CN103102998A - 用于提高直接燃料喷射发动机的性能的燃料添加剂 - Google Patents
用于提高直接燃料喷射发动机的性能的燃料添加剂 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN103102998A CN103102998A CN2012104456300A CN201210445630A CN103102998A CN 103102998 A CN103102998 A CN 103102998A CN 2012104456300 A CN2012104456300 A CN 2012104456300A CN 201210445630 A CN201210445630 A CN 201210445630A CN 103102998 A CN103102998 A CN 103102998A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- fuel
- quaternary ammonium
- alkyl
- ammonium salt
- engine
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 191
- 239000002816 fuel additive Substances 0.000 title description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 84
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 238000002411 thermogravimetry Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- -1 sulfate radical Chemical class 0.000 claims description 75
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 70
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 35
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 32
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 21
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbamic acid Chemical compound NC(O)=O KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 7
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- CENDTHIEZAWVHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon monoxide;cyclopenta-1,3-diene;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 CENDTHIEZAWVHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- NFMHSPWHNQRFNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N hyponitrous acid Chemical compound ON=NO NFMHSPWHNQRFNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- YPJKMVATUPSWOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrooxidanyl Chemical compound [O][N+]([O-])=O YPJKMVATUPSWOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 229940082615 organic nitrates used in cardiac disease Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002372 labelling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 28
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 18
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 18
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 12
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 230000029936 alkylation Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000005804 alkylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 150000001733 carboxylic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 7
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N glutaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCC(O)=O JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinimide Chemical compound O=C1CCC(=O)N1 KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 5
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000002924 oxiranes Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- FAGUFWYHJQFNRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylenepentamine Chemical compound NCCNCCNCCNCCN FAGUFWYHJQFNRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- PUAQLLVFLMYYJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-aminopropiophenone Chemical compound CC(N)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 PUAQLLVFLMYYJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 4
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000011054 acetic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 125000002723 alicyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000002168 alkylating agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229940100198 alkylating agent Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000000392 cycloalkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M phenolate Chemical compound [O-]C1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 229960002317 succinimide Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000002769 thiazolinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- IMNIMPAHZVJRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylenediamine Chemical compound C1CN2CCN1CC2 IMNIMPAHZVJRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OISVCGZHLKNMSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-dimethylpyridine Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(C)=N1 OISVCGZHLKNMSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyric acid Natural products CCCC(O)=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- SJRJJKPEHAURKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylmorpholine Chemical compound CN1CCOCC1 SJRJJKPEHAURKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 3
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QPFMBZIOSGYJDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)C(Cl)Cl QPFMBZIOSGYJDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PCNMALATRPXTKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-dimethylcyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-ol Chemical compound CC1=CCC(C)(O)C=C1 PCNMALATRPXTKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PAMIQIKDUOTOBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylpiperidine Chemical compound CN1CCCCC1 PAMIQIKDUOTOBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IXQGCWUGDFDQMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Ethylphenol Chemical compound CCC1=CC=CC=C1O IXQGCWUGDFDQMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CRBJBYGJVIBWIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-isopropylphenol Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=CC=C1O CRBJBYGJVIBWIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BKOOMYPCSUNDGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylbut-2-ene Chemical compound CC=C(C)C BKOOMYPCSUNDGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- RWRBSYOTDDOXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentan-2-yl nitrate Chemical compound CCCC(C)O[N+]([O-])=O RWRBSYOTDDOXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WQZKKVJFBZPJSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentan-3-yl nitrate Chemical compound CCC(CC)O[N+]([O-])=O WQZKKVJFBZPJSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- JLTDJTHDQAWBAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenyldimethylamine Natural products CN(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 JLTDJTHDQAWBAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003008 phosphonic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003495 polar organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001515 polyalkylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- JNTOKFNBDFMTIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl nitrate Chemical compound CCCO[N+]([O-])=O JNTOKFNBDFMTIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AOHJOMMDDJHIJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylenediamine Chemical compound CC(N)CN AOHJOMMDDJHIJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- CYIDZMCFTVVTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyromellityc acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC(C(O)=O)=C(C(O)=O)C=C1C(O)=O CYIDZMCFTVVTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003856 quaternary ammonium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M salicylate Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229960001860 salicylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- DCKVNWZUADLDEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N sec-butyl acetate Chemical group CCC(C)OC(C)=O DCKVNWZUADLDEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000011091 sodium acetates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N stilbene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021286 stilbenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001384 succinic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005987 sulfurization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- AZAKMLHUDVIDFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl nitrate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O[N+]([O-])=O AZAKMLHUDVIDFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001302 tertiary amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005323 thioketone group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229960004418 trolamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000007039 two-step reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- VTALQOYOTZKULH-UHFFFAOYSA-N undecyl nitrate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCO[N+]([O-])=O VTALQOYOTZKULH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940005605 valeric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ABDKAPXRBAPSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N veratrole Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC=C1OC ABDKAPXRBAPSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- VNTDZUDTQCZFKN-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc 2,2-dimethyloctanoate Chemical compound [Zn++].CCCCCCC(C)(C)C([O-])=O.CCCCCCC(C)(C)C([O-])=O VNTDZUDTQCZFKN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明公开了用于直接燃料喷射柴油发动机的燃料组合物、提高燃料喷射器性能的方法和清洁用于柴油发动机的燃料喷射器的方法。燃料组合物包括主要量的燃料和次要的有效量的季铵盐,所述季铵盐具有在350℃大于50%重量的热重量分析(TGA)失重。与已燃烧不含该季铵盐的燃料组合物的直接燃料喷射柴油发动机的性能比较,燃料中存在的季铵盐的量足以提高已燃烧组合物的此种发动机的性能。
Description
技术领域
本公开涉及燃料添加剂,并且涉及可用于提高直接燃料喷射发动机的性能的添加剂和包括该添加剂的添加剂浓缩物。具体地讲,本公开涉及有效于提高柴油发动机的直接燃料喷射器的性能的燃料添加剂。
发明背景
长期一直需要使柴油燃料动力机动车的燃料经济、功率和驾驶性能最大化,同时促进加速、减少排放并防止暂停(hesitation)。虽然已知通过用分散剂在气口式(port)燃料喷射发动机中保持阀和燃料喷射器清洁来提高汽油动力发动机性能,但这些汽油分散剂不一定为有效于直接燃料喷射柴油发动机。这种不可预见性的原因在于直接和间接燃料喷射柴油发动机和适用于此类发动机的燃料之间的很多差异。
例如,在间接燃料喷射柴油发动机和更现代的高压共轨(HPCR)、直接燃料喷射柴油发动机之间有显著差异。现在低硫柴油燃料和超低硫柴油燃料在这些发动机的市场上也很普遍。“低硫”柴油燃料是指具有基于燃料总重量为50ppm重量或更少的硫含量的燃料。“超低硫”柴油燃料(ULSD)是指具有基于燃料总重量为15ppm重量或更少的硫含量的燃料。与较老样式发动机和燃料喷射系统比较,HPCR发动机中的燃料喷射器在高得多的压力和温度下运行。低硫或ULSD和HPCR发动机的组合已使现在在市场上发现的喷射器沉淀物类型和喷射器沉淀物形成频率发生改变。
这些年来,已开发了用于柴油燃料的分散剂组合物。在本领域已知用于燃料的分散剂组合物包括一种组合物,该组合物可包括聚亚烷基琥珀酰亚胺、多元胺和聚烷基取代曼尼希(Mannich)化合物。分散剂适用于保持油烟和淤渣悬浮于流体中,然而,一旦沉积物已在表面上形成,分散剂就不能特别有效地用于清洁表面。
因此,用于直接燃料喷射柴油发动机的燃料组合物通常在发动机中产生不合乎需要的沉积物。因此,需要一种改进的组合物,其可防止沉积物积累,为了机动车寿命保持“如新(as new)”清洁度。理想的,在减少空气传播的废气排放和提高发动机的功率性能的尝试中,能够清洁脏燃料喷射器,使性能恢复到先前“如新”状态的相同组合物同样合乎需要和有价值。
发明内容
根据本公开,示例性实施方案提供用于内燃机的柴油燃料组合物、提高燃料喷射器的性能的方法和清洁用于内燃机的燃料喷射器的方法。燃料组合物包括主要量柴油燃料和次要、有效量的季铵盐,所述季铵盐具有在350℃大于50%重量的热重量分析(TGA)失重。与燃烧不含该季铵盐的燃料组合物的直接燃料喷射柴油发动机的性能比较,燃料中存在的季铵盐的量足以提高已燃烧所述组合物的这种发动机的性能。
本公开的另一个实施方案提供提高直接燃料喷射柴油发动机的喷射器性能的方法。方法包括用一种燃料组合物操作发动机,所述燃料组合物包含主要量的燃料和基于燃料总重量为约5至约200ppm重量的季铵盐,所述季铵盐具有在350℃大于50%重量的热重量分析(TGA)失重。根据直接喷射规程(protocol)CEC F-98-08检测时,燃料中存在的季铵盐将发动机的喷射器性能提高至少约80%。
本公开的另一个实施方案提供操作直接燃料喷射柴油发动机的方法。方法包括使一种燃料组合物在发动机中燃烧,所述燃料组合物包含主要量的燃料和基于燃料总重量为约5至约200ppm重量的季铵盐,所述季铵盐具有在350℃大于50%重量的热重量分析(TGA)失重。在另一个实施方案中,TGA失重大于70%重量,例如大于80%重量,特别是大于90%重量的失重。
本公开的另一个实施方案提供用于直接喷射柴油燃料发动机所用燃料的添加剂浓缩物。添加剂浓缩物包括具有在350℃大于50%重量的热重量分析(TGA)失重的季铵盐和至少一种选自稀释剂、增容剂、腐蚀抑制剂、冷流改进剂(CFPP添加剂)、倾点下降剂、溶剂、反乳化剂、润滑添加剂、摩擦改性剂、胺稳定剂、燃烧改进剂、分散剂、抗氧化剂、热稳定剂、传导性改进剂、金属钝化剂、标记染料、有机硝酸酯点火加速剂和环戊二烯基三羰基锰(cyclomatic manganese tricarbonyl)化合物的组分。
更具体而言,本公开涉及如下实施方案:
1. 一种用于直接燃料喷射柴油发动机的燃料组合物,所述燃料组合物包含主要量的燃料和次要的有效量的季铵盐,所述季铵盐具有在350℃大于50%重量的热重量分析(TGA)失重,其中,与已燃烧不含所述季铵盐的燃料组合物的直接燃料喷射柴油发动机的性能比较,燃料中存在的季铵盐的量足以提高已燃烧所述组合物的所述发动机的性能。
2. 条款1的燃料组合物,其中燃料具有50ppm重量或更小的硫含量。
3. 条款1的燃料组合物,其中季铵盐包括下式的化合物
其中各个R1、R2、R3和R4选自包含1至50个碳原子的烃基,其中R1、R2、R3和R4中至少一个且不多于三个为包含1至4个碳原子的烃基,R1、R2、R3和R4中至少一个为包含8至50个碳原子的烃基,M-选自羧酸根、卤根、硫酸根、硝酸根、氮化物、亚硝酸根、连二次硝酸根、酚根、氨基甲酸根、碳酸根及其混合物,其中羧酸根不为草酸根。
4. 条款3的燃料组合物,其中各烃基独立为线形、支化、被取代、环状、饱和、不饱和或包含一个或多个杂原子。
5. 条款3的燃料组合物,其中R1、R2、R3和R4各自选自包含1至20个碳原子的烃基,其条件为R1、R2、R3和R4中至少一个包含8至20个碳原子。
6. 条款5的燃料组合物,其中烃基选自烷基、烯基或烷醇基。
7. 条款1的燃料组合物,其中燃料中季铵盐的量基于燃料总重量在约5至约200ppm重量的范围内。
8. 条款1的燃料组合物,其中燃料中季铵盐的量基于燃料总重量在约10至约150ppm重量的范围内。
9. 条款1的燃料组合物,其中燃料中季铵盐的量基于燃料总重量在约30至约100ppm重量的范围内。
10. 条款1的燃料组合物,其中,所述提高的发动机性能包括:根据CEC F98-08 DW10试验检测时,发动机功率恢复至少约80%。
11. 条款1的燃料组合物,其中,所述提高的发动机性能包括:根据CEC F98-08 DW10试验检测时,发动机功率恢复至少约90%。
12. 条款1的燃料组合物,其中,所述提高的发动机性能包括:根据CEC F98-08 DW10试验检测时,发动机功率恢复至少约100%。
13. 一种提高直接燃料喷射柴油发动机的喷射器性能的方法,所述方法包括用一种燃料组合物操作发动机,所述燃料组合物包含主要量的燃料和基于燃料总重量为约5至约200ppm重量的季铵盐,所述季铵盐具有在350℃大于50%重量的热重量分析(TGA)失重,其中,根据CEC F98-08 DW10试验检测时,燃料中存在的季铵盐提高发动机的喷射器性能至少约80%。
14. 条款13的方法,其中发动机包括直接燃料喷射柴油发动机。
15. 条款13的方法,其中季铵盐包括下式的化合物
其中各个R1、R2、R3和R4选自包含1至50个碳原子的烃基,其中R1、R2、R3和R4中至少一个且不多于三个为包含1至4个碳原子的烃基,R1、R2、R3和R4中至少一个为包含8至50个碳原子的烃基,M-选自羧酸根、硝酸根、卤根、硫酸根、氮化物、亚硝酸根、连二次硝酸根、酚根、氨基甲酸根、碳酸根及其混合物。
16. 条款15的方法,其中各烃基独立为线形、支化、被取代、环状、饱和、不饱和或包含一个或多个杂原子。
17. 一种操作直接燃料喷射柴油发动机的方法,所述方法包括在发动机中燃烧燃料组合物,所述燃料组合物包含主要量的燃料和基于燃料总重量为约5至约200ppm重量的季铵盐,所述季铵盐具有在350℃大于50%重量的热重量分析(TGA)失重。
18. 条款17的方法,其中季铵盐包括下式的化合物
其中各个R1、R2、R3和R4选自包含1至50个碳原子的烃基,其中R1、R2、R3和R4中至少一个且不多于三个为包含1至4个碳原子的烃基,R1、R2、R3和R4中至少一个为包含8至50个碳原子的烃基,M-选自羧酸根、硝酸根、卤根、硫酸根、氮化物、亚硝酸根、连二次硝酸根、酚根、氨基甲酸根、碳酸根及其混合物。
19. 条款18的方法,其中各烃基独立为线形、支化、被取代、环状、饱和、不饱和或包含一个或多个杂原子。
20. 一种用于直接喷射燃料柴油发动机所用燃料的添加剂浓缩物,所述添加剂浓缩物包含具有在350℃大于50%重量的热重量分析(TGA)失重的季铵盐和至少一种选自稀释剂、载体流体、增容剂、十六烷值增进剂、腐蚀抑制剂、冷流改进剂(CFPP添加剂)、倾点下降剂、溶剂、反乳化剂、润滑添加剂、摩擦改性剂、胺稳定剂、燃烧改进剂、分散剂、抗氧化剂、热稳定剂、传导性改进剂、金属钝化剂、标记染料、有机硝酸酯点火加速剂和环戊二烯基三羰基锰化合物的组分。
21. 条款20的添加剂浓缩物,其中季铵盐包括下式的化合物
其中各个R1、R2、R3和R4选自包含1至50个碳原子的烃基,其中R1、R2、R3和R4中至少一个且不多于三个为包含1至4个碳原子的烃基,R1、R2、R3和R4中至少一个为包含8至50个碳原子的烃基,M-选自羧酸根、硝酸根、氮化物、卤根、硫酸根、亚硝酸根、连二次硝酸根、酚根、氨基甲酸根、碳酸根及其混合物,其中羧酸根不为草酸根。
22. 条款21的添加剂浓缩物,其中各烃基独立为线形、支化、被取代、环状、饱和、不饱和或包含一个或多个杂原子。
本文所述燃料添加剂的优点是,该添加剂可不仅减少在直接燃料喷射器上形成的沉积物的量,而且该添加剂可有效地清洁脏燃料喷射器,足以对发动机提供提高的功率恢复。
本公开的另外的实施方案和优点部分在以下详述中阐述,和/或可通过实施本公开而被认识。应了解,前述一般描述和以下详述均仅为示例性和说明性,不是如所要求保护的对本公开的限制。
具体实施方案
本申请的燃料添加剂组分可以次要量用于主要量的燃料中,并且可直接加到燃料中,或者作为添加剂浓缩物的组分加到燃料中。用于改进内燃机操作的特别适合的燃料添加剂组分可用胺或多元胺通过多种熟知的反应技术制备。例如,这些添加剂组分可通过使下式的叔胺与季铵化剂反应制备,
其中各个R1、R2和R3选自包含1至50个碳原子的烃基,以提供下式的化合物:
其中各个R1、R2、R3和R4选自包含1至50个碳原子的烃基,其中R1、R2、R3和R4中至少一个且不多于三个为包含1至4个碳原子的烃基,并且R1、R2、R3和R4中至少一个为包含8至50个碳原子的烃基,M-选自羧酸根、硝酸根、氮化物、亚硝酸根、连二次硝酸根、酚根(phenate)、氨基甲酸根、碳酸根、卤根(halide)、硫酸根、亚硫酸根、硫化物、磺酸根、磷酸根、膦酸根等。在一个实施方案中,R1、R2、R3和R4各自选自包含1至20个碳原子的烃基,其条件为R1、R2、R3和R4中至少一个包含8至20个碳原子。在另一个实施方案中,各个R1、R2、R3和R4选自烷基或烯基。
适合的季铵化剂可选自烃基取代的羧酸酯、碳酸酯、环碳酸酯、苯氧化物、环氧化物或其混合物。在一个实施方案中,季铵化剂可衍生自烃基(或烷基)取代的碳酸酯。在另一个实施方案中,季铵化剂可选自烃基取代的环氧化物。在另一个实施方案中,季铵化剂可选自烃基取代的羧酸酯。在一个实施方案中,羧酸酯季铵化剂不包括草酸酯。
本文所用术语“烃基”以本领域的技术人员熟知的一般意义使用。具体地讲,“烃基”指一种基团,其具有直接连接到分子其余部分的碳原子,并且主要具有烃性质。烃基的实例包括:
(1) 烃取代基,即脂族(例如烷基或烯基)、脂环族(例如环烷基、环烯基)取代基,和芳族-、脂族-和脂环族-取代的芳族取代基,以及其中环通过分子的另一部分完成的环状取代基(例如,两个取代基一起形成脂环族基团);
(2) 被取代的烃取代基,即含非烃基团的取代基,在本说明书语境下,该非烃基团不改变主要的烃取代基(例如卤代基(尤其氯代和氟代)、羟基、烷氧基、巯基、烷硫基、硝基、亚硝基、氨基、烷基氨基和磺氧基(sulfoxy));
(3) 杂取代基,即,在具有主要的烃性质的同时,在本说明书语境下,在另外由碳原子组成的环或链中含碳以外的原子的取代基。杂原子包括硫、氧、氮,并且拥有例如吡啶基、呋喃基、噻吩基和咪唑基的取代基。一般在烃基中对于每10个碳原子存在不大于两个或者作为另外的实例存在不大于一个的非烃取代基;在一些实施方案中,在烃基中没有非烃取代基。
应了解,本文所用术语“主要量”是指相对于组合物的总重量大于或等于50%重量的量,例如约80至约98%重量。另外应了解,本文所用术语“次要量”是指相对于组合物的总重量小于50%重量的量。
制备季铵盐的方法包括但不限于通过离子交换反应或者通过叔胺或多元胺的直接烷基化。直接烷基化可包括叔胺(例如吡啶和异喹啉)用羧酸甲酯的甲基化,或者叔胺用烃基环氧化物在一步或两步反应中的烷基化。
胺化合物
在一个实施方案中,可使叔胺(包括一元胺和多元胺)与季铵化剂反应。可使用下式的合适叔胺化合物
其中各个R1、R2和R3选自包含1至50个碳原子的烃基。各烃基R1至R3可独立为线形、支化、被取代、环状、饱和、不饱和或包含一个或多个杂原子。适合的烃基可包括但不限于烷基、芳基、烷基芳基、芳基烷基、烷氧基、芳氧基等。特别适合的烃基可以为线形或支化烷基。可季铵化得到本发明的化合物的胺反应物的一些代表性实例为:三甲胺、三乙胺、三正丙基胺、二甲基乙基胺、二甲基月桂基胺、二甲基油基胺、二甲基硬脂基胺、二甲基二十烷基胺、二甲基十八烷基胺、N-甲基哌啶、N,N'-二甲基哌嗪、N-甲基-N'-乙基哌嗪、N-甲基吗啉、N-乙基吗啉、N-羟乙基吗啉、吡啶、三乙醇胺、三异丙醇胺、甲基二乙醇胺、二甲基乙醇胺、月桂基二异丙醇胺、硬脂基二乙醇胺、二油基乙醇胺、二甲基异丁醇胺、甲基二异辛醇胺、二甲基丙烯基胺、二甲基丁烯基胺、二甲基辛烯基胺、乙基二(十二碳烯基)胺、二丁基二十碳烯基胺、三亚乙基二胺、六亚甲基四胺、N,N,N',N'-四甲基乙二胺、N,N,N',N'-四甲基丙二胺、N,N,N',N'-四乙基-1,3-丙二胺、甲基二环己基胺、2,6-二甲基吡啶、二甲基环己基胺、C10-C22-烷基或烯基取代的酰氨基丙基二甲基胺、C10-C22-烷基或烯基取代的琥珀酰亚胺基丙基二甲基胺等。
如果胺只包含伯或仲氨基,则有必要在使胺季铵化之前使伯或仲氨基中的至少一个烷基化成叔氨基。在一个实施方案中,伯胺和仲胺或与叔胺的混合物的烷基化可完全在一个步骤中彻底或部分烷基化成叔胺和进一步烷基化成季盐。如果使用一步反应,则可能有必要适当考虑氮上的氢,并且根据需要提供碱或酸(例如,烷基化成叔胺需要从烷基化产物去除(中和)氢(质子))。如果使用烷基化剂,例如烷基卤或硫酸二烷基酯,则伯或仲胺的烷基化产物为质子化盐,并且需要碱源来释放胺并进展到季铵盐。这些烷基化剂需要叔胺的烷基化,并且产物为季铵卤化物或硫酸单甲酯。相反,环氧化物作为烷基化剂进行烷基化和中和两者,使得中间烷基化产物已为游离胺。为了用环氧化物进展到季盐,有必要提供当量的酸,以提供用于羟基的质子和用于盐的反阴离子。
季铵化剂
适用于使叔胺转化成季氮化合物的季铵化剂可选自烃基取代的羧酸酯、碳酸酯、环碳酸酯、苯氧化物、环氧化物、氨基甲酸酯、卤化物、硫酸酯、亚硫酸酯、硫化物、磺酸酯、磷酸酯、膦酸酯或其混合物。可从其得到季铵化合物阴离子的烃基取代的苯氧化物可为很多不同类型。例如,烃基取代的苯氧化物可衍生自下式的酚:
其中n=1、2、3、4或5,R20可以为氢或被取代或未取代的烷基、环烷基、烯基、环烯基或芳基。烃基可通过酮基或硫酮基结合到苯环。或者,烃基可通过氧或氮原子结合。这些酚的实例包括邻甲酚、间甲酚、对甲酚、2,3-二甲基苯酚、2,4-二甲基苯酚、2,3,4-三甲基苯酚、3-乙基-2,4-二甲基苯酚、2,3,4,5-四甲基苯酚、4-乙基-2,3,5,6-四甲基苯酚、2-乙基苯酚、3-乙基苯酚、4-乙基苯酚、2-正丙基苯酚、2-异丙基苯酚、4-异丙基苯酚、4-正丁基苯酚、4-异丁基苯酚、4-仲丁基苯酚、4-叔丁基苯酚、4-壬基苯酚、2-十二烷基苯酚、4-十二烷基苯酚、4-十八烷基苯酚、2-环己基苯酚、4-环己基苯酚、2-烯丙基苯酚、4-烯丙基苯酚、2-羟基联苯、4-羟基联苯酚、4-甲基-4-羟基联苯、邻甲氧基苯酚、对甲氧基苯酚、对苯氧基苯酚和4-羟基苯基二甲基胺。
也包括下式的酚:
其中R20和R21如上关于R20定义,它们可相同或不同,m和n为整数,并且对于大于1的各m或n,各个R20和R21可相同或不同。
这些酚的实例包括2,2-二羟基-5,5-二甲基二苯基甲烷、5,5-二羟基-2,2-二甲基二苯基甲烷、4,4-二羟基-2,2-二甲基-二甲基二苯基甲烷、2,2-二羟基-5,5-二壬基二苯基甲烷、2,2-二羟基-5,5-二(十二烷基)苯基甲烷、2,2,4,4-四-叔丁基-3,3-二羟基-5,5-二(十二烷基)苯基甲烷和2,2,4,4-四-叔丁基-3,3-二羟基二苯基甲烷。
烃基取代的碳酸酯的烃基(或烷基)可每基团包含1至50、1至20、1至10或1至5个碳原子。在一个实施方案中,烃基取代的碳酸酯包含可相同或不同的两个烃基。合适的烃基取代的碳酸酯的实例包括碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸乙二酯和碳酸丙二酯及其混合物。
在另一个实施方案中,季铵化剂可以为与酸组合的由下式表示的烃基环氧化物:
其中R5、R6、R7和R8可独立为H或C1-48烃基。烃基环氧化物的实例可包括但不限于氧化苯乙烯、氧化乙烯、氧化丙烯、氧化丁烯、环氧己烷、氧化辛-11-烯、氧化茋和C2-50环氧化物。
季铵盐可在一个阶段或两个阶段中制备。叔胺用烷基环氧化物的烷基化可在酸存在下在一步反应中制备,如美国专利号4,814,108、4,675,180中所述,或者在二步方法中制备,包括在极性介质中使叔胺烷基化,然后将烷基化产物与酸混合。例如,可在超过反应化学计量所需的过量水存在下,用X mol氧化烯烃(其中X为胺分子中的叔氮数)处理1mol胺。
作为另一个实例,可用水(>1mol)中的氧化烯烃(1mol)处理吡啶(1mol)。可用水(>2mol)中的氧化烯烃(2mol)处理三亚乙基二胺(1mol)。可用水(>4mol)中的氧化烯烃(4mol)处理六亚甲基四胺(1mol)。
然而,如果需要或者希望,可使用过量的氧化烯烃,则过量的氧化烯烃与氢氧化季铵反应。如上所示,可使用任何量的水,只要代表超过反应化学计量所需的过量。
可在反应容器中通过使胺与氧化烯烃接触和混合来进行反应,其中水加入到反应混合物。加水速率不影响最终产物的品质,但可用缓慢加水来控制放热反应。
在替代方案中,可在反应容器中使胺与水混合,然后将氧化烯烃加到搅拌的反应混合物。氧化烯烃可作为气体(纯或用惰性载体(例如,氮)稀释)、液体、水中的溶液或水混溶性有机溶剂(例如,甲醇或乙醇)中的溶液加入。氧化烯烃加入的速率对最终产物的品质不重要,但可用缓慢加入速率来控制放热反应。
在另一个替代反应序列中,可在反应容器中使氧化烯烃与水混合,并将胺加到反应混合物。胺可作为纯气体、液体或固体、水中的溶液、水溶性有机溶剂中的溶液加入。与氧化烯烃和水的加入一样,可用缓慢加胺控制放热反应。
为了促进反应,可将混合的反应物在给定温度一起加热,同时以足以保持稳定应速率和可控制反应温度的速率加入第三反应物。或者,可在压力容器中加热反应物,但在加热反应物以促进反应时,期望避免大于100℃的温度,以防止氢氧化季铵分解。该反应序列的第二阶段包括用有机酸中和在第一阶段生成的氢氧化季铵。
一般使足够的酸与从第一阶段得到的溶液混合,以中和氢氧化季铵。然而,如果需要,例如在仅要中和多元酸的一个羧酸基团时,可使用过量酸。中和反应可在没有任何溶剂存在下进行;在醇存在下进行,例如甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、2-乙氧基乙醇、2-乙基己醇或乙二醇;在任何其它极性有机溶剂存在下进行,例如,丙酮、甲基乙基酮、氯仿、四氯化碳或四氯乙烷;在烃溶剂存在下进行,例如己烷、庚烷、白色溶剂油(white spirit)、苯、甲苯或二甲苯;或在任何以上溶剂的混合物存在下进行。
可在反应第二阶段使用并因此形成季铵盐中的阴离子的有机酸可以为例如羧酸、苯酚、硫化苯酚或磺酸。
中和反应可在环境温度进行,但一般使用升高的温度。在反应完成时,可通过在真空下加热反应产物去除水和所用的任何溶剂。产物一般用矿物油、柴油燃料、煤油或惰性烃溶剂稀释,以防止产物太粘。
在另一个实施方案中,季铵化剂可以为烃基取代的羧酸酯,也称为羧酸的酯。羧酸酯的相应的酸可选自一元羧酸、二元羧酸和多元羧酸。一元羧酸可包括下式的酸:
R-COOH
其中R为氢或包含1至50个碳原子的被取代或未取代的烷基、环烷基、烯基、环烯基或芳基。这些酸的实例包括甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、环己烷甲酸、2-甲基环己烷甲酸、 4-甲基环己烷甲酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、环己-2-烯酸、苯甲酸、2-甲基苯甲酸、3-甲基苯甲酸、4-甲基苯甲酸、水杨酸、2-羟基-4-甲基苯甲酸、2-羟基-4-乙基水杨酸、对羟基苯甲酸、3,5-二-叔丁基-4-羟基苯甲酸、邻氨基苯甲酸、对氨基苯甲酸、邻甲氧基苯甲酸和对甲氧基苯甲酸。
二元羧酸可包括下式的酸:
HOOC-(CH2)n-COOH
其中n为0或整数,包括例如草酸、丙二酸、丁二酸、戊二酸、己二酸、庚二酸和辛二酸。也包括下式的酸:
其中x为0或整数,y为0或整数,x和y可相同或不同,并且R为氢或如上所述包含1至50个碳原子的被取代或未取代的烷基、环烷基、烯基、环烯基或芳基。这些酸的实例包括烷基或烯基丁二酸、2-甲基丁二酸、2-乙基戊二酸、2-正十二烷基丁二酸、2-正十二碳烯基丁二酸、2-苯基丁二酸和2-(对甲基苯基)丁二酸。也包括多取代烷基二元羧酸,其中其它如上所述的R基团可在烷基链上取代。实例包括2,2-二甲基丁二酸、2,3-二甲基丁二酸、2,3,4-三甲基戊二酸、2,2,3-三甲基戊二酸和2-乙基-3-甲基丁二酸。
二元羧酸也包括下式的酸:
HOOC-(CrH2r-2)COOH
其中r为2或更大的整数。实例包括马来酸、富马酸、戊-2-烯二酸、己-2-烯二酸、己-3-烯二酸、5-甲基己-2-烯二酸、2,3-二甲基戊-2-烯二酸、2-甲基丁-2-烯二酸、2-十二烷基丁-2-烯二酸和2-聚异丁基丁-2-烯二酸。
二元羧酸也包括芳族二羧酸,例如邻苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸、对苯二甲酸和下式的取代的苯二甲酸:
其中R如上限定,n=1、2、3或4,并且在n>1时,则R基团可相同或不同。这些酸的实例包括3-甲基苯-1,2-二甲酸、4-苯基苯-1,3-二甲酸、2-(1-丙烯基)苯-1,4-二甲酸和3,4-二甲基苯-1,2-二甲酸。
为了用羧酸烷基酯烷基化,期望羧酸酯的相应酸具有小于4.2的pKa。例如,羧酸酯的相应酸可具有小于3.8的pKa,例如小于3.5,小于3.1的pKa特别合乎需要。适合的羧酸酯的实例可包括但不限于马来酸酯、柠檬酸酯、富马酸酯、邻苯二甲酸酯、1,2,4-苯三甲酸酯、1,2,4,5-苯四甲酸酯、硝基苯甲酸酯、烟酸酯、草酸酯、氨基乙酸酯和水杨酸酯。
在另一个实施方案中,季铵盐可通过离子交换反应来制备,例如
或
或
其中X为卤根,R如上限定,Ar为芳族基团。季铵盐(quat)也可通过叔胺或多元胺的直接烷基化来制备。烷基化剂包括但不限于烷基卤化物、碳酸烷基酯、硫酸烷基酯、环碳酸酯、烷基环氧化物、羧酸烷基酯和氨基甲酸烷基酯。
在本申请的一些方面,本公开的季铵盐组合物可与燃料可溶性载体组合使用。这些载体可以为各种类型,如液体或固体,例如蜡。液体载体的实例包括但不限于矿物油和含氧化合物(oxygenate),例如液体聚烷氧基化醚(也称为聚亚烷基二醇或聚亚烷基醚)、液体聚烷氧基化酚、液体聚烷氧基化酯、液体聚烷氧基化胺及其混合物。含氧化合物载体的实例可发现于1998年5月19日授予Henly等的美国专利号5,752,989,那些载体的说明全文通过引用结合到本文中。含氧化合物载体的另外的实例包括烷基取代的芳基聚烷氧基化物,如2003年7月17日公布的Colucci等的美国专利公布号2003/0131527中所述,其说明全文通过引用结合到本文中。
在其它方面,季铵盐组合物可不含载体。例如,本公开的一些组合物可不含矿物油或含氧化合物,如以上所述的那些含氧化合物。
在所公开的实施方案的燃料组合物中可存在一种或多种另外的任选化合物。例如,燃料可包含常规量的十六烷值增进剂、腐蚀抑制剂、冷流改进剂(CFPP添加剂)、倾点下降剂、溶剂、反乳化剂、润滑添加剂、摩擦改性剂、胺稳定剂、燃烧改进剂、分散剂、抗氧化剂、热稳定剂、传导性改进剂、金属钝化剂、标记染料、有机硝酸酯点火加速剂、环戊二烯基三羰基锰化合物等。在一些方面,本文所述化合物可包含基于添加剂浓缩物总重量为约10%重量或更少的以上添加剂中的一种或多种,或者在其它方面,为约5%重量或更少。类似地,燃料可包含适合量的常规燃料掺合组分,例如甲醇、乙醇、二烷基醚等。
在公开的实施方案的一些方面,可使用有机硝酸酯点火加速剂,包括其中脂族或脂环族基团为饱和的脂族或脂环族硝酸酯,并且包含最多约12个碳原子。可使用的有机硝酸酯点火加速剂的实例为硝酸甲酯、硝酸乙酯、硝酸丙酯、硝酸异丙酯、硝酸烯丙酯、硝酸丁酯、硝酸异丁酯、硝酸仲丁酯、硝酸叔丁酯、硝酸戊酯、硝酸异戊酯、硝酸2-戊酯、硝酸3-戊酯、硝酸己酯、硝酸庚酯、硝酸2-庚酯、硝酸辛酯、硝酸异辛酯、硝酸2-乙基己酯、硝酸壬酯、硝酸癸酯、硝酸十一烷基酯、硝酸十二烷基酯、硝酸环戊酯、硝酸环己酯、硝酸甲基环己酯、硝酸环十二烷基酯、硝酸2-乙氧基乙酯、硝酸2-(2-乙氧基乙氧基)乙酯、硝酸四氢呋喃酯等。也可使用这类物质的混合物。
可用于本申请的组合物的适合的任选金属钝化剂的实例公开于1984年11月13日颁布的美国专利号4,482,357,其公开内容全文通过引用结合到本文中。这类金属钝化剂包括例如亚水杨基邻氨基苯酚、二亚水杨基乙二胺、二亚水杨基丙二胺和N,N'-二亚水杨基-1,2-二氨基丙烷。
可用于本申请的组合物的适合的任选环戊二烯基三羰基锰化合物包括例如环戊二烯基三羰基锰、甲基环戊二烯基三羰基锰、茚基三羰基锰和乙基环戊二烯基三羰基锰。适合的环戊二烯基三羰基锰化合物的其它实例公开于1996年11月19日颁布的美国专利号5,575,823和1962年1月2日颁布的美国专利号3,015,668,二者的公开内容全文通过引用结合到本文中。
在配制本申请的燃料组合物时,可以足以减少或抑制发动机和/或曲轴箱的燃料系统或燃烧室中形成沉积物的量使用添加剂。在一些方面,燃料可包含控制或减少形成发动机沉积物(例如柴油发动机中的喷射器沉积物)的次要量的上述反应产物。例如,本申请的柴油燃料可包含基于活性成分基准为约5mg至约200mg反应产物/Kg燃料的量的季铵盐,例如约10mg至约150mg/Kg燃料,或约30mg至约100mg季铵盐/Kg燃料。在利用载体的方面中,燃料组合物可包含基于活性成分基准为约1mg至约100mg载体/Kg燃料的量的载体,例如约5mg至约50mg载体/Kg燃料。活性成分基准不包括以下物质的重量:(i)结合并且保留在经制备和使用的产物中的未反应组分;和(ii)在产物制备中在产品形成期间或之后但在加载体之前(如果利用载体)使用的溶剂(如果存在)。
在配制本发明的燃料中使用的本申请的添加剂(包括上述反应产物)和任选的添加剂可单独或以不同的子组合掺入基础柴油燃料。在一些实施方案中,本申请的添加剂组分可用添加剂浓缩物同时掺入柴油燃料,因为这利用了为添加剂浓缩物形式时通过成分的组合提供的相互相容性和便利。使用浓缩物也可减少掺合时间,并减少掺合差错的可能性。
本申请的燃料可用于操作柴油发动机。发动机包括固定发动机(例如,用于发电设施、泵站等的发动机)和非固定发动机(例如,在汽车、卡车、公路平整设备、军用车辆等中用作原动机的发动机)两者。例如,燃料可包括任何和所有的汽油和中间馏分燃料、柴油燃料、生物可再生燃料、生物柴油燃料、天然气合成油(GTL)燃料、喷气式发动机燃料、醇、醚、煤油、低硫燃料、合成燃料(例如费托燃料)、液化石油气、船用油、煤合成油(CTL)燃料、生物质合成油(BTL)燃料、高沥青质燃料、从煤衍生的燃料(天然的、净化的和石油焦)、基因工程生物燃料和农作物和由其得到的提取物,和天然气。应了解,本文所用“生物可再生燃料”是指从石油以外的资源得到的任何燃料。这些资源包括但不限于谷类、玉米、豆和其它农作物;草,例如柳枝稷、芒属和杂种草;藻类、海草、植物油;天然脂肪;及其混合物。在一个方面,生物可再生燃料可包含单羟基醇,例如包含1至约5个碳原子的那些醇。适合的单羟基醇的非限制实例包括甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、正丁醇、异丁醇、叔丁醇、戊醇和异戊醇。
因此,本发明的方面涉及减少具有至少一个燃烧室和与燃烧室流体连通的一个或多个直接燃料喷射器的发动机的喷射器沉积物的量的方法。在另一方面,本文所述季铵盐可与具有一个或多个聚烯烃基团的相对高分子量季铵盐组合;例如聚单烯烃的季铵盐、聚烃基琥珀酰亚胺;聚烃基曼尼希化合物:聚烃基酰胺和酯,其中“相对高分子量”意指具有大于600道尔顿的数均分子量。前述季铵盐可公开于例如美国专利号3,468,640、3,778,371、4,056,531、4171,959、4,253,980、4,326,973、4,338,206、4,787,916、5,254,138、7,906,470、7,947,093、7,951,211、美国公布号2008/0113890、欧洲专利申请号EP 0293192、EP 2033945和PCT申请号WO 2001/110860。
在一些方面,方法包括将包含本公开的季铵盐的基于烃的压缩点火燃料通过柴油发动机的喷射器注入燃烧室,并将压缩点火燃料点火。在一些方面,方法也可包括将上述任选的添加成分中的至少一种混入柴油燃料。
在一个实施方案中,本申请的柴油燃料可基本不含(例如全无)常规的琥珀酰亚胺分散剂化合物。在另一个实施方案中,燃料基本不含具有大于600道尔顿的数均分子量的烃基琥珀酰亚胺的季铵盐或烃基曼尼希化合物的季铵盐。按照本申请意图,术语“基本不含”限定为对喷射器清洁度或沉积物形成实质上不具有可检测的影响的浓度。
实施例
以下实施例为本公开的示例性实施方案的说明。在这些实施例和本申请的其它地方,除非另外指明,所有份数和百分数均以重量计。这些实施例仅旨在为了说明目的提供,不是要限制本文公开的本发明的范围。
比较实施例 1- 常规聚异丁烯-琥珀酰亚胺(PIBSI)
从950数均分子量聚异丁烯-琥珀酸酐(PIBSA)与四亚乙基五胺(TEPA)以PIBSA/TEPA=1/1的摩尔比反应制备添加剂。使用US 5,752,989的改进方法。在氮气气氛下在200克芳烃(aromatic)150溶剂中稀释PIBSA(551g)。将混合物加热到115℃。然后通过加料漏斗加入TEPA。用另外的50克溶剂芳烃150溶剂冲洗加料漏斗。在慢氮吹扫下将混合物加热到180℃经历约2小时。在迪安-斯达克分水器(Dean-Stark trap)中收集水。得到的产物为微褐色油。
比较实施例2- PIBSA-DMAPA-E6
如比较实施例1制备PIBSI,不同之处在于用二甲基氨基丙基胺(DMAPA)代替TEPA。使得到的PIBSI(PD,约210g)与36.9克1,2-环氧己烷(E6)、18.5克乙酸(18.5g)和82克2-乙基己醇在最高达90℃下反应3小时。在减压下去除挥发物,得到所需的季铵盐(quat)。
比较实施例3- PIBSA-DMAPA-草酸二甲酯
使来自比较实施例2的PIBSI(146g)与13.3草酸二甲酯在50克芳烃溶剂150中在150℃反应约2小时。得到的产物为微褐色油。
发明实施例1 - (C
8
)
3
NMe
使三辛基甲基氯化铵(70克)与130克庚烷混合。用70克乙酸钠(约16%重量,在水中)萃取混合物五次。在减压下去除来自所得有机层的挥发物,得到乙酸季铵盐。FTIR在1578和1389cm-1显示强峰,这是羧酸盐的特征。
发明实施例2 - (C
12
)
2
NMe
2
真空蒸馏市售季铵产物(C12)2NMe2+NO2 -,以去除挥发物,得到所需的产物。
发明实施例3 -二甲基十八烷基-(2-羟基己基)乙酸铵
在惰性气氛下,将C18-N-Me2(118g)、39克1,2-环氧己烷、26克乙酸和76克2-乙基己醇的混合物缓慢加热到90℃。将混合物在90℃加热1.5小时。然后在减压下去除挥发物,得到所需的产物。
在以下实施例中,用下述工业标准柴油发动机燃料喷射器试验CEC F-98-08 (DW10)对柴油发动机进行喷射器沉积物试验。
柴油发动机试验规程
用欧洲协调委员会(Coordinating European Council,CEC)研究出的DW10试验证明燃料引起燃料喷射器结垢的倾向,也证明某些燃料添加剂防止或控制这些沉积物的能力。添加剂评价使用用于直接喷射的CEC F-98-08规程,共轨柴油发动机喷嘴焦化试验。用发动机测功器试验台安装用于运行喷射器焦化试验的Peugeot DW10柴油发动机。该发动机为具有四个汽缸的2.0升发动机。各燃烧室具有4个阀,燃料喷射器为具有Euro V分级的DI压电喷射器。
核心规程程序由以下组成:使发动机运行通过8小时循环,并允许发动机均热(soak)(发动机关闭)规定时间量。重复前述序列四次。在每小时结束时,检测发动机功率,同时以额定条件操作发动机。燃料的喷射器结垢倾向由试验循环开始和结束之间观察到的额定功率差表征。
试验准备包括从发动机冲洗以前试验的燃料,之后去除喷射器。检查试验喷射器,清洗,并重新安装在发动机中。如果选择新喷射器,则使新喷射器通过16小时磨合循环。接着,用所需的试验循环程序启动发动机。一旦发动机变热,就在4000RPM和全负荷下检测功率,以在清洗喷射器后检查全功率恢复。如果功率检测结果在规格内,就开始试验循环。以下表1提供用于评价根据本公开的燃料添加剂的DW10焦化循环的表现。
表1 - DW10焦化循环的1小时表现
步骤 | 时间(分钟) | 发动机速度(rpm) | 负荷(%) | 扭矩(Nm) | 在中冷器后的增压空气(℃) |
1 | 2 | 1750 | 20 | 62 | 45 |
2 | 7 | 3000 | 60 | 173 | 50 |
3 | 2 | 1750 | 20 | 62 | 45 |
4 | 7 | 3500 | 80 | 212 | 50 |
5 | 2 | 1750 | 20 | 62 | 45 |
6 | 10 | 4000 | 100 | * | 50 |
7 | 2 | 1250 | 10 | 25 | 43 |
8 | 7 | 3000 | 100 | * | 50 |
9 | 2 | 1250 | 10 | 25 | 43 |
10 | 10 | 2000 | 100 | * | 50 |
11 | 2 | 1250 | 10 | 25 | 43 |
12 | 7 | 4000 | 100 | * | 50 |
使用前述发动机试验程序,在包含新癸酸锌、硝酸2-乙基己酯和脂肪酸酯摩擦改性剂的超低硫柴油燃料(基础燃料)中试验各种燃料添加剂。开始没有添加剂的仅由基础燃料组成的“弄脏”阶段,随后为由基础燃料与添加剂组成的“清洁”阶段。除非另外指明,所有运行具有8小时弄脏和8小时清洁。用在“弄脏”阶段结束时的功率检测结果和在“清洁”阶段结束时的功率检测结果计算功率恢复百分数。功率恢复百分数由以下公式确定:
功率恢复百分数=(DU-CU)/DU×100
其中DU为在没有添加剂的弄脏阶段结束时的功率损失百分数,CU为在具有燃料添加剂的清洁阶段结束时的功率百分数,且功率根据CEC F98-08 DW10试验检测。
表2
实施例 | 添加剂和处理率(ppm重量) | 功率损失% | 功率恢复% | 活性重量损失% | |
DU | CU | (DU-CU)/DU | 在350℃ TGA | ||
1 | 比较实施例1的化合物(180ppm) | -4.76 | -4.46 | 5 | 7 |
2 | 比较实施例2的化合物(150ppm) | -4.72 | 3.36 | 171 | 24 |
3 | 比较实施例3的化合物(75ppm) | -4.81 | -2.54 | 47 | 22 |
4 | 发明实施例1的化合物(75ppm) | -4.8 | 2.83 | 159 | 100 |
5 | 发明实施例2的化合物(75ppm) | -5.37 | 2.46 | 146 | 100 |
6 | 发明实施例3的化合物(75ppm) | -4.03 | 2.63 | 165 | 100 |
根据ISO-4154进行热重量分析(TGA)。具体地讲,在60mL/分钟流速的氮气气氛下以20℃/分钟升温速率从50℃至900℃运行试验。为了比较,也在XUD9发动机试验中测定经试验组合物的流量剩余(flow remaining)百分数,如表3中所示。XUD9试验方法被设计以评价燃料控制在间接喷射柴油发动机的喷射器喷嘴上形成沉积物的能力。根据XUD9试验方法运行试验的结果以在不同喷射器针提升点(needle lift point)的气流损失百分数表示。气流测量根据ISO 4010用气流装备完成。
在进行试验前,清洁喷射器喷嘴,并检查在0.05、0.1、0.2、0.3和0.4mm升程的气流。如果气流在0.1mm升程超出250ml/min至320ml/min范围,则弃去喷嘴。将喷嘴装入喷射器体,并将开放压力设置为115±5巴。也将从动喷射器组装配到发动机。从系统排出先前的试验燃料。为了涌过燃料系统,运行发动机25分钟。在此时间期间,将所有的溢出燃料弃去而不送回。然后将发动机设置到试验速度和负荷,检查所有规定参数,并调节到试验规格。然后用试验装置代替从动喷射器。在试验前和试验后测量气流。用在0.1mm升程的4个喷射器流的平均值计算结垢百分数。流量剩余度=100 –结垢百分数。结果显示于下表中。
表3
实施例 | 添加剂和处理率(ppm重量) | 0.1mm升程 | 活性重量损失% |
流量剩余% | 在350℃TGA | ||
1 | 比较实施例1的化合物(50ppm) | 89 | 7 |
2 | 比较实施例2的化合物(50ppm) | 98 | 24 |
3 | 比较实施例3的化合物(50ppm) | 99 | 22 |
4 | 发明实施例1的化合物(50ppm) | 15 | 100 |
5 | 发明实施例2的化合物(50ppm) | 39 | 100 |
6 | 发明实施例3的化合物(50ppm) | 91 | 100 |
如前述实施例运行4、5和6所示,所公开实施方案的季铵盐在直接燃料喷射发动机中,以比例如运行1-3低得多的处理率优于运行1-3的常规分散剂和季铵盐。结果令人惊讶,因为运行4和5的相同季铵盐根据XUD9试验在间接燃料喷射发动机中显示相对较差的性能。换句话讲,在间接燃料喷射发动机中评价各种季铵盐并不导致用于在直接燃料喷射发动机中提高性能的所公开季铵盐的选择。另外,相信本文所述公开的季铵盐可有效用于保持发动机的燃料喷射器表面清洁,并且可用于清洁脏的燃料喷射器。
应注意到,如本说明书和附加权利要求中所用,单数形式“一”、“该”和“所述”包括复数的讨论对象,除非清楚和明确地限于一个讨论对象。因此,例如,对“抗氧化剂”的提及包括两种或更多种不同的抗氧化剂。本文所用术语“包括”及其语法变形旨在为非限制性,使得在列举中项目的叙述不排除能够代替或加到所列举项目的其他类似项目。
按照本说明书和附加权利要求书的意图,除非另外指明,在说明书和权利要求中使用的所有表示量、百分数或比例和其它数值的数字均应理解为在所有情况下受词语“约”修饰。因此,除非指明为相反,说明书和附加权利要求中列出的数字参数均为近似值,可取决于通过本公开寻求获得的所需性能变化。在最低限度,并且不作为试图限制对权利要求范围的等价原则的应用,各个数字参数应至少按照所报告的有效数字的数值并且通过运用普通舍入方法进行解释。
尽管已描述具体实施方案,但申请人或本领域技术人员可作出目前未预见到或可能目前未预见到的替代、修改、变化、改进及实质等价物。因此,提交的和可修改的附加权利要求旨在包括所有这些替代、修改、变化、改进和实质等价物。
Claims (10)
1. 一种用于直接燃料喷射柴油发动机的燃料组合物,所述燃料组合物包含主要量的燃料和次要的有效量的季铵盐,所述季铵盐具有在350℃大于50%重量的热重量分析(TGA)失重,其中,与已燃烧不含所述季铵盐的燃料组合物的直接燃料喷射柴油发动机的性能比较,燃料中存在的季铵盐的量足以提高已燃烧所述组合物的所述发动机的性能。
2. 权利要求1的燃料组合物,其中燃料具有50ppm重量或更小的硫含量。
3. 权利要求1的燃料组合物,其中季铵盐包括下式的化合物
其中各个R1、R2、R3和R4选自包含1至50个碳原子的烃基,其中R1、R2、R3和R4中至少一个且不多于三个为包含1至4个碳原子的烃基,R1、R2、R3和R4中至少一个为包含8至50个碳原子的烃基,M-选自羧酸根、卤根、硫酸根、硝酸根、氮化物、亚硝酸根、连二次硝酸根、酚根、氨基甲酸根、碳酸根及其混合物,其中羧酸根不为草酸根。
4. 权利要求1的燃料组合物,其中燃料中季铵盐的量基于燃料总重量在约5至约200ppm重量的范围内。
5. 权利要求1的燃料组合物,其中,所述提高的发动机性能包括:根据CEC F98-08 DW10试验检测时,发动机功率恢复至少约80%。
6. 一种提高直接燃料喷射柴油发动机的喷射器性能的方法,所述方法包括用一种燃料组合物操作发动机,所述燃料组合物包含主要量的燃料和基于燃料总重量为约5至约200ppm重量的季铵盐,所述季铵盐具有在350℃大于50%重量的热重量分析(TGA)失重,其中,根据CEC F98-08 DW10试验检测时,燃料中存在的季铵盐提高发动机的喷射器性能至少约80%。
7. 权利要求6的方法,其中发动机包括直接燃料喷射柴油发动机。
9. 一种操作直接燃料喷射柴油发动机的方法,所述方法包括在发动机中燃烧燃料组合物,所述燃料组合物包含主要量的燃料和基于燃料总重量为约5至约200ppm重量的季铵盐,所述季铵盐具有在350℃大于50%重量的热重量分析(TGA)失重。
10. 一种用于直接喷射燃料柴油发动机所用燃料的添加剂浓缩物,所述添加剂浓缩物包含具有在350℃大于50%重量的热重量分析(TGA)失重的季铵盐和至少一种选自稀释剂、载体流体、增容剂、十六烷值增进剂、腐蚀抑制剂、冷流改进剂(CFPP添加剂)、倾点下降剂、溶剂、反乳化剂、润滑添加剂、摩擦改性剂、胺稳定剂、燃烧改进剂、分散剂、抗氧化剂、热稳定剂、传导性改进剂、金属钝化剂、标记染料、有机硝酸酯点火加速剂和环戊二烯基三羰基锰化合物的组分。
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- 2012-10-03 MY MYPI2012004415A patent/MY179415A/en unknown
- 2012-10-08 TW TW101137044A patent/TWI521055B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2012-10-09 KR KR1020120111651A patent/KR101475119B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2012-10-18 DE DE102012020501.5A patent/DE102012020501B4/de active Active
- 2012-10-31 BE BE2012/0741A patent/BE1021421B1/fr active
- 2012-11-08 SG SG2012082756A patent/SG190527A1/en unknown
- 2012-11-08 GB GB1220148.9A patent/GB2496514B/en active Active
- 2012-11-09 CN CN201210445630.0A patent/CN103102998B/zh active Active
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CN104513678A (zh) * | 2013-10-08 | 2015-04-15 | 雅富顿化学公司 | 烷氧基化季铵盐及包含它们的燃料 |
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CN107057782A (zh) * | 2017-03-14 | 2017-08-18 | 聂志守 | 一种使燃油品质和功效升级的叠氮物及安全环保合成方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BE1021421B1 (fr) | 2015-11-19 |
KR20130052507A (ko) | 2013-05-22 |
US9574149B2 (en) | 2017-02-21 |
AU2012227347B2 (en) | 2014-04-17 |
SG190527A1 (en) | 2013-06-28 |
AU2012227347A1 (en) | 2013-05-30 |
AU2012227347C1 (en) | 2015-08-13 |
DE102012020501A1 (de) | 2013-05-16 |
US20130118062A1 (en) | 2013-05-16 |
KR101475119B1 (ko) | 2014-12-22 |
DE102012020501B4 (de) | 2016-05-12 |
CN103102998B (zh) | 2015-07-15 |
GB201220148D0 (en) | 2012-12-26 |
GB2496514B (en) | 2014-07-09 |
TWI521055B (zh) | 2016-02-11 |
TW201321495A (zh) | 2013-06-01 |
GB2496514A (en) | 2013-05-15 |
MY179415A (en) | 2020-11-05 |
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