CN102972189A - Greenhouse cultivation method for small-size watermelons - Google Patents
Greenhouse cultivation method for small-size watermelons Download PDFInfo
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- CN102972189A CN102972189A CN2012105244785A CN201210524478A CN102972189A CN 102972189 A CN102972189 A CN 102972189A CN 2012105244785 A CN2012105244785 A CN 2012105244785A CN 201210524478 A CN201210524478 A CN 201210524478A CN 102972189 A CN102972189 A CN 102972189A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a greenhouse cultivation method for small-size watermelons. The greenhouse cultivation method comprises the following steps of: firstly, growing seedlings in a seedling tray; planting watermelon seedlings growing to two leaves and one core to the inside of a greenhouse; and controlling water and fertilizer in the growing process of the watermelon seedlings to ensure that the watermelons are better grown and developed and fruit setting rate and fruit quality are improved. In the whole production process, water is applied by adopting a drip irrigation mode and soil at roots of plants is always kept wet, so that the demand of plants on water is met and the waste of water resources is avoided; at stem growing phase, fertilizer is applied by adopting a drip irrigation mode, so that the water and the fertilizer are simultaneously applied, more traditional work procedures of separately irrigating and applying fertilizer and pesticide are omitted, work amount is reduced, work efficiency is increased and utilization rate of the water and the fertilizer is increased; the greenhouse can play a role of an insect-proof screen, so that insect pests are reduced; and the plants are reasonably pruned at the steam growing phase, the flowering phase and the expansion phase, so that the fruit setting and the fruit quality are improved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the cultivating watermelon method, relate in particular to a kind of small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method.
Background technology
Watermelon is the good merchantable brand that quenches one's thirst of relieving summer heat that liked by the consumer, along with the raising of people's living standard, designs and varieties and the quality and flavor of watermelon is had higher requirement.Traditional watermelon product all is the large-scale kind of 4～6kg, and the small watermelon new varieties that a kind of 1.5～2.0kg is heavy are in recent years come out, Representative Cultivars such as early spring carbuncle, area under cultivation is enlarging year by year.The fine and tender taste of small watermelon kind is crisp, and the succulence wish is dripped, and entrance is instant, and center sugar reaches 12～13 degree, and local flavor is graceful, and quality is splendid.The growth characteristics of small watermelon and large-scale watermelon are different, but at present the cultivation method of small watermelon also mainly is the cultivation method that large-scale watermelon is adopted in continuity, cause the fruit quality, output etc. of small watermelon to be affected.In traditional cultivating watermelon method, the irrigation methods such as furrow irrigation, flood irrigation or artificial trickle all exist high, the not time-consuming shortcoming of water resource utilization efficiency.Therefore, need a kind of greenhouse cultivation method that is suitable for small watermelon.
Summary of the invention
For above-mentioned technical problem, the invention provides a kind of small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method that improves plant amount in the unit are, improves the liquid manure utilization ratio and improve output.
Technical scheme provided by the invention is:
A kind of small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method may further comprise the steps:
Step 1, presprouting of seeds;
Step 2, the planting seed that will process through described step 1 are grown seedlings in the seedling dish;
Step 3, grow to the melon seedling field planting wholeheartedly of two leaves in booth when what cultivate in the step 2, the complete strain melon seedling of every plantation carries out trickle to this melon seedling, and melon seedling line-spacing is 0.7～3.5m, and the spacing in the rows of melon seedling is 0.4～0.9m in each row;
Step 4, apply base manure;
Step 5, stretch the climing phase plant is pruned, the training process comprises: keep main climing, it is climing to extract son, and 32～35 climing joints of the master who keeps are plucked the top, stretches the climing phase and applies fertilizer in the mode of drip irrigation, wherein, apply fertilizer by following process implementation in the mode of drip irrigation, fertilizer is dissolved in the water, and is applied in the plant root by the drip irrigation webmaster, regularly drip to the plant root by the drip irrigation webmaster stretching the climing phase, make the plant root soil keep moistening;
Step 6, flowering stage are chosen in the position pollination of the 2nd～3 female flower joint when main climing when growing to 19～25 joint, and prune to plant flowering stage, the training process comprises: keep main climing, it is climing to extract son, drips to the plant root by the drip irrigation webmaster in flowering stage, makes the plant root soil keep moistening;
Step 7, expanding stage are pruned to plant, the training process comprises when plant grows to 32～35 leaves pinches, and with the climing excision of son, at expanding stage when melon goose egg is large, apply fertilizer in the mode that pouring is executed, the mode of again executing with pouring when melon grows to 0.5～1kg is applied fertilizer, and expanding stage drips to the plant root by the drip irrigation webmaster, makes the plant root soil keep moistening;
Step 8, as a result the later stage the melon maturation stop in previous week drip.
Preferably, in the described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in the described step 2, carry out the extermination of disease and insect pest to the melon seedling seedling stage, and seedling stage diseases and pests comprises damping off, prodenia litura, aphid and thrips.
Preferably, in the described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in described step 5, step 7 and the step 8, stretch climing phase, expanding stage and the later stage is carried out the extermination of disease and insect pest to plant as a result, wherein, stretch climing phase damage by disease and insect and comprise fusarium wilt, powdery mildew, climing rot, downy mildew, anthracnose, epidemic disease, root knot nematode disease, bacterial leaf spot, Acidovorax Avenae Subsp. Citrulli, Bacterial fruit blotch, virus disease, watermelon spot disease, aphid, aleyrodid, prodenia litura, melon thin,tough silk snout moth's larva, thrips and liriomyza bryoniae.
Preferably, in the described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in the described step 5, stretch the training process of climing phase and carry out at fine day, and every training 1～2 row plant, 70% alcohol disinfecting hand used once.
Preferably, in the described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in the described step 6, the blade face of the forward direction plant that blooms applies foliage fertilizer.
Preferably, in the described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in the described step 7, expanding stage selects melon, selects the melon process to be: when melon grows to the fist melon of selecting and remain when large, a plant stays a melon.
Preferably, in the described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in the described step 7, expanding stage hangs melon, hangs the melon process and is: when melon grows to 0.25kg, melon is hung to melon handle base portion.
Preferably, in the described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in the described step 8, the later stage applies foliage fertilizer to plant as a result.
Preferably, in the described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, the kind of described small watermelon is red tiger, slightly rich, Mo Tong, honey child, the beautiful watermelon of emperor, Xing Hua or colored kylin.
Small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method of the present invention is at first grown seedlings in the seedling dish, will grow to the melon seedling field planting wholeheartedly of two leaves in booth, liquid manure in the control melon seedling process of growth, and watermelon growing physically well develops, and fruit-setting rate and fruit quality all are improved; In whole process of growth, all adopt the mode of drip irrigation to execute water, remain that the plant root soil keeps moistening, both satisfied the needs of plant for water, again waste water resource not; Stretch the climing phase and apply fertilizer in the mode of drip irrigation, Shi Shui and fertilising are carried out synchronously, saved traditional irrigation, fertilizer, agricultural chemicals and separately carried out a lot of operations in the situation, reduce workload, improved operating efficiency, also improved water and fertilizer utilization; Booth can play the effect of fly net, has also reduced the generation of insect pest; Plant is reasonably pruned stretching climing phase, flowering stage and expanding stage, improve fruit-setting rate and fruit quality.
Embodiment
Below the present invention is described in further detail, can implement according to this with reference to the specification literal to make those skilled in the art.
The invention provides a kind of small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, may further comprise the steps:
Step 1, presprouting of seeds;
Step 2, the planting seed that will process through described step 1 are grown seedlings in the seedling dish;
Step 3, grow to the melon seedling field planting wholeheartedly of two leaves in booth when what cultivate in the step 2, the complete strain melon seedling of every plantation carries out trickle to this melon seedling, and melon seedling line-spacing is 0.7～3.5m, and the spacing in the rows of melon seedling is 0.4～0.9m in each row;
Step 4, apply base manure;
Step 5, stretch the climing phase plant is pruned, the training process comprises: keep main climing, it is climing to extract son, and 32～35 climing joints of the master who keeps are plucked the top, stretches the climing phase and applies fertilizer in the mode of drip irrigation, wherein, apply fertilizer by following process implementation in the mode of drip irrigation, fertilizer is dissolved in the water, and is applied in the plant root by the drip irrigation webmaster, regularly drip to the plant root by the drip irrigation webmaster stretching the climing phase, make the plant root soil keep moistening;
Step 6, flowering stage are chosen in the position pollination of the 2nd～3 female flower joint when main climing when growing to 19～25 joint, and prune to plant flowering stage, the training process comprises: keep main climing, it is climing to extract son, drips to the plant root by the drip irrigation webmaster in flowering stage, makes the plant root soil keep moistening;
Step 7, expanding stage are pruned to plant, the training process comprises when plant grows to 32～35 leaves pinches, and with the climing excision of son, at expanding stage when melon goose egg is large, apply fertilizer in the mode that pouring is executed, the mode of again executing with pouring when melon grows to 0.5～1kg is applied fertilizer, and expanding stage drips to the plant root by the drip irrigation webmaster, makes the plant root soil keep moistening;
Step 8, as a result the later stage the melon maturation stop in previous week drip.
In the described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in the described step 2, carry out the extermination of disease and insect pest to the melon seedling seedling stage, and seedling stage diseases and pests comprises damping off, prodenia litura, aphid and thrips.
In the described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in described step 5, step 7 and the step 8, stretch climing phase, expanding stage and the later stage is carried out the extermination of disease and insect pest to plant as a result, wherein, stretch climing phase damage by disease and insect and comprise fusarium wilt, powdery mildew, climing rot, downy mildew, anthracnose, epidemic disease, root knot nematode disease, bacterial leaf spot, Acidovorax Avenae Subsp. Citrulli, Bacterial fruit blotch, virus disease, watermelon spot disease, aphid, aleyrodid, prodenia litura, melon thin,tough silk snout moth's larva, thrips and liriomyza bryoniae.
In the described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in the described step 5, stretch the training process of climing phase and carry out at fine day, and every training 1～2 row plant, 70% alcohol disinfecting hand used once.
In the described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in the described step 6, the blade face of the forward direction plant that blooms applies foliage fertilizer.
In the described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in the described step 7, expanding stage selects melon, selects the melon process to be: when melon grows to the fist melon of selecting and remain when large, a plant stays a melon.
In the described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in the described step 7, expanding stage hangs melon, hangs the melon process and is: when melon grows to 0.25kg, melon is hung to melon handle base portion.
In the described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, in the described step 8, the later stage applies foliage fertilizer to plant as a result.
In the described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method, the kind of described small watermelon is red tiger, slightly rich, Mo Tong, honey child, the beautiful watermelon of emperor, Xing Hua or colored kylin.
Sowing time of the present invention is: spring, picking time was by the end of April to late May by the end of January to late Febuary; Early June in summer, late August picking time was to mid-September to early July; Late August in autumn, early November picking time was to early December to late September.
Below cultivation method of the present invention is described.
Cultivate strong sprout seedling stage
Nutritive soil preparation: with 10 parts of broken last bagasse, loosen the soil 3 parts without worm's ovum, 2 parts of mixed preparing of the domestic animals and fowls ight soil that becomes thoroughly decomposed form, every cubic metre of aggregate sample adds superphosphate 1kg, diammonium phosphate 1.5～2.0kg, carbendazim 80g (or thiophanate methyl 80g), chlorophos 60g, abundant mixing, the vexed system of epiphragma 10～15 days.
Presprouting of seeds: with Seed soaking 5～6h, pulling seed out adds lime white and cleans the colloid of kind of skin and carry out disinfection, then clean with clear water, clear water soaks 10min again, after pulling airing the surface of the seed moisture content out, as then will crack out seed tip portion (being advisable not injure seed embryo) between the teeth without the seed melon, encase seed with half-dried wet towel, 30～32 ℃ of constant temperature, vernalization can be sowed when 36h treats that the seed bud grows to 2mm.
Sowing: mould sprout-tray seedling growth (56 hole seedling dish) with large nutrition, put the Nutrition Soil of 3/4 preparation in the dish, the flat sleeping program request of seed, 1 in each hole, with broadcasting with covering the preparation Nutrition Soil, seed is in time looked into seedling in 5 days and is filled the gaps with seedlings.
Seedbed management: temperature is controlled at about 25 ℃, in order to emerging, does not water before generally emerging, and will in time rehabilitate when emerging, and clamps in case plant shell, and the impact growth notices that simultaneously the ventilation hardening prevents damping off.
The bed rot control: the cotyledon period of being everlasting of falling ill, their early stage children's stem place near the ground is water stain shape scab, gradually flavescence brown, hanging shortens wire into, and cotyledon is wilted, and the seedling lodging is dead.Can select the many 750 times of liquid of Kapp or 1500 times of liquid ten good fortune in wonderful time field to execute strong 2000 times of liquid, spray blade face and seedling base portion.
Prodenia litura control: adopt the black light lamps adult, adopt simultaneously chemical control.Wherein, chemical control: contain to send out the phase at low instar larvae and eliminate 1500 times of liquid of suspending agent, 2500 times of liquid of 5% Frontline suspending agent, 5.7% hundred with 10% and set to such an extent that 4000 times of liquid of missible oil, 3000 times of liquid of 4.5% efficient cis-, trans-cypermethrin missible oil, 1500 times of liquid of the happy missible oil of 52.25% farmland, 800 times of liquid of 90% chlorophos, 1000 times of liquid of 80% dichlorvos, 35% are matched 1000 times of liquid of red missible oil, 3000～4000 times of liquid of 2.5% decis and the agricultural chemicals such as No. 3, the young urea of going out is sprayed.
Control of aphids: adopt yellow plate trapping, adopt simultaneously chemical control.The preparation method of yellow inducing aphids plate is at first to be coated with the machine oil of layer of transparent at yellow hardboard, fiber board or three-ply board; Also can drive alatae at a head suspension silver gray film of melon patch, not allow them land and lay eggs.Chemical control: 2000～3000 times of liquid such as available 20% Belmark or 2.5% decis, 2.5% time, 40% chrysanthemum horse soluble oil spray.
Thrips control: covering with plastic film, can reduce melon thrips causing harm to the melon seedling; Remove near the wild Solanaceae plant in melon patch, reduce the worm source; Chemical control.Wherein, chemical control: strengthen the inspection of field insect pest situation according to local detecting and reporting pest information, when every strain insect population has 3～5, should spray the medicine control.4000～6000 times of liquid of available 10% imidacloprid wettable powder, or 1000 times of liquid of 25% quintiofos cream, or 1000 times of liquid of 50% Padan's soluble powder, or 4000 times of liquid sprayings of pyrethroid medicament.
Field planting: can be chosen in fine field planting when the seedling in the seedling dish grows to two leaves wholeheartedly the time, finish at once trickle of a strain during high temperature field planting.Every canopy kind 6 row, 1.1 * 0.4 meters of plantation specifications, every 667m
2(mu) plantation 1500 seedlings.
Use sufficient base manure: when adopting the soil plantation, every 667m
2(mu) executes 15: 15: 15 nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 50kg, chicken droppings+superphosphate stack retting well-rotted farmyard manure 100040kg, and potassium sulphate 40kg, 3 of chlopyrifos 8.0kg or line enemies No., nutrition password 15kg evenly applies in the plantation ditch and mixes thoroughly.When adopting the matrix plantation, make base manure with matrix, every 667m
2Adding 15: 15: 15 nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 30kg, chlopyrifos 8.0kg mixes with matrix.During substrate preparation, host material comprises that bagasse, cassava skin, coal ash, poultry manure, fertility add, how anti-888, line enemy No. one, zinc sulphate, magnesium sulfate, iron sulfate, borax, fused calcium magnesium phosphate and Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium.Wherein, the proportioning of each composition is: the wherein a kind of 1t in bagasse or the cassava skin, coal ash 0.5t, the wherein a kind of 0.5t in the livestock or poultry ight soil, fertility adds 30kg, many anti-888 liang of bags, 3～5 of line enemies No., fused calcium magnesium phosphate 30～40kg, nutrition password 15kg, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium 40～50kg, zinc sulphate, magnesium sulfate, iron sulfate, borax etc. are an amount of.Above-mentioned host material mixed stack retting 3～4 months by proportioning.
Stretch climing period management: the action of stretching climing period management mainly is fertilising, hangs climing, training, the extermination of disease and insect pest and spray foliage fertilizer.
(1) fertilising: every 667m
2Use urea 10kg, 15: 15: 15 nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 30kg drip irrigations.
(2) hang climing: aim at each plant and hang thin piece of string, will lead climing being entangled on the rope.
(3) training: climing outer sub climingly all destroy of main melon, 32～35 joints are plucked the top, pluck and push up all sub climingly all destroy, training is pinched and should be selected fine day to carry out, should not whole skill beat bud during overcast and rainy high humidity, with 70% alcohol disinfecting hand, every dozen of complete 1～2 row are sterilized 1 time when beating bud at every turn.
(4) water management: the climing front water that needs that falls is less, stretches climing rear regularly dripping and keeps root moistening on every side.
The extermination of disease and insect pest: the incidental damage by disease and insect of small watermelon comprises fusarium wilt, powdery mildew, climing rot, downy mildew, anthracnose, epidemic disease, root knot nematode disease, bacterial leaf spot, Acidovorax Avenae Subsp. Citrulli, Bacterial fruit blotch, virus disease, watermelon spot disease, aphid, aleyrodid, prodenia litura, melon thin,tough silk snout moth's larva, thrips, liriomyza bryoniae.
(1) fusarium wilt
Disease symptom: wilt noon of beginning blade recovers sagging dusk, and whole strain in 2-4 days is wilted repeatedly.Root and rhizome section browning, contraction or rotten.Cut visible vascular bundle browning look open.
Control: 1. grafting diseases prevention, cucurbit or pumpkin; 2. place with good conditionsi can crop rotation, avoids continuous cropping; 3. find that diseased plant should in time be dialled and remove, the rhizosphere soil powder sterilization that limes; 4. dead seedling and rear withered climing should the focusing on of removing of dialling of uprooting plants after their edible portions have been harvested should not abandoned everywhere, make compost and must fully become thoroughly decomposed as being used as; 5. medicament control: during field planting, their early stage fills with root, medicament adopts dislikes that mould spirit adds tmtd or metalaxyl adds tmtd.
(2) powdery mildew
Disease symptom: the main harm blade, also endanger stem and petiole, plant can be injured from seedling, but the heaviest with the middle and later periods morbidity.Just on the blade face or blade back produce the rotund white mildew of white, more with the blade face.Form in flakes gradually irregular large stretch of white powder macular area, edge, the above is covered with white powder.Last blade gradually flavescence withers vertically, and the state of an illness continues development, and sick leaf is withered at last, and the color of white powder also gradually becomes canescence or taupe.
Control: 1. greenhouse cultivation notes reducing field humidity; 2. use sufficient base manure, not single nitrogenous fertilizer that uses suitably is used phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer, the fertile early ageing of anti-anti-avulsion; 3. medicament: 15% triazolone wp1500 doubly, 40% lucky star EC8000 doubly, triadimefon, Pu Like or a Mai Ke etc., every spray in 7～10 days once, connect and spray 2～3 times, the even spray foot of spray.
(3) climing rot
Disease symptom: the branch place that is everlasting begins morbidity, yellowish-brown, and a common side slat shape brown scab, suberification when serious, gummosis, blade edge is downright bad.
The control: 1. use disease-free seed or seed disinfection (100 times of formalin, 15min); 2. Controlled irrigation, in time draining reduces humidity; 3. in time training is pruned and is kept down the vines of a creeping plant, and improves field ventilation and penetrating light condition; 4. chemical control: tpn, thiophanate methyl, mancozeb, anti-withered prestige, generation height, rizolex and metalaxyl-mn-zn spray or smear.
(4) downy mildew
Disease symptom: blade is injured, and irregular shape chlorisis spot occurs on the blade face first, and with PD, scab is because being subjected to the vein restriction to be polygonal, and is yellow to yellowish-brown.Cause the blade flavescence when serious, cause eventually witheredly, during high humidity, blade back spot face length goes out yellow-gray to puce sparse mould layer.
Control: 1. note ventilation and penetrating light, reduce humidity; 2. their early stage in time sprays the medicine control, medicament can be with 1000 times of liquid of 69% Acrobat MZ water dispersible granules, or 600 times of liquid of 72% gram dew wetting powder, or 800 times of liquid of 25% metalaxyl wetting powder, or 200 times of liquid of 40% aliette wetting powder, or 400 times of liquid of 64% Sandofan wetting powder, or 500 times of liquid of 58% metalaxyl manganese-zinc wettable powder, or eliminate 600 times of liquid sprayings of Lingshui Spring agent, connect and spray 2～3 times, about 7～10 days 1 time.Note by turns medication.
(5) anthracnose
Disease symptom: the blade morbidity, subcircular or circular brown or pitchy scab appear in the edge, and upper scattered black small grain point or pale red stick the shape thing, and often there is the pitchy haloing scab periphery.Scab easily breaks, bores a hole when dry.Climing or the petiole morbidity of melon just is water soaking mode yellowish-brown Long Circle spot, slightly depression.Fruit is caught an illness and just is the water soaking mode spot, after expand to brown circle spot or Long Circle spot, depression slightly, sometimes be full of cracks, the glutinous shape thing of visible pink on scab when moist.
Control: 1. avoid in the plantation of the plot of hypsography low-lying, impeded drainage, in time draining behind the rain, applying organic manure and phosphorus potash fertilizer are avoided inclined to one side nitrogen fertilizer application in good time, and rational close planting in time weeds a garden and sick leaf, keeps well-ventilated in the ranks, makes the robust plant growth; 2. their early stage, can spray 800 times of liquid of 75% tpn wetting powder, but or 2500 times of liquid of 50% carbendazim wet-milling, or 1000 times of liquid of 50% sporgon wetting powder, or 500 times of liquid of 45% TBZ suspending agent, or 800 times of liquid of 70% mancozeb wettable powder, or 72.2% general 800 times of liquid of aqua of making every effort to overcome, or 77% can kill to get 500 times of liquid of wettable particulate pulvis, every medication in 7～10 days 1 time, prevents and treats continuously 3～4 times.
(6) epidemic disease
Disease symptom: eustipes part produces the water stain shape scab of dirty-green, and browning rots when moist, and the above cauline leaf in the position that is injured is withered; Produce the larger scab of the water stain shape of dirty-green subcircular on the leaf, the edge is not obvious, is Bluish white afterwards, and is easily broken; Sometimes blade is wilted; Produce subcircular depression brown scab on the fruit, the mould layer of disease section adularescent when moist.
Control: 1. Controlled irrigation, prevent field ponding, reduce humidity; 2. field health: in time extract the disease melon; 3. use anosis fertilizer; 4. period of disease litters under melon, can alleviate the state of an illness; 5. chemical control: premorbid or their early stage, in time spray 600 times of 58% metalaxyl-mn-zns, 72.2% general 800 times of the white copper of 800 times in aqua, 500 times of 70% aliette MnZns, 500 times of 64% Sandofans and 50% first of making every effort to overcome.
(7) root knot nematode disease
Disease symptom: aerial growth is bad, and jaundice is short and small, and like fertilizer deficiency lack of water shape, plant is dead when serious; Produce knob not of uniform size on the underground part root division, just white, rear browning rots, and easily pulls up.
Control: 1. crop rotation, preferably rice field-upland field rotation; 2. applying organic manure; 3. soil deeptillage (more than the 26cm); 4. remove invalid body, reduce the bacterium source; 5. chemical control: 3% meter Le Er 3kg/ mu and the red 2kg/ mu of 10% gram line etc.
(8) bacterial leaf spot
Disease symptom: the irregular shape of face of blade scab, the visible scab of blade back is limited by vein, slightly depression.
Control: keep the field ventilation and penetrating light; Medicament can with can kill, give birth to or agricultural streptomycin greatly.
(9) Acidovorax Avenae Subsp. Citrulli
Disease symptom: expand along vein; Can cause dead leaf, mashed melon; Seed-borne fungi.
Control: same Bacterial fruit blotch.
(10) Bacterial fruit blotch
Disease symptom: seedling stage is susceptible, the water soaking mode spot occurs at the back side of watermelon seedlings cotyledon first, and after cotyledon opened, the water soaking mode spot progressively became dark brown, and caused Acidovorax Avenae Subsp. Citrulli.Cotyledon generation browning is withered.The knot melon phase is susceptible, near the maturing stage obvious symptom can appear at watermelon generally, the spot that occurs first water soaking mode or oil immersion shape at the nearly melon umbilical region of watermelon epidermis, be extended to rapidly afterwards the dirty-green water soaking mode patch of large-scale irregular, the scab edge is irregular, expansion spreads rapidly, can be covered with whole melon face in general 7 days.During high humidity, but morning adularescent bacterial ooze overflow, along with the progressively expansion of the state of an illness, cause watermelon melon skin breach, very easily cause infecting of other germs and microorganism, often can overflow sticky, transparent brown bacterial ooze, watermelon is very fast to rot.
Control: add 0.3% composite fertilizer with 800～1000 times of agricultural streptomycins or planting frost element and drench root.Before blooming once, the florescence once, the large h of fruit fist once, totally 3～4 times.Simultaneously suitably with killing to such an extent that add streptomycin dead leaf sprinkling 2～3 times.Beating bud and pollination stage notes with 7% concentration alcohol disinfecting hand and instrument.
(11) virus disease
Disease symptom: floral leaf, deformity; Aphis propagation.
Control: 1. watermelon field reduces virus and propagates chance away from field of vegetables; 2. reserve seed for planting without diseased plant, or seed soaks 2h again with 55 degree water seed soaking 15min in 25～30 ℃ of warm water, also available 10% tertiary sodium phosphate seed soaking 20min afterwash sowing, but passivation is viral; 3. use sufficient base manure, increasing application phosphorus potassium fertilizer promotes the growth of melon seedling; 4. early pull out diseased plant; 5. reduce contagion; 6. prevent eliminating aphis: Rogor, time, decis; 7. chemical control: premorbid or the their early stage spray medicines such as 1.5% ZhiBingLing(SIC), 20% viral A, 5% octicin solution, 9% viral K or 20% virus are peaceful.
(12) watermelon spot disease
Disease symptom: just dirty-green subcircular scab occurs at blade, slightly be water soaking mode, develop into later on yellowish-brownly to puce subcircular or unsetting scab, little tool wheel line be canescence in the middle of the scab, is with yellow swooning outward.
Control: 800 times of liquid of available 50% iprodione wetting powder spray after adding 600 times of liquid mixing of 70% thiophanate methyl wetting powder, or add with 800 times of liquid of 50% iprodione wetting powder and to spray after 450 times of liquid of the U.S. wetting powder of 80% anthrax good fortune mix, perhaps select 400～500 times of liquid of 50% anilazine wetting powder, or 800 times of liquid of 80% large living wetting powder, or 6% pleasure must plough 1000 times of liquid of wetting powder, or 500 times of sprayings such as liquid of 40% polysulfide suspending agent.
(13) aphid
The method of preventing and treating same seedling stage.
(14) aleyrodid
Control: 1. clean the rural area and remove peripheral weeds; 2. yellow plate trapping; 3. chemical control: the happy water dispersant of 70% Amy, the safe water dispersant of 25% Acker, 1.8% Avermectin, 48% chlopyrifos, 10% Imidacloprid, 5% Frontline or 2.5% king's magnitude.
(15) prodenia litura
The method of preventing and treating same seedling stage.
(16) melon thin,tough silk snout moth's larva
Control: clean the melon patch after 1. receiving melon, collect residual body; 2. timely plowed soils is poured water; 3. light trap, the frequency ventilating type insecticidal lamp that uses with good conditionsi; 4. medicament: 1500 times of liquid of 5% Frontline suspending agent, 4000 times of liquid of 15% safety hit suspending agent, 1500 times of liquid of the happy missible oil of 52.25% farmland, 1000 times of liquid of 24% methoxyfenozide suspending agent, 1500 times of liquid of 10% chlorfenapyr suspending agent, 1500 times of liquid of 1.8% abamectin emulsifiable concentrate, 1500 times of liquid of 2.5% pleocidin suspension, 1000 times of liquid of 2.5% UC 62644 missible oil, 1000 times of liquid of 40% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate, 1000 times of liquid of 0.36% matrine missible oil or 1000 times of liquid of 20% fenvalerate.
(17) thrips
The method of preventing and treating same seedling stage.
(18) liriomyza bryoniae
Control: 1. at the adult occurance peak, adopt yellow plate trapping adult, every mu of field arranges 15～20 trapping points, changes plate once in 3 days; 2. chemical control: can select 3000～5000 times of liquid of 75% cyromazine wetting powder, 1000 times of liquid of 80% DDT EC, 1000 times of liquid of 48% Le Siben missible oil, 1% Avermectin (Arermecinbla, 7051 desinsections element, A Wei worm are clear etc.) 1500 times of liquid of missible oil, 500 times of liquid of the happy missible oil of 52.5% farmland or 3000 times of liquid of 2.5% decis (decis) missible oil, every 7 days 1 time, continuous 2～3 times.Attention is used alternatingly.
The management in flowering stage: the action of management was pollination, training, diseases and pests controlling, water and fertilizer management and sprayed foliage fertilizer flowering stage.
(1) pollination: grew to for 19～25 whens joint in that the watermelon master is climing, be chosen in the position pollination of the 2nd～3 female flower joint, pollination generally began in the morning in 7 o'clock, and it is better to finish Pollination Effect in 11: 30.
(2) training: reservation is main climing, the climing whole excisions of all the other sons.
(3) water and fertilizer management: the florescence does not generally apply fertilizer, controls and drip, in order to pollination seat melon.
(4) foliage fertilizer: it is front with the many 800 times of spray blade faces of 1500 times+boron of honor product friend to bloom.
The expanding stage management: the working contents of expanding stage management is fertilising, selects melon, training, water management, foliage fertilizer, hangs melon and the extermination of disease and insect pest.
(1) fertilising: when melon goose egg was large, every mu added 5kg (or composite fertilizer 5kg jin)+fertile 1kg of oily fertile 5kg+ boron zinc-magnesium with fertility and water 600kg is drenched execute; (or the huge energy of composite fertilizer 5kg+ potash fertilizer 4kg (or getting a marine alga tortoise beetle) drenches water 600kg and executes to add 5kg in fertility of pouring during melon 0.5～1kg.
(2) select melon: the melon of selecting and remain when melon is large to fist greatly, a strain is stayed one.The principle one of staying melon is the curcumbitate rounding, without deformity, meets varietal characteristic.
(3) training: can pinch the climing excision of bundle during melon seedling length to 32～35 leaves.
(4) water management: keep ground moistening, avoid too dried, easily cause for dilutional hyponatremia and split melon.
(5) hang melon: when melon has half jin heavy, melon is sling.Make a call to a retainer plate at an end of rope first, then up overlap from the fruit lower end and move the carpopodium base portion to, rely on as a result branch extension hanging prop.
As a result final-period management
(1) extermination of disease and insect pest is with last.
(2) foliage fertilizer: increase 300 times of the general Luo Dan of potassium (or 500 times of sprinklings of Han Jinye potassium blade face during the spray medicine.)
(3) water management: melon stops to drip ripe the last week.
(4) gather classification, packing, listing.27～30 days fruit maturations can be gathered in the crops after the female flower pollination, and it is minute grade packaged to be careful when gathering.
The kind that the present invention is applicable to small watermelon is red tiger, slightly rich, Mo Tong, honey child, the beautiful watermelon of emperor, Xing Hua or colored kylin.
(1) Mo Tong (small-sized without the seed melon)
This kind is just reaching seed Co., Ltd first by Shouguang to be bred, and melon is examined No. 2006010 in osmanthus.
Feature: this kind fruit was sowed in spring average 29 days average 27 days of autumn sowing breeding time.The plant growing way is prosperous, and minute principal stresses, growth potential and disease resistance are strong.The first female flower joint position 6 joints, female flower spacer knobs position 6 joints are easily beared fruit, fruit commodity rate 96.1%, mean fruit weight 2.78kg, fruit is circular, and epidermis is blackish green cured powder.Pericarp 0.9cm, center pol average out to 12.5, section is good, but a small amount of black seed is arranged, the pulp large red, fiber is few, and the juice multi-flavor is sweet, and matter is carefully tasty and refreshing, and mouthfeel is good, and local flavor is good, and pericarp is firmly tough, storage tolerance.
Cultivation technique measure: stand cultivation seeding row spacing 0.6～0.9m, cultivation seeding row spacing 0.7～1.8m with climbing, 3 fruits are stayed in three climing trainings, and are equipped with 10% diploid watermelon as pollinated variety, are its pollination in female flower flowering stage with the male flower of pollinated variety.Select the medium soil of soil fertility, for improving fruit-setting rate and fruit quality, nitrogenous fertilizer when base fertilizer should lack.The phase of bearing fruit is answered Controlled irrigation for improving fruit-setting rate and fruit quality and fruit storing property, reduces the amount of application of nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, increases the amount of application of potash fertilizer.
(2) honey virgin (small-sized without the seed melon)
This kind is just reaching seed Co., Ltd first by Shouguang to be bred, and melon is examined No. 2006010 in osmanthus.
Feature: this kind fruit was sowed in spring average 29 days average 29 days of autumn sowing breeding time.The plant growing way is prosperous, and minute principal stresses is strong, and growth potential and disease resistance are strong.Easily bear fruit, fruit commodity rate 94.6%, mean fruit weight 2.97kg, fruit is circular to high circular, fruit shape index 1.1, carpopodium is long, and flower leather strap band is clear, the dark green band of epidermis green cloth, pericarp 0.9cm, center pol average out to 12.2, pulp is bright red, and section is better, and is good without the seed proterties, fiber is few, and the juice multi-flavor is sweet, and matter is carefully tasty and refreshing, mouthfeel is good, and pericarp is firmly tough, than storage tolerance.
Cultivation technique measure: stand cultivation seeding row spacing 0.6～0.9m, cultivation seeding row spacing 0.7～1.8m with climbing, 3 fruits are stayed in three climing trainings, and are equipped with 10% diploid watermelon as pollinated variety, are its pollination in female flower flowering stage with the male flower of pollinated variety.Select the medium soil of soil fertility, for improving fruit-setting rate and fruit quality, nitrogenous fertilizer when base fertilizer should lack.The phase of bearing fruit is answered Controlled irrigation for improving fruit-setting rate and fruit quality and fruit storing property, reduces the amount of application of nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, increases the amount of application of potash fertilizer.
(3) the beautiful watermelon of emperor (small-sized have seed melon)
This kind is introduced service company by Guangdong Province's breeding and is bred, and melon is examined No. 2007005 in osmanthus.
Feature: in about 90 days of the time of infertility, bloom to fruit harvesting 28～30 days.Main climing length 4.8～5.5m, stem is about 1.6cm slightly, stem cross section five rhombuses, maximum leaf is about 26cm, wide about 24cm, blade profile palmate, the leaf look green, leaf margin tool serration, leaf is incised, and corolla is yellow, fruit type olive-type, the fruit face has cured powder, fruit crosscut face length ellipse, the thick about 1.0cm of pericarp.Strong in growth potential and the disease resistance, easily to bear fruit, pericarp is green, and background color is dark green to cover irregular reticulate pattern, and pulp is orange, and section is good, and matter is crisp, and mouthfeel is good, and delicate fragrance is arranged, and pericarp is firmly tough, storage tolerance.Center soluble solid content 10.83%.Fruit commodity rate 95.7%, the heavy 2.65kg of single melon.
Cultivation technique measure: plant 480 strains for every mu, avoid continuous cropping, 3.5 meters of line-spacings, 0.4 meter of every distance between rows and hills, every strain stay 4 climing, 2 fruits of selecting and remain.
(4) Xing Hua (small-sized have seed melon)
This kind Nanning agricultural development Co., Ltd of three firms breeds, and melon is examined No. 2008007 in osmanthus.
Feature: about 105 days of the time of infertility, about 30 days of fruit development period.Growth potential and disease resistance are strong, and the first female flower in the 7th joint, female flower interval 6 joints, female-flower rate about 15%.The fruit oblong, the blackish green wide band of the yellowish green cloth of epidermis is easily beared fruit, fruit commodity rate 93.0%, the heavy 3.02kg of single melon, pulp is bright red, center pol 10.95, matter is crisp, and mouthfeel is good, and pericarp is firmly tough, storage tolerance.
Cultivation technique measure: the 3rd female flower begins and stays fruit, does not too early stay fruit, and all the other main points are with general dliploid mini watermelon.
(5) green field is without seed (small-sized have seed melon)
This kind is bred by Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou fruit tree, and melon is examined No. 2010003 in osmanthus.
Feature: in the 96 days time of infertility, bloom to fruit maturation 29 days.Climing length is 2.6 meters during normal cultivation, and the first female flower and is born in the 6th joint position, and every interval 6 is saved and a female flower occurred thereafter.Growth potential and disease resistance are strong, easily bear fruit, and fruit Gao Yuan-weak point is oval, and fruit shape is neat, the irregular stria of the light green cloth of epidermis, and pulp is bright red, and section is good, and good without seed, meat is crisp, and mouthfeel is good, and 5 pilot taste qualities are better than contrast, and pericarp is firmly tough, storage tolerance.The center soluble solid content: the spring makes average 11.0%, and the autumn makes average 10.7%, annual 11.4%, fruit commodity rate 86.6%, the heavy 3.0kg of fruit list melon.
Cultivation technique measure: adopt seedling raising and transplanting or live, broken shell vernalization after the seed soaking.The southern area open country is opened greenhouse culture and is advisable with every mu of 400～500 strains, bedding 3～3.2m, plastic mulching, wide each 40cm of row ditch depth.Adopt two climing or three climing trainings.Select and remain the 3rd or the 4th female flower fruit for well, and the florescence can the many fruits of a strain with the male flower every morning artificial supplementary pollination of common diploid watermelon.Rich water supply grasp " two short controls " principle, namely seedling stage and fruit expanding period rationally enrich rich water, promote growth and Fruit, and reasonable control fertilising of the phase of bearing fruit of blooming water suppresses growth promotion result, in good time with receiving.Transplant the land for growing field crops to pollination period, note the prevention and control aphid, to reduce virus harm.
Although embodiment of the present invention are open as above, but it is not restricted to listed utilization in specification and the embodiment, it can be applied to various suitable the field of the invention fully, for those skilled in the art, can easily realize other modification, therefore do not deviating under the universal that claim and equivalency range limit, the present invention is not limited to specific details and illustrates here and the embodiment that describes.
Claims (9)
1. a small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method is characterized in that, may further comprise the steps:
Step 1, presprouting of seeds;
Step 2, the planting seed that will process through described step 1 are grown seedlings in the seedling dish;
Step 3, grow to the melon seedling field planting wholeheartedly of two leaves in booth when what cultivate in the step 2, the complete strain melon seedling of every plantation carries out trickle to this melon seedling, and melon seedling line-spacing is 0.7～3.5m, and the spacing in the rows of melon seedling is 0.4～0.9m in each row;
Step 4, apply base manure;
Step 5, stretch the climing phase plant is pruned, the training process comprises: keep main climing, it is climing to extract son, and 32～35 climing joints of the master who keeps are plucked the top, stretches the climing phase and applies fertilizer in the mode of drip irrigation, wherein, apply fertilizer by following process implementation in the mode of drip irrigation, fertilizer is dissolved in the water, and is applied in the plant root by the drip irrigation webmaster, regularly drip to the plant root by the drip irrigation webmaster stretching the climing phase, make the plant root soil keep moistening;
Step 6, flowering stage are chosen in the position pollination of the 2nd～3 female flower joint when main climing when growing to 19～25 joint, and prune to plant flowering stage, the training process comprises: keep main climing, it is climing to extract son, drips to the plant root by the drip irrigation webmaster in flowering stage, makes the plant root soil keep moistening;
Step 7, expanding stage are pruned to plant, the training process comprises when plant grows to 32～35 leaves pinches, and with the climing excision of son, at expanding stage when melon goose egg is large, apply fertilizer in the mode that pouring is executed, the mode of again executing with pouring when melon grows to 0.5～1kg is applied fertilizer, and expanding stage drips to the plant root by the drip irrigation webmaster, makes the plant root soil keep moistening;
Step 8, as a result the later stage the melon maturation stop in previous week drip.
2. small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, in the described step 2, carry out the extermination of disease and insect pest to the melon seedling seedling stage, and seedling stage diseases and pests comprises damping off, prodenia litura, aphid and thrips.
3. small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method as claimed in claim 2, it is characterized in that, in described step 5, step 7 and the step 8, stretch climing phase, expanding stage and the later stage is carried out the extermination of disease and insect pest to plant as a result, wherein, stretch climing phase damage by disease and insect and comprise fusarium wilt, powdery mildew, climing rot, downy mildew, anthracnose, epidemic disease, root knot nematode disease, bacterial leaf spot, Acidovorax Avenae Subsp. Citrulli, Bacterial fruit blotch, virus disease, watermelon spot disease, aphid, aleyrodid, prodenia litura, melon thin,tough silk snout moth's larva, thrips and liriomyza bryoniae.
4. small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, in the described step 5, stretch the training process of climing phase and carry out at fine day, and every training 1～2 row plant, use 70% alcohol disinfecting hand once.
5. small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, in the described step 6, the blade face of the forward direction plant that blooms applies foliage fertilizer.
6. small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that in the described step 7, expanding stage selects melon, selects the melon process to be: when melon grows to the fist melon of selecting and remain when large, a plant stays a melon.
7. small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that in the described step 7, expanding stage hangs melon, hangs the melon process and is: when melon grows to 0.25kg, melon is hung to melon handle base portion.
8. small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method as claimed in claim 5 is characterized in that, in the described step 8, the later stage applies foliage fertilizer to plant as a result.
9. such as each described small watermelon greenhouse cultivation method in the claim 1 to 8, it is characterized in that the kind of described small watermelon is red tiger, slightly rich, Mo Tong, honey child, the beautiful watermelon of emperor, Xing Hua or colored kylin.
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| CN103782769A (en) * | 2014-01-27 | 2014-05-14 | 内蒙古康绿源蔬菜产业有限责任公司 | Celery planting method |
| CN107295867A (en) * | 2017-05-27 | 2017-10-27 | 蒙宗勇 | A kind of implantation methods of watermelon |
| CN108338046A (en) * | 2017-03-12 | 2018-07-31 | 秦春明 | Growth of watermelon method |
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| CN108338046A (en) * | 2017-03-12 | 2018-07-31 | 秦春明 | Growth of watermelon method |
| CN107295867A (en) * | 2017-05-27 | 2017-10-27 | 蒙宗勇 | A kind of implantation methods of watermelon |
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