CA2795280A1 - Fluid sulfur with improved viscosity as a heat carrier - Google Patents

Fluid sulfur with improved viscosity as a heat carrier Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CA2795280A1
CA2795280A1 CA2795280A CA2795280A CA2795280A1 CA 2795280 A1 CA2795280 A1 CA 2795280A1 CA 2795280 A CA2795280 A CA 2795280A CA 2795280 A CA2795280 A CA 2795280A CA 2795280 A1 CA2795280 A1 CA 2795280A1
Authority
CA
Canada
Prior art keywords
anions
mixture
heat
additive
heat carrier
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
CA2795280A
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Felix Major
Fabian Seeler
Florian Garlichs
Martin Gaertner
Stephan Maurer
Juergen Wortmann
Michael Lutz
Guenter Huber
Otto Machhammer
Kerstin Schierle-Arndt
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BASF SE
Original Assignee
BASF SE
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BASF SE filed Critical BASF SE
Publication of CA2795280A1 publication Critical patent/CA2795280A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/08Materials not undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/10Liquid materials
    • C09K5/12Molten materials, i.e. materials solid at room temperature, e.g. metals or salts
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08KUse of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/02Elements
    • C08K3/06Sulfur
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24SSOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S80/00Details, accessories or component parts of solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S70/00
    • F24S80/20Working fluids specially adapted for solar heat collectors
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28DHEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D20/0034Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using liquid heat storage material
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/14Thermal energy storage
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10Process efficiency
    • Y02P20/129Energy recovery, e.g. by cogeneration, H2recovery or pressure recovery turbines

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
  • Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
  • Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a mixture containing elemental sulfur and an additive that contains anions.

Description

Fluid sulfur with improved viscosity as a heat carrier Description The present invention relates to a mixture comprising elemental sulfur and an additive comprising anions, to a process for preparing a mixture comprising elemental sulfur and an additive comprising anions, to the use of a mixture comprising elemental sulfur and an additive comprising anions as a heat carrier and/or heat accumulator, and to heat carriers and/or heat accumulators which comprise a mixture comprising elemental sulfur and an additive comprising anions, and to solar thermal power plants comprising pipelines, heat exchangers and/or vessels filled with mixtures comprising elemental sulfur and an additive comprising anions, each as defined in the claims.

According to the field of use, the profile of requirements for heat carrier or heat accumulator fluids varies to a very high degree, and a multitude of fluids are therefore used in practice. The fluids should be liquid and have low viscosities at room temperature or even lower temperatures. Water is no longer an option for relatively high use temperatures; its vapor pressure would be too great. Therefore, hydrocarbon-based mineral oils are used up to approximately 320 C, and synthetic aromatics-containing oils or silicone oils for temperatures up to 400 C (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, VDI-Gesellschaft Verfahrenstechnik and Chemieingenieurwesen (GVC), VDI Warmeatlas, 10th edition, Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2006).

A recent application for heat carrier fluids is that of thermal solar power plants which generate electrical energy on a large scale indirectly from solar radiation (Butscher, R., Bild der Wissenschaft 2009, 3, pages 84 to 92).

This involves focusing the solar radiation, for example by means of parabolically shaped mirror troughs, into the focus line of mirrors. At the focus line is a metal tube, which may be within a glass tube to prevent heat losses, the space between the concentric tubes having been evacuated. A heat carrier fluid, which is heated by the solar radiation, flows through the metal tube. One example of a heat carrier fluid currently being used is a mixture of diphenyl ether and diphenyl.

In this way, the heat carrier is heated to a maximum of 400 C by the focused solar radiation. The hot heat carrier heats water to steam in a steam generator.
This steam drives a turbine, and this in turn drives, as in a conventional power plant, the generator for power generation.

This process can achieve an average efficiency of approximately 16 percent based on the energy content of the solar radiation. The efficiency of the steam turbine at this inlet temperature is approximately 37 percent.
2 To date, such power plants have been built with an installed power of several hundred megawatts, and many others are being planned, especially in Spain, but also in North Africa and the USA.

Both constituents of the mixture of Biphenyl ether and diphenyl used as the heat carrier (this mixture is referred to hereinafter as "thermal oil") boil at approximately 256 C
under standard pressure. The melting point of the diphenyl is 68-72 C, and that of the diphenyl ether 26-39 C. The mixing of the two substances lowers the melting point to 12 C. The mixture of the two substances can be used up to a maximum of 400 C;
decomposition occurs a higher temperatures. The vapor pressure is about 10 bar at this temperature, a pressure which is still tolerable in industry.

It is desirable to obtain higher turbine efficiencies than 37 percent.
However, higher steam inlet temperatures than 400 C are necessary for this purpose.
The efficiency of a steam turbine rises with the turbine inlet temperature.
Modern fossil-fired power plants work with steam inlet temperatures up to 650 C and thus achieve efficiencies around 45%.

It would also be entirely technically possible in solar thermal power plants to heat the heat carrier fluid to temperatures around 650 C in the focus line of the mirrors, and hence likewise to achieve such high efficiencies as in fossil-fired power plants;
however, this is prevented by the limited thermal stability of the heat carrier fluid currently being used.
Higher temperatures than in parabolic trough power plants can be achieved in solar thermal tower power plants, in which a tower is surrounded by mirrors which focus the sunlight onto a receiver in the upper part of the tower. In this receiver, a heat carrier is heated, and is then used, via a heat exchanger, to raise steam and to operate a turbine. In tower power plants (for example Solar II, California, USA), a mixture of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and potassium nitrate (KN03) (60:40) has already been used as a heat carrier. This mixture can be used up to 550 C without any problem, but has a very high melting point of 240 C, i.e. the mixture solidifies below this temperature and can thus no longer circulate in lines as a heat carrier.
A further possible high-temperature heat carrier proposed has been one based on sulfur. Sulfur melts at 120 C under standard pressure and boils at 440 C under standard pressure. Liquid sulfur is, however, problematic as a heat carrier since it is generally highly viscous and not pumpable within the temperature range from 160 to 220 C.
3 It is therefore desirable to lower the viscosity of molten sulfur.

To reduce the viscosity of sulfur melts, WO 2005/071037 describes mixing the sulfur with small portions of selenium and/or tellurium. US 4 335 578 describes reducing the viscosity of sulfur melts by additions of bromine or iodine.

However, all these additives are already highly corrosive at low temperatures, and even more so at the high temperatures of the sulfur melt.

It is advantageous to operate a solar thermal power plant continuously. This is achieved, for example, by storing heat during times of high solar radiation, which can be used for power production after sunset or during periods of poor weather.

Heat can be stored directly by storage of the heated heat carrier medium in well-insulated reservoir tanks, or indirectly by transfer of the heat from the heated heat carrier medium to another medium (heat accumulator), for example a sodium nitrate-potassium nitrate salt melt.

An indirect method has been implemented in the 50 MW Andasol I power plant in Spain, wherein approx. 28 000 t of a melt of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate (60:40) are used as a heat accumulator in a well-insulated tank. During the periods of solar radiation, the melt is pumped from a colder tank (approximately 280 C) through a thermal oil-salt heat exchanger into a hotter tank, and is heated to about 380 C in the process. By means of a heat exchanger, thermal energy is removed from the thermal oil and introduced into the salt melt (thermal oil-salt heat exchanger). In periods of low solar radiation and at night, the power plant can be operated under full load for about 7.5 h with a fully charged accumulator.

However, it would be advantageous also to use the heat carrier medium as a heat accumulator medium, since the corresponding thermal oil-salt heat exchangers could thus be dispensed with.

Moreover, in this way, possible contact of the thermal oil having reducing properties with the strongly oxidizing nitrate melt could be avoided. Owing to the much higher cost of the thermal oil compared to the sodium nitrate-potassium nitrate melt, thermal oil has to date not been considered as a heat accumulator.

It is an object of the invention to provide a readily available, improved heat carrier and heat accumulator substance, preferably heat carrier and heat accumulator fluid. The fluid should be usable at higher temperatures than 400 C, preferably above 500 C. At the same time, the melting point should be lower than that of known inorganic salt
4 melts already used in industry, for example below 130 C. The fluid should additionally have an industrially tolerable, very low vapor pressure, preferably lower than 10 bar.
In principle, any kind of elemental sulfur is of good suitability for the present invention.
Elemental sulfur has been known since antiquity and is described, for example, in Gmelins Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie [Gmelin's Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry] (8th edition, Verlag Chemie GmbH, Weinheim, 1953). It can be obtained from native sources, sulfidic ores or by the Frasch process, but is also obtained in a large amount in the desulfurization of mineral oil and natural gas.
Sulfur with good suitability has a purity in the range from 98 to 100% by weight, preferably in the range from 99.5 to 100% by weight. The difference from 100%
by weight is, depending on the method by which it is obtained, typically water, inorganic minerals or hydrocarbons.
Additives comprising anions in the context of this application are compounds of a metal of the Periodic Table of the Elements with monoatomic or polyatomic, formally singly or multiply negatively charged anions, preferably anions formed from nonmetal atoms.

Examples of such metals are: alkali metals, preferably sodium, potassium;
alkaline earth metals, preferably magnesium, calcium, barium; metals of group 13 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, preferably aluminum; transition metals, preferably manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc.

Examples of such anions are: halides and polyhalides, for example fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, triiodide; chalcogenides and polychalcogenides, for example oxide, hydroxide, sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, disulfide, trisulfide, tetrasulfide, pentasulfide, hexasulfide, selenide, telluride; pnicogenides, for example amide, imide, nitride, phosphide, arsenide; pseudohalides, for example cyanide, cyanate, thiocyanate;
complex anions, for example phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogenphosphate, sulfate, hydrogensulfate, sulfite, hydrogensulfite, thiosulfate, hexacyanoferrate, tetrachloroaluminate, tetrachloroferrate.

Examples of additives comprising anions are: aluminum(III) chloride, iron(III) chloride, iron(II) sulfide, sodium bromide, potassium bromide, sodium iodide, potassium iodide, potassium thiocyanate, sodium thiocyanate, disodium sulfide (Na2S), disodium tetrasulfide (Na2S4), disodium pentasulfide (Na2S5), dipotassium pentasulfide (K2S5), dipotassium hexasulfide (K2S6), calcium tetrasulfide (Casa), barium trisulfide (BaS3), dipotassium selenide (K2Se), tripotassium phosphide (K3P), potassium hexacyanoferrate(II), potassium hexacyanoferrate(III), copper(l) thiocyanate, potassium triiodide, cesium triiodide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, cesium oxide, potassium cyanide, potassium cyanate, sodium tetraaluminate, manganese(II) sulfide, cobalt(II) sulfide, nickel(II) sulfide, copper(II) sulfide, zinc sulfide, trisodium phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium di hydrogen phosphate, disodium sulfate, sodium hydrogensulfate, disodium sulfite, sodium hydrogensulfite, sodiumthiosulfate, tripotassium phosphate, dipotassium
5 hydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydrogenphosphate, dipotassium sulfate, potassium hydrogensulfate, dipotassium sulfite, potassium hydrogensulfite, potassium thiosulfate.
Additives comprising anions in the context of this application are also mixtures of two or more compounds of a metal of the Periodic Table of the Elements with monoatomic or polyatomic, formally singly or multiply negatively charged anions, preferably anions formed from nonmetal atoms. According to the current state of knowledge, the ratio of the individual components is not critical in this context.

Particularly preferred additives comprising anions are alkali metal chalcogenides, for example binary compounds between an alkali metal, namely lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium or cesium, and a chalcogen, namely oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium.
It will be appreciated that mixtures of these binary compounds are also possible, and the mixing ratios are not critical according to current knowledge.
Very particularly preferred additives comprising anions are disodium tetrasulfide (Na2S4), disodium pentasulfide (Na2S5), dipotassium pentasulfide (K2S5), dipotassium hexasulfide (K2S6), sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN), potassium thiocyanate (KSCN), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH), and mixtures of at least two of these components.

Processes for preparing abovementioned additives comprising anions are known in principle and are described in the literature.

For example, it is possible to prepare alkali metal polysulfides of the formula M2SX (x =
2, 3, 4, 5, 6) directly from the alkali metal sulfides and the appropriate amount of sulfur by co-melting at temperatures of 400 to 500 C. The corresponding alkali metal sulfides (M2S) can be prepared, for example, by reducing the corresponding alkali metal sulfates with carbon. A further very suitable process for preparing alkali metal polysulfides is the direct reaction of alkali metals with sulfur, as described, for example, in US 4,640,832. Further suitable processes for preparing the alkali metal polysulfides are the reaction of alkali metal carbonates or alkali metal hydroxides with sulfur, the reaction of alkali metal sulfides with sulfur, the reaction of alkali metal sulfides or alkali metal hydrogensulfides in aqueous or alcoholic solution with sulfur, or the reaction of alkali metals with sulfur in liquid ammonia.
6 The inventive mixture preferably comprises elemental sulfur in the range from 50 to 99.999% by weight, preferably in the range from 80 to 99.99% by weight, more preferably 90 to 99.9% by weight, based in each case on the total mass of the inventive mixture.
The inventive mixture preferably comprises additives comprising anions in the range from 0.001 to 50% by weight, preferably in the range from 0.01 to 20% by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 10% by weight, based in each case on the total mass of the inventive mixture.
The inventive mixture may comprise further additives, for example additives which lower the melting point of the mixture. In general, the total amount of these additives is in the range from 0.01 to 50% by weight, based on the total mass of the inventive mixture.
The sum of the components of the inventive mixture adds up to 100%.

The inventive mixture comprising elemental sulfur and an additive comprising anions, optionally a fluid inventive mixture (as defined below), may be prepared as follows.
All components (sulfur and an additive comprising anions or a plurality of additives comprising anions) are mixed with one another in the appropriate mass ratio in the solid state, and then optionally melted in order to obtain the finished fluid mixture.

Alternatively, the elemental sulfur is first melted, and an additive comprising anions or a plurality of additives comprising anions are added while mixing, and the resulting mixture is optionally converted to the solid state by cooling. The additive comprising anions or the additives comprising anions is/are preferably dissolved virtually completely in the sulfur melt.
The present application also provides the above-described inventive mixtures comprising elemental sulfur and an additive comprising anions in fluid form.
These mixtures are referred to hereinafter as "fluid inventive mixtures".

The term "fluid inventive mixture" herein means that the sulfur in this mixture is present at least partly, preferably completely, in fluid form at pressure 101325 Pa (abs.) or even higher pressure.

The fluid inventive mixture preferably has a temperature in the range from 120 C to 450 C at a pressure of 101325 Pa (abs.). Under a higher pressure than 101325 Pa (abs.), the fluid inventive mixture preferably has a temperature in the range from 120 C
to 600 C.
7 In terms of composition, the fluid inventive mixture corresponds to the inventive mixtures described above in principle or as preferred, particularly preferred or very particularly preferred, comprising elemental sulfur and an additive comprising anions.
The maximum viscosity of the fluid inventive mixture is generally in the range from 0.005 Pas to 50 Pa-s, preferably 0.005 Pas to 30 Pa-s, more preferably 0.005 Pa=s to 5 Pa-s, within the temperature range from 120 C to 195 C, measured at a pressure of 101325 Pa (abs.), as specified in the examples.
The application further relates to the use of a mixture comprising elemental sulfur and an additive comprising anions, preferably of a fluid inventive mixture, in each case as described above, as a heat carrier and/or heat accumulator.

The application further relates to the use of a mixture comprising elemental sulfur and an additive comprising anions, preferably of a fluid inventive mixture, in each case as described above, as a heat carrier and/or heat accumulator in power plants, for example solar thermal power plants.

The application further relates to the use of a mixture comprising elemental sulfur and an additive comprising anions, preferably of a fluid inventive mixture, in each case as described above, as a heat carrier and/or heat accumulator in power plants, for example solar thermal power plants, at a temperature in the range from 120 C
to 600 C.
The above-described use of the fluid inventive mixtures, especially that as a heat carrier, preferably takes place with exclusion of air and moisture, preferably in a closed system composed, for example, of pipelines, pumps, heat exchangers, control devices and vessels.
The present application further provides heat carriers or heat accumulators which comprise a mixture, preferably in fluid form, comprising elemental sulfur and an additive comprising anions.

Heat carriers are media which are heated by a heat source, for example the sun in solar thermal power plants, and transport the amount of heat present therein over a particular distance. They can then transfer this heat to another medium, for example water or a gas, preferably by means of heat exchangers, in which case this other medium may then, for example, drive a turbine. Heat carriers may also transfer the amount of heat present therein to another medium present in a reservoir vessel (for example potassium nitrate-sodium nitrate salt melt), and thus pass on the heat to storage. Heat carriers can also themselves be introduced into a reservoir vessel and
8 remain there; in that case, they are themselves both heat carriers and heat accumulators.

Heat accumulators are media, typically material compositions, for example the inventive mixtures, which can store an amount of heat over a certain time and are typically within an immobile vessel, preferably insulated against heat loss.

The present application further provides solar thermal power plants comprising pipelines, heat exchangers and/or vessels filled with mixtures comprising elemental sulfur and an additive comprising anions.

Examples The physical properties were measured as follows:
The dynamic viscosity of the mixtures was determined within a temperature range from 120 to 195 C by means of rotational viscometry according to an in-house method, as follows. The test setup consists of a stationary cylindrical vessel in which there is a solid cylinder mounted so as to be rotatable. The fluid to be analyzed is introduced into the annular gap. Subsequently, the torque required to allow the solid cylinder to rotate at a particular speed is determined. The torque required, as a function of the speed gradient which occurs, can be used to calculate the dynamic viscosity of the fluid.
Example 1 (General method) The particular mixture as described in examples 2 to 6 was heated from room temperature to 250 C in a nitrogen atmosphere while stirring. From approx. 120 C, the mixture became liquid. In the course of further heating, from approx. 159 C, the starting viscosity increased significantly, reached a maximum at approx. 190 C and then fell again at even higher temperature, as was found by the change in the stirrer torque.
The mixture was allowed to cool from 250 C to 150 C.

This heating and cooling operation was carried out nine times more. Then a sample of the mixture was taken at room temperature, and the dynamic viscosity of the sample was determined as described above.

Example 2 Example I was carried out with a mixture of 3 g of dipotassium pentasulfide (K2S5) and 297 g of sulfur, and the dynamic viscosity of a sample was measured. The viscosity maximum was at 195 C and was 5 Pa-s.
9 Example 3 Example 1 was carried out with a mixture of 5 g of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and 295 g of sulfur, and the dynamic viscosity of a sample was measured. The viscosity maximum was at 195 C and was 5 Pa-s.

Example 4 Example 1 was carried out with a mixture of 5 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and 295 g of sulfur, and the dynamic viscosity of a sample was measured. The viscosity maximum was at 195 C and was 30 Pa-s.

Example 5 Example 1 was carried out with a mixture of 3 g of disodium pentasulfide (Na2S5) and 297 g of sulfur, and the dynamic viscosity of a sample was measured. The viscosity maximum was at 195 C and was 10 Pa-s.

Example 6 Example 1 was carried out with a mixture of 15 g of iron(Ill) chloride (FeCl3) and 285 g of sulfur, and the dynamic viscosity of a sample was measured. The viscosity maximum was at 195 C and was 38 Pa-s.

Example 7 (for comparison) Example 1 was repeated with 300 g of sulfur, and no additive comprising anions was added.

As described in example 1, the sulfur was heated and cooled a total of ten times.
Then a sample of the mixture was taken at room temperature, and the dynamic viscosity was determined as described above. The viscosity maximum was at 190 C
and was 90 Pa=s.

Claims (11)

Claims
1. A mixture comprising elemental sulfur and an additive comprising anions, wherein the additive comprising anions is selected from the group consisting of compounds of a metal of the Periodic Table of the Elements with monoatomic or polyatomic, formally singly or multiply negatively charged anions
2. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the additive comprising anion comprises ionic compounds of a metal of the Periodic Table of the Elements with monoatomic or polyatomic, singly or multiply negatively charged anions.
3. The mixture according to either of claims 1 and 2 in fluid form.
4. The mixture according to claim 3 having a maximum viscosity in the range from 0.005 Pas to 50 Pas in the temperature range from 120°C to 195°C
at a pressure of 101326 Pa (abs.).
5. The use of a mixture as defined in claims 1 to 4 as a heat carrier and/or heat accumulator.
6. The use of a mixture in fluid form as defined in claim 3 or 4 as a heat carrier and/or heat accumulator.
7. The use as defined in claim 5 or 6 as a heat carrier and/or heat accumulator in power plants.
8. A heat carrier and/or heat accumulator which comprises a mixture as defined in claims 1 to 4.
9. A heat carrier and/or heat accumulator which comprises a mixture in fluid form as defined in claim 3 or 4.
10. A solar thermal power plant comprising pipelines, heat exchangers and/or vessels filled with mixtures as defined in claims 1 to 4.
11. A process for preparing a mixture comprising elemental sulfur and an additive comprising anions, wherein i) elemental sulfur and an additive comprising anions or a plurality of additives comprising anions are mixed with one another in the desired mass ratio in the solid state, and the mixture is optionally then converted to a melt by heating, or ii) wherein the elemental sulfur is first melted and an additive comprising anions or a plurality of additives comprising anions are added thereto while mixing, and the resulting mixture is optionally converted to the solid state by cooling the additive comprising anions being selected from the group consisting of compounds of a metal of the Periodic Table of the Elements with monoatomic or polyatomic, formally singly or multiply negatively charged anions in i).
CA2795280A 2010-04-09 2011-03-30 Fluid sulfur with improved viscosity as a heat carrier Abandoned CA2795280A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP10159483.6 2010-04-09
EP10159483 2010-04-09
PCT/EP2011/054883 WO2011124510A1 (en) 2010-04-09 2011-03-30 Liquid sulfur with improved viscosity as a heat transfer medium

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CA2795280A1 true CA2795280A1 (en) 2011-10-13

Family

ID=44147920

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CA2795280A Abandoned CA2795280A1 (en) 2010-04-09 2011-03-30 Fluid sulfur with improved viscosity as a heat carrier

Country Status (14)

Country Link
EP (1) EP2556129B1 (en)
JP (1) JP5930315B2 (en)
KR (1) KR20130091635A (en)
CN (1) CN102884154B (en)
AU (1) AU2011237957B2 (en)
BR (1) BR112012025545A2 (en)
CA (1) CA2795280A1 (en)
CL (1) CL2012002820A1 (en)
ES (1) ES2587254T3 (en)
IL (1) IL222250A0 (en)
MA (1) MA34179B1 (en)
MX (1) MX2012011677A (en)
TN (1) TN2012000484A1 (en)
WO (1) WO2011124510A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8679668B2 (en) 2010-06-22 2014-03-25 Basf Se Industrial apparatus for the large-scale storage of electric energy
US9957625B2 (en) 2012-06-11 2018-05-01 Basf Se Electrode unit
JP6642247B2 (en) * 2016-04-28 2020-02-05 株式会社デンソー Refrigeration cycle device
EP4171805A1 (en) * 2020-06-30 2023-05-03 Basf Corporation Chrome-free copper catalysts for fatty ester hydrogenolysis/hydrogenation

Family Cites Families (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2161245A (en) * 1937-12-04 1939-06-06 Freeport Sulphur Co Process of lowering sulphur viscosity and resulting nonviscous sulphur compound
DE2329894A1 (en) * 1973-06-12 1975-01-09 Bergwerksverband Gmbh PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ALKALINE HODANIDES
US4335578A (en) 1980-05-30 1982-06-22 Ford Aerospace & Communications Corporation Solar power converter with pool boiling receiver and integral heat exchanger
JPS60218479A (en) * 1984-04-13 1985-11-01 Hitachi Ltd Chemical copper plating solution
DE3436698C1 (en) 1984-10-06 1986-05-22 Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt Process for the production of sodium polysulfides from the elements sodium and sulfur
JPH0641365B2 (en) * 1990-10-05 1994-06-01 三協化成株式会社 Method for producing anhydrous sodium polysulfide
JP4290724B2 (en) * 2003-10-14 2009-07-08 横浜ゴム株式会社 Rubber composition for side reinforcement of run flat tire containing cyclic polysulfide as vulcanizing agent and pneumatic tire having run flat performance using the same
HU225602B1 (en) 2004-01-26 2007-05-02 Solar Technologia Es Vegyi Any Method for extraction of thermal energy from solar collector and absorber therefore
JP2006296739A (en) * 2005-04-20 2006-11-02 Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd Malodor generation-preventing agent, and malodor generation-preventing method
JP2007099872A (en) * 2005-10-03 2007-04-19 Yokohama Rubber Co Ltd:The Rubber composition for tire
CN101528727B (en) * 2006-08-29 2012-12-26 保土谷化学工业株式会社 Process for producing cyclic phenol sulfides
US20100035754A1 (en) * 2007-03-30 2010-02-11 Cosmo Oil Co., Ltd Agent for improving alkali resistance of plant and method for improving alkali resistance of plant
JP2009209231A (en) * 2008-03-03 2009-09-17 Koda Tooru Method for producing polysulfide chemical agent for heavy metal fixation
WO2010025692A1 (en) * 2008-09-05 2010-03-11 Sterzel, Hans-Josef Use of modified, low-viscosity sulfur as heat transfer and heat storage fluid
DE102008046071A1 (en) * 2008-09-05 2010-03-11 Sterzel, Christoph Henrik Use of a heat transfer liquid comprising sulfur modified with inorganic components, to transport and storage of heat energy
WO2011083054A1 (en) * 2010-01-05 2011-07-14 Basf Se Mixtures of alkali polysulfides

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN102884154B (en) 2016-04-13
WO2011124510A1 (en) 2011-10-13
IL222250A0 (en) 2012-12-31
ES2587254T3 (en) 2016-10-21
EP2556129A1 (en) 2013-02-13
JP2013528669A (en) 2013-07-11
AU2011237957B2 (en) 2015-04-09
CL2012002820A1 (en) 2012-12-07
BR112012025545A2 (en) 2016-06-28
JP5930315B2 (en) 2016-06-08
AU2011237957A1 (en) 2012-11-01
TN2012000484A1 (en) 2014-04-01
CN102884154A (en) 2013-01-16
EP2556129B1 (en) 2016-05-18
MX2012011677A (en) 2012-11-16
KR20130091635A (en) 2013-08-19
MA34179B1 (en) 2013-04-03

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US20110163258A1 (en) Mixtures of alkali metal polysulfides
AU2011237957B2 (en) Liquid sulfur with improved viscosity as a heat transfer medium
CN103298904B (en) Heat transfer medium for solar facilities
JP6663101B2 (en) Molten salt type heat medium, method of using molten salt type heat medium, and solar heat utilization system
Lasfargues Nitrate based high temperature nano-heat-transfer-fluids: formulation & characterisation
US20110247606A1 (en) Fluid sulfur with improved viscosity as a heat carrier
CN102712474A (en) Mixtures of alkali polysulfides
CN102177216A (en) Use of modified, low-viscosity sulfur as heat transfer and heat storage fluid
CN106795424B (en) Salt mixture
CN104979429B (en) A kind of preparation method of micron-size spherical copper zinc tin sulfur selenium single crystal grain
CN105051147A (en) Method for improving nitrate salt compositions by means of nitric acid in the use thereof as a thermal transfer medium or as a thermal accumulator medium
CN113166636A (en) Inert mixture and use thereof as phase change material
CN104479646A (en) Five-membered molten nitrate salt heat transfer and heat accumulation medium and preparation method thereof
JP7176202B2 (en) Composition, production method and use thereof
KR101897463B1 (en) Heat transfer medium comprising melting composition and using heat transfer system of the same
WO2017217390A1 (en) Molten salt-type heat medium, method for using molten salt-type heat medium and solar heat utilization system
CN105593333A (en) Salt mixture as storage medium for oil-based solar thermal power plant
JP6841063B2 (en) Compositions, manufacturing methods and uses thereof
CN110041894A (en) A kind of high temperature heat transfer material and preparation method thereof

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
EEER Examination request

Effective date: 20160329

FZDE Discontinued

Effective date: 20190403