CN102884154B - 作为传热介质的具有改进粘度的流体硫 - Google Patents
作为传热介质的具有改进粘度的流体硫 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN102884154B CN102884154B CN201180023080.7A CN201180023080A CN102884154B CN 102884154 B CN102884154 B CN 102884154B CN 201180023080 A CN201180023080 A CN 201180023080A CN 102884154 B CN102884154 B CN 102884154B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- potassium
- mixture
- anion
- sodium
- containing additive
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 title claims description 37
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims description 31
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 title description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 87
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 25
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 21
- -1 cyanate radical Chemical class 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000005338 heat storage Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000011232 storage material Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052979 sodium sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- GRVFOGOEDUUMBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium sulfide (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[S-2] GRVFOGOEDUUMBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ferrous sulfide Chemical compound [Fe]=S MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052728 basic metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium iodide Chemical compound [K+].[I-] NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium iodide Chemical compound [Na+].[I-] FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium sulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])=O GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- HXTWSRHHRRWRDG-UHFFFAOYSA-L [K+].[K+].[S-]SSS[S-] Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[S-]SSS[S-] HXTWSRHHRRWRDG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003818 basic metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- UETZVSHORCDDTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);hexacyanide Chemical compound [Fe+2].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-] UETZVSHORCDDTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- ZNNZYHKDIALBAK-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium thiocyanate Chemical compound [K+].[S-]C#N ZNNZYHKDIALBAK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- VGTPCRGMBIAPIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium thiocyanate Chemical compound [Na+].[S-]C#N VGTPCRGMBIAPIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Thiocyanate anion Chemical compound [S-]C#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- LTJSXGVQCAVSJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N [K+].[K+].[S-][S-] Chemical class [K+].[K+].[S-][S-] LTJSXGVQCAVSJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical group Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001786 chalcogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium bromide Chemical compound [K+].[Br-] IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium bromide Chemical compound [Na+].[Br-] JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K tripotassium phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- MFGOFGRYDNHJTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-amino-1-(2-fluorophenyl)ethanol Chemical compound NCC(O)C1=CC=CC=C1F MFGOFGRYDNHJTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KOPBYBDAPCDYFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cs2O Inorganic materials [O-2].[Cs+].[Cs+] KOPBYBDAPCDYFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanide Chemical compound N#[C-] XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DKNPRRRKHAEUMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iodine aqueous Chemical compound [K+].I[I-]I DKNPRRRKHAEUMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L Phosphate ion(2-) Chemical compound OP([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bisulfite Chemical compound [Na+].OS([O-])=O DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005083 Zinc sulfide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004645 aluminates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- HUCVOHYBFXVBRW-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium hydroxide Inorganic materials [OH-].[Cs+] HUCVOHYBFXVBRW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- INPLXZPZQSLHBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+);sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Co+2] INPLXZPZQSLHBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- AKUNKIJLSDQFLS-UHFFFAOYSA-M dicesium;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Cs+].[Cs+] AKUNKIJLSDQFLS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-M dihydrogenphosphate Chemical compound OP(O)([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].OP([O-])([O-])=O ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- KCIDZIIHRGYJAE-YGFYJFDDSA-L dipotassium;[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].OC[C@H]1O[C@H](OP([O-])([O-])=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O KCIDZIIHRGYJAE-YGFYJFDDSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- FGRVOLIFQGXPCT-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium;dioxido-oxo-sulfanylidene-$l^{6}-sulfane Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S FGRVOLIFQGXPCT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].OP([O-])([O-])=O BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000397 disodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019800 disodium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen thiocyanate Natural products SC#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940045641 monobasic sodium phosphate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- LVIYYTJTOKJJOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel phthalocyanine Chemical compound [Ni+2].C12=CC=CC=C2C(N=C2[N-]C(C3=CC=CC=C32)=N2)=NC1=NC([C]1C=CC=CC1=1)=NC=1N=C1[C]3C=CC=CC3=C2[N-]1 LVIYYTJTOKJJOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- MYFNXITXHNLSJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N perathiepin Chemical compound C1CN(C)CCN1C1C2=CC=CC=C2SC2=CC=CC=C2C1 MYFNXITXHNLSJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- CHKVPAROMQMJNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium bisulfate Chemical compound [K+].OS([O-])(=O)=O CHKVPAROMQMJNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- DJEHXEMURTVAOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium bisulfite Chemical compound [K+].OS([O-])=O DJEHXEMURTVAOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- GKKCIDNWFBPDBW-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium cyanate Chemical compound [K]OC#N GKKCIDNWFBPDBW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- NNFCIKHAZHQZJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium cyanide Chemical compound [K+].N#[C-] NNFCIKHAZHQZJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010259 potassium hydrogen sulphite Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000007715 potassium iodide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960004839 potassium iodide Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[K+].[K+] CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001950 potassium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium sulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052939 potassium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- BHZRJJOHZFYXTO-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium sulfite Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])=O BHZRJJOHZFYXTO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011151 potassium sulphates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019252 potassium sulphite Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940020414 potassium triiodide Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002577 pseudohalo group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003346 selenoethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- AJPJDKMHJJGVTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].OP(O)([O-])=O AJPJDKMHJJGVTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010267 sodium hydrogen sulphite Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000009518 sodium iodide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001948 sodium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- JXAZAUKOWVKTLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium pyrosulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OS([O-])(=O)=O JXAZAUKOWVKTLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010265 sodium sulphite Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- PODWXQQNRWNDGD-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([S-])(=O)=O PODWXQQNRWNDGD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- CADICXFYUNYKGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenemanganese Chemical compound [Mn]=S CADICXFYUNYKGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XSOKHXFFCGXDJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N telluride(2-) Chemical compound [Te-2] XSOKHXFFCGXDJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- WRTMQOHKMFDUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N triiodide Chemical compound I[I-]I WRTMQOHKMFDUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000404 tripotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019798 tripotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000007686 potassium Nutrition 0.000 claims 4
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 240000006909 Tilia x europaea Species 0.000 claims 1
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- BWFPGXWASODCHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper monosulfide Chemical compound [Cu]=S BWFPGXWASODCHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 150000008040 ionic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 claims 1
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 8
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229940001516 sodium nitrate Drugs 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001603 reducing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JNVCSEDACVAATK-UHFFFAOYSA-L [Ca+2].[S-]SSS[S-] Chemical compound [Ca+2].[S-]SSS[S-] JNVCSEDACVAATK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052936 alkali metal sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052798 chalcogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001787 chalcogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- OMZSGWSJDCOLKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Cu+2] OMZSGWSJDCOLKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006477 desulfuration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000023556 desulfurization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- YAGKRVSRTSUGEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ferricyanide Chemical compound [Fe+3].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-] YAGKRVSRTSUGEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017053 inorganic salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium atom Chemical compound [Rb] IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052569 sulfide mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940051851 sulfurated lime Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/08—Materials not undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/10—Liquid materials
- C09K5/12—Molten materials, i.e. materials solid at room temperature, e.g. metals or salts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/02—Elements
- C08K3/06—Sulfur
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
- F24S80/00—Details, accessories or component parts of solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S70/00
- F24S80/20—Working fluids specially adapted for solar heat collectors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
- F28D20/0034—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using liquid heat storage material
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/14—Thermal energy storage
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
- Y02P20/129—Energy recovery, e.g. by cogeneration, H2recovery or pressure recovery turbines
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
- Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及含有元素硫和含阴离子的添加剂的混合物。
Description
本发明涉及一种包含元素硫和含阴离子的添加剂的混合物,一种制备包含元素硫和含阴离子的添加剂的混合物的方法,一种包含元素硫和含阴离子的添加剂的混合物作为热载体和/或蓄热剂的用途,包含一种包含元素硫和含阴离子的添加剂的混合物的热载体和/或蓄热剂以及包括各自如权利要求书中所定义的用包含元素硫和含阴离子的添加剂的混合物填充的管线、热交换器和/或容器的太阳能热电厂。
根据应用领域,对热载体或蓄热剂流体所要求的特征在很大程度上变化并且因此在实践中使用多种流体。流体应为液体且在室温或者甚至更低温度下具有低粘度。对于较高的使用温度,水不再是一个选项;其蒸气压太大。因此,在至多约320°C下使用烃基矿物油并且对于至多400°C的温度使用含合成芳族化合物的油或硅油(VereinDeutscherIngenieure,VDI-GesellschaftVerfahrenstechnikundChemieingenieurwesen(GVC),VDI,第10版,SpringerVerlagBerlinHeidelberg,2006)。
热载体流体的近期应用是间接由太阳辐射大规模产生电能的太阳能热电厂(Butscher,R.,BildderWissenschaft2009,3,第84-92页)。
这涉及例如借助抛物面形反射镜槽将太阳辐射聚焦到反射镜的焦线中。在该焦线处为可以在玻璃管内以防止热损失的金属管,其中已经抽空同心管之间的空间。由太阳辐射加热的热载体流体流过该金属管。当前使用的热载体流体的一个实例是二苯基醚和联苯的混合物。
以此方式通过聚焦的太阳辐射将热载体加热至最高400°C。该热热载体在蒸汽发生器中将水加热成蒸汽。该蒸汽驱动涡轮,后者又如在常规发电厂中一样驱动发电机发电。
该方法可以实现基于太阳辐射的含能量为约16%的平均效率。蒸汽轮机在该入口温度下的效率为约37%。
迄今为止,已经以几百兆瓦的装机功率建造这类发电厂并且正计划建造许多其他的发电厂,尤其是在西班牙,但也在北非和USA。
用作热载体的二苯基醚和联苯的混合物(该混合物在下文称为“热油”)的两种成分在标准压力下在约256°C下沸腾。联苯的熔点为68-72°C,而二苯基醚的熔点为26-39°C。这两种物质的混合物将熔点降至12°C。这两种物质的混合物可以在高达最大400°C下使用;在更高温度下发生分解。蒸气压在该温度下为约10巴,该压力在工业上仍可忍受。
理想的是获得高于37%的涡轮效率。然而,高于400°C的蒸汽入口温度对该目的是必需的。
蒸汽轮机的效率随着涡轮入口温度上升。现代火电厂在蒸汽入口温度高达650°C下操作且因此实现约45%的效率。
在技术上也完全可能的是在太阳能热电厂中将热载体流体在反射镜的焦线中加热至约650°C的温度,并因此同样可以在火电厂中实现该高效率;然而,这因当前使用的热载体流体的有限热稳定性而受到抑制。
比抛物槽式发电厂中要高的温度可以在太阳能塔式热电厂中实现,其中塔被将阳光聚焦于该塔上部的接收器上的反射镜包围。在该接收器中,热载体被加热,然后经由热交换器用于产生蒸汽并操作涡轮。在塔式发电厂(例如SolarII,California,USA)中,已经将硝酸钠(NaNO3)和硝酸钾(KNO3)的混合物(60:40)用作热载体。该混合物可以在高达550°C下无任何问题地使用,但具有240°C的非常高熔点,即该混合物在该温度以下固化并因此再也不能作为热载体在管线中循环。
所建议的另一可能的高温热载体是基于硫的热载体。硫在标准压力下在120°C下熔融且在标准压力下在440°C下沸腾。然而,液态硫作为热载体成问题,因为它在160-220°C的温度范围内通常高度粘稠且不可泵送。
因此,理想的是降低熔融硫的粘度。
为了降低硫熔体的粘度,WO2005/071037描述了将该硫与小比例的硒和/或碲混合。US4335578描述了通过加入溴或碘降低硫熔体的粘度。
然而,所有这些添加剂在低温下已经具有高度腐蚀性并且在该硫熔体的高温下甚至更具腐蚀性。
有利的是连续操作太阳能热电厂。这例如通过在高太阳辐射期间储热而实现,在日落后或者在不良气候期间可以将热用于发电。
可以通过将受热的热载体介质储存于良好绝缘的储罐中直接储热或者通过将该热由受热的热载体介质转移至另一介质(蓄热剂),例如硝酸钠-硝酸钾盐熔体而间接储热。
间接方法已经在西班牙的50MWAndasolI发电厂中实施,其中将约28000吨硝酸钠和硝酸钾(60:40)的熔体在良好绝缘的罐中用作蓄热剂。在太阳辐射期间,将该熔体由更冷的罐(约280°C)通过热油-盐热交换器泵入更热的罐中并在该方法中被加热至约380°C。借助热交换器,由热油取出热能并将其引入该盐熔体中(热油-盐热交换器)。在低太阳辐射期间和在夜间,该发电厂可以用完全充电蓄电池在满负荷下操作约7.5小时。
然而,也将有利的是将该热载体介质用作蓄热剂介质,因为如此可以省略相应的热油-盐热交换器。
此外,以此方式可以避免具有还原性能的热油与强氧化性硝酸盐熔体的可能接触。由于热油与硝酸钠/硝酸钾熔体相比要高得多的成本,迄今为止已经不将热油作为蓄热剂考虑。
本发明的目的是提供一种易得的改进热载体和蓄热剂物质,优选热载体和蓄热剂流体。该流体应可在高于400°C,优选高于500°C的温度下使用。同时,熔点应比已经在工业中使用的已知无机盐熔体低,例如低于130°C。该流体额外应具有工业上可耐受的、非常低的蒸气压,优选低于10巴。
原则上讲,任何种类的元素硫对于本发明具有良好适用性。元素硫早就已知且例如描述于GmelinsHandbuchderAnorganischenChemie[Gmelin无机化学手册](第8版,VerlagChemieGmbH,Weinheim,1953)中。它可以由天然来源、硫化物矿或通过Frasch方法得到,但也在矿物油和天然气的脱硫中大量得到。
具有良好适用性的硫具有98-100重量%,优选99.5-100重量%的纯度。与100重量%的差取决于获得它的方法通常为水、无机矿物或烃类。
含阴离子的添加剂在本申请上下文中为元素周期表的金属与单原子或多原子、形式上带一个或多个负电荷的阴离子,优选由非金属原子形成的阴离子的化合物。
该类金属的实例是碱金属,优选钠、钾;碱土金属,优选镁、钙、钡;元素周期表第13族金属,优选铝;过渡金属,优选锰、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌。
该类阴离子的实例是卤化物和多卤化物,例如氟化物、氯化物、溴化物、碘化物、三碘化物;硫属化合物和多硫属化合物,例如氧化物、氢氧化物、硫化物、氢硫化物、二硫化物、三硫化物、四硫化物、五硫化物、六硫化物、硒化物、碲化物;磷属化合物,例如酰胺、酰亚胺、氮化物、磷化物、砷化物;拟卤化物,例如氰化物、氰酸根、硫氰酸根;配合物阴离子,例如磷酸根、磷酸氢根、磷酸二氢根、硫酸根、硫酸氢根、亚硫酸根、亚硫酸氢根、硫代硫酸根、六氰合铁酸根、四氯铝酸根、四氯铁酸根。
含阴离子的添加剂的实例是氯化铝(III)、氯化铁(III)、硫化铁(II)、溴化钠、溴化钾、碘化钠、碘化钾、硫氰酸钾、硫氰酸钠、硫化钠(Na2S)、四硫化二钠(Na2S4)、五硫化二钠(Na2S5)、五硫化二钾(K2S5)、六硫化二钾(K2S6)、四硫化钙(CaS4)、三硫化钡(BaS3)、硒化二钾(K2Se)、磷化三钾(K3P)、六氰合铁酸(II)钾、六氰合铁酸(III)钾、硫氰酸铜(I)、三碘化钾、三碘化铯、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氢氧化铯、氧化钠、氧化钾、氧化铯、氰化钾、氰酸钾、四铝酸钠、硫化锰(II)、硫化钴(II)、硫化镍(II)、硫化铜(II)、硫化锌、磷酸三钠、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢钠、硫酸钠、硫酸氢钠、亚硫酸钠、亚硫酸氢钠、硫代硫酸钠、磷酸三钾、磷酸氢二钾、磷酸二氢钾、硫酸钾、硫酸氢钾、亚硫酸钾、亚硫酸氢钾、硫代硫酸钾。
含阴离子的添加剂在本申请范围内也为两种或更多种元素周期表的金属与单原子或多原子、形式上带一个或多个负电荷的阴离子,优选由非金属原子形成的阴离子的化合物的混合物。根据当前的知识状况,各组分的比例就此而言并不重要。
特别优选的含阴离子的添加剂是碱金属硫属化合物,例如碱金属,即锂、钠、钾、铷或铯,与硫属元素,即氧、硫、硒或碲之间的二元化合物。
应理解的是这些二元化合物的混合物也是可能的,并且混合比根据现有知识并不重要。
非常特别优选的含阴离子的添加剂是四硫化二钠(Na2S4)、五硫化二钠(Na2S5)、五硫化二钾(K2S5)、六硫化二钾(K2S6)、硫氰酸钠(NaSCN)、硫氰酸钾(KSCN)、氢氧化钠(NaOH)或氢氧化钾(KOH),以及这些组分中至少两种的混合物。
制备上述含阴离子的添加剂的方法原则上是已知的且描述于文献中。
例如,可以通过在400-500°C的温度下共熔融而直接由碱金属硫化物和合适量的硫制备式M2Sx(x=2、3、4、5、6)的碱金属多硫化物。例如可以通过用碳还原对应的碱金属硫酸盐而制备相应的碱金属硫化物(M2S)。制备碱金属多硫化物的另一非常合适方法是碱金属与硫的直接反应,例如如US4,640,832所述。其他适合制备碱金属多硫化物的方法是使碱金属碳酸盐或碱金属氢氧化物与硫反应、使碱金属硫化物与硫反应、使碱金属硫化物或碱金属氢硫化物在水溶液或醇溶液与硫反应或者使碱金属与硫在液氨中反应。
本发明混合物优选包含50-99.999重量%,优选80-99.99重量%,更优选90-99.9重量%的元素硫,在每种情况下基于本发明混合物的总质量。
本发明混合物优选包含0.001-50重量%,优选0.01-20重量%,更优选0.1-10重量%的含阴离子的添加剂,在每种情况下基于本发明混合物的总质量。
本发明混合物可以包含其他添加剂,例如降低该混合物的熔点的添加剂。这些添加剂的总量基于本发明混合物的总质量通常为0.01-50重量%。
本发明混合物各组分之和加起来为100%。
包含元素硫和含阴离子的添加剂的本发明混合物,任选为本发明流体混合物(如下所定义),可以按如下制备。
将所有组分(硫和一种含阴离子的添加剂或多种含阴离子的添加剂)以合适的质量比在固态下相互混合,然后任选熔融以得到最终流体混合物。
或者首先熔融该元素硫,在混合的同时加入一种含阴离子的添加剂或多种含阴离子的添加剂,并任选通过冷却将所得混合物转化成固态。优选将该一种含阴离子的添加剂或多种含阴离子的添加剂基本完全溶于该硫熔体中。
本申请还提供了呈流体形式的包含元素硫和含阴离子的添加剂的上述本发明混合物。这些混合物在下文称为“本发明流体混合物”。
本文中的术语“本发明流体混合物”是指该混合物中的硫在压力为101325Pa(绝对)或甚至更高压力下至少部分地,优选完全地以流体形式存在。
本发明流体混合物在101325Pa(绝对)的压力下优选具有120-450°C的温度。在高于101325Pa(绝对)的压力下,本发明流体混合物优选具有120-600°C的温度。
就组成而言,本发明流体混合物对应于原则上或优选、特别优选或非常特别优选如上所述的包含元素硫和含阴离子的添加剂的本发明混合物。
本发明流体混合物在120-195°C的温度范围内的最大粘度通常为0.005-50Pa·s,优选0.005-30Pa·s,更优选0.005-5Pa·s,其在101325Pa(绝对)的压力下如实施例所述测量。
本申请进一步涉及在每种情况下如上所述的包含元素硫和含阴离子的添加剂的混合物,优选本发明流体混合物作为热载体和/或蓄热剂的用途。
本申请进一步涉及在每种情况下如上所述的包含元素硫和含阴离子的添加剂的混合物,优选本发明流体混合物在发电厂,例如太阳能热电厂中作为热载体和/或蓄热剂的用途。
本申请进一步涉及在每种情况下如上所述的包含元素硫和含阴离子的添加剂的混合物,优选本发明流体混合物在120-600°C的温度下在发电厂,例如太阳能热电厂中作为热载体和/或蓄热剂的用途。
本发明流体混合物的上述用途,尤其是作为热载体的用途,优选在排除空气和水分下发生,优选在例如由管线、泵、热交换器、控制装置和容器构成的封闭体系中发生。
本申请进一步提供了包含一种元素硫和含阴离子的添加剂的混合物的热载体或蓄热剂,该混合物优选呈流体形式。
热载体为由热源,例如在太阳能热电厂中由太阳加热且将其中存在的热量传送特定距离的介质。然后它们可以将该热转移至另一介质,例如水或气体,优选借助热交换器转移,此时该其他介质随后例如驱动涡轮。热载体还可以将其中存在的热量转移至存在于储存容器中的另一介质(例如硝酸钾/硝酸钠盐熔体)中并因此将该热送去储存。热载体本身也可以引入储存容器中并保留在其中;此时,它们本身既为热载体又为蓄热剂。
蓄热剂是可以在一定时间内储存热量并且通常位于固定容器(优选绝缘以防热损失)中的介质,通常是物质组合物,例如本发明混合物。
本申请进一步提供了太阳能热电厂,其包括用包含元素硫和含阴离子的添加剂的混合物填充的管线、热交换器和/或容器。
实施例
按如下测量物理性能:
在120-195°C的温度范围内借助旋转测粘法根据内部方法按如下测定该混合物的动态粘度。测试装置由静止的圆柱形容器构成,其中存在安装得可以旋转的实心圆筒。将待分析的流体引入环隙中。然后测定允许实心圆筒以特定速度旋转所需转矩。作为产生的速度梯度的函数的所需转矩可以用来计算该流体的动态粘度。
实施例1(通用方法)
在氮气气氛下在搅拌的同时将实施例2-6中所述特定混合物由室温加热至250°C。由约120°C起开混合物变为液体。在进一步加热的过程中,起始粘度由约159°C起显著增加,在约190°C下达到最大值,然后在甚至更高温度下再次降低,这由搅拌器转矩的变化测得。使该混合物由250°C冷却至150°C。
该加热和冷却操作再进行9次。然后在室温下取出该混合物的样品并如上所述测定样品的动态粘度。
实施例2
使用3g五硫化二钾(K2S5)和297g硫的混合物进行实施例1,并且测量样品的动态粘度。粘度最大值处于195°C且为5Pa·s。
实施例3
使用5g氢氧化钾(KOH)和295g硫的混合物进行实施例1,并且测量样品的动态粘度。粘度最大值处于195°C且为5Pa·s。
实施例4
使用5g氢氧化钠(NaOH)和295g硫的混合物进行实施例1,并且测量样品的动态粘度。粘度最大值处于195°C且为30Pa·s。
实施例5
使用3g五硫化二钠(Na2S5)和297g硫的混合物进行实施例1,并且测量样品的动态粘度。粘度最大值处于195°C且为10Pa·s。
实施例6
使用15g氯化铁(III)(FeCl3)和285g硫的混合物进行实施例1,并且测量样品的动态粘度。粘度最大值处于195°C且为38Pa·s。
实施例7(对比)
使用300g硫重复实施例1,并且不加入含阴离子的添加剂。
如实施例1所述,将硫加热并冷却总共10次。
然后在室温下取出该混合物的样品并如上所述测定动态粘度。粘度最大值处于190°C且为90Pa·s。
Claims (16)
1.一种包含元素硫和含阴离子的添加剂的混合物,其中所述含阴离子的添加剂选自元素周期表的金属与单原子或多原子、形式上带一个或多个负电荷的阴离子的化合物,且其中基于所述混合物的总质量,所述混合物包含0.001-50重量%的所述添加剂,其呈流体形式。
2.根据权利要求1的混合物,其中所述含阴离子的添加剂包括元素周期表的金属与单原子或多原子、带一个或多个负电荷的阴离子的离子性化合物。
3.根据权利要求1的混合物,其中所述混合物包含0.1-10重量%的所述添加剂。
4.根据权利要求1的混合物,其中所述金属选自碱金属、碱土金属、元素周期表第13族金属或过渡金属。
5.根据权利要求1的混合物,其中所述金属选自钠、钾、镁、钙、钡铝、锰、铁、钴、镍、铜或锌。
6.根据权利要求1的混合物,其中所述阴离子选自卤化物和多卤化物、硫属化合物和多硫属化合物、磷属化合物、拟卤化物或配合物阴离子。
7.根据权利要求1的混合物,其中所述阴离子选自氟化物、氯化物、溴化物、碘化物、三碘化物、氧化物、氢氧化物、硫化物、氢硫化物、二硫化物、三硫化物、四硫化物、五硫化物、六硫化物、硒化物、碲化物、酰胺、酰亚胺、氮化物、磷化物、砷化物、氰化物、氰酸根、硫氰酸根、磷酸根、磷酸氢根、磷酸二氢根、硫酸根、硫酸氢根、亚硫酸根、亚硫酸氢根、硫代硫酸根、六氰合铁酸根、四氯铝酸根或四氯铁酸根。
8.根据权利要求1的混合物,其中所述含阴离子的添加剂选自氯化铝、氯化铁、硫化铁、溴化钠、溴化钾、碘化钠、碘化钾、硫氰酸钾、硫氰酸钠、硫化钠、四硫化二钠、五硫化二钠、五硫化二钾、六硫化二钾、四硫化钙、三硫化钡、硒化二钾、磷化三钾、六氰合铁酸钾、六氰合铁酸钾、硫氰酸铜、三碘化钾、三碘化铯、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氢氧化铯、氧化钠、氧化钾、氧化铯、氰化钾、氰酸钾、四铝酸钠、硫化锰、硫化钴、硫化镍、硫化铜、硫化锌、磷酸三钠、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢钠、硫酸钠、硫酸氢钠、亚硫酸钠、亚硫酸氢钠、硫代硫酸钠、磷酸三钾、磷酸氢二钾、磷酸二氢钾、硫酸钾、硫酸氢钾、亚硫酸钾、亚硫酸氢钾或硫代硫酸钾。
9.根据权利要求1的混合物,其中所述含阴离子的添加剂是碱金属硫属化合物。
10.根据权利要求1的混合物,其中所述含阴离子的添加剂选自四硫化二钠、五硫化二钠、五硫化二钾、六硫化二钾、硫氰酸钠、硫氰酸钾、氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾,以及这些组分中至少两种的混合物。
11.根据权利要求1的混合物,其在120-195℃的温度和101326Pa绝对的压力下的最大粘度为0.005-50Pa·s。
12.如权利要求1-11中任一项所定义的混合物作为热载体和/或蓄热剂的用途。
13.如权利要求12所定义的用途,其在发电厂中作为热载体和/或蓄热剂。
14.一种热载体和/或蓄热剂,包含如权利要求1-11中任一项所定义的混合物。
15.一种太阳能热电厂,包括用如权利要求1-11中任一项所定义的混合物填充的管线、热交换器和/或容器。
16.一种制备一种如权利要求1-11中任一项的包含元素硫和含阴离子的添加剂的混合物的方法,其中i)使元素硫和一种含阴离子的添加剂或多种含阴离子的添加剂以所需质量比在固态下相互混合,然后任选通过加热将所述混合物转化成熔体,或者ii)其中首先熔融所述元素硫,在混合的同时向其中加入一种含阴离子的添加剂或多种含阴离子的添加剂,并任选通过冷却将所得混合物转化成固态,其中在i)中所述含阴离子的添加剂选自元素周期表的金属与单原子或多原子、形式上带一个或多个负电荷的阴离子的化合物,且其中基于所述混合物的总质量,所述混合物包含0.001-50重量%的所述添加剂。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP10159483 | 2010-04-09 | ||
EP10159483.6 | 2010-04-09 | ||
PCT/EP2011/054883 WO2011124510A1 (de) | 2010-04-09 | 2011-03-30 | Fluider schwefel mit verbesserter viskosität als wärmeträger |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN102884154A CN102884154A (zh) | 2013-01-16 |
CN102884154B true CN102884154B (zh) | 2016-04-13 |
Family
ID=44147920
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN201180023080.7A Expired - Fee Related CN102884154B (zh) | 2010-04-09 | 2011-03-30 | 作为传热介质的具有改进粘度的流体硫 |
Country Status (14)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2556129B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP5930315B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR20130091635A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN102884154B (zh) |
AU (1) | AU2011237957B2 (zh) |
BR (1) | BR112012025545A2 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2795280A1 (zh) |
CL (1) | CL2012002820A1 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2587254T3 (zh) |
IL (1) | IL222250A0 (zh) |
MA (1) | MA34179B1 (zh) |
MX (1) | MX2012011677A (zh) |
TN (1) | TN2012000484A1 (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2011124510A1 (zh) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8679668B2 (en) | 2010-06-22 | 2014-03-25 | Basf Se | Industrial apparatus for the large-scale storage of electric energy |
US20130330634A1 (en) | 2012-06-11 | 2013-12-12 | Basf Se | Electrode unit |
JP6642247B2 (ja) * | 2016-04-28 | 2020-02-05 | 株式会社デンソー | 冷凍サイクル装置 |
US20230249160A1 (en) * | 2020-06-30 | 2023-08-10 | Basf Corporation | Chrome-free copper catalysts for fatty ester hydrogenolysis/hydrogenation |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102712474A (zh) * | 2010-01-05 | 2012-10-03 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 碱金属多硫化物的混合物 |
Family Cites Families (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2161245A (en) * | 1937-12-04 | 1939-06-06 | Freeport Sulphur Co | Process of lowering sulphur viscosity and resulting nonviscous sulphur compound |
DE2329894A1 (de) * | 1973-06-12 | 1975-01-09 | Bergwerksverband Gmbh | Verfahren zur herstellung von alkalirhodaniden |
US4335578A (en) * | 1980-05-30 | 1982-06-22 | Ford Aerospace & Communications Corporation | Solar power converter with pool boiling receiver and integral heat exchanger |
JPS60218479A (ja) * | 1984-04-13 | 1985-11-01 | Hitachi Ltd | 化学銅めつき液 |
DE3436698C1 (de) | 1984-10-06 | 1986-05-22 | Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Natriumpolysulfiden aus den Elementen Natrium und Schwefel |
JPH0641365B2 (ja) * | 1990-10-05 | 1994-06-01 | 三協化成株式会社 | 無水多硫化ナトリウムの製造法 |
JP4290724B2 (ja) * | 2003-10-14 | 2009-07-08 | 横浜ゴム株式会社 | 環状ポリスルフィドを加硫剤として含むランフラットタイヤのサイド補強用ゴム組成物及びそれを用いたランフラット性能を有する空気入りタイヤ |
HU225602B1 (en) | 2004-01-26 | 2007-05-02 | Solar Technologia Es Vegyi Any | Method for extraction of thermal energy from solar collector and absorber therefore |
JP2006296739A (ja) * | 2005-04-20 | 2006-11-02 | Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd | 悪臭発生防止剤及び悪臭発生防止方法 |
JP2007099872A (ja) * | 2005-10-03 | 2007-04-19 | Yokohama Rubber Co Ltd:The | タイヤ用ゴム組成物 |
WO2008026636A1 (fr) * | 2006-08-29 | 2008-03-06 | Hodogaya Chemical Co., Ltd. | Procédé de production de sulfures phénoliques cycliques |
ES2550243T3 (es) * | 2007-03-30 | 2015-11-05 | Cosmo Ala Co., Ltd. | Agente para mejorar la resistencia a los álcalis de una planta y método para mejorar la resistencia a los álcalis de una planta |
JP2009209231A (ja) * | 2008-03-03 | 2009-09-17 | Koda Tooru | 重金属固定化用の多硫化物薬剤の製造方法 |
DE102008046071A1 (de) * | 2008-09-05 | 2010-03-11 | Sterzel, Christoph Henrik | Die Anwendung von modifiziertem Schwefel als Wärmeträgerflüssigkeit |
US20110259552A1 (en) * | 2008-09-05 | 2011-10-27 | Flagsol Gmbh | Use of modified, low-viscosity sulfur as heat transfer and heat storage fluid |
-
2011
- 2011-03-30 WO PCT/EP2011/054883 patent/WO2011124510A1/de active Application Filing
- 2011-03-30 MX MX2012011677A patent/MX2012011677A/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2011-03-30 BR BR112012025545A patent/BR112012025545A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2011-03-30 MA MA35333A patent/MA34179B1/fr unknown
- 2011-03-30 CA CA2795280A patent/CA2795280A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-03-30 CN CN201180023080.7A patent/CN102884154B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-03-30 AU AU2011237957A patent/AU2011237957B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2011-03-30 KR KR1020127028758A patent/KR20130091635A/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2011-03-30 ES ES11711088.2T patent/ES2587254T3/es active Active
- 2011-03-30 JP JP2013503062A patent/JP5930315B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-03-30 EP EP11711088.2A patent/EP2556129B1/de not_active Not-in-force
-
2012
- 2012-10-05 TN TNP2012000484A patent/TN2012000484A1/en unknown
- 2012-10-09 IL IL222250A patent/IL222250A0/en unknown
- 2012-10-09 CL CL2012002820A patent/CL2012002820A1/es unknown
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102712474A (zh) * | 2010-01-05 | 2012-10-03 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 碱金属多硫化物的混合物 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
MX2012011677A (es) | 2012-11-16 |
MA34179B1 (fr) | 2013-04-03 |
WO2011124510A1 (de) | 2011-10-13 |
KR20130091635A (ko) | 2013-08-19 |
JP2013528669A (ja) | 2013-07-11 |
BR112012025545A2 (pt) | 2016-06-28 |
EP2556129A1 (de) | 2013-02-13 |
IL222250A0 (en) | 2012-12-31 |
EP2556129B1 (de) | 2016-05-18 |
CA2795280A1 (en) | 2011-10-13 |
JP5930315B2 (ja) | 2016-06-08 |
CL2012002820A1 (es) | 2012-12-07 |
TN2012000484A1 (en) | 2014-04-01 |
ES2587254T3 (es) | 2016-10-21 |
AU2011237957A1 (en) | 2012-11-01 |
CN102884154A (zh) | 2013-01-16 |
AU2011237957B2 (en) | 2015-04-09 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN102884154B (zh) | 作为传热介质的具有改进粘度的流体硫 | |
Ushak et al. | Thermophysical characterization of a by-product from the non-metallic industry as inorganic PCM | |
CN101050355B (zh) | 一种熔融盐传热蓄热介质及其制备方法 | |
CN103298904B (zh) | 用于太阳能设备的传热介质 | |
US20110163258A1 (en) | Mixtures of alkali metal polysulfides | |
Sang et al. | Mixed metal carbonates/hydroxides for concentrating solar power analyzed with DSC and XRD | |
CN107011867A (zh) | 一种无机相变储能材料 | |
CN102869944A (zh) | 用于蓄热的装置和方法 | |
CN108728048B (zh) | 一种三元共熔氯化盐传热蓄热材料及其制备方法和应用 | |
CN104804712B (zh) | 一种高导热的金属‑氯化物熔盐材料及制备方法与应用 | |
CN108034409A (zh) | 一种无机相变储能材料 | |
Castro-Quijada et al. | Improving the working fluid based on a NaNO3-KNO3-NaCl-KCl molten salt mixture for concentrating solar power energy storage | |
CN102712474A (zh) | 碱金属多硫化物的混合物 | |
US20110247606A1 (en) | Fluid sulfur with improved viscosity as a heat carrier | |
CN102177216A (zh) | 改进的、低粘度硫作为导热和储热液体的应用 | |
CN104559940B (zh) | 低熔点混合熔盐传热蓄热介质 | |
KR20160045780A (ko) | 브로민화스트론튬 상변화물질 | |
CN105051147A (zh) | 借助硝酸改进硝酸盐组合物用作传热介质或储热介质的方法 | |
CN104479646A (zh) | 一种五元硝酸熔盐传热蓄热介质及其制备方法 | |
CN103140733A (zh) | 用于存放热的腐蚀性活性液体的装置及该装置的用途 | |
JP7176202B2 (ja) | 組成物、製造方法及びその用途 | |
JP6841063B2 (ja) | 組成物、製造方法およびその用途 | |
US20230040088A1 (en) | Method for obtaining nitrate-based eutetic mixtures to thermal storage in solar cooling systems and such eutetic mixtures | |
KR101769431B1 (ko) | 열전달 매체 조성물 및 이를 이용한 열전달 시스템 | |
JP2016023102A (ja) | ガラス組成物及び熱媒体 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
C06 | Publication | ||
PB01 | Publication | ||
C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
GR01 | Patent grant | ||
CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |
Granted publication date: 20160413 Termination date: 20180330 |
|
CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |