生裂纹。例如在将现有的导电性粒子用于电极间的连接来得到连接结构体的情况下,有时在导电层中产生较大的裂纹。因此,有时无法将电极间可靠地连接。
另外,作为具有含铜的导电层的导电性粒子,在下述的专利文献2中公开有一种具有锡-银-铜的三元体系的合金被膜的导电性粒子。在专利文献2的实施例中,为了得到导电性粒子,在铜金属粒子的表面形成镀锡被膜,接着,形成镀银被膜,通过加热至240℃以上来引起金属热扩散,形成锡-银-铜的三元体系合金被膜。
在上述专利文献2中记载有:对于锡-银-铜的三元体系的合金被膜中的组成的含量比例而言,锡为80~99.8重量%、银为0.1~10重量%、铜为0.1~10重量%。具体而言,在上述专利文献2的全部的实施例中,形成有锡为96.5重量%、银为3重量%、铜为0.5重量%的合金被膜。该导电性粒子由于较少地含有银和铜且较多地含有锡,因此,锡-银-铜的三元体系的合金被膜的熔点变得较低。包含具有熔点低的导电层的导电性粒子的各向异性导电材料,在用于形成连接结构体的加热压接时,有时因热引起导电层的流动,发生过量地流出,因此,与电极相连接的导电层的厚度进一步变得过薄,因此,有时产生连接不良。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开2003-323813号公报
专利文献2:WO2006/080289A1
发明内容
发明要解决的课题
本发明的目的在于,提供一种导电性粒子以及使用了该导电性粒子的各向异性导电材料及连接结构体,所述导电性粒子即使对其赋予较大的力,在导电层中也不易产生大的裂纹。
另外,本发明的限定性的目的在于,提供一种导电性粒子以及使用了该导电性粒子的各向异性导电材料及连接结构体,所述导电性粒子的铜-锡层的熔点高,可以抑制在用于形成连接结构体的加热压接时,铜-锡层的过度的热变形及流出。
用于解决课题的手段
根据本发明的较宽的方面,可提供一种导电性粒子,其具备基体材料粒子和设置在该基体材料粒子的表面上的含有铜和锡的铜-锡层,该铜-锡层含有铜和锡的合金,该铜-锡层整体中铜的含量为超过20重量%且75重量%以下,并且锡的含量为25重量%以上且低于80重量%。
在本发明的导电性粒子的某一特定的方面,所述铜-锡层的熔点为550℃以上。
在本发明的导电性粒子的某一特定的方面,所述铜-锡层整体中的铜的含量为40重量%以上且60重量%以下,并且锡的含量为40重量%以上且60重量%以下。
在本发明的导电性粒子的某一特定的方面,该导电性粒子在表面具有突起。
在本发明的导电性粒子的其它的特定的方面,具备在所述铜-锡层的表面上所配置的绝缘性物质。
在本发明的导电性粒子的又一特定的方面,所述绝缘性物质为绝缘性粒子。
本发明的各向异性导电材料含有根据本发明构成的导电性粒子和粘合剂树脂。
本发明的连接结构体具备第一连接对象部件、第二连接对象部件和连接该第一、第二连接对象部件的连接部,该连接部由根据本发明构成的导电性粒子形成,或由含有该导电性粒子和粘合剂树脂的各向异性导电材料形成。
发明效果
本发明的导电性粒子,在基体材料粒子的表面上设置有含铜和锡的铜-锡层,该铜-锡层含有铜和锡的合金,进而该铜-锡层整体中的铜的含量为超过20重量%且75重量%以下,并且锡的含量为25重量%以上且低于80重量%,因此,即使对导电性粒子赋予较大的力,在导电层中也不易产生大的裂纹。
附图说明
图1是示出本发明的第一实施方式的导电性粒子的剖面图;
图2是示出本发明的第二实施方式的导电性粒子的剖面图;
图3是示意性地示出使用了本发明的第一实施方式的导电性粒子的连接结构体的正面剖面图;
图4是用于说明得到图1所示的导电性粒子的方法的剖面图;
图5是示出本发明的第三实施方式的导电性粒子的剖面图;
图6是示出本发明的第四实施方式的导电性粒子的剖面图。
符号说明
1…导电性粒子
2…基体材料粒子
2a…表面
3…铜-锡层
3a…表面
11…导电性粒子
11a…表面
12…铜-锡层
12a…表面
13…芯物质
14…突起
15…绝缘性粒子
21…连接结构体
22…第一连接对象部件
22a…上面
22b…电极
23…第二连接对象部件
23a…下面
23b…电极
24…连接部
51…导电性粒子
52…铜层
52a…表面
53…锡层
61…导电性粒子
62…第二导电层
71…导电性粒子
72…铜-锡层
具体实施方式
以下,通过一边参照附图一边说明本发明的具体的实施方式及实施例来明确本发明。
图1是示出本发明的第一实施方式的导电性粒子的剖面图。
图1所示的导电性粒子1,具备基体材料粒子2和设置在该基体材料粒子2的表面2a上的铜-锡层3。铜-锡层3为导电层(第一导电层)。导电性粒子1,可以进一步具备配置在铜-锡层3的表面3a上的绝缘性物质。进而,在铜-锡层3的表面3a上也可以叠层有钯层等其它的导电层(第二导电层)。上述绝缘性物质,也可以经由钯层等其它的导电层间接地配置在铜-锡层3的表面3a上。
铜-锡层3含有铜和锡的合金。在本实施方式中,铜-锡层3为铜-锡合金层。铜-锡层的一部分区域可以不含有锡,铜-锡层的一部分区域也可以不含有铜。例如铜-锡层的内侧部分可以仅含有铜,铜-锡层的外侧部分可以仅含有锡。铜-锡层3整体中的铜的含量为超过20重量%且75重量%以下,并且锡的含量为25重量%以上且低于80重量%。
本实施方式的特征在于,基体材料粒子2的表面2a上所设置的铜-锡层3含有铜和锡的合金,铜-锡3整体中的铜的含量为超过20重量%且75重量%以下,并且锡的含量为25重量%以上且低于80重量%。通过形成这样的铜-锡层3,即使对导电层施加较大的力,在导电层中也不易产生较大的裂纹。一般认为这是由于铜和锡的合金化,铜-锡层3的硬度适度地变高所致。因此,在将导电性粒子1用于电极间的连接来得到连接结构体的情况下,在导电层中不易产生大的裂纹,可以提高电极间的导通可靠性。需要说明的是,上述大的裂纹是指,导电层从基体材料粒子上剥离脱落,产生电极间的连接不良程度的裂纹。进而,由于铜-锡层3较多地含有铜,因此,可以降低电极间的连接电阻。
需要说明的是,铜比镍导通性高。因此,为了提高导通性,可以使用铜而不使用镍。在本发明中,将铜用于导电层。另外,在本发明中,与一般被称为焊锡的导电物质不同,较多地使用了铜。
铜-锡层3整体中的铜的含量优选为30重量%以上,更优选为35重量%以上,进一步优选为40重量%以上,优选为70重量%以下。铜-锡层3整体中的锡的含量优选为30重量%以上,优选为70重量%以下,更优选为65重量%以下,进一步优选为60重量%以下。
优选铜-锡层3整体中的铜的含量为30重量%以上且70重量%以下,并且锡的含量为30重量%以上且70重量%以下。更优选铜-锡层3整体中的铜的含量为35重量%以上且65重量%以下,并且锡的含量为35重量%以上且65重量%以下。进一步优选铜-锡层3整体中的铜的含量为40重量%以下且60重量%以下,并且锡的含量为40重量%以上且60重量%以下。
特别是在铜-锡层3整体中的铜的含量为40重量%以上且60重量%以下,并且锡的含量为40重量%以上且60重量%以下的情况下,即使对导电层赋予较大的力,在导电层中也更不易产生大的裂缝。
需要说明的是,本发明中的铜及锡等金属的各含量为以重量%表示铜或锡的分量相对于导电层的金属的总重量的值。作为该测定方法,可以举出将导电层的金属用王水溶解,从而将该金属溶解而成的溶液使用ICP(电感耦合等离子体,堀场制作所制造的“ULTlMA2”)进行测量,由得到的金属离子浓度计算导电层的金属的重量及各金属的分量的测定方法。
例如,图1所示的导电性粒子1,可以使用图4所示的导电性粒子得到。
在基体材料粒子2的表面2a上形成含有铜的铜层52。接着,在铜层52的表面52a上形成含有锡的锡层53,得到加热前的导电性粒子51。接着,对导电性粒子51进行加热,将铜和锡合金化。为了将铜和锡有效地进行合金化,上述加热的温度优选为150℃以上,更优选为180℃以上,优选为250℃以下,更优选为230℃以下。为了将铜和锡有效地进行合金化,特别优选在200~220℃下对导电性粒子加热18~24小时。为了含有铜和锡的合金,铜-锡层3优选为在150℃以上进行了加热处理的铜-锡层。
在导电性粒子51中,通过调整铜层52和锡层53的各厚度,可以调整铜-锡层3整体中的铜的含量和锡的含量。
本发明的导电性粒子优选的是,通过对在基体材料粒子的表面上设置有铜层,并且在该铜层的表面上设置有锡层的导电性粒子进行加热而得到的导电性粒子。
图2是示出本发明的第二实施方式的导电性粒子的剖面图。
图2所示的导电性粒子11,具备基体材料粒子2,和设置该基体材料粒子2的表面2a上的铜-锡层12。铜-锡层12为导电层。导电性粒子11,在基体材料粒子2的表面2a上具备多个芯物质13。作为导电层的铜-锡层12来包覆芯物质13。通过导电层包覆芯物质13,导电性粒子11在表面11a上具有多个突起14。导电性粒子11,在铜-锡层12的外侧的表面12a上具有多个突起14。突起14形成于铜-锡层12的表面12a上。铜-锡层12的表面12a因芯物质的存在而隆起,形成突起14。在突起14的内侧配置有芯物质13。也可以在铜-锡层12的表面12a上叠层有钯层等其它的导电层。
导电性粒子11,具备配置在铜-锡层12的表面12a上的绝缘性粒子15。绝缘性粒子15为绝缘性物质。在铜-锡层和绝缘性粒子之间也可以存在钯层等其它的导电层。在本实施方式中,铜-锡层12的表面12a的一部分区域由绝缘性粒子15包覆。如上所述,导电性粒子也可以具备附着在铜-锡层等导电层的表面上的绝缘性粒子15。但是,也可以不是必须具备绝缘性粒子15。进而,也可以具备绝缘性树脂层代替绝缘性粒子15。导电性粒子也可以具备附着在铜-锡层等导电层的表面上的绝缘性树脂层。铜-锡层等导电层的表面可以由绝缘性树脂层包覆。该绝缘性树脂层为绝缘性物质。
图5以剖面图示出本发明的第三实施方式的导电性粒子。
图5所示的导电性粒子61,具备基体材料粒子2、铜-锡层3和第2导电层62。第2导电层62,设在导电性粒子1中的铜-锡层3的表面3a上。第2导电层62与铜-锡层3不同。另外,导电性粒子11中的铜-锡层12的表面12a上也可以设置第2导电层。进而,也可以在基体材料粒子的表面上设置第2导电层,在该第2导电层上设置铜-锡层。即,在基体材料粒子和铜-锡层之间也可以配置第二导电层。
图6以剖面图示出本发明的第四实施方式的导电性粒子。
图6所示的导电性粒子71,具备基体材料粒子2和设置在该基体材料粒子2的表面2a上的铜-锡层72。铜-锡层72具有第一区域和厚度比第一区域薄的区域。铜-锡层72具有厚度不均。
作为上述基体材料粒子,可以举出树脂粒子、无机粒子、有机无机混合粒子及金属粒子等。
上述基体材料粒子,优选为由树脂形成的树脂粒子。连接电极间时,将导电性粒子配置在电极间后,一般而言对导电性粒子进行压缩。若基体材料粒子为树脂粒子,则导电性粒子容易因压缩而变形,导电性粒子和电极的接触面积变大。因此,可以提高电极间的导通可靠性。
作为用于形成上述树脂粒子的树脂,可优选使用各种有机物。作为用于形成上述树脂粒子的树脂,例如可使用聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚偏氯乙烯、聚丙烯、聚异丁烯、聚丁二烯等聚烯烃;聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚丙烯酸甲酯等丙烯酸树脂;聚对苯二甲酸亚烷基酯、聚砜、聚碳酸酯、聚酰胺、酚醛树脂、三聚氰胺甲醛树脂、苯并胍胺甲醛树脂、脲甲醛树脂等。例如通过使1种或2种以上具有乙烯性不饱和基团的各种聚合性单体聚合,可以设计及合成具有适于导电材料的任意的压缩时的物性的树脂粒子。
在使具有乙烯性不饱和基团的单体进行聚合而得到上述树脂粒子的情况下,作为该具有乙烯性不饱和基团的单体,可以举出非交联性的单体和交联性的单体。
作为上述非交联性的单体,例如可以举出:苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯等苯乙烯类单体;(甲基)丙烯酸、马来酸、马来酸酐等含羧基的单体;(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯、(甲基)丙烯酸乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸丙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸丁酯、(甲基)丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯、(甲基)丙烯酸十二烷基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸十六烷基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸十八烷基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸环己基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸异冰片酯等(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯类;(甲基)丙烯酸2-羟基乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸甘油酯、聚氧乙烯(甲基)丙烯酸酯、(甲基)丙烯酸缩水甘油酯等含氧原子的(甲基)丙烯酸酯类;(甲基)丙烯腈等含腈单体;甲基乙烯基醚、乙基乙烯基醚、丙基乙烯基醚等乙烯基醚类;乙酸乙烯酯、丁酸乙烯酯、月桂酸乙烯酯、硬脂酸乙烯酯等酸乙烯酯类;乙烯、丙烯、异戊二烯、丁二烯等不饱和烃;(甲基)丙烯酸三氟甲酯、(甲基)丙烯酸五氟乙酯、氯乙烯、氟乙烯、氯苯乙烯等含卤素单体。
作为上述交联性的单体,例如可以举出:四羟甲基甲烷四(甲基)丙烯酸酯、四羟甲基甲烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、四羟甲基甲烷二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二季戊四醇六(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二季戊四醇五(甲基)丙烯酸酯、甘油三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、甘油二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、(聚)乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、(聚)丙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、(聚)四亚甲基二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、1,4-丁二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯等多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯类;三烯丙基(异)氰脲酸酯、偏苯三酸三烯丙酯、二乙烯基苯、邻苯二甲酸二烯丙酯、二烯丙基丙烯酰胺、二烯丙基醚、γ-(甲基)丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、三甲氧基甲硅烷基苯乙烯、乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷等含硅烷单体等。
通过利用公知的方法使上述具有乙烯性不饱和基团的聚合性单体进行聚合,可以得到上述树脂粒子。作为该方法,例如可以举出在自由基聚合引发剂的存在下进行悬浮聚合的方法,和使非交联的种粒子与自由基聚合引发剂一起使单体溶胀来进行聚合的方法等。
在上述基体材料粒子为无机粒子或有机无机混合粒子的情况下,作为用于形成基体材料粒子的无机物,可以举出二氧化硅和炭黑等。作为由上述二氧化硅形成的粒子没有特别限定,例如可以举出,使具有2个以上水解性的烷氧基甲硅烷基的硅化合物进行水解形成交联聚合物粒子后,根据需要进行焙烧而得到的粒子。
在上述基体材料粒子为金属粒子的情况下,作为用于形成该金属粒子的金属,可以举出银、铜、镍、硅、金和钛等。但是,优选的基体材料粒子不是金属粒子。
上述基体材料粒子的平均粒径优选在1~100μm的范围内。若基体材料粒子的平均粒径为1μm以上,则可以更进一步提高电极间的导通可靠性。若基体材料粒子的平均粒径为100μm以下,则可以使电极间的间隔变窄。基体材料粒子的平均粒径的更优选的下限为2μm,更优选的上限为50μm,进一步优选的上限为30μm,特别优选的上限为5μm。
上述平均粒径表示数均粒径。该平均粒径例如可以使用库尔特计数器(Beckman Coulter公司制)进行测定。
对上述铜-锡层而言,外表面可以为平滑的球状,还可以以鳞片状或板状的金属小片形成的具有凹凸的某种形态使外表面成为大致球状。另外,上述铜-锡层可以为单层的导电层,也可以为将鳞片状或板状的导电性物质多张叠层而成的导电层。
上述铜-锡层的维氏硬度(Hv)优选为100以上,优选为500以下。若上述铜-锡层的维氏硬度为上述下限以上和上述上限以下,则导电层变得更难产生裂纹,并且连接结构体的导通可靠性更进一步提高。
上述铜-锡层的熔点优选550℃以上,更优选600℃以上。上述铜-锡层的熔点的上限没有特别限定,若上述铜-锡层的熔点为上述下限以上,则可以抑制铜-锡层过度的热变形及流出。
上述铜-锡层的熔点为用DSC(差示扫描量热仪,SII公司制“EXSTARX-DSC7000”)测量的值。
上述铜-锡层可以具有第一区域和厚度比该第一区域薄的第二区域。上述铜-锡层中的最大厚度可以超过最小厚度的1倍,也可以为1.1倍以上,也可以为1.5倍以上,也可以为2倍以上。若上述铜-锡层的厚度不均大,则使用含有导电性粒子和粘合剂树脂的各向异性导电材料得到连接结构体时,可有效地排除导电性粒子和电极之间的粘合剂树脂。因此,得到的连接结构体中的导通可靠性变高。需要说明的是,通过利用后述的物理的或机械的杂化法来形成上述铜-锡层,容易增大厚度不均。
上述铜-锡层的平均厚度优选在10~1000nm的范围内。铜-锡层的平均厚度的更优选的下限为20nm,进一步优选的下限为50nm,更优选的上限为800nm,进一步优选的上限为500nm,特别优选的上限为300nm。若铜-锡层的平均厚度为上述下限以上,则可以更进一步提高导电性粒子的导电性。若铜-锡层的平均厚度为上述上限以下,则基体材料粒子和铜-锡层的热膨胀系数之差变小,铜-锡层不易从基体材料粒子上剥离。
为了形成上述铜-锡层,作为在基体材料粒子的表面上形成铜层的方法,可以举出利用非电解镀敷形成铜层的方法,以及利用电镀形成铜层的方法等。为了形成铜-锡层,作为例如在铜层的表面上形成锡层的方法,可以举出利用非电解镀敷形成锡层的方法,以及利用电镀形成锡层的方法等。另外,作为形成上述铜-锡层的优选的方法,可以使用物理的或机械的形成方法,也可以使用物理或机械的杂化法。就物理的或机械的杂化法而言,可以使用混合器(hybridizer)等。
上述铜-锡层,在不妨碍本发明的目的的范围,也可以含有铜和锡以外的其它的金属。作为上述的金属,例如可以举出:金、银、钯、铂、钯、锌、铁、铅、铝、钴、铟、镍、铬、钛、锑、铋、铊、锗、镉、钨、硅及锡掺杂氧化铟(ITO)等。
在上述铜-锡层含有上述其它金属的情况下,铜-锡层整体中的上述其它的金属的含量优选为20重量%以下,更优选为10重量%以下,进一步优选为5重量%以下,特别优选为1重量%以下。
上述导电性粒子也可以具有上述第二导电层。该第二导电层为与铜-锡层不同的导电层。第二导电层优选为金层、镍层、钯层、铜层或含有锡和银的合金层,更优选为钯层或金层,进一步优选为钯层。上述第二导电层优选设置在铜-锡层的表面上。
上述第二导电层的平均厚度优选为5nm以上。若上述第二导电层的平均厚度为5nm以上,则容易利用上述第二导电层形成均匀的包覆。在上述第二导电层设置在上述铜-锡层的表面上的情况下,导电性粒子对外部环境的耐受性变高,铜-锡层不易氧化,不易产生因铜-锡层中的铜和构成上述第二导电层的金属(钯等)之间的电反应引起的铜的腐蚀。因此,可以更进一步提高导电性粒子中的导电层整体的导电性。
上述第二导电层的平均厚度优选为500nm以下。若上述第2导电层的平均厚度为500nm以下,则导电性粒子的成本变低。进而,由于可以减少构成上述第二导电层的金属的使用量,因此,可以减少环境负荷。
上述钯层的平均厚度的优选的下限为10nm,更优选的上限为400nm。若钯层的平均厚度为10nm以上,则可以更进一步提高导电性粒子的导电性。
如导电性粒子11那样,优选本发明的导电性粒子在表面具有突起。上述铜-锡层的维氏硬度(Hv)优选为100以上,并且优选上述导电性粒子在表面具有突起。导电性粒子优选在导电层的表面具有突起,进一步优选在铜-锡层或上述第二导电层(钯层等)的表面具有突起。优选上述突起为多个。大多在由导电性粒子连接的电极的表面形成有氧化被膜。在使用具有突起的导电性粒子的情况下,通过在电极间配置导电性粒子并进行压接,则可利用突起有效地排除上述氧化被膜。因此,可以更进一步可靠地使电极和导电性粒子的导电层接触,可以降低电极间的连接电阻。进而,导电性粒子在表面具备绝缘性物质(绝缘性树脂层或绝缘性粒子等)的情况下,或导电性粒子被分散在树脂中来用作各向异性导电材料的情况下,可以利用导电性粒子的突起有效地排除导电性粒子和电极之间的树脂。因此,可以提高电极间的导通可靠性。
作为上述在导电性粒子的表面形成突起的方法,可以举出使芯物质附着于基体材料粒子的表面后,利用非电解镀敷形成导电层的方法,以及利用非电解镀敷在基体材料粒子的表面形成导电层后,使芯物质附着,再利用非电解镀敷形成导电层的方法等。
作为上述使芯物质附着于基体材料粒子的表面的方法,例如可以举出在基体材料粒子的分散液中添加作为芯物质的导电性物质,例如利用范德华力使芯物质聚集、附着在基体材料粒子的表面上的方法,以及在放入了基体材料粒子的容器中添加作为芯物质的导电性物质,利用由容器的旋转产生的机械作用使芯物质附着在基体材料粒子的表面上的方法等。其中,为了容易控制附着的芯物质的量,优选使芯物质聚集、附着在分散液中的基体材料粒子的表面上的方法。
作为构成上述芯物质的导电性物质,例如可以举出:金属、金属的氧化物、石墨等导电性非金属及导电性聚合物等。作为导电性聚合物,可以举出聚乙炔等。其中,由于金属可以提高导电性,故优选金属。
作为上述金属,例如可以举出:金、银、铜、铂、锌、铁、铅、锡、铝、钴、铟、镍、铬、钛、锑、铋、锗及镉等金属以及锡-铅合金、锡-铜合金、锡-银合金及锡-铅-银合金等由2种以上的金属构成的合金等。其中,优选镍、铜、银或金。构成上述芯物质的金属可以与构成上述导电层的金属相同,也可以不同。另外,作为上述金属的氧化物,可以举出氧化铝、二氧化硅及氧化锆等。
如导电性粒子11那样,本发明的导电性粒子优选具备配置在上述铜-锡层或钯层的表面上的绝缘性物质。此时,若将导电性粒子用于电极间的连接,则可以防止相邻的电极间的短路。具体而言,多个导电性粒子接触时,由于在多个电极间存在绝缘性物质,因此,可以防止不是上下的电极间而是沿横向相邻的电极间的短路。需要说明的是,在电极间连接时,通过用2个电极对导电性粒子进行加压,可以容易地排除导电性粒子的导电层和电极之间的绝缘性物质。在导电性粒子在钯层的表面具有突起的情况下,可以更进一步容易地排除导电性粒子的导电层和电极之间的绝缘性物质。上述绝缘性物质优选为绝缘性树脂或绝缘性粒子。该绝缘性粒子优选为绝缘性树脂粒子。
作为上述绝缘性物质的具体例,可以举出:聚烯烃类、(甲基)丙烯酸酯聚合物、(甲基)丙烯酸酯共聚物、嵌段聚合物、热塑性树脂、热塑性树脂的交联物、热固性树脂及水溶性树脂等。
作为上述聚烯烃类,可以举出聚乙烯、乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物及乙烯-丙烯酸酯共聚物等。作为上述(甲基)丙烯酸酯聚合物,可以举出聚(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯、聚(甲基)丙烯酸乙酯及聚(甲基)丙烯酸丁酯等。作为上述嵌段聚合物,可以举出聚苯乙烯、苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯共聚物、SB型苯乙烯-丁二烯嵌段共聚物及SBS型苯乙烯-丁二烯嵌段共聚物以及它们的氢化物等。作为上述热塑性树脂,可以举出乙烯基聚合物及乙烯基共聚物等。作为上述热固性树脂,可以举出环氧树脂、酚醛树脂及三聚氰胺树脂等。作为上述水溶性树脂,可以举出聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酰胺、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚氧化乙烯及甲基纤维素等。本发明的导电性粒子更优选具备上述导电层的表面上所附着的绝缘性粒子。此时,若将导电性粒子用于电极间的连接,则不仅可以更进一步防止沿横向相邻的电极间的短路,而且还可以更进一步降低所连接的上下的电极间的连接电阻。
作为上述使绝缘性粒子附着于导电层的表面的方法,可以举出化学方法及物理或者机械方法等。作为上述化学方法,例如,可以举出如下述的WO2003/25955A1中所公开的那样,通过利用范德华力或静电力的杂凝聚法,使绝缘性粒子附着在金属表面粒子的导电层上,进而根据需要进行化学键合的方法。作为上述物理或者机械方法,可以举出喷雾干燥、杂化、静电附着法、喷雾法、浸渍法及利用真空蒸镀的方法等。其中,为了绝缘性物质不易脱离,优选经由化学键合使绝缘性物质附着于上述导电层的表面的方法。
上述绝缘性粒子的粒径优选为导电性粒子的粒径的1/5以下。此时,绝缘性粒子的粒径不过大,可更进一步可靠地实现利用导电层的电连接。在绝缘性粒子的粒径为导电性粒子的粒径的1/5以下的情况下,利用杂凝聚法使绝缘性粒子附着时,可以使绝缘性粒子高效地吸附在导电性粒子的表面上。另外,上述绝缘性粒子的粒径优选为5nm以上,更优选为10nm以上,优选为1000nm以下,更优选为500nm以下。若上述绝缘性粒子的粒径为上述下限以上,则相邻的导电性粒子间的距离比电子的跃迁距离变大,不易引起漏电。若上述绝缘性粒子的粒径为上述上限以下时,进行热压接时需要的压力及热量变小。
上述绝缘性粒子的粒径的CV值优选为20%以下。若CV值为20%以下,则导电性粒子的包覆层的厚度均匀,在电极间进行热压接时容易均匀地施加压力,不易产生导通不良。需要说明的是,上述粒径的CV值可利用下述式算出。
粒径的CV值(%)=粒径的标准偏差/平均粒径×100
粒径分布,可以在包覆金属粒子前用粒度分布计等进行测定,在包覆后用SEM照片的图像分析等进行测定。
需要说明的是,为了使导电性粒子的导电层露出,利用绝缘性物质的包覆率优选为5%以上,优选为70%以下。上述利用绝缘性物质的包覆率是指,相对于金属表面粒子的表面积整体的面积而言,由绝缘性物质包覆的部分所占的面积。若上述包覆率为5%以上,则相邻的导电性粒子彼此可利用绝缘性物质更进一步可靠地进行绝缘。若上述包覆率为70%以下,则电极间连接时不需要过量地施加热及压力,可以抑制所排除的绝缘性物质引起的粘合剂树脂的性能的下降。
作为上述绝缘性粒子没有特别限定,可应用公知的无机粒子及有机高分子粒子。作为上述无机粒子,可以举出氧化铝、二氧化硅及氧化锆等绝缘性无机粒子。
上述有机高分子粒子优选的是,将具有不饱和双键的单体中的一种或二种以上进行(共)聚合而成的树脂粒子。作为上述具有不饱和双键的单体,可以举出:(甲基)丙烯酸;(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯、(甲基)丙烯酸乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸丙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸丁酯、(甲基)丙烯酸酯-2-乙基己酯、(甲基)丙烯酸缩水甘油酯、四羟甲基甲烷四(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、甘油三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、(聚)乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、(聚)丙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、1,4-丁二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯等(甲基)丙烯酸酯类;乙烯基醚类;氯乙烯;苯乙烯、二乙烯基苯等苯乙烯系化合物、丙烯腈等。其中,可优选使用(甲基)丙烯酸酯类。
上述绝缘性粒子,为了使其通过杂凝聚附着于导电性粒子的导电层上,而具有极性官能团。作为该极性官能团,例如可以举出:铵基、锍基、磷酸基及羟基甲硅烷基等。上述极性官能团可以通过将具有上述极性官能团的不饱和双键的单体进行共聚来导入。
作为具有上述铵基的单体,可以举出甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲氨基乙酯、N,N-二甲氨基丙基丙烯酰胺及N,N,N-三甲基-N-2-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基氯化铵等。作为具有上述锍基的单体,可以举出甲基丙烯酸苯基二甲基锍甲基硫酸盐等。作为具有上述磷酸基的单体,可以举出酸式磷酰氧基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯、酸式磷酰氧基丙基甲基丙烯酸酯、酸式磷酰氧基聚氧乙二醇单甲基丙烯酸酯(acid phosphoxy polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate)及酸式磷酰氧基聚氧丙二醇单甲基丙烯酸酯等。作为具有上述羟基甲硅烷基的单体,可以举出乙烯基三羟基硅烷及3-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三羟基硅烷等。
作为将极性官能团导入上述绝缘性粒子的表面的其它的方法,可以举出使用具有极性基团的自由基引发剂作为使具有上述不饱和双键的单体进行聚合时的引发剂的方法。作为上述自由基引发剂,例如可以举出2,2’-偶氮双{2-甲基-N-[2-(1-羟基-丁基)]-丙酰胺}、2,2’-偶氮双[2-(2-咪唑啉-2-基)丙烷]及2,2’-偶氮双(2-脒基丙烷)及它们的盐等。
(各向异性导电材料)
本发明的各向异性导电材料含有上述的导电性粒子和粘合剂树脂。
上述粘合剂树脂没有特别限定。作为上述粘合剂树脂,一般而言可使用绝缘性的树脂。作为上述粘合剂树脂,例如可以举出:乙烯基树脂、热塑性树脂、固化性树脂、热塑性嵌段共聚物及弹性体等。上述粘合剂树脂可以仅使用1种,也可以并用2种以上。
作为上述乙烯基树脂,例如可以举出:乙酸乙烯酯树脂、丙烯酸树脂及苯乙烯树脂等。作为上述热塑性树脂,例如可以举出:聚烯烃树脂、乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物及聚酰胺树脂等。作为上述固化性树脂,例如可以举出:环氧树脂、聚氨酯树脂、聚酰亚胺树脂及不饱和聚酯树脂等。需要说明的是,上述固化性树脂可以为常温固化性树脂、热固化性树脂、光固化性树脂或湿气固化性树脂。上述固化性树脂也可以与固化剂并用。作为上述热塑性树脂,例如可以举出:苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物、苯乙烯-异戊二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物、苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物的氢化物及苯乙烯-异戊二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物的氢化物等。作为上述弹性体,例如可以举出:苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚橡胶及丙烯腈-苯乙烯嵌段共聚橡胶等。
上述各向异性导电材料,除上述导电性粒子及上述粘合剂树脂以外,例如也可以含有填充剂、增量剂、软化剂、增塑剂、聚合催化剂、固化催化剂、着色剂、抗氧化剂、热稳定剂、光稳定剂、紫外线吸收剂、润滑剂、抗静电剂及阻燃剂等各种添加剂。
使上述导电性粒子分散在上述粘合剂树脂中的方法,可以使用现有公知的方法,没有特别限定。作为使上述导电性粒子分散在上述粘合剂树脂中的方法,例如可以举出:在上述粘合剂树脂中添加上述导电性粒子后,用行星搅拌机等进行混炼使其分散的方法、使用均质器等使上述导电性粒子均匀地分散在水或有机溶剂中后,添加在上述粘合剂树脂中,用行星搅拌机等进行混炼使其分散的方法,以及用水或有机溶剂将上述粘合剂树脂稀释后,添加上述导电性粒子,用行星搅拌器等进行混炼使其分散的方法等。
本发明的各向异性导电材料,可以用作各向异性导电糊剂及各向异性导电膜。在本发明的各向异性导电材料为各向异性导电膜的情况下,可以在含有导电性粒子的各向异性导电膜上叠层不含导电性粒子的膜。
从抑制在连接结构体中的连接部产生空洞,更进一步提高导通可靠性的观点考虑,优选上述各向异性导电材料为各向异性导电糊剂。上述各向异性导电材料优选为各向异性导电糊剂、并且以糊状的状态涂敷在连接对象部件的上面的各向异性导电材料。
上述各向异性导电材料100重量%中,优选上述粘合剂树脂的含量在10~99.99重量%的范围内。上述粘合剂树脂的含量的更优选的下限为30重量%,更优选的下限为50重量%,特别优选的下限为70重量,更优选的上限为99.9重量%。若上述粘合剂树脂的含量满足上述下限及上限,则可以将导电性粒子有效地配置在电极间,可以更进一步提高电极间的导通可靠性。
上述各向异性导电材料100重量%中,优选上述导电性粒子的含量在0.01~20重量%的范围内。上述导电性粒子的含量的更优选的下限为0.1重量%,更优选的上限为10重量%。若上述导电性粒子的含量满足上述下限及上限,则可以更进一步提高电极间的导通可靠性。
(连接结构体)
通过使用本发明的导电性粒子或含有该导电性粒子和粘合剂树脂的各向异性导电材料连接连接对象部件,可以得到连接结构体。
上述连接结构体具备第一连接对象部件、第二连接对象部件和连接该第一、第二连接对象部件的连接部,优选该连接部为由本发明的导电性粒子形成或者由含有该导电性粒子和粘合剂树脂的各向异性导电材料形成的连接结构体。在使用导电性粒子的情况下,连接部本身为导电性粒子。即,第一、第二连接对象部件由导电性粒子连接。
图3以正面剖面图示意性地示出使用了本发明的一实施方式的导电性粒子的连接结构体。
图3所示的连接结构体21具备第一连接对象部件22、第二连接对象部件23和连接第一、第二连接对象部件22、23的连接部24。连接部24通过使含有导电性粒子1的各向异性导电材料固化来形成。需要说明的是,在图3中,导电性粒子1为了方便图示,以简图进行表示。也可以使用导电性粒子11、61、71代替导电性粒子1。
第一连接对象部件22在上面22a具有多个电极22b。第二连接对象部件23在下面23a具有多个电极23b。电极22b和电极23b由1个或多个导电性粒子1进行电连接。因此,第一、第二连接对象部件22、23由导电性粒子1进行电连接。
上述连接结构体的制造方法没有特别限定。作为连接结构体的制造方法的一个例子,可以举出将上述各向异性导电材料配置在第一连接对象部件和第二连接对象部件之间,得到叠层体后,对该叠层体进行加热及加压的方法等。
上述加压的压力为9.8×104~4.9×106Pa左右。上述加热的温度为120~220℃左右。通过使用本发明的导电性粒子,即使施加这样的压力,铜-锡层中也不易产生大的裂纹。因此,可以提高电极间的导通可靠性。
作为上述连接对象部件,具体而言,可以举出:半导体芯片、电容器及二极管等电子部件以及印刷基板、挠性印刷基板及玻璃基板等电路基板等。
作为上述连接对象部件上所设置的电极,可以举出:金电极、镍电极、锡电极、铝电极、铜电极、钼电极及钨电极等金属电极。在上述连接对象部件为挠性印刷基板的情况下,优选上述电极为金电极、镍电极、锡电极及铜电极。在上述连接对象部件为玻璃基板的情况下,优选上述电极为铝电极、铜电极、钼电极及钨电极。需要说明的是,在上述电极为铝电极的情况下,可以为仅由铝形成的电极,也可以为在金属氧化物层的表面叠层铝层而成的电极。作为上述金属氧化物,可以举出掺杂有3价的金属元素的氧化铟及掺杂有3价的金属元素的氧化锌等。作为上述3价的金属元素,可以举出Sn、Al及Ga等。
若举出本发明的导电性粒子的其它的使用方式,则也可以使用导电性粒子作为用于构成液晶显示元件的上下基板间的电连接的导通材料。使用方法如下:将导电性粒子混合到热固性树脂或热UV并用固化性树脂中并进行分散,点状地涂布在单侧基板上,与对向基板贴合的方法,以及将导电性粒子混合到周边密封剂中并进行分散,线状地进行涂布,兼用密封和上下基板的电连接的方法。本发明的导电性粒子可以应用于这样的使用方式中的任一种。另外,本发明的导电性粒子由于在基体材料粒子的表面设置有导电层,因此,通过基体材料粒子的优异的弹性,可以不损伤透明基板等地进行导电连接。
以下,举出实施例及比较例,具体地说明本发明。但本发明并不仅限定于以下的实施例。
(实施例1)
(1)树脂粒子形成工序
在800重量份含有3重量%聚乙烯醇(日本合成化学工业公司制“GH-20”)的水溶液中加入70重量份二乙烯基苯、30重量份三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯和2重量份过氧化苯甲酰,进行搅拌、混合。在氮气氛下一边搅拌一边加热至80℃,进行反应15小时,得到树脂粒子。
将得到的树脂粒子用蒸馏水及甲醇进行清洗后,进行分级操作,得到平均粒径4.1μm及变动系数5.0%的树脂粒子。以下,有时记载为树脂粒子A。
(2)非电解镀铜工序
将10g得到的树脂粒子A进行蚀刻处理后,进行水洗。接着,在树脂粒子中加入硫酸钯,使钯离子吸附于树脂粒子。
接着,在含有0.5重量%二甲胺硼烷水的溶液中添加吸附了钯离子的树脂粒子,使钯活化。在该树脂粒子中加入500mL蒸馏水,得到粒子悬浮液。
另外,准备含有40g/L的硫酸铜(五水合物)、100g/L的乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、50g/L的葡萄糖酸钠和25g/L的甲醛且调节为pH值10.5的非电解镀液。在上述粒子悬浮液中慢慢地添加上述非电解镀液,在50℃下一边进行搅拌一边实施非电解镀铜。如上所述,得到在表面上设置有铜层(厚度约40nm)的镀铜粒子。
(3)非电解镀锡工序
制备含有5g氯化锡和1000mL离子交换水的溶液,混合得到的镀铜粒子15g得到水性悬浮液。将30g硫脲及80g酒石酸添加至该水性悬浮液,得到镀液。使该镀液为60℃浴温,进行20分钟反应。进而,在该镀敷液中再放入20g氯化锡、40g柠檬酸及30g氢氧化钠,使其在60℃浴温下反应20分钟,由此得到在铜层的表面设置有锡层(厚度约72nm)的粒子。
(4)合金化工序
将得到的在铜层的表面上设置有锡层的粒子在220℃下加热20小时。加热后,铜和锡层发生合金化。如上所述地,得到在树脂粒子的表面上设置有铜-锡层(厚度约100nm),并且该铜-锡层含有铜和锡的合金的导电性粒子。在得到的导电性粒子中,对铜-锡层整体中所含的铜和锡的含量进行评价,结果铜的含量为40重量%,锡的含量为60重量%。
(实施例2)
在非电解镀铜工序中,使铜层的厚度变更为约50nm,以及在非电解镀锡工序中,使锡层的厚度变更为约60nm,除此以外,与实施例1同样地得到在树脂粒子的表面上设置有铜-锡层(厚度约100nm),并且该铜-锡层含有铜和锡的合金的导电性粒子。在得到的导电性粒子中,对铜-锡层整体中所含的铜和锡的含量进行评价,结果铜的含量为50重量%,锡的含量为50重量%。
(实施例3)
在非电解镀铜工序中,使铜层的厚度变更为约60nm,以及在非电解镀锡工序中,使锡层的厚度变更为约48nm,除此以外,与实施例1同样地得到在树脂粒子的表面上设置有铜-锡层(厚度约100nm),并且该铜-锡层含有铜和锡的合金的导电性粒子。在得到的导电性粒子中,对铜-锡层整体中所含的铜和锡的含量进行评价,结果铜的含量为60重量%,锡的含量为40重量%。
(实施例4)
(1)芯物质附着工序
对10g实施例1中得到的树脂粒子A进行蚀刻处理后,进行水洗。接着,在树脂粒子中加入硫酸钯,使钯离子吸附于树脂粒子。
将附着有钯的树脂粒子在300mL离子交换水中搅拌3分钟,使其分散,得到分散液。接着,将1g金属镍粒子浆料(三井金属公司制“2020SUS”,平均粒径200nm)经3分钟添加在上述分散液中,得到附着有芯物质的树脂粒子。
(2)导电性粒子的制作
除使用附着有芯物质的树脂粒子以外,与实施例1同样地进行非电解镀铜工序、非电解镀锡工序及合金化工序,得到在树脂粒子的表面上设置有铜-锡层,并且该铜-锡层含有铜和锡的合金的导电性粒子。得到的导电性粒子在铜-锡层的表面具有突起。在得到的导电性粒子中,对铜-锡层整体中所含的铜和锡的含量进行评价,结果铜的含量为40重量%,锡的含量为60重量%。需要说明的是,在求出铜及锡的含量时,作为芯物质含有的镍除外。
(实施例5)
除将树脂粒子A变更为1,4-丁二醇二丙烯酸酯和四羟甲基甲烷四丙烯酸酯的共聚物树脂粒子(1,4-丁二醇二丙烯酸酯:四羟甲基甲烷四丙烯酸酯=95重量%:5重量%,以下,有时记载为树脂粒子B)以外,与实施例4同样地得到导电性粒子。得到的导电性粒子在铜-锡层的表面具有突起。
(实施例6)
(1)绝缘性树脂粒子的制作
在安装有4口可拆卸盖、搅拌叶片、三通阀、冷凝管及温度探针的1000mL的可拆卸烧瓶中,以固体成分率为5重量%的方式将含有甲基丙烯酸甲酯100mmol、N,N,N-三甲基-N-2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基氯化铵1mmol和2,2’-偶氮双(2-脒基丙烷)二盐酸盐1mmol的单体组合物添加在离子交换水中后,以200rpm进行搅拌,在氮气氛下70℃进行24小时聚合。反应结束后,进行冷冻干燥,得到在表面具有铵基且平均粒径220nm及CV值10%的绝缘性树脂粒子。
在超声波照射下使绝缘性树脂粒子分散在离子交换水中,得到绝缘性树脂粒子的10重量%水分散液。
使10g实施例5中得到的导电性粒子分散在500mL离子交换水中,添加绝缘性树脂粒子的水分散液4g,在室温下搅拌6小时。用3μm的筛网过滤器过滤后,再用甲醇进行清洗、干燥,得到附着有绝缘性树脂粒子的导电性粒子。
利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)进行观察,结果确认在导电性粒子的表面仅形成有1层由绝缘性树脂粒子形成的包覆层。通过图像分析算出绝缘性树脂粒子的包覆面积(即绝缘性树脂粒子的粒径的投影面积)相对于距导电性粒子的中心2.5μm的面积,结果确认包覆率为30%。
(实施例7)
除将树脂粒子A变更为树脂粒子B以外,与实施例1同样地得到导电性粒子。
(实施例8)
除将实施例5中得到的导电性粒子变更为实施例1中得到的导电性粒子以外,与实施例6同样地得到附着有绝缘性树脂粒子的导电性粒子。
(实施例9)
除将实施例5中得到的导电性粒子变更为实施例4中得到的导电性粒子以外,与实施例6同样地得到附着有绝缘性树脂粒子的导电性粒子。
(实施例10)
除将实施例5中得到的导电性粒子变更为实施例7中得到的导电性粒子以外,与实施例6同样地得到附着有绝缘性树脂粒子的导电性粒子。
(实施例11)
准备实施例1中得到的导电性粒子。使用该导电性粒子,实施以下的(1)及(2)的工序。
(1)非电解镀钯工序
利用超声波处理机使10g得到的镀铜粒子分散在500mL离子交换水中,得到粒子悬浮液。
另外,准备含有4g/L的硫酸钯(酐)、2.4g/L的乙二胺、4.0g/L的硫酸肼、3.5g/L的次磷酸钠,并且调节pH值为10的非电解镀液。将上述粒子悬浮液在50℃下一边进行搅拌一边慢慢地添加上述非电解镀液,进行非电解镀钯。非电解镀液的添加量以钯层的厚度为10nm的方式进行调整。将得到的镀钯后的树脂粒子用蒸馏水及甲醇进行清洗后,进行真空干燥。如上所述地,得到在树脂粒子的表面设置有铜层,并且在铜层的表面设置有钯层的导电性粒子。
(2)氯清洗除去工序
使1g得到的导电性粒子分散在1000mL蒸馏水(比电阻18MΩ)中,放入带搅拌机的高压釜中,在0.1MPa的加压下,在121℃下搅拌清洗10小时。然后,进行过滤、干燥。
如上所述地,得到在树脂粒子的表面上设置有铜-锡层(厚度约100nm),且该铜-锡层含有铜和锡的合金,进而在铜-锡层的表面上设置有钯层(厚度约10nm)的导电性粒子。
(实施例12)
准备实施例1中得到的树脂粒子A。另外,准备铜粉(粒径3.0~7.0μm)和锡粉(粒径3.0~7.0μm)。
使用树脂粒子A、铜粉和锡粉,使用混合器(奈良机械制作所公司制)通过物理/机械杂化法得到在树脂粒子的表面上具有铜-锡层(厚度100nm)的粒子。
接着,对得到的在树脂粒子的表面上具有铜-锡层的粒子在220℃下加热20小时。加热后,铜和锡层发生合金化。如上所述地,得到在树脂粒子的表面上设置有铜-锡层(厚度100nm),并且该铜-锡层含有铜和锡的合金的导电性粒子。在得到的导电性粒子中,对铜-锡层整体中所含的铜和锡的含量进行评价,结果铜的含量为40重量%,锡的含量为60重量%。上述铜-锡层中的最大厚度为最小厚度的2倍以上。
(实施例13)
准备实施例1中使用的树脂粒子A。另外,准备铜锡合金粉(铜的含量40重量%,锡的含量60重量%,粒径3.0~7.0μm)。
使用树脂粒子A和铜锡合金粉,使用混合器(奈良机械制作所公司制),通过物理/机械杂化法得到在树脂粒子的表面上具有铜-锡层(厚度100nm)的粒子。
在得到的导电性粒子中,对铜-锡层整体中所含的铜和锡的含量进行评价,结果铜的含量为40重量%,锡的含量为60重量%。上述铜-锡层中的最大厚度为最小厚度的2倍以上。
(比较例1)
准备实施例1中得到的树脂粒子A,将10g该树脂粒子A进行蚀刻处理后,进行水洗。接着,在树脂粒子中加入硫酸钯,使钯离子吸附于树脂粒子。
接着,在含有0.5重量%二甲胺硼烷水溶液中添加吸附了钯离子的树脂粒子,使钯活化。在该树脂粒子中加入500mL蒸馏水,得到粒子悬浮液。
另外,准备含有40g/L的硫酸铜(五水合物)、100g/L的乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、50g/L的葡萄糖酸钠和25g/L的甲醛,并且调节pH值为10.5的非电解镀液。在上述粒子悬浮液中慢慢地添加上述非电解镀液,在50℃下一边进行搅拌一边进行非电解镀铜。如上所述地,得到在表面上设置有铜层(厚度约100nm)的镀铜粒子(导电性粒子)。在比较例1中,在铜层的表面上未设置有锡层。
(比较例2)
将实施例1的非电解镀锡工序后得到的锡层(厚度约72nm)设置在铜层(约40nm)的表面上的粒子作为导电性粒子。在比较例2中,未进行合金化工序。
(比较例3)
在非电解镀铜工序中,使铜层的厚度变更为约80nm,以及在非电解镀锡工序中,使锡层的厚度变更为约20nm,除此以外,与实施例1同样地得到在树脂粒子的表面上设置有铜-锡层(厚度约100nm),并且该铜-锡层含有铜和锡的合金的导电性粒子。在得到的导电性粒子中,对铜-锡层整体中所含的铜和锡的含量进行评价,结果铜的含量为80重量%,锡的含量为20重量%。
(比较例4)
在非电解镀铜工序中,使铜层的厚度变更为约14nm,以及在非电解镀锡工序中,使锡层的厚度变更为约96nm,除此以外,与实施例1同样地得到在树脂粒子的表面上设置有铜-锡层(厚度约100nm),并且该铜-锡层含有铜和锡的合金的导电性粒子。在得到的导电性粒子中,对铜-锡层整体中所含的铜和锡的含量进行评价,结果铜的含量为15重量%,锡的含量为85重量%。
(实施例14)
在非电解镀铜工序中,使铜层的厚度变更为约30nm,以及在非电解镀锡工序中,使锡层的厚度变更为约84nm,除此以外,与实施例1同样地得到在树脂粒子的表面上设置有铜-锡层(厚度约100nm),并且该铜-锡层含有铜和锡的合金的导电性粒子。在得到的导电性粒子中,对铜-锡层整体中所含的铜和锡的含量进行评价,结果铜的含量为30重量%,锡的含量为70重量%。
(评价)
(1)导电层的裂纹
准备形成有L/S为100μm/100μm的铜电极的2片基板。另外,准备含有10重量份导电性粒子、85重量份作为粘合剂树脂的环氧树脂(三井化学公司制“Struct Bond XN-5A”)和5重量份咪唑型固化剂的各向异性导电糊剂。
在基板的上面以导电性粒子与铜电极接触的方式涂布各向异性导电糊剂后,将其它的基板以铜电极与导电性粒子接触的方式进行叠层,施加3MPa的压力进行压接,得到叠层体,然后,通过在180℃下对叠层体加热1分钟,使各向异性导电糊剂固化,得到连接结构体。
对于得到的连接结构体,评价在导电性粒子的导电层中有无裂纹。通过下述的标准判定导电层的裂纹。
[导电层的裂缝的判定标准]
〇:导电层中没有较大的裂纹,树脂粒子未露出。
△:导电层中有较大的裂纹,树脂粒子稍微露出。
×:导电层中有较大的裂缝,树脂粒子大大露出。
(2)导通可靠性
利用四端子法对上述(1)的评价中得到的100个连接结构体的对向的电极间的连接电阻进行测定,评价电极间是否被导通,通过下述的标准判定导通可靠性。
[导通可靠性的判定标准]
〇:100个连接结构体全部导通
△:100个连接结构体中的未导通数为1个或2个
×:100个连接结构体中的未导通数为3个以上
(3)维氏硬度
使用维氏硬度计(岛津制作所公司制“DUH-W201”)测定得到的导电性粒子中的铜-锡层的维氏硬度,通过下述的标准判定维氏硬度。
[维氏硬度的判定标准]
A:维氏硬度超过500
B:维氏硬度为100以上且500以下
C:维氏硬度低于100
(4)熔点
将0.2~0.5mg导电性粒子放入铝盘,使用TA INSTRUMENTS制“DSC2920”在升温速度10℃/分钟的条件下进行扫描,得到Heat-Flow曲线。将在该曲线中视为熔融的峰的顶点显示的温度值作为熔点。
(5)金属含量的分析
在玻璃制三角烧瓶中混合0.5g导电性粒子和20mL王水(35%盐酸溶液15mL、70%硝酸20mL),在70℃的温水浴中加温且放置15分钟。从水浴中取出烧瓶后,自然冷却使得烧瓶中的液温得到40℃以下。冷却后,用玻璃漏斗及滤纸(ADVANTEC制滤纸No.5C)过滤含有金属离子和树脂粒子的酸性溶液。进行固液分离,取出100mL含有金属离子的酸性溶液后,用微量移液管分取1mL,用纯水稀释100倍,得到稀释液。使用得到的稀释液,用ICP(电感耦合等离子体,堀场制作所制造的“ULTlMA2”)进行测量,由得到的金属离子的浓度计算导电层的金属的重量及各金属的分量。
将结果示于下述的表1。在下述的表1中,“-”表示未评价。
Claims (8)
1.一种导电性粒子,其具备基体材料粒子和设置在该基体材料粒子表面上的含有铜和锡的铜-锡层,
所述铜-锡层含有铜和锡的合金,
所述铜-锡层整体中,所述铜的含量为超过20重量%且在75重量%以下,并且锡的含量为25重量%以上且低于80重量%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的导电性粒子,其中,所述铜-锡层的熔点为550℃以上。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的导电性粒子,其中,所述铜-锡层整体中,铜的含量为40重量%以上且60重量%以下,并且锡的含量为40重量%以上且60重量%以下。
4.根据权利要求1~3中任一项所述的导电性粒子,其在表面具有突起。
5.根据权利要求1~4中任一项所述的导电性粒子,其具有配置在所述铜-锡层表面上的绝缘性物质。
6.根据权利要求5所述的导电性粒子,其中,所述绝缘性物质为绝缘性粒子。
7.一种各向异性导电材料,其含有权利要求1~6中任一项所述的导电性粒子和粘合剂树脂。
8.一种连接结构体,其具有第一连接对象部件、第二连接对象部件和连接该第一、第二连接对象部件的连接部,
所述连接部由权利要求1~6中任一项所述的导电性粒子形成、或者由含有该导电性粒子和粘合剂树脂的各向异性导电材料形成。
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