CN103053255A - Fertilizing method for reducing cadmium content of leafy vegetables in overproof cadmium vegetable plot - Google Patents
Fertilizing method for reducing cadmium content of leafy vegetables in overproof cadmium vegetable plot Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a fertilizing method for reducing the cadmium content of leafy vegetables in an overproof cadmium vegetable plot, which comprises the following steps: (1) taking a carbonized rice husk as a base fertilizer, applying before the leafy vegetables are sowed and uniformly raking with soil or embedding the carbonized rice husk into a planting trench before the leafy vegetables are transplanted; and (2) taking an inorganic fertilizer as an additional fertilizer, and spray-applying the inorganic fertilizer rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium taken as the additional fertilizer after the final singling or the survival of the leafy vegetables. In the step (1), 250-750 kg of carbonized rice husk is applied for each mu. In the step (2), the inorganic fertilizer is uniformly divided into 3 or 4 parts and is dissolved into water to be spray-applied, the inorganic fertilizer is sprayed for the first time after the final singling or the survival of the leafy vegetables, is sprayed once every 5-10 days and is totally sprayed for three or four times, and the inorganic fertilizer provides N5-15 kg, P2O51.6-4.0 kg and K2O55.0-15.0 kg for each mu. The fertilizing method has the benefit that as the carbonized rice husk and the inorganic fertilizer are applied together, the safe quality of the leafy vegetables is improved, and the content of Cd in the leafy vegetables is reduced.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the cultivation method of a kind of leaf vegetables, particularly a kind of exceed standard fertilizing method of vegetable plot leaf vegetables cadmium content of cadmium that reduces.
Background technology
Vegetables are one of indispensable vegetalitas agricultural product in people's daily life, keep the human normal physiological activity and improve health aspect have very important nutritive value.In recent years, because the unreasonable use of the irrational discharging of Industrial " three Waste ", high-load heavy metal agrochemistry input, motor vehicle exhaust emission etc., so that the vegetables home environment suffers to destroy to some extent, Accumulation of heavy metals has appearred in a considerable amount of vegetable field soils, particularly Cd content is apparently higher than soil background, surpass the soil environment quality secondary standard, the vegetables particularly phenomenon of leaf vegetables Cd content overproof happen occasionally, health and ecotope are brought potential threat, also become the Main Barrier Factors of vegetables industry development simultaneously.
Fertilising is indispensable means in the agricultural production, and happiness fertilizer and fertilizer requirement are greatly the nutritive peculiarities of vegetable crop.In recent years, along with vegetables produce the rapid expansion of area and developing rapidly of establishment planting technology, vegetables produce the degree that depends on the chemical fertilizer supply to be increased increasingly.Ubiquity the phenomenon of using in a large number blindly chemical fertilizer or partially executing certain chemical fertilizer for pursuing high yield during vegetables produced at present, often ignore crop nutrient uptake feature, fertilizer variety and soil quality situation, cause fertilizer decline in benefits, vegetable field soil physicochemical property bad, and may cause the solvability of heavy metal in soil to increase, promote vegetables to the absorption accumulation of heavy metal, the food chain risk strengthens.
Studies show that there are very big-difference in fertilizer type, form and follow ion different to the solvability of heavy metal cadmium and the impact of biological effectiveness.What the cadmium dissolubility was had the greatest impact is soil pH, mainly comprises the acid, the alkali that produce in fertilizer self acid, alkalescence and the conversion process, and it changes with the Cadmium in Soil activity and is remarkable negative correlation; Secondly be fertilizer components to the metathesis of cadmium on the complexing of heavy metal and the fertilizer middle-jiao yang, function of the spleen and stomach ion pair soil colloid.Different fertilizer produces above-mentioned effect in soil degree of strength determines that it is on impact and the biological effectiveness of cadmium solvability.Mainly the alkalization of the rhizosphere by nitre attitude, ammonium nitrogen and acidification effect affect the activity of heavy metal such as nitrogenous fertilizer, use ammonium fertilizer NH
4Cl and (NH
4)
2SO
4, because plant is to NH
4 +The absorption of-N, root system secretion H
+, make rhizosphere acidifying on every side, increase the solvability of Cd in the soil, adsorption by soil Cd measures minimizing, and the biologically active of Cd significantly improves; Use nitrate fertilizer Ca (NO
3)
2, plant absorbing NO
3 --N, root system secretes OH
-, or HCO
-, rhizosphere pH is risen, cause the rhizosphere alkalization, reduce solvability and the biologically active of soil Cd; The effect main manifestations of potash fertilizer is that potassium ion is to H on the soil colloid
+Displacement and follow anion and the complexing of metal cation, an amount of potassium sulphate is not remarkable on soil pH impact, potassium chloride then can significantly reduce soil pH; MAP in the phosphate fertilizer, diammonium phosphate physiology Acidity of Aikalinity are not obvious, mainly by three kinds of acid group (H
2PO
4-, HPO
4 2-, PO
4 3-) form affects the soil surface electric charge, and then affect soil to the absorption of heavy metal.Therefore, if ignore fertilizer variety and consumption on Cd exceeds standard the vegetable plot, only rule of thumb fertilising may cause the validity of Cd in the soil to increase, and promote vegetables to the absorption of Cd.In addition, it is much higher more than domestic rock phosphate and P fertilizer to contain the Cd amount in the rock phosphate of import and the P fertilizer take import P ore deposit as raw material, also is one of potential Cd pollution source in vegetable plot.
China's rice husk resource is very abundant, the annual rice husk that produces approximately 4,500 ten thousand tons, part is used for generating, making sheet, biomass fuel etc., also has a considerable amount of rice husks not to be fully used and to be lost as discarded object, this still to the significant wastage of resource, does not cause larger pollution to environment yet.Rice husk the most outstanding feature is high ash content (7%～9%) and high silicon content (about 20%), and contents of heavy metal elements is extremely low, after carbonization, has good toughness, porous, low-density (112～144kg/m
3) and the character such as specific surface area is very big, for the heavy metal in the contaminated soil, have comparatively significant passivation suction-operated, effect stability can not cause harmful effect to soil property, and expense is moderate, be easy to promotion and implementation, meet the needs of China's sustainable agriculture development.
Along with the development of economic society and the raising of people's environmental consciousness, the safety of victual and quality more and more are subject to people's common concern, select suitable fertilizer variety to carry out the rational application of fertilizer in the Cd vegetable plot that exceeds standard, when obtaining high yield, effectively resistance control heavy metal enters in the leaf vegetables body, reducing the heavy metal pollution of vegetables, improve quality of vegetable, is present the parties concerned problem demanding prompt solution.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve the problem of prior art, the embodiment of the invention provides a kind of can reduce the cadmium Cd content in the leaf vegetables of vegetable plot that exceeds standard, and then improves the fertilizing method of its security quality.
The technical scheme taked of the present invention is to achieve these goals:
A kind of exceed standard fertilizing method of vegetable plot leaf vegetables cadmium content of cadmium that reduces may further comprise the steps:
(1) with carbonization rice husk as base manure, before leaf vegetables sowing, spread fertilizer over the fields and even with the soil rake, or transplant before the leaf vegetables described carbonization rice husk buriing in planting ditch;
(2) topdress with the inorganic fertilizer conduct, after described leaf vegetables final singling or surviving, drench as topdressing with the inorganic fertilizer that is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium again and execute.
In the described step (1), use described carbonization rice husk 250～750kg for every mu.
In the described step (2), described inorganic fertilizer is divided equally 3 parts or 4 parts of water-soluble pouring and is executed, and drenches for the first time in the leaf vegetables final singling or after surviving, and drenches once in later 5～10 days, drenches altogether 3 times or 4 times, and described inorganic fertilizer is given every mu and provided N5～15kg, P
2O
51.6～4.0kg, K
2O5.0～15.0kg.
Described carbonization rice husk is the product after rice husk or powdered rice hulls process are smouldered, and contains abundant carbon, silicon and potassium, and contains a small amount of N, P, Ca, Mg, Fe and various trace elements.
Described inorganic fertilizer is by two or more simple substance or the mixed fertilizer that forms of binary compound fertilizer;
Described N is by containing urea more than the N46%, contain nitrate of lime more than the N11%, containing in the diammonium hydrogen phosphate more than the N20% one or more and provide;
Described P is by containing P
2O
5The diammonium hydrogen phosphate that 50wt% is above or contain P
2O
5The above calcium dihydrogen phosphate of 53wt% provides, and K is by containing K
2The above potassium sulphate of O50wt% provides.
Described leaf vegetables is selected from romaine lettuce, cabbage heart, a variety of Chinese cabbage, leaf mustard, Lettuce, spinach, water spinach, cabbage, green water cress or three-coloured amaranth.
The beneficial effect that the technical scheme that the embodiment of the invention provides is brought is:
The technical solution used in the present invention is in view of the Phyto-availability that suitable chemical fertilizer kind and amount of application can effectively reduce heavy metal in soil, reduces plant to the absorption of heavy metal.Select urea, nitrate of lime, diammonium phosphate, calcium dihydrogen phosphate and potassium sulphate etc. as N, P, K fertilizer, rationally use can improve soil pH to some extent, reduce the content of exchange state Cd in the soil, the activity that suppresses Cd in the soil, reduce leaf vegetables to the absorption of heavy metal, thereby reduce the accumulation of Cd in leaf vegetables.The carbonization rice husk contents of heavy metal elements is extremely low, have good toughness, porous, low-density (112～144kg/m3) and the character such as specific surface area is very big, heavy metal Cd is had stronger absorption passivation; The Si that wherein contains can increase crop and vegetables rhizosphere oxidability, reduce the ratio of exchange state heavy metal in the soil, and owing to having hindered heavy metal in the deposit of above-ground plant parts, moves to acrial part silicon, make heavy metal be trapped in plant root, thereby suppress plant to the absorption of heavy metal, effectively prevented the pollution of heavy metal to vegetables.Therefore, carbonization rice husk and inorganic fertilizer Reasonable being executed is the effective measures that reduce Cd content, improve the leaf vegetables security quality.
Therefore, fertilizing method of the present invention can lower 20%～65% with leaf vegetables edible part Cd content, and can improve leaf vegetables commodity output and mineral nutrient, vitamin C and soluble sugar content, make soil pH improve 0.2-0.5 unit, soil available cadmium content 18%～46%, the nutrient imbalance situations such as the soil organic matter and phosphorus potassium be improved significantly, soil property improves good, the soil ecology function is restored.
Embodiment
For making the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, below embodiment of the present invention is described further in detail.
A kind of exceed standard fertilizing method of vegetable plot leaf vegetables cadmium content of cadmium that reduces may further comprise the steps:
(1) with carbonization rice husk as base manure, before leaf vegetables sowing, spread fertilizer over the fields and even with the soil rake, or transplant before the leaf vegetables described carbonization rice husk buriing in planting ditch;
(2) topdress with the inorganic fertilizer conduct, after described leaf vegetables final singling or surviving, drench as topdressing with the inorganic fertilizer that is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium again and execute.
Adopt method of the present invention, carbonization rice husk and inorganic fertilizer are joined execute, than existing method, improve the leaf vegetables security quality, reduce Cd content in the leaf vegetables.
The used carbonization rice husk of following examples is smouldered by the rice husk of taking from meter factory and is formed, and used inorganic fertilizer is commercially available fertilizer, and the fertilizer amount is one mu consumption.
Described carbonization rice husk be with rice husk in 400-600 ℃ airtight container, be incubated 6-7 hour.In the insulating process, can offer an air admission hole in airtight container, guarantee the minimum air inlet demand of airtight container, the air admission hole diameter is 1-3cm.
The carbonization rice husk preparation method: rice husk is pulverized afterwards or directly rendered in the body of heater of the brick one-tenth of usefulness, and inboard wall of furnace body is covered with the fire-resistant tile of one deck, and lower portion of furnace body is provided with grate and air inlet, and upper of furnace body is provided with bell.Grate and bottom of furnace body arrange certain space, the body of heater of grate bottom is provided with air inlet, rice husk drops into the body of heater from top, and rice husk is positioned on the grate, lights rice husk, when treating that temperature rises to 400-600 ℃ in the body of heater, cover bell, and cover seal cover at air inlet, keep the interior temperature of stove at 400-600 ℃, after carbonization 6-7 hour, naturally get Powdered or shell shape carbonization rice husk after the cooling.Seal cover is provided with air admission hole, guarantees minimum intake requirement in the stove, and the diameter of air admission hole is preferably 1-3cm.
Use respectively the fertilizing method of following examples, and the fertilizing method of planting leaf vegetables of the same race with existing method as a comparison, gathers in the crops the leaf vegetables acrial part picking time, tests respectively leaf vegetables output, overground part Cd, vitamin C and soluble sugar content.Existing fertilizing method is to impose on the plantation ditch with chicken manure and peanut press pulp as the fertilizer base, and inorganic fertilizer is Norway composite fertilizer 15-15-15kg/ mu, and inorganic fertilizer is as topdressing in the leaf vegetables final singling or transplanting and executed 1 time in rear per 3～5 days.
For the leaf vegetables of vegetative period weak point and fertilizer requirement less, generally topdress 3 times; The leaf vegetables that vegetative period is long and fertilizer requirement is relatively large is then topdressed 4 times.
Embodiment 1
Be that field trial is carried out in the vegetable plot of 0.52mg/kg in soil Cd full dose.With the base manure of shell shape carbonization rice husk 400kg as 1 mu, plant continuously two batches of romaine lettuce, buriing is in planting ditch before first batch of romaine lettuce dish seedling transplanted.Inorganic fertilizer is done and is topdressed, and every mu of fertilizing amount is N12kg, P
2O
54.0kg, K
2O10kg.To contain N46.0% urea (26.1kg), contain P
2O
555.2% calcium dihydrogen phosphate (7.3kg) and contain K
2The potassium sulphate of O 50% (20kg) is divided into 4 parts as one mu topdress, and the water-soluble pouring of gradation is executed, and survives rear pouring for the first time in romaine lettuce, drenches once, and has drenched for totally 4 times in later per 6 days.Second batch of romaine lettuce fertilising is with first batch.
After using the fertilizing method of present embodiment, first batch of romaine lettuce per mu yield increases by 5.64%, and the acrial part cadmium content reduces by 55.5%, and romaine lettuce vitamin C and soluble sugar content increase respectively 1.2% and 4.3%; Second batch of romaine lettuce per mu yield increases by 12.1%, the acrial part cadmium content reduces by 62.5%, romaine lettuce vitamin C and soluble sugar content increase respectively 2.1% and 4.0%, and soil pH is increased to 5.40, DTPA-Cd content by original 4.99 and is down to 0.16mg/kg by original 0.28mg/kg.
Embodiment 2
Be that field trial is carried out in the vegetable plot of 0.46mg/kg in soil Cd full dose.With the base manure of Powdered carbonization rice husk 300kg as 1 mu, plant continuously two batches of cabbage hearts, before cabbage heart sowing, spread fertilizer over the fields and even with the soil rake.Inorganic fertilizer is done and is topdressed, and every mu of fertilizing amount is N8kg, P
2O
53.4kg, K
2O6.4kg.To contain N11% nitrate of lime (60.9kg), contain N20%, contain P
2O
552.5% diammonium hydrogen phosphate (6.5kg) and contain K
2The potassium sulphate of O50% (12.8kg) is divided into 3 parts as one mu topdress, and the water-soluble pouring of gradation is executed, and drenches after the cabbage heart final singling for the first time, drenches once, and has drenched for totally 3 times in later per 5 days.Second batch of cabbage heart fertilising is with first batch.
After using the fertilizing method of present embodiment, first batch of cabbage heart per mu yield increases by 10.3%, and the acrial part cadmium content reduces by 44.0%, and cabbage heart vitamin C and soluble sugar content increase respectively 5.2% and 8.7%; Second batch of cabbage heart per mu yield increases by 12.8%, the acrial part cadmium content reduces by 51.0%, cabbage heart vitamin C and soluble sugar content increase respectively 3.3% and 5.6%, and soil pH is increased to 5.66, DTPA-Cd content by original 5.28 and is down to 0.25mg/kg by original 0.32mg/kg.
Embodiment 3
Be that field trial is carried out in the vegetable plot of 0.67mg/kg in soil Cd full dose. with the base manure of Powdered carbonization rice husk 250kg as 1 mu, first batch of plantation a variety of Chinese cabbage, second batch of plantation leaf mustard spread fertilizer over the fields before a variety of Chinese cabbage sowing and even with the soil rake.Every mu of fertilizing amount of a variety of Chinese cabbage is N8kg, P
2O
52.9kg, K
2O6.0kg, every mu of fertilizing amount of leaf mustard is N10kg, P
2O
52.9kg, K
2O9kg.To contain N46% urea (15.0kg), contain N20%, contain P
2O
552.5% diammonium hydrogen phosphate (5.5kg) and contain K
2The potassium sulphate of O50% (12kg) is divided into 3 parts as one mu topdress, and the water-soluble pouring of gradation is executed, and drenches after a variety of Chinese cabbage final singling for the first time, drenches once, and has drenched for totally 3 times in later per 6 days.After a variety of Chinese cabbage results, turn over, harrow even soil, the plantation leaf mustard.To contain N46% urea (21.7kg), contain P
2O
555.2% calcium dihydrogen phosphate (5.2kg) and contain K
2The potassium sulphate of O50% (18kg) is divided into 3 parts as one mu topdress, and the water-soluble pouring of gradation is executed, and drenches after the leaf mustard final singling for the first time, drenches once, and has drenched for totally 3 times in later per 8 days.
After using the fertilizing method of present embodiment, a variety of Chinese cabbage per mu yield slightly increases, and the acrial part cadmium content reduces by 38.3%, and Vitamin C content slightly increases, and soluble sugar content increases by 10.5%; The leaf mustard per mu yield increases by 13.9%, and the acrial part cadmium content reduces by 44.7%, and Vitamin C content increases by 2.9%, and soluble sugar content increases by 6.5%, and soil pH is increased to 6.20, DTPA-Cd content by original 5.72 and is down to 0.21mg/kg by original 0.38mg/kg.
Embodiment 4
Be that field trial is carried out in the vegetable plot of 0.83mg/kg in soil Cd full dose.With the base manure of shell shape carbonization rice husk 700kg as 1 mu, first batch of plantation three-coloured amaranth.Second batch of plantation Lettuce and spreads fertilizer over the fields before the three-coloured amaranth plantation and even with the soil rake.Every mu of fertilizing amount of three-coloured amaranth is N10kg, P
2O
52.9kg, K
2O8.0kg, every mu of fertilizing amount of Lettuce is N15kg, P
2O
54kg, K
2O10kg.To contain N46% urea (21.7kg), contain P
2O
555.2% calcium dihydrogen phosphate (5.2kg) and contain K
2The potassium sulphate of O50% (16kg) is divided into 3 parts as one mu topdress, and the water-soluble pouring of gradation is executed, and drenches after the three-coloured amaranth final singling for the first time, drenches once, and has drenched for totally 3 times in later per 5 days.After the three-coloured amaranth results, transplant Lettuce.To contain N46% urea (17.4kg), contain N11% nitrate of lime (50kg), contain N20%, contain P
2O
552.5% diammonium hydrogen phosphate (7.6kg) and contain K
2The potassium sulphate of O50% (20kg) is divided into 4 parts as one mu topdress, and the water-soluble pouring of gradation is executed, and survives rear pouring for the first time in Lettuce dish seedling, drenches once, and has drenched for totally 4 times in later per 10 days.
After using the fertilizing method of present embodiment, the three-coloured amaranth per mu yield increases by 10.2%, and the acrial part cadmium content reduces by 44.5%, and Lettuce Vitamin C content and soluble sugar content increase respectively 4.3% and 3.9%; The Lettuce per mu yield increases by 17.3%, the acrial part cadmium content reduces by 64.5%, Lettuce Vitamin C content and soluble sugar content increase respectively 4.3% and 3.9%, and soil pH is increased to 6.77, DTPA-Cd content by original 6.43 and is down to 0.13mg/kg by original 0.24mg/kg.
The above only is preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is in order to limit the present invention, within the spirit and principles in the present invention not all, any modification of doing, is equal to replacement, improvement etc., all should be included within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. one kind is reduced the exceed standard fertilizing method of vegetable plot leaf vegetables cadmium content of cadmium, it is characterized in that, may further comprise the steps:
(1) with carbonization rice husk as base manure, before leaf vegetables sowing, spread fertilizer over the fields and even with the soil rake, or transplant before the leaf vegetables described carbonization rice husk buriing in planting ditch;
(2) topdress with the inorganic fertilizer conduct, after described leaf vegetables final singling or surviving, drench as topdressing with the inorganic fertilizer that is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium again and execute.
2. the reduction cadmium according to claim 1 fertilizing method of vegetable plot leaf vegetables cadmium content that exceeds standard is characterized in that,
In the described step (1), use described carbonization rice husk 250～750kg for every mu.
3. the reduction cadmium according to claim 1 and 2 fertilizing method of vegetable plot leaf vegetables cadmium content that exceeds standard is characterized in that,
In the described step (2), described inorganic fertilizer is divided equally 3 parts or 4 parts of water-soluble pouring and is executed, and drenches for the first time in the leaf vegetables final singling or after surviving, and drenches once in later 5～10 days, drenches altogether 3 times or 4 times, and described inorganic fertilizer is given every mu and provided N5～15kg, P
2O
51.6～4.0kg, K
2O5.0～15.0kg.
4. the reduction cadmium according to claim 3 fertilizing method of vegetable plot leaf vegetables cadmium content that exceeds standard is characterized in that,
Described carbonization rice husk is the product after rice husk or powdered rice hulls process are smouldered, and contains abundant carbon, silicon and potassium, and contains a small amount of N, P, Ca, Mg, Fe and various trace elements.
5. the reduction cadmium according to claim 3 fertilizing method of vegetable plot leaf vegetables cadmium content that exceeds standard is characterized in that,
Described inorganic fertilizer is by two or more simple substance or the mixed fertilizer that forms of binary compound fertilizer;
Described N is by containing urea more than the N46wt%, contain nitrate of lime more than the N11wt%, at least a the providing in the diammonium hydrogen phosphate more than the N20wt% being provided;
Wherein, P is by containing P
2O
5The diammonium hydrogen phosphate that 50wt% is above or contain P
2O
5The above calcium dihydrogen phosphate of 53wt% provides, and K is by containing K
2The above potassium sulphate of O50wt% provides.
6. the reduction cadmium according to claim 3 fertilizing method of vegetable plot leaf vegetables cadmium content that exceeds standard is characterized in that described leaf vegetables is selected from romaine lettuce, cabbage heart, a variety of Chinese cabbage, leaf mustard, Lettuce, spinach, water spinach, cabbage, green water cress or three-coloured amaranth.
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| CN106804351A (en) * | 2015-11-30 | 2017-06-09 | 湖南安邦新农业科技股份有限公司 | A kind of method of heavy metal cadmium content in use silico-calcium phosphate fertilizer reduction rice |
| CN107223430A (en) * | 2017-06-15 | 2017-10-03 | 北京市农林科学院 | A kind of agricultural method for obstructing Cd validity in facility leaf vegetables soil |
| CN110140620A (en) * | 2019-05-08 | 2019-08-20 | 广州新农科肥业科技有限公司 | A method of resistance control Chinese Drug Rhizomes of Coptis cadmium pollution |
| CN113892329A (en) * | 2021-10-27 | 2022-01-07 | 上海市农业科学院 | Fertilizing method for reducing heavy metal content and effectiveness of soil and application |
| CN114375663A (en) * | 2021-12-27 | 2022-04-22 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 | Nitrogen fertilizer application method for planting vegetables in cadmium-copper combined polluted soil |
| CN114916278A (en) * | 2022-04-11 | 2022-08-19 | 海南省农业科学院农业环境与土壤研究所 | Soil improvement method for vegetable planting |
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