CN102812563B - 在金属衬底上制备太阳能电池的层叠系统及其制备方法 - Google Patents
在金属衬底上制备太阳能电池的层叠系统及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于在金属衬底上制备太阳能电池的层叠系统,以及制备所述层叠系统的方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于在金属衬底上制备太阳能电池的层叠系统,以及制备所述层叠系统的方法。
背景技术
由于对未来能源的需求以及对环保能源的期望,近十多年来,光伏发电系统获得了发展势头,且目前正获得商业开发并日益普及。尽管传统的太阳能电池或光伏设备市场提倡具有高制造成本的基于p-n结硅晶片类太阳能电池的电池,但是进来的研究努力却致力于提供低成本连续制造工艺以为光伏发电系统提供便宜的太阳能电池。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的在于提供一种用于便宜的太阳能电池的连续制造的层叠系统。本发明的另一个目的在于提供一种制造这种层叠系统的方法。
本发明
在本发明的第一方面中,提供一种用于制备太阳能电池的层叠系统,包括:
-金属衬底,具有用于光散射的浮凸聚合物涂层;
-太阳能电池背电极,遵循浮凸聚合物涂层的形状,且具有高光反射率;
-一个或多个光伏活性层,其能够有效地将光转换为电;
-透明的顶电极;
-其中,该聚合物涂层包括可结晶聚合物。
由于金属衬底对于氧和水汽而言是不渗透的,因此活性材料更少暴露到氧和水汽。金属衬底是用于太阳能电池的结构衬底,还赋予额外的强度。优选地,金属衬底是具有固有腐蚀保护的金属,例如不锈钢,或者是具有抵抗腐蚀的额外保护的金属,例如电镀低碳钢。这种额外保护的另一优点是可以改善衬底和聚合物涂层之间的粘合。聚合物涂层将活性太阳能电池与钢衬底电隔离。以此方式,聚合物涂层上的个体太阳能电池可以串联连接。这提升了组件的电压。此外,聚合物涂层为钢衬底提供额外的腐蚀保护。聚合物涂层需是浮凸的,例如以提供全息图或周期光栅。该全息图或光栅提供具有彩虹效应的层。在信用卡上看到的全息图是彩虹全息图的一个示例。在本发明中这些全息图或光栅的效果是它增加了入射到表面上的光的散射。所散射的光增大了朝向表面的光的角度,并增大了穿过太阳能电池的光伏活性层的光路。这改善了光伏活性层中的光吸收,并提升了太阳能电池的性能。太阳能电池包括活性太阳能电池背电极,其遵循浮凸聚合物涂层的形状且具有高光反射率。需要具有高反射率的层以增强入射光的反射。背电极遵循浮凸聚合物涂层的形状是必要的,以受益于浮凸从而对光进行散射。术语“遵循...的形状”旨在意味着在应用背电极之后源于浮凸的表面纹理仍存在。如果背电极将部分地或完全填充浮凸图案,则浮凸的散射增强功能(部分地)丧失。光伏活性层或多层,或系列的层,吸收落到系统上的光且生成对于产生电力而言必要的电子和空穴。光穿过这些光伏活性层(或多个层)行进地越长,被光伏活性层吸收的光就越多。结果将产生更多电子和空穴,因而太阳能电池的效率得到改善。与具有高光反射率的太阳能电池背电极组合的浮凸聚合物层确保了光穿过光伏活性层所采取的路径得以延长。注意,聚合物层的任何表面纹理将在一定程度上具有类似的效果,因为表面粗糙度也散射光,特别是当具有高反射率活性太阳能电池背电极时,但未受控制的表面粗糙度可能产生不完美的层,因为层不能遵循粗糙度。这降低了太阳能电池的性能,如果不完美层引起电短路缺口的话甚至能导致彻底的故障。浮凸聚合物层的优点在于能够为此目的而控制和优化光散射。最后,提供透明顶电极使得能够传输电子。还可以存在额外的层,例如保护顶层、聚合物层与衬底之间或聚合物层与活性背电极之间的粘合层。也可以在透明顶电极上设置金属指和/或总线条以改善电子传输。
在本发明的一个优选实施例中,浮凸聚合物涂层具有粘合层,如氧化铬层或铝层。该层的目的在于改善聚合物涂层上太阳能电池层的粘合。
在本发明的另一个优选实施例中,背电极优选具有0.1至0.6μm之间的厚度,优选地,其中背电极具有高反射率。背电极可以是薄金属层,例如银或铝层。金属,特别是银和铝,具有高反射系数,因此大部分进入的光被其反射。然而,例如,对于基于有机小分子的光伏活性薄层或者与空穴传导和激子阻挡层组合的聚合物或混合类活性施主-受主层系统的PV电池,可以使用非金属性电极层。层厚度由其作为背电极的功能所掌控,导致最小厚度为0.1μm。最大厚度由遵循浮凸聚合物层的形状的能力所掌控。当厚度超过0.6μm时,浮凸聚合物的光散射效果降低。
在本发明的另一优选实施例中,光伏活性层包括光伏活性硅薄膜(例如在n(i-)p电池中),或者基于有机小分子的光伏活性薄层,或者与空穴传导和激子阻挡层组合的聚合物或混合类活性施主-受主层系统。光伏活性层也可包括串联电池,其中两个或更多电池堆叠于彼此之上,例如其中每个电池吸收太阳光谱的互补部分。由半导体材料制成的光伏活性层的功能在于吸收光子。这些光子产生导带中的电子。电子穿过材料流动以产生电力。由于太阳能电池的特殊构成,只允许电子在单一方向上移动。还产生互补的正电荷,称为空穴,且沿与电子相反的方向流动。太阳能电池的阵列将太阳能转换为可用量的直流(DC)电力。
在本发明的另一优选实施例中,在背电极上提供额外散射层,其具有介于背电极和光伏活性层之间的折射率,其中该散射层优选为透明导电氧化物(TCO),例如掺杂铝的氧化锌(ZnO:Al),掺氟的氧化锡(SnO2:F或FTO)或氧化铟锡(ITO),其中散射层可选地具有氧化硅纳米层。该额外散射层进一步增大了入射光子穿过光伏活性层的路径,因此增加了电子-空穴对的产生几率。
在本发明另一优选实施例中,聚合物涂层包括可结晶热塑性聚合物,例如聚酯,像聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)、聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN),或者聚烯烃,如聚丙烯或双轴取向聚丙烯(BOPP)、聚乙烯(PE)或聚氯乙烯(PVC)。特别优选PET,因为它非常好地粘附到金属衬底,并且具有高的熔化温度。目前制备太阳能电池的工艺典型地涉及在120和200℃之间的工艺步骤。浮凸和聚合物层需要能耐受这些温度且已经证明PET表现良好。可以用CHDM(1,4-环己烷二甲醇)或IPA(间苯二甲酸)对PET进行改性。由于类似的原因,聚合物像聚酰胺或聚酰亚胺等可以是合适的,只要它们具有足够高的熔化温度。也可以使用上述聚合物的混合物(掺混物)或共聚物。聚合物涂层的结晶能力确保了浮凸在进一步处理期间保持稳定。优选地,可结晶热塑性聚合物的熔化温度高于200℃,更优选地,至少220℃。如果需要的话,聚合物层可具有额外填料、添加剂、着色剂或阻蚀剂,诸如二氧化钛。优选地,聚合物材料良好地适应于在真空条件下使用,例如在太阳能电池层的应用期间,能防止真空蒸发。聚合物涂层的最小厚度取决于击穿电压,然而最大厚度是成本问题。合适的聚合物涂层的最小厚度是5μm,且优选为7μm。对于基于聚合物的太阳能电池技术,处理最初在低温下完成,即聚合物涂层的结晶不发生。然而,在大多数情况下,需要120-150℃的后续处理以优化性能。在这种情况下,需要浮凸和结晶以提高光吸收并减小由于在应用太阳能电池层之后聚合物的结晶所引起的开裂。已经证明,基于聚酯的涂层,其中可结晶的聚合物包括PET、或包含PET和/或IPA-或CHDM-改性的PET的共聚物或混合物,能良好地起作用。
在本发明另一优选实施例中,金属衬底为钢条或箔,优选具有腐蚀保护涂层的低碳钢或不锈钢,铝或钛条。带有电镀金属涂层的低碳钢衬底相对便宜且能可靠并低成本地在工业规模为其提供聚合物涂层。不锈钢衬底比低碳钢衬底更昂贵,但是这些钢不需要额外的抗腐蚀保护,而低碳钢衬底优选具有保护涂层,例如基于镍、铬、钴、钼、以及它们的合金的镀层,或它们的组合,或诸如ECCS钢中(也称为无锡钢)的氧化铬层。也可以使用镀锌钢作为衬底。然而,对于本发明的目的而言,使用哪种涂层来提供额外的腐蚀保护并不重要,只要它改善了或者至少不影响聚合物涂层和衬底之间的粘合。额外的粘合层可以设置在聚合物涂层和衬底之间,如从用于封装工业的聚合物涂覆金属衬底常规产品所知的那样。金属衬底的厚度主要取决于所需的机械属性。钢衬底优选具有介于0.05至1mm之间的厚度。重量约束可限制最大厚度,但是并不存在本发明在其之上就技术上不再起作用的最大厚度。衬底越薄,在太阳能电池的安装和使用期间损坏、折断和褶皱的风险就越大,由此潜在地损伤太阳能电池。
在本发明的另一优选实施例中,浮凸的聚合物涂层提供全息效果。全息效果的主要功能是散射功能以增大入射光子穿过光伏活性层(或多层)的路径。然而,全息图可以对于防伪、品牌提升和产品认证而言是有用的,因为全息图可以以包括公司标志或产品商品名或商标的形式制造。
本发明的第二方面,提供一种包括上述层叠系统的太阳能电池。光伏活性太阳能电池层包括光伏活性硅的薄膜的堆叠,例如在n(i-)p电池中。替选地,这些可以是基于有机小分子的光伏活性薄层,或者与空穴传导和激子阻挡层组合的聚合物或混合类活性施主-受主层系统,以获得最优性能。
本发明的第三方面,提供一种制备用在太阳能电池中的层叠系统的方法,包括步骤:
-提供具有聚合物涂层的金属衬底;
-使该聚合物涂层浮凸以获得用于光散射的表面纹理;
-在浮凸的聚合物涂层上提供粘合层和/或可选地对该聚合物涂层进行预处理以改善粘合性;
-提供太阳能电池背电极,其遵循浮凸聚合物涂层或粘合层的形状且具有高光反射率,其中该电极跟随在热浮凸的聚合物涂层之后;
-一个或多个光伏活性层,其能有效地将光转换为电力;
-透明顶电极。
可选的预处理可以是氧等离子体处理。氧等离子体表面处理不仅移除有机残余物,而且能与表面发生化学反应以形成强共价碳-氧键,其远比初始的碳-氢键更具极性和活性。增大的表面极性解释了润湿性的实质提升且为表面-粘合界面增加一定程度的共价成键。金属衬底上的聚合物层优选为非晶或部分结晶的聚合物层。聚合物层可通过如下方法设置到衬底上:通过已知手段将事先制备好的聚合物膜层叠到衬底上,或者通过已知手段直接将聚合物层挤出到衬底上,例如通过T模直接将膜挤出至衬底上,或挤到压延辊上,然后将膜层叠到衬底上。这些将聚合物层设置到衬底上的方法是已知的,例如来自为封装工业制备的涂覆有聚合物的钢衬底的制造。是TatasteelIJmuidenBV的注册商品名。
在本发明的另一优选实施例中,聚合物涂层的浮凸通过热浮凸表面纹理,诸如全息图或周期性光栅,由此使聚合物涂层至少部分地结晶而形成。应用浮凸的浮凸温度优选与制备太阳能电池时的处理温度相当,制备太阳能电池典型地涉及介于120至200℃之间温度的处理。当PET用作聚合物层时,PET涂层在浮凸步骤期间结晶,同时在表面压出印记。该方式获得可控浮凸表面,其提升了太阳能面板的性能。结晶效果也减轻了可能由于层叠或挤出到金属衬底上而已经存在于聚合物层中的任何内部应力。该应力的减轻或去除减小或消除了在应用这些层或后处理期间太阳能电池层龟裂的风险,因为这些常在高温(典型地高达200℃)下或在等离子体环境中处理。如果聚合物层然后仍是非晶的或部分结晶,则高温会使其再结晶,然后导致太阳能电池龟裂和彻底失效。浮凸温度最高为聚合物开始粘附到浮凸工具(也称为鞍(tacking))的温度。最小温度需要能获得结晶和使获得浮凸所需的力最小化。发现对于诸如PET的聚酯而言适合的最小温度为约120℃且最大为约200℃。对于其它聚合物,这些最低和最高温度可稍微变化,但总体而言对于所有适用于太阳能电池的聚合物层而言120至200℃的温度范围都是适用的,即,能耐受在太阳能电池制造期间的典型处理温度。热浮凸不能应用于太阳能电池沉积之后,因为那时太阳能电池层由于聚合物层的结晶而龟裂。作为替选,聚合物层可在层叠至金属衬底之前进行浮凸。在那种情况下,聚合物涂层的浮凸通过将已经具有全息膜的聚合物涂层层叠到金属衬底上而产生。作为另一替选,浮凸步骤可以在将聚合物膜挤出涂覆到金属衬底上之后,接着借助于浮凸压延辊或安装在挤出层叠设备中的浮凸辊对挤出的聚合物膜进行浮凸来进行。作为另一替选,浮凸步骤可以在预制造的聚合物膜的层叠期间或之后,通过利用浮凸层叠辊或安装在挤出层叠设备中的额外浮凸辊来进行。作为另一替选,浮凸可通过在聚合物层上应用触变涂覆复合物或溶胶-凝胶类复合物,用浮凸设备将表面凹凸浮凸到涂覆复合物中,并且固化浮凸涂覆复合物来提供。触变涂层可具有导电属性,例如通过其中包括导电颗粒,从而浮凸层可用作导电层,其上可提供背电极。再一次地,应选择固化温度使得聚合物涂层至少部分地结晶以减轻或去除内部应力,否则其可能导致太阳能电池层中的龟裂。在另一实施例中,衬底具有聚合物涂层,其在对衬底进行涂覆之后热结晶,接着用第二涂层对已涂覆的衬底进行涂覆,第二涂层被部分地固化、浮凸以获得用于光散射的表面纹理,然后是最终固化。出于前述原因,所述第二涂层可以可选地具有导电属性。
在本发明另一优选实施例中,该方法包括下列步骤中的一个或多个:
-浮凸聚合物涂层提供有粘合层,诸如氧化铬层或铝层;
-提供作为金属层的背电极,优选具有0.1-0.6μm之间的厚度,其中优选地该金属层具有高反射率,诸如银层或铝层;
-在背电极上提供附加散射层,其折射率介于背电极的折射率和光伏活性层的折射率之间,其中散射层优选为透明导电氧化物,诸如ZnO:Al、SnO2:F或氧化铟锡(ITO),且其中散射层可选地设置有氧化硅纳米层;
-提供光伏活性层,包括光伏活性硅的薄膜,诸如n-i-p电池,或者基于光伏活性有机小分子的薄膜,或者与空穴传导和激子阻挡层组合的聚合物或混合类活性施主-受主层系统;
-提供聚合物涂层,包括可结晶聚合物,诸如聚苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET);
-提供作为钢条的金属衬底,优选为具有腐蚀保护涂层的低碳钢、不锈钢、铝或铝合金条;
-其中该热浮凸的聚合物涂层提供全息效果。
附图说明
现在将借助于下面的非限制性示意图来描述本发明,其中图1表示层叠系统,图2说明热浮凸工艺。
具体实施方式
在图1中,示出层叠系统1的示意图(不按比例)。金属衬底2设置有聚合物层3,聚合物层3具有浮凸部分4。通过已知手段将活性太阳能电池背电极5沉积在浮凸部分4上。层6为可选的TCO层,7为光伏活性层。在该非限制性示例中,画出三层系统,例如光伏活性n-i-p硅系统的薄膜。在活性层8上提供TCO上涂层9,且提供总线条或指9以改善电子传输。当光撞击光伏活性层时,电势(ΔV)示意性表示为存在于TCO层6和9之间。
在图2中提供浮凸步骤的示意图。浮凸工具示意性示出为压具,但是也可以是辊或对聚合物层3进行浮凸的任何其它适当装置。在图2a中,聚合物层尚未被浮凸,浮凸工具正在向其移动。优选在升高的温度下实施浮凸步骤,例如在120至200℃之间。图2b表示浮凸之后的情况,其中聚合物层3现在具有浮凸部分4,其由于提升的温度而经历(部分)结晶。
Claims (22)
1.一种用于制备太阳能电池的层叠系统(1),包括:
-低碳钢衬底(2),具有保护涂层,其设置有用于光散射的浮凸聚合物涂层(3,4);
-太阳能电池背电极(5),遵循该浮凸聚合物涂层的形状并具有高光反射率,其中该背电极是具有在0.1至0.6μm之间的厚度的金属层;
-一个或多个光伏活性层(7),其能够有效地将光转换为电力;
-透明顶电极(8);
-其中,该聚合物涂层(3)包括可结晶聚合物,其中所述可结晶聚合物选自包括下列的可结晶聚合物的组:聚酯,聚烯烃,或聚酰胺,
其中所述聚合物的结晶能力确保所述浮凸聚合物涂层在该层叠系统的进一步处理期间保持稳定;
-其中,所述一个或多个光伏活性层(7)包括
○光伏活性硅的薄膜,或
○基于光伏活性有机小分子的薄膜,或
○与空穴传导和激子阻挡层组合的聚合物或混合类施主-受主层系统,
-其中
(i)作为热浮凸处理的结果,所述浮凸聚合物涂层至少部分地结晶,其中所述热浮凸处理在120至200℃之间的温度进行,或者
(ii)其中所述聚合物涂层涂覆有触变涂覆复合物或溶胶-凝胶类复合物作为第二涂层,该第二涂层随后被至多部分地固化,然后被浮凸处理,以获得用于光散射的表面纹理(4),然后被最终固化。
2.根据权利要求1所述的层叠系统(1),其中所述低碳钢衬底(2)具有基于镍、铬、钴、钼、或它们的合金的镀层或它们的组合的保护镀层,或者具有氧化铬层,或者其中所述低碳钢衬底(2)是镀锌钢。
3.根据权利要求1所述的层叠系统(1),其中,所述浮凸聚合物涂层设置有粘合层。
4.根据权利要求1所述的层叠系统(1),其中,所述背电极(5)为银或铝层。
5.根据权利要求1-4中的任一项所述的层叠系统(1),其中,额外散射层设置在所述背电极上,所述额外散射层的折射率介于所述背电极的折射率和所述一个或多个光伏活性层的折射率之间。
6.根据权利要求5所述的层叠系统(1),其中所述散射层为透明导电氧化物。
7.根据权利要求5所述的层叠系统(1),其中,所述散射层设置有氧化硅纳米层。
8.根据权利要求6所述的层叠系统(1),其中,所述散射层设置有氧化硅纳米层。
9.根据权利要求1-4中的任一项所述的层叠系统(1),其中,所述浮凸聚合物涂层(3,4)提供全息效果。
10.根据权利要求1-4中的任一项所述的层叠系统(1),其中,所述可结晶聚合物由聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯构成。
11.根据权利要求1-4中的任一项所述的层叠系统(1),其中,所述聚酯包括聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯、聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯,或者它们的混合物或共聚物;
所述聚烯烃包括聚丙烯或聚乙烯。
12.根据权利要求3所述的层叠系统(1),其中,所述粘合层包括氧化铬层或铝层。
13.根据权利要求6所述的层叠系统(1),其中,所述透明导电氧化物包括ZnO:Al、SnO2:F或氧化铟锡(ITO)。
14.根据权利要求1-4中的任一项所述的层叠系统(1),其中,所述聚烯烃包括双轴取向聚丙烯。
15.一种制备用于在太阳能电池中使用的层叠系统(1)的方法,包括以下连续步骤:
-提供设置有保护涂层以及聚合物涂层(3)的低碳钢衬底(2),其中所述聚合物涂层包括可结晶聚合物,所述可结晶聚合物选自包括下列的可结晶聚合物的组:聚酯,聚烯烃,或聚酰胺;
-使所述聚合物涂层浮凸以获得用于光散射的表面纹理(4);
-在浮凸了的聚合物涂层上提供粘合层和/或对所述聚合物涂层进行预处理以提高粘合性;
-提供太阳能电池背电极(5),其遵循浮凸了的聚合物涂层或所述粘合层的形状且具有高光反射率,其中所述背电极是具有在0.1至0.6μm之间的厚度的金属层;
-提供一个或多个光伏活性层(7),其能有效地将光转换为电力,其中所述一个或多个光伏活性层包括
-光伏活性硅的薄膜,或
-基于光伏活性有机小分子的薄膜,或
-与空穴传导和激子阻挡层组合的聚合物或混合类活性施主-受主层系统;
-提供透明顶电极(8),
其中,所述聚合物涂层的浮凸通过热浮凸表面纹理,由此使该聚合物涂层至少部分地结晶来进行,其中所述热浮凸在120至200℃之间的浮凸温度下应用,或者
其中,在所述浮凸之前,以触变涂覆复合物或溶胶-凝胶类复合物涂覆至少部分结晶的所述聚合物涂层作为第二涂层,该第二涂层随后被至多部分地固化,然后被浮凸处理,以获得用于光散射的表面纹理(4),然后被最终固化,或者
其中,在所述浮凸之前,以触变涂覆复合物或溶胶-凝胶类复合物涂覆所述聚合物涂层作为第二涂层,该第二涂层随后被至多部分地固化,然后被浮凸处理,以获得用于光散射的表面纹理(4),然后被最终固化,其中所述聚合物涂层在固化期间至少部分结晶。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中,
-所述粘合层是氧化铬层或铝层;和/或其中
-所述背电极(5)是银层或铝层;和/或其中
-附加散射层设置在所述背电极上,所述附加散射层的折射率介于所述背电极的折射率和所述一个或多个光伏活性层的折射率之间,其中所述散射层为透明导电氧化物,其中所述散射层设置有氧化硅纳米层;和/或其中
所述一个或多个光伏活性层包括光伏活性硅的薄膜、或基于光伏活性有机小分子的薄膜、或与空穴传导和激子阻挡层组合的聚合物或混合类活性施主-受主层系统;和/或其中
热浮凸的聚合物涂层产生全息效果。
17.根据权利要求15-16中的任一项所述的方法,其中,所述聚合物涂层包括聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)。
18.根据权利要求15-16中的任一项所述的方法,其中所述浮凸产生全息图像,所述全息图像用于防伪、品牌提升和/或产品认证。
19.根据权利要求15-16中的任一项所述的方法,所述表面纹理包括全息图或周期性光栅。
20.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中,所述透明导电氧化物包括ZnO:Al、SnO2:F或氧化铟锡(ITO)。
21.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中,所述聚酯包括聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯、聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯,或者它们的混合物或共聚物;
所述聚烯烃包括聚丙烯或聚乙烯。
22.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中,所述聚烯烃包括双轴取向聚丙烯。
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US20140326310A1 (en) * | 2011-12-06 | 2014-11-06 | Novaled Gmbh | Organic Photovoltaic Device |
KR101467991B1 (ko) * | 2012-11-12 | 2014-12-03 | 재단법인대구경북과학기술원 | 광수확능력이 향상된 전고상 광 감응 태양전지 및 이의 제조방법 |
JP6510760B2 (ja) * | 2014-03-31 | 2019-05-08 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 金属基板 |
KR102108275B1 (ko) * | 2016-03-03 | 2020-05-07 | (주)엘지하우시스 | 발광형 집광 필름 |
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