CN103118670A - 用于动物乳房内施用的含抗生素的纳米颗粒组合物 - Google Patents
用于动物乳房内施用的含抗生素的纳米颗粒组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103118670A CN103118670A CN2011800374019A CN201180037401A CN103118670A CN 103118670 A CN103118670 A CN 103118670A CN 2011800374019 A CN2011800374019 A CN 2011800374019A CN 201180037401 A CN201180037401 A CN 201180037401A CN 103118670 A CN103118670 A CN 103118670A
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Abstract
本发明涉及两类包封抗微生物药物苄星氯唑西林的聚合物纳米囊的开发。更具体而言,本发明涉及用于治疗乳牛的乳腺炎的新的形式。本发明已经开发了两种纳米囊制剂,且所述纳米囊制剂可以用于包封苄星氯唑西林,还可以用于包封各种药物,提供用于乳牛乳腺炎的新的疗法、避免用于传统制剂的药物的高剂量使用的不便,从而对改善牛奶生产做出贡献。
Description
本发明涉及两种包封青霉素的抗微生物药衍生物(诸如苄星氯唑西林)的聚合物纳米载体(NC)的制剂的开发。更具体而言,本发明涉及用于治疗干乳期家畜(牛、山羊、绵羊、水牛、马和骆驼科动物)的乳腺炎的新的组合物。
本发明描述了制备两种能包封多种具有抗菌活性的药物(特别是药物苄星氯唑西林)的贮库类型的纳米载体制剂的技术,所述药物广泛用于治疗牛乳腺炎。本发明目标在于提供用于乳牛乳腺炎的新的疗法、避免施用多次剂量的不便、用于传统制剂的药物的高剂量使用、乳头内药物的低保留,对改善牛奶生产做出贡献。通过使用该制剂,可以增加药物的功效,这是由于本文提及的纳米载体对于动物乳房上部的腺组织的高附着力。此外,如在商品化制剂中使用的游离形式的所述药物可从施用部位到达血液,且因此可以到达遭受引起乳腺炎的微生物侵袭的组织之外的其他组织。由于本文所述的纳米结构化的制剂的制备方法和制剂的组分的特异性,纳米包囊形式的药物被更严格地限制于被引起微生物乳腺炎的因子感染的组织和靶细胞中的作用位点。包封的抗微生物药因此可以到达特定的靶点,并在作用位点缓慢地和主要地释放,避免药物在其它组织损失或失活。因此可以减少剂量并增加药效。
在巴西在众多特性中牛乳腺炎仍然是牛奶生产中的限制因素,成为了造成牛奶生产商的利润损失的最常见原因。治疗被限制于临床急救情况,这时损失已经无法避免。抗生素和抗炎药是用于治疗乳腺炎的最常用的药物(Gruet等人,2001)。
乳牛的乳腺炎常发生于干乳期或泌乳早期。引起乳腺炎的主要细菌,金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)可以在乳腺的上部形成包裹性的病灶,发展为亚临床形式,这妨碍泌乳期间的细菌学治疗,这是因为由于挤奶期间,用于泌乳期的抗生素为短-注射(即在作用靶点中半衰期短),不足以长时间保持在治疗水平以确保完全消除囊状的细菌。在这种情况下,如果在干乳期没有治疗,这些细菌可以抵抗整个干乳期,并在下一次泌乳时复发。在干乳期期间已经分离了其它的细菌,诸如乳房链球菌(Streptococcus uberis)、无乳链球菌(Streptococcusagalactiae)和化脓棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium pyo genes),也属于引起微生物乳腺炎的因子。干乳期期间对动物治疗降低了这一时期的感染的数量,以及泌乳期开始时的新的感染的数量。在干乳期进行治疗平均可消除90%的由无乳链球菌引起的感染以及70%的由金黄色葡萄球菌引起的感染(Naztke,1971)。然而,如果药物在感染部位的保留也增加,则药效可以增加。
巴西销售的大多数用于治疗牛乳腺炎的制剂属于乳房内-混悬剂类型,如在Extra Dry Cow的情况中。还存在抗生素联用形式,如(拜耳),其为抗生素苄星氯唑西林和氨苄西林的混悬剂。有若干中可用的疗法,其中包括预防所述疾病和治疗疾病的那些。因此,美国专利US5,211,961中有用于清洁乳头的组合物,在其中将其用作抗菌剂。
EP1104233和EP799047中出现的另一个可选择项涉及能形成可以施用于动物的乳头的薄膜(以形成细菌屏障)的组合物。如GB1441747中所述,另一种形式涉及在乳头管中形成物理屏障以阻止病原体进入。GB2273443描述了抗菌制剂和屏障在治疗奶牛乳腺炎中的应用。例如,在GB2273441中该屏障由凝胶和无毒性重金属盐形成。与预期相反,如GB2296424所公开,基于油的产物与含重金属盐的堵塞乳头管的制剂的共同施用导致屏障功效的改善。使用几种类型的油,诸如矿物油、硅油和植物油。然而,存在动物器官中有累积重金属及在之后的泌乳期间污染乳汁的风险。
上文引用的大多数制剂都有不能消除囊状细菌的病灶的缺点,这导致动物中感染的复发。用作屏障的制剂(GB1441747,GB2296424)具有预防性质,且在已经感染的动物中无效。
在巴西销售的用于治疗牛乳腺炎的产品具有通过乳房内途径药物使用剂量高(通常每个乳头500-600mg)的缺点。这些治疗具有多次输注(在干乳期1至4次)的缺点,由于混悬剂渗入乳房需要借助插管,这可引起动物乳头管的溃疡,增加给药期间新病原体污染腺体的风险。
所使用的传统制剂不能使药物进入靶细胞。更易溶的游离药物不太可能以高浓度进入感染的嗜中性粒细胞中,不能消除胞内感染的病灶,发生治疗后的远期复发。本发明提出的制剂由于其结构在乳腺细胞(吞噬细胞和腺泡表面细胞,导管和腺乳池)有吸附和穿透细胞的能力,所述乳腺细胞通过吞噬作用、非特异性胞吞作用和细胞表面的物理吸附而穿透(Mosqueira等人1999),通过纳米载体与细胞膜的静电相互作用以及与蛋白质和糖蛋白的疏水作用这两种机制发生。这些制剂的巨大的差别是由于它们留在和附着在腺体内的能力的增加,这增加了消除感染的机会(药效)和潜在地减少了复发,这主要是因为乳腺具有高浓度的嗜中性粒细胞(Oliveira等人,2009)。使用不具备高的穿入细胞内的能力、因此在细胞隔室内不能达到最低抑菌浓度(MIC)的传统制剂经常发生复发。游离药物通过其它较慢的和运输依赖的单分子机理穿入细胞,而在纳米颗粒形式中,更多数量的分子立即穿入细胞,所述分子包封于纳米载体中充当“特洛伊木马”。另一种形式是成千上万的纳米囊在细胞表面的非特异性的吸附,这促进了更大量的药物被靶细胞吞并。
纳米包囊还防止施用后细胞对药物的快速代谢,并防止药物从作用部位的快速消除,当药物以游离或非包囊形式施用时发生所述快速消除。本发明提出的制剂所使用的赋形剂是无害的、可生物降解的、生物相容的、天然来源的且不危害腺体功能,不产生任何类型的细胞损伤或细胞毒性(Mosqueira等人,2000和2001)。
在这种情况下,通过乳房内途径施用纳米颗粒制剂是有效治疗乳牛乳腺炎的有希望的备选方案。其应用具有在受微生物、尤其是金黄色葡萄球菌感染的细胞中增加药物保留的可能性。本发明制剂的一个重要性质是在动物干乳期期间(在两次泌乳期间的过渡时期)保留在作用部位的能力。
所述纳米结构可以包封药物诸如抗细菌药、抗真菌药、抗寄生虫药、维生素、非甾体抗炎药、甾体类抗炎药、抗病毒药、抗肿瘤药、麻醉剂、激素或其组合,且可通过不同的施用途径施用,诸如口服、关节内、胃肠外、眼、乳房、局部、鼻、耳、直肠、阴道和/或这些途径的组合。
本发明目标在于提供用于在非人类的动物治疗和预防疾病的新的疗法,所述疗法避免施用多个剂量的不便和使用在传统制剂所用药物的高剂量,其减少动物应激和在动物产品中发生残留(药物残留)。兽医应用的药物的纳米颗粒组合物还减少与游离形式药物相关的副作用的发生,因为本文提出的纳米结构使药物在动物体内指向期望作用靶点,减少游离药物的不稳定分布。由于纳米载体具有主动靶向性、附着性,和纳米载体在血管通透性增加的组织中累积的能力(被动靶向),通过使用这些制剂,可以增加药物功效。除了通常具有强吞噬活性的器官诸如脾、肝、淋巴结、肺、骨髓和粘膜之外,还可以是纳米粒在其中累积的组织,例如,发炎的组织和肿瘤组织。此外,当游离形式的药物以市售制剂施用时需要多次施用以在不同的组织中达到高浓度,引起血浆浓度的变化,所述变化引起毒性和/或微生物耐药性发展。由于所述制剂组分的特异性和它们的物理化学特性,纳米囊形式的药物显示释放延长,并更严格限制在作用部位和靶细胞。因此,包囊药物可以到达特定靶点,且在作用位点缓慢地和集中地释放,避免药物在其它组织的损失和失活。因此可以减少剂量,增加药效,并降低毒性,减少抑制(containment)的需求和对动物的过度处理。在操作中抑制和变化是妨碍动物适当治疗的因素。这些情况是应激的主要原因,导致肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和皮质甾类的内源性释放,这导致活性增加(战斗或逃跑反应(fight-or-flight response))和免疫降低。当需要更频繁施用药物时,该状况恶化。由于这些困难,药物干预可能无效或延迟。此外,多次施用以保持治疗浓度的需求能导致药物毒性阈的变换,引起不良作用和畜产品中药物残留的增加(Vandamme,2010)。
根据等人(2006),在主要的与肉牛有关的经济损失中包括由操作引起的应激,其能导致多至1kg重量/操作的损失,以及由于使用油性介质的兽药的应用而导致的脓肿形成。但在兽药中使用控释递药系统可减少药物施用的频率,减少治疗持续时间,并减少动物的应激(Sautter,2006)。
特别地本发明允许在水性介质中的疏水性药物和两亲性药物以纳米分散形式递送。因此,本发明使得通过包括静脉内途径在内的多种施用途径施用不溶于水的药物成为可能。
多数市售制剂包含半衰期短的药物,为了降低施用的次数,工业上使用在水性和油性介质中的其难溶盐,如在的情况中。第二种策略是增加制剂中有效成分的浓度,如在Gold的情况中,与单一的相比该药物中伊维菌素的浓度高3.15倍。在这两种情况中均有限制。在第一种情况中,由于不正确的施用可以发生组织坏死,还有应用于相同部位的容量的限制,除此之外,药物施用部位还可能变得极其疼痛。在第二种情况中药物浓度的增加在更敏感的个体中可导致毒性。而本发明纳米载体能够使得在水性介质中的难溶盐类变得媒介化,同时保持持续的且通常是受控的释放。所述条件还允许其静脉内应用,且与油性介质相比,通过使用水性介质最小化应用后的疼痛。
用于满足药物多次施用需求的另一个策略是使用插入物和植入物。Baeyens等人(2000)描述了使用插入物在治疗动物眼部感染的应用;然而,所述装置引起患者非常不适,除此之外还需要显微外科学手术和具有感染的风险。本发明权利要求中描述的纳米载体的大小是纳米级的,所以不会被动物注意到,还由于涂覆脱乙酰壳多糖(Illum等人,2001)的纳米载体赋予了粘膜粘着特性而具有保持附着于眼粘膜的优势。所述纳米载体的粘膜粘着特性还使它们可通过其它的存在粘膜以支持粘着的施用途径使用,即口、鼻、肛门和阴道途径。而Rathbone等人(2000)报道了用于激素的控制释放的阴道内和皮下装置的应用,其旨在控制动物的发情周期。然而,所述装置需要至少两次抑制动物,且根据植入物的类型/部位,需要可以是外科的、更具侵入性的介入。为促进药物的控制释放而不需要除去植入物,文献US4,938,763公开了用于顺铂的控制释放的生物可分解的植入物的应用;然而,与本发明相比,它们需要更具侵入性的行动,在本发明中施用可以借助于针头和注射器进行。
尽管在文献中有众多文章提及用于兽用药物的控制释放或靶向的聚合物纳米粒的应用,但它们均没有定义哪一组药物可以被包囊,必须使用哪一种药物施用途径,或使用所述纳米结构可以治疗哪种疾病(Rather等人“Nanotechnology:A Novel Tool for Aquaculture andFisheries Development”.Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal,2011卷:FAJ-16;Ramirez-Mella and Hernández-Mendo“Nanotechnology onAnimal Production”,Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems,12(2010):423-429;Chakravarthi和Balaji“Applications ofNanotechnology in Veterinary Medicine”Veterinary World,2010,第3卷(10):477-480;Narducci,“An Introduction to Nanotechnologies:What’s in it for Us?”Veterinary Research Communications,31(增刊1)(2007)131-137;Scott“Nanotechnology and animal health”Rev.sci.tech.Off.int.Epiz.,2005,24(1),425-432).在“Low-energynanoemulsification to design veterinary controlled drug deliverydevices”中Vandamne和Anton(International Journal ofNanomedicine,2010:5867-873)描述了用于治疗牛、猪和家禽的纳米乳剂的制备,其中酮基布洛芬、磺胺二甲嘧啶和维生素D被包囊;然而,他们没有描述可以治疗什么疾病。当将Anton和Vandamme生产的纳米乳剂与本发明的纳米贮库进行比较时,后者在富含蛋白质的生理性介质中更稳定,这基本上是由于存在刚性的聚合物包衣。此外,所描述的纳米乳剂不能靶向有效成分。
市场上可购买的纳米结构化的产品有Vet(紫杉醇)、Vet(多柔比星)、Vet(卡铂)、Vet(多西他赛),其基于Oasmia的纳米级源自XR-17(具有羟基官能团的丙烯酸酯)的胶束生产平台。制药公司报道了当应用于狗和猫时制剂中使用的化学治疗药的毒性的降低,但没有报道该系统的靶向或生物粘着特性。此外,胶束系统在生物培养基中稳定性有限,这是由于缺乏硬聚合物包衣及在水中稀释后其结构被破坏。如US7850990中所述,脂质体还可以用于促进控制释放和抗癌化学治疗药和其它兽药的靶向;然而,它们在生物学环境中存在与胶束系统一样的稳定性限制,并有高成本和物理化学稳定方面的困难。
在专利文件US20100150832中,作者描述了使用聚缩酮聚合物能促进药物的控制释放和靶向的纳米粒的制备。然而,这些纳米粒如本文所述那些一样不具有粘膜粘着能力,它们在水中容易地被水解,且该文件没有描述使用该文件提出的所述系统可治疗的感染。专利文件US7767656描述了来自甲基纤维素聚合物和透明质酸的混合物的纳米粒的制备。由于这些聚合物的亲水性,与本发明相比这些系统在包封的疏水剂中有效性较低。另外,在所述文件没有提及纳米粒的表面电荷,这是由于静电相互作用与所述纳米粒的靶向和粘膜粘着有关的因素。
US7713573中提出了药物进入纳米孔的机制和它们其后作为控释系统的应用;然而,纳米孔的高的多分散性妨碍了其通过静脉内途径的应用。而且,升高温度和压力以使药物进入纳米孔的需要,限制了多种治疗化合物。
文件US7585521提出了用于包括兽药的药物的控制释放的陶瓷纳米粒的应用。与本发明的纳米粒不同,该颗粒不是生物可降解的,且形成它们的组合物如二氧化硅纳米粒的一些物质导致动物的矽肺。
此外,这些专利文件(即US7585521;US7713573;US7767656;US7767656;US7767656;US20100150832;US7850990)均没有将待治疗的疾病限定为非人类的动物的疾病,而本发明中在权利要求55中要求了该内容。
在这种情况下,通过口服、胃肠外、眼、乳房、局部、关节内、鼻、耳、直肠、阴道和/或这些途径的组合的施用的含抗细菌药、抗真菌药、抗寄生虫药、维生素、非甾体抗炎药、甾体类抗炎药、抗病毒药、抗肿瘤药、麻醉剂和/或激素的纳米颗粒制剂的应用是用于在非人类的动物中治疗和有效预防疾病的有希望的备选方案。
含一种或多种作为本发明的有效成分的抗细菌药、抗真菌药、抗寄生虫药、维生素、非甾体或甾体类抗炎药、抗病毒药、抗肿瘤药、麻醉剂或激素的纳米载体选自磺胺类药、硝基呋喃(nitrofuran)、喹诺酮类、氟喹诺酮类、第一至第五代头孢菌素类、氨基糖苷类、大环内酯类、林可酰胺类抗生素、氯霉素、四环素类、多粘菌素类、β-内酰胺、全身性抗真菌药、局部抗真菌药、脂溶性维生素、神经氨酸酶抑制剂、逆转录酶抑制剂、逆转录酶的非苷类抑制剂、蛋白酶抑制剂、核苷类似物逆转录酶抑制剂、苯并咪唑类、咪唑并噻唑类(imidathiazoles)、四氢嘧啶类、有机磷酸酯类、阿弗菌素类、米尔倍霉素、杂环化合物、含砷制剂、硝硫氰酯、苯并咪唑类、雷复尼特、亚脒类(imidines)、亚氨基噻唑类(imidothiazoles)、氯硝柳胺类、氨基甲酸酯类、拟除虫菊酯类、吡虫啉类、抗原虫药、水杨酰胺类(salicylanides)、吡虫啉类、皮质甾类、非甾体类抗炎药、水杨酸盐类、邻氨基苯甲酸衍生物、苄达明类、芳基烷酸衍生物、丙酸衍生物、吡唑啉酮衍生物、麦角生物碱类、蛋白质激素类、促性腺激素释放激素类似物、甾类激素烷化剂、抗代谢药、天然或合成抗癌药和/或它们与其他活性成分的组合;有效成分的实例为磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺喹噁啉、磺胺氯达嗪、磺胺嘧啶、对氨基苯磺酰胺、磺胺噻唑、磺胺异噁唑、磺胺甲二唑、磺胺醋酰、磺胺甲噁唑、磺胺苯吡唑、磺胺噁唑、磺胺多辛、磺胺托嘧啶(sulfametonidine)、磺胺多辛、磺胺林、磺胺地索辛、磺胺脒、酞磺胺噻唑、琥珀磺胺噻唑、酞磺醋胺(phtalylsulfacetamide)、硝磺胺噻唑、磺胺醋酰、磺胺米隆、磺胺嘧啶及其盐、磺胺氯达嗪、磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺乙氧哒嗪、磺胺异噁唑、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺甲吡啶、sulfameth、磺胺林、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺甲氧嘧啶(sulfamethoxydine)、磺胺甲氧嗪、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶制剂、磺胺胍、磺胺类二甲基嘧啶、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、硫烷基乙酰胺(sulfanylacetamida)、磺胺嘧啶、硫烷基氨噻唑(sulfanilaminothiazole)、磺胺胍(sulfanilguanidine)、磺胺吡啶、磺胺嘧啶、柳氮磺吡啶、酞磺胺噻唑、呋喃他酮、呋喃妥因、呋喃唑酮、痢特灵、呋喃西林、氨苯砜、萘啶酸、奥索利酸、吡哌酸、环丙沙星、恩氟沙星、洛美沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、甲氟哌酸、罗索沙星、左氧氟沙星、罗索沙星、西诺沙星、贝西沙星、青霉素、netacilina、他甲西林(tameticilina)、多西环素、青霉素类(青霉素V、苯氧甲基青霉素和青霉素G钠、青霉素G钾、普鲁卡因青霉素或苄星青霉素)、氨基青霉素类(氨苄西林、阿莫西林、海他西林和羧苄西林)、海他西林、异噁唑基青霉素类(苯唑西林、氯唑西林和双氯西林)和抗单假胞菌青霉素(替卡西林、哌拉西林、阿洛西林和美洛西林(meziocilina))、头孢噻呋、头孢羟氨苄、头孢氨苄、头孢噻啶、cefatotina、头孢匹林、头孢洛宁、头孢唑林、头孢拉定、头孢乙腈、头孢克洛、头孢孟多、头霉素、头孢尼西、头孢雷特、头孢西丁、头孢呋辛、头孢喹肟、头孢克肟、头孢哌酮、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、头孢唑肟、头孢噁唑、头孢曲松、拉氧头孢(moxalactan)、万古霉素、甲氧苄啶、aminocidine、利福昔明、硫姆林、大观霉素、巴龙霉素、链霉素、双氢链霉素、庆大霉素、新霉素、短杆菌素、卡那霉素、地贝卡星、奈替米星、妥布霉素、新霉素B、克拉维酸、利福霉素、卡西地酸、竹桃霉素、喷沙西林、阿米卡星、杆菌肽、克林霉素、红霉素、螺旋霉素、林可霉素、新生霉素、吡利霉素、泰洛星、金霉素、多西环素、米诺环素、土霉素、四环素、多粘菌素B或多粘菌素(多粘菌素E)、制霉菌素、灰黄霉素、两性霉素B、酮康唑、伊曲康唑、特比萘芬、托西拉酯、噻康唑、克霉唑、异康唑、咪康唑、环吡酮胺、氟康唑、甲苯达唑、氟苯达唑、芬苯达唑、坎苯达唑、阿苯达唑、奥苯达唑、奥芬达唑、帕苯达唑(parbendazol)、噻苯哒唑、苯硫脲酯(thiophonate)、阿米曲士、四米唑、左旋咪唑、非班太尔、氯硝柳胺、吡喹酮、噻嘧啶双羟萘酸盐、恩波吡维铵、酒石酸莫仑太尔、敌百虫(美曲膦酯)、敌敌畏、毒死蜱、马拉硫磷、二嗪农、乐果、倍硫磷、阿巴克丁、伊维菌素、莫昔克丁、多拉克丁、奈马克丁、米尔倍霉素肟化物d、吩噻嗪、哌嗪、硝碘酚腈、二碘硝酚、硫胂胺(砷酰胺)、美拉索明二盐酸盐(melarsomine dihydrochloride)、甲苯达唑、芬苯达唑、阿苯达唑、坎苯达唑、噻苯哒唑、帕苯达唑、氟苯达唑、奥芬达唑、三氯苯达唑、非班太尔、苯硫脲酯、奈托比胺、氧化亚砷、美拉胂醇、四咪唑、左旋咪唑、氨基甲酸甲酯类、帕苯达唑、甲苯达唑、氟苯达唑、氟苯氟菊酯、扑灭司林、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氯生太尔、雷复尼特、舒非仑(tetraetiuran monosulfide)、氯烟碱、硝基胍、芬普尼、氯芬奴隆、烯啶虫胺、甲硝唑、乙胺嘧啶、安普罗铵、氯吡多、莫能星(monenzin)、硝卡巴嗪、托曲珠利、马度米星、甲基盐霉素(narazin)、呋喃西林、乙酰甘氨酸重氮氨苯脒(diaminazen aceturate)、咪多卡、喹啉脲(diquinolilurea)、伯氨喹(primaquina)、氢化可的松(hidrocortisona)、可的松、泼尼松、泼尼松龙、甲泼尼龙、曲安西龙、帕拉米松、倍他米松、地塞米松、氟米松、dipirone、保泰松、氨基比林、萘普生、氟尼辛葡甲胺、普拉洛芬、surofeno、氟比洛芬、双氯芬酸钠、乙酰水杨酸、水杨酸、paraminofenol、碘苷、阿昔洛韦、更昔洛韦、金刚烷胺、金刚乙胺、奥塞米韦、扎那米韦、奈韦拉平、地拉韦啶、依法韦仑、齐多夫定、去羟肌苷、扎西他滨、司他夫定、拉米夫定、阿巴卡韦、恩曲他滨、安普那韦、呋山那韦、茚地那韦、利托那韦、沙奎那韦、奈非那韦、替诺福韦、阿德福韦、维生素K、维生素A、维生素D、维生素E、丁卡因、丙美卡因、利多卡因、赛拉嗪、氯胺酮、顺丁烯二酸麦角新硷、马来酸甲麦角新碱、溴隐亭、氮芥、环磷酰胺、美法仑、苯丁酸氮芥、亚乙基胺类(三亚乙基硫代磷酰胺)、烷基磺酸盐类(白消安)、亚硝基脲类、三氮烯类(达卡巴嗪)、叶酸类似物(甲氨蝶呤)、嘧啶类似物(氟尿嘧啶、阿糖胞苷)、嘌呤类似物(巯嘌呤)、顺铂、l-天冬酰胺酶、羟基脲、长春碱、长春新碱、多柔比星、更生霉素、博来霉素、己烯雌酚;环戊丙酸雌二醇、烯丙基群勃龙、醋酸甲羟孕酮、醋酸甲地孕酮、黄体酮、氯前列醇钠、地诺前列素氨丁三醇、烯丙孕素、氟前列醇、噻前列素、前列腺素F-2-α、美拉通宁、人绒毛膜促性腺激素、促卵泡激素、马绒毛膜促性腺激素、黄体生成素、孕三烯酮、戈那瑞林、戈舍瑞林、布舍瑞林、亮丙立德、达那唑、地洛瑞林、生长激素、丙酸睾酮、环戊丙酸睾酮或缩宫素,其不限于这些有效成分、其衍生物,它们的盐和/或其组合,值得强调的是要掺入所述纳米系统中的活性成分可以属于任何以上所述的类型。
因此,本发明的目的是获得用于乳腺炎治疗的产品,所述产品特征为通过乳房内施用或甚至通过胃肠外局部注射施用,其不需要多次输注(单剂量和延时释放),且其具有粘着和穿透动物乳腺的受感染细胞的能力(活性成分的取向),本发明提出了包封于脂质和聚合特性的纳米载体中的抗生素的新的制剂。
尽管已有用于治疗乳腺炎的含抗生素的微粒的文献,例如以下文献:Ziv和Linder.“Encapsulated forms of slow-release dry cowproducts of rapidly absorbed antibiotics”.Journal of VeterinaryPharmacology and Therapeutics6(2008)33-40;Henry-Michelland ecols.Attachment of antibiotics to nanoparticles:preparation,drugrelease and antimicrobial activity in vitro”.International Journal ofPharmaceutics35(1987)121-127;Fattal E.e cols.“Ampicillin loadedliposomes and nanoparticles:comparison of drug loading,drugrelease and in vitro antimicrobial activity.Journal ofMicroencapsulation8(1991)29-36;Anderson J C.e cols.”.“The effectof incorporation of cloxacillin in liposomes on treatment ofexperimental staphylococcal mastitis in mice”.Journal of veterinarypharmacology and therapeutics9(1986)303-9及专利文件EP0260854和WO9531180(A1),但本发明解决的是将抗生素包封于具有粘着动物乳腺能力的纳米载体中。
在文献中和专利数据库中进行的调查中,没有发现有关在乳腺炎中具有增加的抗菌药药效的纳米结构化形式的抗生素苄星氯唑西林和纳米载体的记录。此外,这些文献均没有提及在乳房内施用后能使纳米载体粘着于乳头上部的细胞的物质的应用,所述应用增加了与所售卖的和被专利所保护的产品相关的用于兽医学应用的所述新制剂药效的机会。这些文献中也没有提及穿透受感染细胞并以延长形式释放药物的可能性很高的含苄星氯唑西林的聚合物纳米粒。
专利WO9531180描述了用于乳腺炎的治疗,其包括施用由微粒化的苄星氯唑西林的水性混悬剂组成的制剂,然后施用含重金属盐的凝胶以屏蔽乳头,其可以引起哺乳期的可能的由重金属盐造成的乳污染。此外,在该文献中没有公开涉及抗生素释放速度的结果。
专利EP0260854描述了用于治疗乳腺炎的苄星氯唑西林和三水氨苄青霉素的混合物的微囊化,但其显示所述微粒多分散性非常大,这使得其难于或不可能预测药物从该微结构中的释放速度。而微囊由于其重量较大对乳头细胞上部的粘着能力较低,这能导致乳沟管附近的沉淀(由于密度差异),而纳米颗粒形式由于其胶体特性不发生沉淀。
专利RU2350332描述了用于在干乳期治疗奶牛乳腺炎的含多西环素的乳剂,其缺点在于在生理环境(主要在存在酪蛋白的乳中)中不稳定。此外,其既不具有控制释放,也不能靶向药物。所述乳剂在生物环境中较不稳定是由于与脂蛋白相互作用,释放药物较快(Mosqueira等人,2007)。另一方面,纳米载体具有控制药物释放的更耐受降解的聚合物壁。
专利CN101439044描述了用于治疗乳腺炎的含聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP-I)的凝胶,但有能在动物乳房引起炎症反应的不便(该治疗的副作用),有发生由所释放的碘的刺激效应诱导的化学乳腺炎的潜在可能。
专利KR20080083499和KR20070059787使用用于治疗乳腺炎的胶体状的银纳米粒,但有乳中存在银残留的不便,或甚至银可穿透血-腺屏障进入体循环。
在乳房内泌乳期间使用含钠形式的氯唑西林治疗乳腺炎。根据Anderson等人(1986)使用包封于脂质体中的氯唑西林针对泌乳期的乳腺炎的治疗,然而,由于药物的释放时间增加,在该时期使用持续的释放系统增加了乳流出。与聚合物纳米载体相比脂质体在生理环境中稳定性较低。所述治疗在鼠模型中进行,这与本申请不直接相关。相比于本发明制备的纳米囊,脂质体配制非常不稳定、昂贵且难以稳定和制备。
在制药领域中现代载体药物系统已成为众多研究的目标以控制药物在生物体中的释放速度,降低所需剂量并增加有关靶点的选择性(Schaffazick等人,2003;Chacón等人,1999;De Chasteigner等人,1996;Santos-等人,2000)。
贮库类型的聚合物纳米载体由被高分子膜包裹的油性核心构成(Legrand等人,1999),所选择的载体用于施用在水中溶解度的低的物质如苄星氯唑西,因为它们包含低毒性的稳定的聚合物,所述聚合物包含生物相容的和可生物降解材料,其在体内被降解为容易排出的较小部分,如二氧化碳和水。
对于纳米载体的制备,使用范围为0.2至2%(p/p)的聚合物。通常可以使用聚酯类、聚酰胺类、聚腈基丙烯酸酯类、聚碳酸酯类、聚氨酯类、脱乙酰壳多糖、壳多糖、明胶、甲基丙烯酸酯类、丙烯酸和丙烯酸酯的共聚物、聚烷基丙烯酸酯类、聚甲基丙烯酸酯类、乙烯醇聚合物或这些物质的组合或化合物。然而就其降解度而言最适合的是羟基酸聚酯:乳酸的聚酯、乙醇酸的聚酯和它们的共聚物和它们的不同的组合和分子量范围为2000至100000的部分,即:聚(D,L-乳酸)、聚(乙醇酸)、聚(乳酸-共-乙醇酸)、聚-ε-己内酯、聚-β-羟基丁酸酯、β-聚(羟基丁酸酯-共-戊酸酯)和聚(羟基链烷酸酯)。
还通常使用0.2至2%(w/w)的亲水性表面活性剂(诸如聚山梨酯20、21、40、60、61、65、80、81、85和120;聚氧乙烯-聚氧乙烯丙烯共聚物,诸如泊洛沙姆124、188、237、338和407)和亲脂性表面活性剂(脱水山梨糖醇酯,诸如脱水山梨醇单月桂酸酯、脱水山梨醇三月桂酸酯、脱水山梨醇单棕榈酸酯、脱水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯、三硬脂山梨坦、脱水山梨醇单油酸酯、三油酸山梨坦、卵磷脂;聚甘油-6(二油酸酯)。
所使用的油类可以是植物油(大豆油、玉米油、棉子油、橄榄油、杏仁油、向日葵油、葡萄籽油)或矿物油(液体石蜡、轻质液体石蜡)或脂肪酸酯(聚甘油-6二油酸酯、聚乙二醇-6橄榄油、花生油和玉米油)和中链甘油三酯类(诸如辛酸/癸酸的甘油三酯),其应当不存在毒性,不能降解或溶解聚合物且能高度溶解所述药物(Legrand等人,1999)。
可以通过使用脱乙酰壳多糖包衣改进纳米载体的表面。本文提出的纳米载体来自聚-ε-己内酯,例如,包囊药物在单核吞噬细胞系统(MPS)的细胞中集中。常规的涂覆有脱乙酰壳多糖的纳米载体具有生物多样性的特性,其可增加保留在作用部位、例如乳房的上部的含有药物的颗粒。
关于这一方面,最近的对贮库类型的纳米载体的研究已显示该结构相比脂质体有特别的优势,因为它们在生物环境中具有更好的物理稳定性、低遗传毒性、对在其油性核心中的亲脂性物质的高的包囊性能(Legrand等人,1999,Mosqueira等人,2001和2006)。此外,它们可以通过简单、快速、高效和低成本的方法制备。根据专利US6,171,796;US6,632,671和US7,060,689和PI0605102-2A,与脂质体相似,由于测定部位的血管通透性增加,大小相同的聚合物纳米粒还可以被炎症性病灶捕获(Barratt,2000)。
脱乙酰壳多糖是亲水性多糖,为昆虫和甲壳动物形成壳的壳多糖脱乙酰过程的胺衍生物。作为天然和生物可降解聚合物,脱乙酰壳多糖已被列为有多种用途的有吸引力的物质,尤其是在工程、生物技术和医药(Hirano,1999)领域。脱乙酰壳多糖不溶于水,可将其表征为阳离子聚电解质。其在弱有机酸中可溶或将其稀释为3%乙酸的粘稠溶液。为解决不溶于水这一限制其在药物载体中的应用的问题(尤其是用于媒介的肽类和基因),已有多篇提出了获得溶于水中的脱乙酰壳多糖的不同方法论的论文发表(Signini和Campana,2001;Garcia-Fuentes等人,2005),在论文中有从孵育直至掺入脱乙酰壳多糖,至生成预制备的纳米粒的方法。例如,脱乙酰壳多糖在环境中孵育时,使用负表面电荷覆盖脂质纳米粒使其电荷变换(Garcia Fuentes等人,2005)。由此得到的颗粒具有表面特性和与原颗粒不同的稳定性。根据专利US5,843,509,为掺入脱乙酰壳多糖而对现有制备方法的改进可以基于Calvo等人(1997)的工作进行评价,其中将脱乙酰壳多糖加入酸性水相中使得微乳和脱乙酰壳多糖纳米囊的脱乙酰壳多糖可吸附于壁的磷脂。在本发明中,在中性水相中使用盐形式的脱乙酰壳多糖。
氯唑西林由于其对革兰阳性和革兰阴性细菌的活性是兽医在实践中使用的β-内酰胺抗生素,该药物用于治疗和预防由葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus)引起的牛乳腺炎(Pérez等人,1997)。
本发明的优势在于创造了通过将药物苄星氯唑西林在纳米载体中包囊通过乳房内途径在干乳期在乳牛中治疗乳腺炎的新的可能性,所述纳米载体被乳腺内部的受感染部分中的细胞强烈地吞噬。如专利PI0605102-2A中所述,所述纳米载体在存在炎症的区域有更好的穿透性。
使用在所述制剂的构成和溶剂的各相的比例方面(其对于所使用的药物而言是特定的)不同于Fessi等人(1989)所述的方法制备用于本发明的在其内部含苄星氯唑西林的贮库类型的纳米载体制剂。
用于制备本文提出的纳米载体中的聚合物为聚-ε-己内酯(PCL)和脱乙酰壳多糖(QUIT),均为生物相容和生物可降解的,易于被生物体排泻。
因此,所述纳米结构是令人感兴趣的载体,这是由于其在生物环境中的稳定性和取决于生物可降解聚合物的使用的低毒性。综合考虑所有这些方面,制备本发明来实现使用兽医学药物作为通过乳房内途径在干乳期治疗牛乳腺炎的新方式,其具有以下主要优势:在使用时易于操作、制备简便和便于售卖的耐久性。除所述新的可能性之外,所述纳米载体还可以用于治疗此类疾病和其它疾病,条件是药物和油性核心的亲和力。
本发明基于以下事实:所述纳米结构化载体被单核巨噬细胞系统捕获且通过脱乙酰壳多糖改进的表面具有生物粘着性。因此,这两种制剂均有在乳腺炎治疗中成功的潜在可能,这是由于对受感染组织的更好的穿透性。
贮库类型的纳米载体通过以下方法制备:预形成的聚合物的界面沉积,随后进行与水的可混溶剂以及与油和与疏水性聚合物的不互溶溶剂的置换。
初步的临床研究显示所提出的制剂具有改善的药效。
实施例:
实验实施例阐述本发明而不限制其应用。
实施例1:含兽用抗生素的涂覆有脱乙酰壳多糖的贮库类型的纳米载体(NC PCL QUIT)的制备。根据以下组分制备苄星氯唑西林的纳米载体(%w/w):
为制备含苄星氯唑西林的包衣纳米载体(NC-PCL-QUIT),将聚合物聚-ε-己内酯(PCL)在23ml含大豆卵磷脂(Epikuron170)和Labrafac CC的丙酮的溶液中稀释。将药物苄星氯唑西林预先溶于7ml甲醇中,并加入丙酮溶液中。将该相持续搅拌,并温和加热(30至45°C)直至化合物完全溶解。然后,将该有机溶液置于之前制备的含泊洛沙姆188和10mg水溶性脱乙酰壳多糖的水溶液中,随后以中等速度搅拌,在环境温度借助磁力搅拌器搅拌10分钟。随后,将该混悬剂置于旋转式蒸发器中,将加热浴温度保持在40-45°C对溶剂进行减压蒸发。得到的纳米囊的大小和ζ电位为分别为291nm和+16mV。包囊效率为87%。
实施例2:含兽用抗生素的常规纳米载体(NC PCL)的制备。根据以下成分制备含苄星氯唑西林的纳米载体(%w/w):
为制备含苄星氯唑西林的常规纳米载体,将它们溶于7ml丙酮的溶液中:聚合物聚-ε-己内酯(PCL)、脱水山梨醇单油酸酯和聚甘油脂肪酸酯。将药物苄星氯唑西林预先溶于3ml甲醇中,并加入丙酮溶液中。然后,将该有机溶液倾入含泊洛沙姆188的水溶液中。随后借助磁力搅拌器搅拌10分钟。根据上文提及的方法进行溶剂的蒸发。通过光子关联光谱学测定大小,并通过激光多普勒测速法测定ζ电位。结果分别为322nm和-28mV。包囊效率为37%。通过原子力显微镜检查(AFM),得到纳米囊的图像,证明了所述颗粒的球状和均匀的特征。
表1:含不同浓度苄星氯唑西林的纳米载体的大小和ζ电位的分析。
1DP=标准偏差(n=3);2I.P=多分散性指数(n=3);3在所有样品中峰宽等于1.6。通过学生t-检验在不同的制剂(与白色NC相关)进行统计分析。除标有*的以外,对于表中所示的与白色制剂相关的参数P<0.05。
表2:含不同浓度的苄星氯唑西林的NC的包囊的效率和收率
纳米载体 | EE(%) | 收率 |
NO POL苄星氯唑西林0.5mg/ml | 34% | 23% |
NO POL苄星氯唑西林2.5mg/ml | 不稳定 | ND |
NO POL—QUIT苄星氯唑西林2.5mg/ml | 87% | 76% |
NO POL—QUIT苄星氯唑西林5.0mg/ml | 不稳定 | ND |
ND—未测定
在纳米结构PCL-QUIT的情况中,所述颗粒的表面存在脱乙酰壳多糖,为与阴离子氯唑西林相互作用的带正电荷的聚合物,增加其在表面的吸附。
图1显示苄星氯唑西林在37°C在含1%聚乙二醇和1%乳的PBS环境从游离氯唑西林和从NC PCL0.5mg制剂以及NC PLC-QUIT2.5mg在渗漏条件下在体外的释放曲线。
根据直接透析技术进行苄星氯唑西林在两个不同的释放环境中在体外从贮库类型的纳米载体的释放曲线的评价。在37°C,适当搅拌下,将透析袋插入含有缓冲盐水溶液和1%聚乙二醇300(PBS:PEG)的容器中或含有1%脱脂乳(PBS:乳)缓冲盐水的容器中。在具有12000至14000(截留)的孔的不同的透析袋中注入:游离苄星氯唑西林、NC-PCL0.5mg/ml的混悬剂和NC-PCL-QUIT2.5mg/ml在PBS:PEG和PBS:乳的环境中的混悬剂。在预定的时间,移取等分试样,并在所述环境中再加入与所取出的相同的体积。随后即制备了样品,并对上清液给予剂量。
根据图1,观测到0.5苄星氯唑西林NC的较慢的释放曲线,原因可能是吸附于表面和易于脱附的药物的量小于NC中的2.5苄星氯唑西林。后者显示平稳状态(plateau)的曲线,这可能是由于吸附在包含脱乙酰壳多糖的NC的表面上的药物含量较高。在这两种NC制剂中,释放呈现几乎为线性的曲线,这表明在最初的6个小时为控制释放,随后呈现平稳状态,其中保留了剩余的苄星氯唑西林,这可能与留在NC油性核心的量有关。在Irwin等人(1984)中,发现苄星氯唑西林具有依赖于pH值的溶出。该组进行了苄星氯唑西林在不同的pH值2、6和9环境的溶出的研究,其中在300分钟的测试中,观察到在pH2和9所述氯唑西林降解,在pH6其溶出依赖于溶解度。在该项工作中,在pH7.4进行溶出,原因是其约为患乳腺炎的动物的乳中的pH(Gruet等人,2001)。在该实验条件下,在540分钟通过HPLC进行的测试中药物没有降解。
关于纳米囊在不同环境中的药物释放,观察到其曲线是不同的。包含2.5mg苄星氯唑西林的NC-PCL-QUIT在包含1%的乳的环境中显示了比在包含1%的PEG的环境中更快的释放(在6小时超过70%)。另一方面,包含星氯唑西林的NC-PCL在包含1%的PEG的环境中比在包含1%的乳的环境中显示了更快的释放。在三个图形中,游离苄星氯唑西林的释放曲线和在NC-PCL包封的苄星氯唑西林具有相似之处。在包含1%的PEG的环境中具有更高的释放,与之不同的是NC-PCL-QUIT在乳中具有更高的释放。因此,含有抗生素苄星氯唑西林的纳米囊在乳牛中用于乳房内施用是有前景的。
从图1可观察到,在纳米载体中保留的苄星氯唑西林高于聚合物PCL(图1A)。甚至在含有乳的环境中(图1B)显示了与不带电荷的苄星氯唑西林相比的药物保留和低的释放速度。所述数据证明了用于在动物乳中缓慢释放苄星氯唑西林的所述制剂的效用。
图2显示NC-PCL的间歇的MFA图像。图像高度。(A)白色NC(B)NC PCL0.5mg/ml。比例尺:(5x5,μM)。
Claims (55)
1.制备用于兽用的尺寸范围为100至800mm的胶体混悬剂的方法,所述胶体混悬剂能携带苄星氯唑西林以用于在干乳期期间通过乳房内施用治疗或预防动物乳腺炎,其特征在于所述方法包括含被聚合物膜包覆的亚微米级的油性或糊状核心的纳米载体,生成了分散于外部水性介质中的纳米储库、纳米壳层和纳米载体;所述方法包括:
—含不溶于水、油和表面活化剂的疏水性聚合物的溶液,所述疏水性聚合物溶于可与水混溶的有机溶剂中;
—中性水溶液,可包含表面活性剂和/或水溶性盐形式的阳离子型聚合物;
—同时组合水相和油相形成涂覆有聚合物膜的纳米液滴;对于涂覆的纳米储库,通过疏水性聚合物和阳离子型聚合物之间的静电引力,发生阳离子型聚合物对颗粒的吸附以递送具有阳性表面电荷的颗粒。
2.根据权利要求1的常规纳米储库,所述储库由被聚合物膜包覆的油性核心构成,其特征在于它们构成用于在干乳期期间治疗和预防动物的乳腺炎症性和感染病灶的抗菌药的载体,所述抗菌药优选苄星氯唑西林。
3.根据权利要求1的常规纳米储库,所述储库涂覆有脱乙酰壳多糖、其盐和中性水溶性衍生物,由被聚合物膜包覆的油性核心构成,其特征为对于动物乳房内部的细胞的生物粘着能力,及构成用于在干乳期期间治疗和预防动物的乳腺炎症性和感染病灶的抗菌药的载体,所述抗菌药优选苄星氯唑西林。
4.根据权利要求1的纳米储库的制备,其特征在于所述油性核心在室温可以为液体、半固体或固体,所述油性核心含β-内酰胺抗生素,被聚合物膜包覆。
5.根据权利要求1至4的方法,其特征在于所述油的%范围相对于水性介质的最终体积为0.25至5%w/v。
6.根据权利要求5的组合物,其特征在于所述油性核心由以下成分构成:中链甘油三酯,诸如辛酸/癸酸的甘油三酯,或6至18个碳原子的脂肪酸酯,或植物来源的油,诸如豆油、玉米油、棉子油、橄榄油、杏仁油、向日葵油、葡萄籽油,或矿物油,诸如液体石腊,或聚甘油-6-二油酸酯或聚乙二醇-6橄榄油或花生油或玉米油。
7.根据权利要求1的纳米载体,其特征为在它们的组合物中包含疏水性聚合物,所述聚合物在乳腺中稳定,为生物相容和生物可降解的,诸如:乳酸的聚酯、乙醇酸的聚酯和它们的共聚物和它们不同的组合和分子量范围为2000至100000的部分,即:聚-ε-己内酯(PCL)、衍生自聚(乳酸)聚合物(PLA)的两嵌段和多嵌段聚合物、聚(乳酸-共-乙醇酸)(PLGA)、聚乙醇酸(PGA)、聚羟基链烷酸酯(PHA)、聚-β-羟基丁酸酯、聚-β-(羟基丁酸酯-共-戊酸酯)。
8.根据权利要求7的方法,其特征在于所述疏水性聚合物的%范围相对于水性介质的最终体积为0.1至3%w/v。
9.根据权利要求3的方法,其特征在于低分子量的脱乙酰壳多糖的%范围相对于水性介质的最终体积为0.05至2%w/v。
10.根据权利要求1、2和3的组合物,其特征在于亲水性表面活性剂的%范围相对于水性介质的最终体积为0至2%w/v,所述表面活性剂可以为吐温20或21或40或60或61或65或80或81或85或120,或者可以是聚环氧乙烷-环氧丙烷共聚物的衍生物,诸如泊洛沙姆124或188或237或338或407。
11.根据权利要求1、2和3的组合物,其特征在于亲脂性表面活性剂的%范围相对于水性介质的最终体积为0.2至2%w/v,所述亲脂性表面活性剂可以是脱水山梨糖醇酯的衍生物诸如脱水山梨醇单月桂酸酯、脱水山梨醇三月桂酸酯、脱水山梨醇单棕榈酸酯、脱水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯、三硬脂山梨坦、脱水山梨醇单油酸酯、三油酸山梨坦;或卵磷脂的衍生物,诸如大豆卵磷脂。
12.根据权利要求1至11的聚合物纳米储库,其特征为包含抗生素苄星氯唑西林(和/或其衍生物),所述纳米储库可通过口服、胃肠外、眼途径和/或其组合施用。
13.根据权利要求12的纳米载体,其特征为包含一种或多种作为活性成分的抗生素,所述活性成分选自dosβ-内酰胺和/或其与其它抗生素的组合;抗生素的实例有青霉素及其衍生物组的抗生素,诸如青霉素、苄星青霉素、氯唑西林、双氯西林、氟氯西林、苄星氯唑西林、氨苄西林、阿莫西林、海他西林,头孢菌素组和第一代至第五代的衍生物及其组合,应注意到掺入纳米系统的抗生素可同时属于这两组。
14.根据权利要求1、2和3的方法,其特征在于疏水性纳米载体具有范围为-45至-25mV的负表面电荷,且对于涂覆有脱乙酰壳多糖的纳米载体则为范围为+30至+10mv的正电荷。
15.根据权利要求1至4的纳米储库,其特征在于它们能以受控的速度释放药物。
16.根据权利要求1至15的纳米载体的胶体混悬剂,其特征在于所述混悬剂可以在可药用水性载体中施用,所述水性载体可以是缓冲液、凝胶或喷雾。
17.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于所述兽用组合物为含相对于总的聚合物的5至50%(p/p)的抗生素的单一剂量,制剂中的抗生素的总剂量少于或等于1000mg苄星氯唑西林。
18.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于所述纳米载体通过使用了两种其中存在用于兽用的抗生素的可与水混溶的有机溶剂的方法制备。
19.根据权利要求18的方法,其特征在于所述有机相与可包含表面活性剂的中性水相混合,以便于在所述方法的末期将总溶剂蒸发至低于该混合物的总体积的三分之一。
20.根据权利要求19的方法,其特征在于所述水相还可包含中性反应的聚合物盐,所述聚合物盐可以吸附于氯唑西林的阴离子或与氯唑西林的阴离子反应,所述聚合物盐可以是一组具有不同分子量的脱乙酰壳多糖的氨基多糖的盐。
21.根据权利要求7、8、9、10、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19和20的方法,所述方法用于制备兽用的胶体混悬剂,其特征在于它们的尺寸范围为50至800mm,所述混悬剂能携带苄星氯唑西林用于在干乳期期间通过乳房内施用来治疗或预防动物乳腺炎,所述方法包括亚微米大小的聚合物基质,所述基质可涂覆有表面活性剂和/或阳离子型聚合物,所述聚合物包括脱乙酰壳多糖源的纳米微球;所述制剂包括:
-含不溶于水的疏水性聚合物的溶液,所述疏水性聚合物溶于两种可与水混溶的溶剂的有机溶液中;
-中性水溶液,可包含表面活性剂和/或水溶性盐形式的阳离子型聚合物,所述聚合物可从脱乙酰壳多糖获得;
-同时组合水相和油相形成纳米微球;对于涂覆的纳米储库,通过疏水性聚合物和阳离子型聚合物之间的静电引力,发生阳离子型聚合物对颗粒的吸附,形成具有正表面电荷的颗粒。
22.根据权利要求1、2、3和21的方法,其特征在于使所述含苄星氯唑西林或其它抗生素的纳米粒通过直径0.2至0.8μm的灭菌过滤器进行灭菌。
23.冻干系统,其特征在于通过权利要求1至21定义。
24.根据权利要求23的方法,其特征在于使用不同的温度冷冻样品,优选-20至-196°C。
25.根据权利要求23和24的方法,其特征在于使用不同类型的冷冻保护剂,诸如葡萄糖、蔗糖、海藻糖、乳糖、果糖、麦芽糖、聚葡萄糖、甘油、山梨醇、脱乙酰壳多糖及其衍生物、明胶、胶态二氧化硅和/或上述成分的混合物。
26.根据权利要求25的方法,其特征在于向待冻干的制品中加入浓度高至80%(w/w)的冷冻保护剂以得到适合的保持物理化学性质的小球。
27.任何比例的如权利要求1至26中所述的纳米载体制剂彼此之间的及与苄星氯唑西林的混合物,其特征在于它们为用于乳房内施用的非结构化形式。
28.根据权利要求1的制备用于兽用的尺寸范围为100至800mm的胶体混悬剂的方法,其特征在于它们能携带用于治疗或预防非人类的动物的疾病的抗细菌药、抗真菌药、抗寄生虫药、维生素、非甾体类抗炎药、甾体类抗炎药、抗病毒药、抗癌药、麻醉剂和激素,所述药物经口、胃肠外、眼、乳房、局部、鼻、耳、直肠、阴道途径或其组合施用;该系统包括涂覆有聚合物膜的含亚微米大小的油性或糊状核心的纳米载体,所述聚合物膜形成分散于外部水性介质中的纳米储库、纳米壳层和纳米载体,且所述方法包括:
-含不溶于水、油和表面活化剂的疏水性聚合物的溶液,所述疏水性聚合物溶于可与水混溶的有机溶剂中;
-中性水溶液,可包含表面活性剂和/或水溶性盐形式的阳离子型聚合物;
-同时组合水相和油相形成涂覆有聚合物膜的纳米液滴,且对于涂覆的纳米储库,通过疏水性聚合物和阳离子型聚合物之间的静电引力,发生阳离子型聚合物对颗粒的吸附以递送具有阳性表面电荷的颗粒。
29.根据权利要求1、2和28的常规的纳米储库,由被聚合物膜包覆的油性核心构成,其特征为构成用于治疗或预防非人类的动物的疾病的抗细菌药、抗真菌药、抗寄生虫药、维生素、非甾体类抗炎药、甾体类抗炎药、抗病毒药、抗癌药、麻醉剂和激素的载体。
30.根据权利要求1、3和28的常规的纳米储库,涂覆有脱乙酰壳多糖、其盐和中性、水溶性衍生物,其特征在于所述纳米储库由被聚合物膜包覆的油性核心构成,所述聚合物膜特征为对表面含负电荷的蛋白聚糖类的细胞的生物粘着能力,以及用于构成用于治疗或预防非人类的动物的疾病的抗细菌药、抗真菌药、抗寄生虫药、维生素、非甾体类抗炎药、甾体类抗炎药、抗病毒药、抗癌药、麻醉剂和激素的载体。
31.根据权利要求1、4和28的纳米储库的制备,其特征在于所述油性核心在室温可以为液体、半固体或固体,所述油性核心含β-内酰胺抗生素,被聚合物膜包覆。
32.根据权利要求1、2、3、4、5、28、29、30和31的方法,其特征在于所述油的%范围相对于水性介质的最终体积为0.25至5%w/v。
33.根据权利要求5、6和32的组合物,其特征在于所述油性核心由以下成分构成:中链甘油三酯,诸如辛酸/癸酸的甘油三酯,或6至18个碳原子的脂肪酸酯,或植物来源的油,诸如豆油、玉米油、棉子油、橄榄油、杏仁油、向日葵油、葡萄籽油,或矿物油,诸如液体石腊,或橄榄油或花生油或玉米油的聚甘油基-6-二油酸酯或聚乙二醇-6。
34.根据权利要求1、7和28的纳米载体,其特征为在它们的组合物中包含疏水性聚合物,所述聚合物在乳腺中稳定,为生物相容和生物可降解的,诸如:乳酸的聚酯,乙醇酸的聚酯和它们的共聚物和它们不同的组合和分子量范围为2000至100000的部分,即:聚-ε-己内酯(PCL)、衍生自聚(乳酸)(PLA)的两嵌段和多嵌段聚合物、聚(乳酸-共-乙醇酸)(PLGA)、聚乙醇酸(PGA)、聚羟基链烷酸酯(PHA)、聚-β-羟基丁酸酯、聚-β-(羟基丁酸酯-共-戊酸酯)。
35.根据权利要求7、8和34的方法,其特征在于所述疏水性聚合物的%范围相对于水性介质的最终体积为0.1至3%w/v。
36.根据权利要求3、9和30的方法,其特征在于低分子量的脱乙酰壳多糖的%范围相对于水性介质的最终体积为0.05至2%w/v。
37.根据权利要求1、2、3、10、28、29和30的组合物,其特征在于亲水性表面活性剂的%范围相对于水性介质的最终体积为0至2%w/v,所述表面活性剂可以为吐温20或21或40或60或61或65或80或81或85或120,或者可以是聚环氧乙烷-环氧丙烷共聚物的衍生物,诸如泊洛沙姆124或188或237或338或407。
38.根据权利要求1、2、3、11、28、29和30的组合物,其特征在于亲脂性表面活性剂的%范围相对于水性介质的最终体积为0.2至2%w/v,所述亲脂性表面活性剂可以是脱水山梨糖醇酯的衍生物诸如脱水山梨醇单月桂酸酯、脱水山梨醇三月桂酸酯、脱水山梨醇单棕榈酸酯、脱水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯、三硬脂山梨坦、脱水山梨醇单油酸酯、三油酸山梨坦;或卵磷脂的衍生物,诸如大豆卵磷脂。
39.根据权利要求1至12和28至38的聚合物纳米储库,其特征在于所述聚合物纳米储库包含抗细菌药、抗真菌药、抗寄生虫药、维生素、非甾体或甾体类抗炎药、抗病毒药、抗癌药、麻醉剂和激素,可通过口服、胃肠外、眼、乳房、局部、鼻、耳、直肠、阴道途径和/或其组合施用。
40.根据权利要求12、13和39的纳米载体,其特征在于作为活性成分的一种或多种抗细菌药、抗真菌药、抗寄生虫药、维生素、非甾体或甾体类抗炎药、抗病毒药、抗癌药、麻醉剂或激素选自磺胺类药(sultonamides)、硝基呋喃类、喹诺酮类、氟喹诺酮类、第一代至第五代头孢菌素类、氨基糖甙类、大环内酯类、林可酰胺类抗生素、氯霉素、四环素类、多粘菌素类、β-内酰胺抗生素、全身性抗真菌药、局部抗真菌药、脂溶性维生素、神经氨酸酶抑制剂、逆转录酶抑制剂、逆转录酶的非苷类抑制剂、蛋白酶抑制剂、核苷类似物逆转录酶抑制剂、苯并咪唑类、咪唑并噻唑类、四氢嘧啶类、有机磷酸酯类、阿弗菌素类、米尔倍霉素、杂环化合物、含砷制剂、硝硫氰酯、苯并咪唑类、雷复尼特(rafoxamides)、亚脒类、亚氨基噻唑类(imidothiazoles)、氯硝柳胺类、氨基甲酸酯类、拟除虫菊酯类、吡虫啉类、抗原虫药、水杨苯胺类、吡虫啉类、皮质甾类、非甾体类抗炎药、水杨酸盐类、邻氨基苯甲酸衍生物、苄达明类、芳基烷酸衍生物、丙酸衍生物、吡唑啉酮衍生物、麦角生物碱类、蛋白质激素类、促性腺激素释放激素类似物、甾类激素烷化剂、抗代谢药、天然或合成抗癌药和/或它们与其他活性成分的组合、诸如磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺喹噁啉、磺胺氯达嗪、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺、磺胺噻唑、磺胺异噁唑、磺胺甲二唑、磺胺醋酰、磺胺甲噁唑、磺胺苯吡唑、磺胺噁唑、磺胺多辛、磺胺托嘧啶(sulfamethonidine)、磺胺多辛、磺胺林、磺胺地索辛、磺胺脒、酞磺胺噻唑、琥珀磺胺噻唑、酞磺醋胺(ftalilsulfacetamide)、硝磺胺噻唑、磺胺醋酰、磺胺米隆、磺胺嘧啶及其盐、磺胺氯达嗪、磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺甲氧嗪(sulfatoxipyridazine)、磺胺氯哒嗪、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺甲吡啶、磺胺二甲基异嘧啶(sulfamethine)、磺胺甲氧吡嗪、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺甲氧嘧啶(sulfamethoxydine)、磺胺甲氧嗪、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺甲嘧啶(sulfamezatine)、磺胺胍、磺胺二甲基嘧啶(sulfamidodimethylpyrimidine)、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶(sulfamonomethoxyne)、巯基乙酰胺、磺胺嘧啶、sulfanilaminethiazole、磺胺胍、磺胺吡啶、磺胺吡啶(sulfapyrinidine)、柳氮磺吡啶、酞磺胺噻唑(sulfatalidine)、呋喃他酮、呋喃妥因、呋喃唑酮、痢特灵、呋喃西林、氨苯砜、萘啶酸(alidixic acid)、奥索利酸、吡哌酸、环丙沙星、恩氟沙星、洛美沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、甲氟哌酸、罗索沙星、左氧氟沙星、罗索沙星、西诺沙星、贝西沙星、青霉素、甲氧西林(metacillin)、他甲西林、多西环素、苄青霉素类(青霉素V、苯氧甲基青霉素和青霉素G钠、青霉素G钾、普鲁卡因青霉素或苄星青霉素)、氨基青霉素类(氨苄西林、阿莫西林、海他西林(netacillin)和羧苄西林)、海他西林、异噁唑基青霉素类(苯唑西林、氯唑西林和双氯西林)和抗单假胞菌青霉素(替卡西林、哌拉西林、阿洛西林(aziocillin)和美洛西林(meziocillin))、头孢噻呋(ceftiotur)、头孢羟氨苄、头孢氨苄、头孢噻啶、头孢噻吩、头孢匹林、头孢洛宁、头孢唑林、头孢拉定、头孢乙腈、头孢克洛、头孢孟多、头霉素、头孢尼西、头孢雷特、头孢西丁、头孢呋辛、头孢喹肟、头孢克肟、头孢哌酮、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、头孢唑肟、头孢噁唑、头孢曲松、拉氧头孢、万古霉素、甲氧苄啶、aminocidine、利福昔明、硫姆林、大观霉素、巴龙霉素、链霉素、双氢链霉素、庆大霉素、新霉素、短杆菌素、卡那霉素、地贝卡星、奈替米星、妥布霉素、新霉素B、克拉维酸、利福霉素、夫西地酸、竹桃霉素、喷沙西林、阿米卡星、杆菌肽、克林霉素、红霉素、螺旋霉素、林可霉素、新生霉素、吡利霉素、泰洛星、金霉素、多西环素、米诺环素、土霉素、四环素、多粘菌素3或多粘菌素(多粘菌素E)、制霉菌素、灰黄霉素、两性霉素B、酮康唑、伊曲康唑、特比萘芬、托西拉酯、噻康唑、克霉唑、异康唑、咪康唑、环吡酮胺、氟康唑、甲苯达唑、氟苯达唑、芬苯达唑、坎苯达唑、阿苯达唑、奥苯达唑、奥芬达唑、帕苯达唑、噻苯哒唑、苯硫脲酯、阿米曲士、四米唑、左旋咪唑、非班太尔、氯硝柳胺、吡喹酮、噻嘧啶双羟萘酸盐、恩波吡维铵、酒石酸莫仑太尔、敌百虫(美曲膦酯)、敌敌畏、毒死蜱、马拉硫磷、二嗪农、倍硫磷、阿巴克丁、伊维菌素、莫昔克丁、多拉克丁、奈马克丁、米尔倍霉素肟化物、吩噻嗪、哌嗪、硝碘酚腈、二碘硝酚、硫胂胺(砷酰胺)、美拉索明二盐酸盐(melarsominedihydrochloride)、美拉索明、甲苯达唑、芬苯达唑(fembendazole)、阿苯达唑、坎苯达唑、噻苯哒唑、帕苯达唑、氟苯达唑、奥芬达唑、三氯苯达唑、非班太尔、苯硫脲酯、奈托比胺、氧化亚砷、美拉胂醇、四米唑、左旋咪唑、氨基甲酸甲酯类、帕苯达唑、甲苯达唑、氟苯达唑、氟苯氟菊酯、扑灭司林、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氯生太尔(closanthel)、雷复尼特、一硫化四甲基秋兰姆(tetramethylthiurammonosulfide)、氯烟碱、硝基胍、芬普尼、氯芬奴隆、烯啶虫胺、甲硝唑、乙胺嘧啶(pyrimethamide)、安普罗铵、氯吡多、莫能星、硝卡巴嗪、托曲珠利、马度米星、甲基盐霉素(narazin)、呋喃西林、乙酰甘氨酸重氮氨苯脒(diaminazen aceturate)、咪多卡、喹啉脲、伯氨喹、氢化可的松、可的松、泼尼松、泼尼松龙、甲泼尼龙、曲安西龙、帕拉米松、倍他米松、地塞米松、氟米松、dipirone、保泰松、氨基比林、萘普生、氟尼辛葡甲胺、普拉洛芬、surofeno、氟比洛芬、双氯芬酸钠、乙酰水杨酸、水杨酸、paraminofenol、碘苷、阿昔洛韦、更昔洛韦、金刚烷胺、金刚乙胺、奥塞米韦、扎那米韦、奈韦拉平、地拉韦啶、依法韦仑、齐多夫定、去羟肌苷、扎西他滨、司他夫定、拉米夫定、阿巴卡韦、恩曲他滨、安普那韦、呋山那韦、茚地那韦、利托那韦、沙奎那韦、奈非那韦、替诺福韦、阿德福韦、维生素K、维生素A、维生素D、维生素E、丁卡因、丙美卡因、利多卡因、赛拉嗪、氯胺酮、顺丁烯二酸麦角新碱、马来酸甲基麦角新碱、溴隐亭、氮芥、环磷酰胺、美法仑、苯丁酸氮芥、亚乙基胺类(三亚乙基硫代磷酰胺)、烷基磺酸盐类(白消安)、亚硝基脲类、三氮烯类(达卡巴嗪)、叶酸类似物(甲氨蝶呤)、嘧啶类似物(氟尿嘧啶、阿糖胞苷)、嘌呤类似物(巯嘌呤)、顺铂、l-天冬酰胺酶、羟基脲、长春碱、长春新碱、多柔比星、更生霉素、博来霉素、己烯雌酚;环戊丙酸雌二醇、烯丙基群勃龙、醋酸甲羟孕酮、醋酸甲地孕酮、黄体酮、氯前列醇钠、地诺前列素氨丁三醇、烯丙孕素、氟前列醇、噻前列素、前列腺素F-2-α、美拉通宁、人绒毛膜促性腺激素、促卵泡激素、马绒毛膜促性腺激素、黄体生成素、孕三烯酮、戈那瑞林、戈舍瑞林、布舍瑞林、亮丙立德、达那唑、地洛瑞林、生长激素、丙酸睾酮、环戊丙酸睾酮或缩宫素,其不限于这些有效成分、其衍生物,它们的盐和/或其组合,值得强调的是要掺入所述纳米系统中的活性成分可以属于任何以上所述的类型。
41.根据权利要求1、2、3、14、28、29和30的方法,其特征在于疏水性纳米载体具有范围为-45至-25mV的负表面电荷,且对于涂覆有脱乙酰壳多糖的纳米载体则为范围为+30至+10mv的正电荷。
42.根据权利要求1至15和28至41的纳米储库,其特征在于它们能以受控的速度释放药物。
43.根据权利要求1至16和28至42的纳米载体的胶体混悬剂,其特征在于所述混悬剂可以在可药用水性载体中施用,所述水性载体可以是缓冲液、凝胶或喷雾。
44.根据权利要求1、17和28的方法,其特征在于所述兽用组合物为含相对于总的聚合物的5至50%(p/p)的抗生素的单一剂量,制剂中的抗生素的总剂量少于或等于20000mg的组合的或未组合的抗细菌药、抗真菌药、抗寄生虫药、维生素、甾体或非甾体抗炎药、抗病毒药、抗癌药、麻醉剂或激素。
45.根据权利要求1、28和18的方法,其特征在于所述纳米载体通过使用了两种其中存在用于兽用的活性成分的可与水混溶的有机溶剂的方法制备。
46.根据权利要求18、19和45的方法,其特征在于所述有机相与可包含表面活性剂的中性水相混合,以便于在所述方法的末期将总溶剂蒸发至低于该混合物的总体积的三分之一。
47.根据权利要求19、20和46的方法,其特征在于所述水相还可包含中性反应的聚合物盐,所述聚合物盐可以吸附于氯唑西林的阴离子或与氯唑西林的阴离子反应,所述聚合物盐可以是一组具有不同分子量的脱乙酰壳多糖的氨基多糖的盐。
48.根据权利要求7、8、9、10、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、34、35、36、37、39、40、41、42、43、44、45、46和47的方法,所述方法用于制备用于兽用的胶体混悬剂,其特征在于它们的尺寸范围为50至800mm,所述混悬剂能携带抗细菌药、抗真菌药、抗寄生虫药、维生素、甾体或非甾体抗炎药、抗病毒药、抗癌药、麻醉剂和激素,用于通过口服、胃肠外、眼、乳房、局部、鼻、耳、直肠、阴道途径和/或其组合治疗或预防非人类的动物的疾病;该系统包含亚微米大小的聚合物基质,所述基质可具有表面活性剂和/或阳离子型聚合物,所述聚合物包括脱乙酰壳多糖源的纳米微球;所述制剂包括:
-含不溶于水的疏水性聚合物的溶液,所述疏水性聚合物溶于两种可与水混溶的溶剂的有机溶液中;
-中性水溶液,可包含表面活性剂和/或水溶性盐形式的阳离子型聚合物,所述聚合物可从脱乙酰壳多糖获得;
-同时组合水相和油相形成纳米液滴;对于涂覆的纳米微球,通过疏水性聚合物和阳离子型聚合物之间的静电引力,发生阳离子型聚合物对颗粒的吸附以递送具有阳性表面电荷的颗粒。
49.根据权利要求1、2、3、21、22、28、29、30和48的方法,其特征在于使所述含苄星氯唑西林或其它抗生素的纳米粒通过直径0.2至0.8μm的灭菌过滤器进行灭菌。
50.冻干系统,其特征在于通过权利要求1至49定义。
51.根据权利要求23、24和50的方法,其特征在于使用不同的温度冷冻样品,优选-20至-196°C。
52.根据权利要求23、24、25、50和51的方法,其特征在于使用不同类型的冷冻保护剂,诸如葡萄糖、蔗糖、海藻糖、乳糖、果糖、麦芽糖、聚葡萄糖、甘油、山梨醇、脱乙酰壳多糖及其衍生物、明胶、胶态二氧化硅和/或上述成分的混合物。
53.根据权利要求25、26和52的方法,其特征在于向待冻干的制品中加入浓度高至80%(w/w)的冷冻保护剂以得到适合的保持物理化学性质的小球。
54.任何比例的如权利要求1至53中所述的纳米载体制剂彼此之间的及与活性成分的混合物,其特征在于所述成分(成分自身或任何其他成分)为用于在非人类的动物中通过口服、胃肠外、眼、乳房、局部、鼻、耳、直肠、阴道途径和/或其组合施用的非结构化形式。
55.根据权利要求2、3、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、28、29、30、34、35、36、37、39、40、41、42、43、44、45、46、47、48和54的兽用的胶体混悬剂和纳米储库的应用,其特征在所述混悬剂和纳米储库用于治疗和预防非人类的动物的疾病,以及用于畜牧学操作的药理学支持;所述疾病和畜牧学操作的实例有细菌性流产、绵羊和山羊的地方流行性流产、牛流行性流产、班戈病、杏(apricot)、泪囊脓肿形成、马驹中的马红球菌肺脓肿形成、脓肿、由巴斯德氏菌属引起的脓肿形成、黑棘皮病、螨、代谢性酸中毒、呼吸性酸中毒、瘤胃酸中毒、acinetobacteriose、corynebacteriose、放线杆菌病、放射菌病、艾迪生病、腺癌、腺瘤、肺腺瘤病、腺病毒、aerobacteriose、黄曲霉毒素中毒、阉割、去角、外科手术、接触传染性无乳、猫粒细胞缺乏、阿卡斑病、代谢性碱中毒、皮肤真菌病、阿米巴病、淀粉样变、无形体病、钩虫病、贫血、马传染性贫血、猫传染性贫血、动情间期、血管肉瘤、血管圆线虫蚴移行症、食欲缺乏、马病毒性动脉炎、关节炎、病毒引起的山羊关节炎和脑炎、支原体病、关节病、蛔虫病、蛔虫病(ascaridose)、曲霉病、atoxoplasmose、奥耶斯基病、巴贝虫病、龟头包皮炎、巴尔通体病、basidiobolomicose、肤蝇侵染、球孢子虫病、蛆、芽生菌病、睑缘炎、蜱感染、鼓胀、bordeteloses、疥疮、疏螺旋体病、禽痘、鳃霉病、bronchiolite、支气管炎、布氏菌病、嵌杯样病毒(calciviruses)、弯曲杆菌病、念珠菌病、毛细线虫病、炭疽、癌、carpite、腐蹄病、考德里氏体病、马病毒性关节炎、坏死性皮炎、组织病理学、角膜结膜炎、绦虫病(cestodiase)、酮体症、瘟热、猪囊尾蚴病(cysticercosis)、膀胱炎、肾盂肾炎、卵巢囊肿、citazoonose、柠檬菌病(citrobacteriosis)、衣原体病、跛行、棍状杆菌病(clavibacteriosis)、梭菌病、球孢子菌病、球虫病、肉孢子虫病、弓形体病、锥蝇侵染、霍乱、流行性感冒、霍乱(cholerashort)、大肠杆菌病、马疝痛、大肠杆菌败血症、结肠炎、乳腺炎、子宫炎、乳泌缺乏、耳霉病、结膜炎、古柏线虫感染、淋巴细胞性脉络丛脑膜炎、脉络膜视网膜炎、火鸡鼻炎、坏疽性感冒、鸡流行性感冒、corinebacteriosis、口丝虫病、髋关节炎、隐球菌病、隐孢子虫病、着色真菌病、隐球菌病、隐孢子虫病、库欣病、猪囊尾蚴病、蠕螨病(demidicosis)、皮炎、人皮蝇侵染、结节性皮肤纤维变性、嗜皮菌病、皮肤真菌病、钱癣、犬恶丝虫、细菌性腹泻、病毒性腹泻、白喉、犬复孔绦虫侵染、犬恶丝虫、格拉瑟病、古姆博罗病、约内病、克拉伯病、狼病(Wolf’s disease)、莱姆病、马雷克病、强毒型亲内脏型新城病、立克次体属、锥虫病、咽炎、食管炎、自身免疫反应、十二指肠炎、空肠炎、体外寄生虫病(ectoparasitosis)、接触性深脓疱疮、包虫病、子痫、缺肢畸形、湿疹、红斑狼疮、水肿、egiptianelosis、埃利希菌病、艾美球虫属、呕吐、积脓、脑炎、脑脊髓炎、病毒性脑心肌炎、心内膜炎、阿米巴感染、痢疾、传染性肠肝炎(infectious enterohepatic hepatitis)、传染性肝炎、肠杆菌病(enterobacteriosis)、肠毒血病(enterotoxemy)、肠道病毒、虫霉病、附红细胞体病、渗出性皮炎、附睾炎、上皮瘤、麦角中毒、丹毒、埃利希菌病、疥疮、食管炎(esotagitis)、螺旋体病、孢子丝菌病、血吸虫病、食道炎(stafilococosis)、滑石、冠丝虫病、猪肾虫病(stephanurosis)、口炎、链球菌病、链丝菌病、外阴阴道炎、类圆线虫病、eubacteriniosis、疹、肝片吸虫病、hypertermy、克里米亚-刚果出血热、斑疹热、Q热、伤寒、伤口、纤维肉瘤、丝虫病、黄杆菌病(flavobacteriosis)、光致敏、镰刀菌病、疖病、梭杆菌病(fusobacteriosis)、盖格线虫感染、哮吼、胃炎、胃肠炎、动物流行性卡他性胃肠炎、出血性胃肠炎、地丝菌病、贾第虫病、肾小球肾炎、舌炎、流感(influenza short)、传染性粘液囊病、皮肤丽线虫蚴病、扰血蝇侵染、虱病、血矛线虫侵染、嗜血杆菌感染、蠕虫病、hemobartonelosis、嗜血杆菌病(hemophilosis)、出血、肝炎、疱疹病毒、六鞭虫病、棘球蚴病、甲状旁腺功能减退、甲状腺功能减退、多毛症、组织滴虫病、组织胞浆菌病、猪流行性感冒、同期化发情排卵诱导、传染性肝炎、耶尔森菌鸡蛔虫病(yersiniosis ascaridiosis)、螨侵染、虱寄生、马流感、约内氏病、克雷伯菌病(klebsielosis)、蹄叶炎、喉炎、利什曼病、钩端螺旋体病、白血病、造白细胞组织增生、淋巴结炎、淋巴管炎、淋巴瘤、淋巴肉瘤、蓝舌、脂肉瘤、利斯特菌病、真菌毒性羽扇豆中毒(mycotoxiclupinosis)、莱姆病、梅迪-维斯纳病、牛溃疡性乳头炎、马雷克病、肥大细胞瘤、细菌性脑膜炎、病毒性脑膜炎、脑膜脑炎、metarhisiosis、后圆线虫病、子宫炎、分支杆菌病、支原体病、真菌病、微球菌病(micrococosis)、微丝蚴病(microfilariosis)、micronemosis、微孢子虫病、原虫性脊髓炎、蝇蛆病、miroteciotoxicosis、传染性粘液瘤病、念珠菌病、莫拉菌感染、鼻疽、角蝇侵染、毛霉病、坏死杆菌病、传染性延髓性坏死、传染性成血性坏死、传染性胰腺坏死、间质性肾炎、奈瑟氏球菌感染、线虫感染、新孢子虫病、诺卡菌病、小孢子虫病、狂蝇(oestrosis)、传染性眼炎、盘尾丝虫病、脐炎、耳真菌病(oomycosis)、骨炎、骨关节炎、骨髓炎、胃线虫侵染、耳蜱病、细菌性耳炎、真菌性耳炎、耳螨病、oxiuriosis、腭炎、胰腺炎、乳头状瘤病(papilomatosis)、副丝虫病(parafilariosis)、并殖吸虫病、副流感病毒感染、副粘液病毒(paramixoviruses)、寄生虫病、parelafostrongylosis、猪良性地方性轻瘫、微小病毒属、巴斯德菌病、拟青霉病(pecilomycosis)、虱病、消化球病(peptococosis)、消化链球菌病(peptostreptococosis)、结节性动脉外膜炎、牙周炎、骨膜炎、腹膜炎、家禽疫、牛疫、鸭瘟(duck’s pest)、小反刍动物瘟疫、肾盂肾炎、子宫积脓、猪玫瑰糠疹、pitomycotoxicosis、浆细胞增多症、疟原虫感染(plasrriodiuminfections)、胸膜炎、猫传染性腹膜炎、胸膜肺炎、鸟类新城病、肺真菌病、细菌性肺炎、病毒性肺炎、寄生虫引起的肺炎、pneumostrongylosis、蹄皮炎、多关节炎、猫脑脊髓灰质炎、脊髓灰质炎、postite、脑炎、痘病毒、前列腺炎、貉假单胞菌病、假结核病、伪牛痘、鹦鹉热、雏鸡白痢病、唇炎、唇纤毛虫病(chilodoneliasis)、棒状病毒(rabdoviruses)、绦虫病、网状腹膜炎、逆转录病毒、小杆线虫侵染、红球菌病(rhodococosis)、立克次体病、鼻炎、猪萎缩性鼻炎、病毒性马鼻肺炎、鼻孢子菌病、真菌性鼻窦炎、火鸡鼻气管炎、牛传染性鼻气管炎、博德特菌鼻气管炎、疱疹病毒引起的猫鼻气管炎、轮状病毒、沙门菌病、念珠菌病、肉孢子虫病、肉瘤、住肉孢子虫病、疥疮、细菌性败血病、传染性浆膜炎、沙雷氏菌感染、丝虫病、志贺菌感染、马梅毒、雏鸡传染性滑膜炎、孢子丝菌病、葡萄状穗霉中毒、肾虫病、sternumstomosis、厩螫蝇侵染、圆线虫病、苏拉病、绦虫侵染、泰勒尔梨浆虫病、泰勒尔梨浆虫病、吸吮线虫病、肌腱炎、破伤风、泰勒尔梨浆虫病、无黄疸型犬钩端螺旋体病、马斑疹伤寒症、癣、披膜病毒、弓蛔线虫病、弓形体病、狗的传染性气管支气管炎、吸虫病、密螺旋体病、鞭虫病、旋毛虫病、tricostrongylosis、牛毛滴虫病、锥虫病、结核、土拉菌病、犬可传染性性病瘤、日本小鼠肝炎、水肿、充血、溃疡形成、尿道膀胱炎、眼色素层炎、阴道炎、外阴炎、水痘、牛痘、脉管炎、弧菌病、牛病毒性腹泻、肝炎、阿卡班病毒、韦塞尔斯布朗病毒、裂谷热、马流产病毒、牛呼吸道合胞体病毒、小肠炎、外阴阴道炎、耶尔森菌病,其不限于这些疾病和畜牧业的操作。
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AU2018200535B2 (en) | 2019-09-05 |
AU2018200535A1 (en) | 2018-02-15 |
US20130189368A1 (en) | 2013-07-25 |
AU2016204869A1 (en) | 2016-07-28 |
WO2011150481A1 (pt) | 2011-12-08 |
AU2011261098A1 (en) | 2013-01-24 |
EP2578209A1 (en) | 2013-04-10 |
BRPI1002601A2 (pt) | 2012-03-13 |
BRPI1002601B1 (pt) | 2020-02-11 |
US10098840B2 (en) | 2018-10-16 |
CN103118670B (zh) | 2021-12-14 |
AR083628A1 (es) | 2013-03-13 |
EP2578209B1 (en) | 2019-08-07 |
BRPI1002601E2 (pt) | 2020-06-30 |
EP2578209A4 (en) | 2014-10-29 |
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