CN102625709A - 用于预防或治疗眼科病症的方法和组合物 - Google Patents
用于预防或治疗眼科病症的方法和组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102625709A CN102625709A CN2010800481393A CN201080048139A CN102625709A CN 102625709 A CN102625709 A CN 102625709A CN 2010800481393 A CN2010800481393 A CN 2010800481393A CN 201080048139 A CN201080048139 A CN 201080048139A CN 102625709 A CN102625709 A CN 102625709A
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Abstract
本发明提供了预防或治疗哺乳动物对象的眼科疾病或眼科病症的方法,包括将治疗有效量的由式D-Arg-2’6’-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2(SS-31)或Phe-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2(SS-20)表示的芳香族阳离子肽给药至所述对象。本发明提供了用于预防或治疗诸如糖尿病性视网膜病变、白内障、色素性视网膜炎、青光眼、黄斑变性、脉络膜新生血管、视网膜变性和氧诱导视网膜病变的眼科疾病的方法。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2009年8月24日提交的第61/236440号美国临时申请、2009年8月28日提交的第61/237745号美国临时申请和2010年5月26号提交的第61/348470号美国临时申请的优先权。这些申请的全部内容通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本发明总体涉及预防或治疗眼科疾病或眼科病症的组合物和方法。具体地,本发明涉及给药有效量的芳香族阳离子肽来预防或治疗哺乳动物对象中的眼科疾病或眼科病症,例如糖尿病视网膜病变、白内障、色素性视网膜炎、青光眼、脉络膜新生血管和氧诱导视网膜病变。
背景技术
提供以下描述来便于读者理解。所提供的信息或所引用的参考文献都不能被认为是本发明的现有技术。
视神经和视网膜的疾病和退化性病症是世界上失明的主要原因。视网膜的显著退化病症是与年龄相关的黄斑变性(ARMD)。ARMD是美国超过50岁的人群中失明的最常见原因,其患病率随年龄增长。ARMD分为湿性(新生血管性)或干性(非新生血管性);该疾病的干性形式更为常见。黄斑变性发生于中央视网膜已变形并变薄(通常与年龄有关)时,而且其特征为眼内炎症和血管新生(仅湿性ARDM)和/或眼内感染。随后产生自由基,导致氧化性组织损伤、局部炎症和产生生长因子(比如VEGF和FGF)以及炎症介质,这引起和湿性形式的ARDM一样的不恰当的新生血管。
视网膜病变是I型糖尿病中的失明的主要原因,而且也常见于II型糖尿病。视网膜病变的程度取决于糖尿病的持续时间,并且通常在患上糖尿病十年或更长时间后发生。糖尿病性视网膜病变可以进行如下分类:非增生性的,其中这类视网膜病变的特征是毛细血管通透性增强、出现水肿和渗出物;或者增生性的,其中这类视网膜病变的特征是新生血管从视网膜扩展至玻璃体、结疤、纤维组织沉积以及可能的视网膜脱离。糖尿病性视网膜病变被认为是由高血糖引起的糖基化蛋白的发展导致的。一些其他较不常见的视网膜病变包括脉络膜新生血管膜(CNVM)、囊样黄斑水肿(CME)、视网膜前膜(EMR)和黄斑裂孔。
青光眼是通过损伤视神经而导致视力减退的眼科疾病的集合。因眼睑分泌物不足而引起的眼压升高(IOP)是青光眼的主要原因。青光眼通常随着眼睛老化而形成,或者其可能因眼外伤、炎症、肿瘤或在白内障或糖尿病的晚期中发生。其也可由用类固醇治疗导致的IOP升高而引起。已证实,通过减少玻璃液形成或通过促进眼排液进行的药物治疗在青光眼降低IOP方面是有效的。这样的制剂通常是血管舒张药,并因此作用于交感神经系统且包括肾上腺髓素拮抗物。
发明内容
本发明的技术总体上涉及通过将治疗有效量的芳香族阳离子肽给药至需要治疗或预防的对象来治疗或预防哺乳动物中的眼科疾病或眼科病症。
在一个方面中,本发明提供了一种用于治疗或预防需要治疗或预防的哺乳动物对象中的眼科病症的方法,所述方法包括将治疗有效量的D-Arg-2’6’-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2或Phe-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2肽给药至所述对象。在一个实施方式中,所述眼科病症选自糖尿病性视网膜病变、白内障、色素性视网膜炎、青光眼、黄斑变性、脉络膜新生血管、视网膜变性和氧诱导视网膜病变。
在一个方面中,本发明提供了一种用于治疗或预防哺乳动物对象中的眼科病症的方法,所述方法包括将治疗有效量的所述芳香族阳离子肽给药至所述哺乳动物对象。在一些实施方式中,所述芳香族阳离子肽是具有以下特点的肽:
至少一个净正电荷;
最少四个氨基酸;
最多约20个氨基酸;
净正电荷的最小数目(pm)和氨基酸残基的总数目(r)之间的关系为:3pm是小于或等于r+1的最大数;以及芳香族基团的最小数目(a)和净正电荷的总数目(pt)之间的关系为:除了当a为1时,pt也可为1之外,2a是小于或等于pt+1的最大数。在特定的实施方式中,哺乳动物对象是人类。
在一个实施方式中,2pm是小于或等于r+1的最大数,且可以等于pt。所述芳香族阳离子肽可以是具有最少两个正电荷或最少三个正电荷的可溶于水的肽。
在一个实施方式中,所述肽包括一种或多种非自然存在的氨基酸,例如一种或多种D型氨基酸(右旋氨基酸)。在一些实施方式中,氨基酸的在C末端的C末端羧基被酰胺化。在某些实施方式中,所述肽最少具有4个氨基酸。肽可以最多有约6个、最多约9个或者最多约12个氨基酸。
在一个实施方式中,所述肽可以具有式Phe-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2(SS-20)或2’,6’-Dmp-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2。在特定的实施方式中,芳香族阳离子肽具有式D-Arg-2’,6’-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2(也被称为SS-31、MTP-131或BendaviaTM)。
在一个实施方式中,所述肽由如下式I所定义:
其中R1和R2各独立地选自:
(i)氢;
(ii)线性或支链的C1-C6的烷基;
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9、R10、R11和R12各独立地选自:
(i)氢;
(ii)线性或支链的C1-C6的烷基;
(iii)C1-C6的烷氧基;
(iv)氨基;
(v)C1-C4的烷基氨基;
(vi)C1-C4的二烷基氨基;
(vii)硝基;
(viii)羟基;
(ix)卤素,其中“卤素”包括氯、氟、溴和碘;以及
n为1到5的整数。
在特定的实施方式中,R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9、R10、R11和R12都为氢,且n为4。在另一实施方式中,R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9和R11都为氢;R8和R12是甲基;R10是羟基;且n为4。
在一个实施方式中,肽由如下式II所定义:
其中,R1和R2各独立地选自:
(i)氢;
(ii)线性或支链的C1-C6的烷基;
(iii)
其中m=1-3;
(iv)
(v)
R3和R4各独立地选自:
(i)氢;
(ii)线性或支链的C1-C6的烷基;
(iii)C1-C6的烷氧基;
(iv)氨基;
(v)C1-C4的烷基氨基;
(vi)C1-C4的二烷基氨基;
(vii)硝基;
(viii)羟基;
(ix)卤素,其中“卤素”包括氯、氟、溴和碘;
R5、R6、R7、R8和R9各独立地选自:
(i)氢;
(ii)线性或支链的C1-C6的烷基;
(iii)C1-C6的烷氧基;
(iv)氨基;
(v)C1-C4的烷基氨基;
(vi)C1-C4的二烷基氨基;
(vii)硝基;
(viii)羟基;
(ix)卤素,其中“卤素”包括氯、氟、溴和碘;以及
n为1到5的整数。
可以以各种方式将芳香族阳离子肽给药。在一些实施方式中,肽可以眼内给药、口服给药、局部给药、鼻内给药、静脉内给药、皮下给药或经皮肤(例如离子电渗疗法)给药。
在一个方面中,本发明提供了一种药物组合物,该药物组合物包括治疗有效量的肽D-Arg-2’6’-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2或Phe-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2,用于局部给药、离子电渗疗法给药或眼内给药。
在一个方面中,本发明提供了一种包括治疗有效量的肽D-Arg-2’6’-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2或Phe-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2的眼科制剂。在一个实施方式中,所述制剂可以溶解在眼睛的角膜、房水和晶状体中。在一个实施方式中,所述制剂还包括防腐剂。在一个实施方式中,所述防腐剂以小于1%的浓度存在。
在一个实施方式中,所述制剂还包括活性剂,该活性剂选自抗氧化剂、金属络合物、消炎药、抗生素和抗组胺剂。在一个实施方式中,所述抗氧化剂是维生素A、维生素C、维生素E、番茄红素、硒、α-硫辛酸、辅酶Q、谷胱甘肽或类胡萝卜素。在一个实施方式中,所述制剂还包括活性剂,该活性剂选自乙氧喹环啶(aceclidine)、乙酰唑胺(acetazolamide)、阿奈可他(anecortave)、阿可乐定(apraclonidine)、阿托品(atropine)、法可林(azapentacene)、氮卓斯汀(azelastine)、枯草杆菌抗生素(bacitracin)、苯呋洛尔(befunolol)、倍他米松(betamethasone)、倍他洛尔(betaxolol)、比马前列素(bimatoprost)、溴莫尼定(brimonidine)、布林佐胺(brinzolamide)、碳酰胆碱(carbachol)、卡替洛尔(carteolol)、塞来昔布(celecoxib)、氯霉素(chloramphenicol)、氯四环素(chlortetracycline)、环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin)、色甘酸盐(cromoglycate)、可玛林(cromolyn)、环喷托酯(cyclopentolate)、环孢菌素(cyclosporin)、达哌唑(dapiprazole)、地美溴铵(demecarium)、地塞米松(dexamethasone)、双氯芬酸(diclofenac)、双氯非那胺(dichlorphenamide)、肾上腺素异戊酯(dipivefrin)、杜塞酰胺(dorzolamide)、乙膦硫胆碱(echothiophate)、依美斯汀(emedastine)、依匹斯汀(epinastine)、肾上腺素(spinephrine)、红霉素(erythromycin)、依索唑胺(ethoxzolamide)、尤卡托品(eucatropine)、氟氢可的松(fludrocortisone)、氟甲龙(fluorometholone)、氟比洛芬(flurbiprofen)、福米韦生(fomivirsen)、新霉素B(framycetin)、更昔洛韦(ganciclovir)、加替沙星(gatifloxacin)、庆大霉素(gentamycin)、后马托品(homatropine)、氢化可的松(hydrocortisone)、5-碘脱氧尿苷(idoxuridine)、茚甲新(indomethacin)、异氟磷(isoflurophate)、酮咯酸(ketorolac)、酮替芬(ketotifen)、拉坦前列素(latanoprost)、左倍他洛尔(levobetaxolol)、左布诺洛尔(levobunolol)、左卡巴斯汀(levocabastine)、左氧氟沙星(levofloxacin)、洛度沙胺(lodoxamide)、氯替泼诺(lotepridnol)、甲羟松(medrysone)、醋甲唑胺(methazolamide)、美替洛尔(metipranolol)、莫西沙星(moxifloxacin)、萘甲唑林(naphazoline)、游霉素(natamycin)、奈多罗米(nedocromil)、新霉素(neomycin)、诺氟沙星(norfloxacin)、氧氟沙星(ofloxacin)、奥洛他定(olopatadine)、羟甲唑啉(oxymetazoline)、吡嘧司特(pemirolast)、哌加他尼(pegaptanib)、苯肾上腺素(phenylephrine)、毒扁豆碱(physostigmine)、匹鲁卡品(pilocarpine)、吲哚洛尔(pindolol)、吡诺克辛(pirenoxine)、多粘菌素B(polymyxinB)、泼尼松龙(prednisolone)、丙美卡因(proparacaine)、雷珠单抗(ranibizumab)、利美索龙(rimexolone)、莨菪碱(scopolamine)、司佐胺(sezolamide)、角鲨胺(squalamine)、磺胺醋酰(sulfacetamide)、舒洛芬(suprofen)、丁卡因(tetracaine)、四环霉素(tetracyclin)、四氢唑林(tetrahydrozoline)、四氢唑林(tetryzoline)、噻吗洛尔(timolol)、妥布霉素(tobramycin)、曲伏前列素(travoprost)、曲安西龙(triamcinulone)、三氟醋甲唑胺(trifluoromethazolamide)、曲氟尿苷(trifluridine)、甲氧苄氨嘧啶(trimethoprim)、托吡卡胺(tropicamide)、乌诺前列酮(unoprostone)、阿糖腺苷(vidarbine)、丁苄唑啉(xylometazoline)、其药学上可接受的盐以及以上物质的组合。
附图说明
图1A和图1B显示了将不同浓度的SS-31(10nM,100nM,1μM和10μM)与30mM葡萄糖(HG)共处理的作用。图1A显示了细胞凋亡的分析,在AnnexinV/PI染色之后通过流式细胞仪评估,其显示了处理24小时后的HREC的存活率(Q3)分别为99.3%、83.2%、84.3%、90.7%、92.8%和94.3%。图1B为HREC的存活率的图形表示。100nM、1μM和10μM的SS-31浓度的数据显著高于没有用SS-31共处理的情况下的暴露于高葡萄糖的细胞所观察到的数据。*p<0.05对30mM高葡萄糖处理组。
图2A-2F是系列显微照片图,其显示了利用SS-31共处理降低了暴露于30mM葡萄糖24小时和48小时的HREC中的细胞内活性氧(ROS)。利用二氢乙锭测定细胞内ROS。图2A、图2D分别是24小时和48小时的正常培养基组;图2B、图2E分别是24小时和48小时的30mM葡萄糖组;以及图2C和图2F分别是24小时和48小时的30mM葡萄糖+SS-31(100nM)组。
图3A和图3B显示了SS-31防止高葡萄糖处理的HREC的线粒体电位损失。图3A表示在JC-1荧光探针染色之后,利用流式细胞仪测定的HREC的ΔΨm。高葡萄糖(30mM)处理导致培养的HREC的线粒体膜电位在24小时和48小时的快速损失。相反的是,流式细胞仪分析显示,与仅高葡萄糖组相比,利用30mM葡萄糖与SS-31共处理组提高了ΔΨm。图3B显示30mM葡萄糖与SS-31共处理24小时和48小时的HREC中的ΔΨm的定量分析。仅高葡萄糖处理不利地影响ΔΨm。反之,SS-31将ΔΨm修复至对照水平。值表示三次重复进行的六个独立的试验的平均值±SD(标准偏差)。*P<0.05。
图4A和图4D是共焦显微镜图像,其显示正常葡萄糖组中的HREC和SS-31共处理组中的HREC在24小时或48小时具有更准确的重叠细胞色素c染色和HSP60染色,表明细胞色素c和线粒体的共定位。在处理24小时或48小时后,在用30mM葡萄糖处理的HREC的细胞质中的细胞色素c得到了显著地增加。图4B和图4E显示了通过免疫印迹法测定的在线粒体和细胞质中的细胞色素c的含量。图4C和图4F显示了高葡萄糖和SS-31共处理24小时和48小时的HREC的线粒体和细胞质中的细胞色素c含量的百分比的定量分析。
图5A和图5B显示了用免疫印迹法所检测出的在高葡萄糖(HG)处理的HREC中的半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3的表达的增加被通过SS-31共处理所降低。半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3的表达被标准化为β-肌动蛋白的表达。图5C-5E显示SS-31增加了在高葡萄糖处理的HREC中的Trx2的表达。图5C显示了用SS-31处理24小时和48小时的暴露于30mM葡萄糖的HREC中的Trx2的mRNA水平。图5D显示了通过免疫印迹法测定的Trx2蛋白质表达的水平。图5E显示了用高葡萄糖与SS-31共处理或未与SS-31共处理之后24小时和48小时的HREC中的Trx2的蛋白质水平进行的定量分析。
图6是SS-31对糖尿病大鼠的晶状体的作用的图。顶行:从糖尿病大鼠获取的晶状体;底行:从用SS-31或SS-20处理的糖尿病大鼠获取的晶状体。
图7是显示SS-31和SS-20对糖尿病大鼠的晶状体的作用图。糖尿病由高脂肪饮食和链脲佐菌素(HFD/STZ)(顶行)或者单独链脲霉素(STZ)(底行)引起。
图8是显示来自正常大鼠、糖尿病大鼠和利用SS-31治疗的糖尿病大鼠的晶状体上皮的系列显微图。糖尿病由STZ引起。
图9是显示来自正常大鼠、糖尿病大鼠和利用SS-31治疗的糖尿病大鼠的晶状体上皮的系列显微图。糖尿病由HFD/STZ引起。
图10是显示通过伊文思蓝外渗(Evans blue extravasation)分析得出的正常大鼠(NRC)、糖尿病大鼠和利用SS-20或SS-31治疗的糖尿病大鼠的血视网膜屏障的完整性系列图表。(A)STZ引起的糖尿病;(B)HFD/STZ引起的糖尿病。
图11是显示正常大鼠(NRC)、糖尿病大鼠(HFD/STZ)和利用SS-31治疗的糖尿病大鼠的视网膜微血管的系列显微照片图。
图12是显示正常大鼠、糖尿病大鼠(STZ)和利用SS-31处理治疗的糖尿病大鼠的视网膜微血管的系列显微照片图。
图13A-13D是显示正常大鼠(A)、STZ大鼠(B)和STZ/SS-31处理的大鼠(C)或STZ/SS-31处理的大鼠(D)中的视网膜微血管中的紧密连接蛋白claudin-5的分布的系列显微照片图。
图14是显示SS-31对来自未患病个体(HTM)的小梁网细胞和来自给药SS-31的青光眼患者(GTM)的小梁网细胞没有细胞毒性的图。
图15是系列共焦显微照片图,其显示用SS-31进行的共处理剂量依赖性地抑制了来自青光眼患者(GTM)的小梁网细胞中由200μM的H2O2引起的线粒体电位(Δψm)的降低。
图16是显示SS-31的共处理抑制由200μM的H2O2引起的青光眼患者(GTM)的小梁网细胞中的线粒体膜电位(Δψm)的降低的系列图,所述的线粒体膜电位由TMRM和流式细胞仪测定。
图17是将GTM中的线粒体膜电位(Δψm)与HTM细胞中的线粒体膜电位(Δψm)进行比较的图。
图18是显示使用倒置相差显微镜所观察到的响应于SS-31处理的GTM细胞形态变化的系列显微照片图。
图19是显示通过使用共焦显微镜所观察到的SS-31的共处理以剂量依赖性的方式降低了由400μM的H2O2引起的GTM细胞中的线粒体膜电位损失的系列显微照片图。
图20是显示通过TMRM和共焦显微镜(200x放大倍数)所观察到的SS-31的共处理减少了GTM细胞中的由400μM的H2O2引起的线粒体膜电位(Δψm)损失的系列显微照片图。
图21是显示通过倒置相差显微镜所显示出的GTM细胞响应于SS-31处理而形态变化的系列显微照片图。
图22是显示SS-31对原代人类视网膜色素上皮(RPE)细胞的存活能力没有影响(通过MTT分析测定)的图表。
图23A是显示不同浓度的tBHP对RPE细胞的存活能力(通过MTT分析测定)的作用的图表。图23B是显示不同浓度的SS-31在细胞暴露于浓度增加的tBHP时对细胞存活能力的作用的图表。
图24A-24C是说明对脉络膜新生血管(CNV)小鼠模型的病理学作用的系列显微照片图。图24D是显示在处理组和对照组中的CNV面积的图。
图25是说明氧诱导视网膜病变(OIR)小鼠模型中的不同病理发现的系列显微照片图。注意P17OIR小鼠相比于P17正常小鼠的无血管区的面积和血管新生的面积。
图26A-26D是显示SS-31给药在OIR小鼠模型中的作用的系列显微照片图。图26E是显示对照组和处理组的血管新生的面积的图。SS-31减少了无血管区的面积。
图27A是显示不同剂量的tBHP对得自小鼠视网膜肿瘤的661W视锥细胞的细胞存活能力的作用的图。图27B是显示1μM的SS-31在降低tBHP诱导的661W细胞死亡方面的作用的图。
图28是显示在视网膜变性的小鼠模型中的对照鼠和SS-31处理的鼠中的视网膜外核层(ONL)的厚度的系列显微照片图。
图29是显示利用花生凝集素(PNA)染色的视网膜平载片中的视锥细胞密度的系列显微照片图,花生凝集素选择性地染色对照小鼠和SS-31处理的小鼠中的视锥内段和外段。
图30是显示对视网膜变性的小鼠模型中的丙烯醛染色的系列纤维照片图,丙烯醛是氧化脂质损伤的标记物。
图31A-图31D是显示利用FACS分析三组RPE细胞中的细胞内ROS产生的荧光强度的系列图。图31A显示了对照RPE细胞中的ROS产生;图31B显示了利用500μM的tBHP处理3小时的RPE细胞中的ROS产生;以及图31C显示了利用500μM的tBHP处理3小时以及利用1μM的SS-31处理的RPE细胞中的ROS产生。
图32是显示在FACS分析中通过JC-1标记的MMP的分析的系列图。分析了三个不同浓度的SS-31组。
图33A-33C是显示1μM的SS-31对tBHP引起的MMP减少的作用的系列图。图33A:对照组;图33B:用500μM tBHP处理3小时的组;图33C:用1μM的SS-31处理4小时并用500μM的tBHP处理3小时的组。图33D是比较不同组的荧光比率的图。*P<0.01,C相对于B。
图34A-34C是显示了SS-31对用250μM的tBHP处理24小时引起的细胞凋亡的作用的系列图。图34A:对照组;图34B:用250μM的tBHP处理24小时的组;图34C:用1μM SS-31处理4小时并用250μM的tBHP处理24小时的组;。图34D是比较不同组的荧光比率的图。*P<0.05,C相对于B。
图35是显示3组RPE细胞中的由tBHP引起的MDA水平的图。*P<0.05,用1μM SS-31处理4小时并用250μM的tBHP处理24小时相对于用250μM的tBHP处理24小时。
图36是显示利用FACS分析测定的在对照组和SS-31处理组中的GTM细胞和HTM细胞中的荧光强度的图。
图37是显示利用FACS分析测定的在对照组和SS-31处理组中的GTM细胞和HTM细胞的ROS的荧光强度的图。
图38是显示对照组和SS-31处理的组的细胞凋亡的系列图,用Q2+Q4象限中的细胞百分比计值。
图39是显示SS-31减少用H2O2处理的GTM3细胞和iHTM细胞中的细胞内ROS产生的系列图。
图40是显示SS-31防止H2O2引发的GTM3细胞和iHTM细胞的线粒体去极化的系列图。
具体实施方式
应当明白,为了提供对本发明的实质性理解,在下文中以不同的详细程度描述了本发明的某些方面、模式、实施方式、变型和特征。
在实施本发明的过程中,使用了分子生物学、蛋白质生物化学、细胞生物学、免疫学、微生物学和重组DNA方面的很多传统技术。这些技术是熟知的,并且分别在例如以下的文献中进行了说明:Current Protocols in MolecularBiology,第I-III卷,Ausubel,Ed.(1997);Sambrook等,Molecular Cloning:ALaboratory Manual,第二版(冷泉港实验室出版社,冷泉港,NY,1989);DNACloning:A Practical Approach,第I和II卷,Glover,Ed.(1985);OligonucleotideSynthesis,Gait,Ed.(1984);Nucleic Acid Hybridization,Hames&Higgins,Eds.(1985);Transcription and Translation,Hames&Higgins,Eds.(1984);Animal CellCulture,Freshney,Ed.(1986);Immobilized Cells and Enzymes(IRL出版社,1986);Perbal,A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning;the series,Meth.Enzymol.,(Academic Press,Inc.,1984);Gene Transfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells,Miller &Calos,Eds.(冷泉港实验室,NY,1987);和Meth.Enzymol.,第154和155卷,分别由Wu&Grossman和Wu编辑。
下文提供了本说明书中使用的一些术语的定义。除非另有说明,本文中使用的所有技术和科学用语通常具有和本发明所属领域的普通技术人员通常理解的意思相同的意思。
除非内容清楚指明,否则本说明书和所附的权利要求中使用的单数形式“一”和“该”包括复数的引用对象。例如,所提及的“一个细胞“包括两个细胞或更多细胞的组合等。
本文中使用的“约”将被本领域的普通技术人员所理解,且将根据其被使用的上下文而在一定程度上变化。如果该术语的使用对本领域的一般技术人员而言不清楚,则在使用该术语的上下文中,“约”将表示所列举的值加上10%或减去10%。
本文中使用的将制剂、药物或肽“给药”至对象包括将化合物引入到或给送至对象以执行其预期功能的任何途径。可以通过任何合适的途径来执行“给药”,包括口服、眼内、鼻内、肠胃外(通过静脉内、肌内、腹腔内或皮下)或者局部给药。“给药”包括自己给药和由其他人给药。
本文中使用的术语“氨基酸”包括天然存在的氨基酸和合成的氨基酸以及氨基酸类似物和以类似于天然存在的氨基酸的形式作用的氨基酸模拟物。天然存在的氨基酸是通过遗传密码编码的氨基酸以及后来被改性的那些氨基酸,比如羟(基)脯氨酸、γ-羧基谷氨酸和O-磷酸丝氨酸。氨基酸类似物指的是具有和天然存在的氨基酸相同的基本化学结构的化合物,例如,所述的基本化学结构即结合至氢的α-碳、羧基、氨基和R基,所述氨基酸类似物比如为高丝氨酸、正亮氨酸、蛋氨酸亚砜、蛋氨酸甲基锍。这样的类似物具有改性的R基(例如正亮氨酸)或改性的肽主链,但保持与天然存在的氨基酸相同的基本化学结构。氨基酸模拟物指的是具有与氨基酸的通用化学结构不同的结构、但以类似于天然存在的氨基酸的方式作用的化学化合物。本文中按照IUPAC-IUB生化命名委员会建议的通常已知的三字母符号或者一字母符号可指代氨基酸。
本文中使用的术语“有效量”指的是足以获得所需的治疗和/或预防效果,例如引起预防或减轻与眼科病症关联的病症的量。给药至对象的组合物的量将取决于疾病的类型和严重性以及个体的性质,比如平常健康情况、年龄、性别、体重和对药物的耐受力。所述量还取决于疾病的程度、严重性和类型。专业的技术人员将能够根据这些因素和其他因素来确定合适的剂量。所述组合物还可结合一种或多种其他的治疗化合物来给药。在本文描述的方法中,芳香族的阳离子肽可以给药至具有眼科病症的一种或多种症状或症候的对象。例如,芳香族的阳离子肽的“治疗有效量”是指最小程度地减轻眼科病症的生理作用的平均水平。
“分离的”或“纯化的”多肽或肽基本上不具有源自细胞或组织的源(试剂来自于该源)的细胞材料或其它受污染的多肽,或者当化学合成时基本上不具有化学前体或其它的化学物质。例如,分离的芳香族的阳离子肽将不具有会干扰试剂的诊断用途或治疗用途的材料。这样的干扰材料可以包括酶、激素和其他蛋白质的和非蛋白质的溶解物。
本文中使用的术语“多肽”、“肽”和“蛋白质”在本文中是可互换的,以表示包括通过肽键或改性的肽键而互相连接的两个或更多个氨基酸的聚合物,例如肽电子等排体。多肽指的是短链(通常称为肽、糖肽或低聚物)以及较长的链(通常称为蛋白质)。多肽可以包括与20个基因编码的氨基酸不同的氨基酸。多肽包括通过诸如翻译后加工的天然进程或本领域熟知的化学改性技术改性的氨基酸序列。
本文中使用的术语“同时”治疗应用指的是通过相同的途径且在同一时间或基本上在同一时间将至少两种活性成分给药。
本文中使用的术语“单独”治疗应用指的是在同一时间或者基本上相同的时间通过不同的途径将至少两种有效成分给药。
本文中使用的术语“顺序”治疗应用指的是在不同的时间将至少两种活性成分给药,给药途径相同或不同。更具体地,顺序应用指的是在其它活性成分给药开始之前,将所述活性成分中的一种活性成分完全给药。因此,可能在将其它的活性成分给药之前的若干分钟、若干小时或若干天之前,将一种活性成分给药。在这种情况下没有进行同时治疗。
本文中使用的术语“治疗”或“减轻”指的是治疗处理措施和预防或防止措施,其中,目的是防止或减缓(减轻)目标病症或失调。如果在接受了根据本文所述的方法的治疗量的芳香族的阳离子肽后,对象显示出眼科病症的一种或多种症状和症候的可以观察到的和/或测定到的减少和消失,则对象的眼科病症得到成功地“治疗”。还应当理解,本文描述的治疗或预防医学病症的各种模式意在表示“显著”,其包括完全治疗或者预防以及小于完全治疗或者预防,其中达到了某种生物学相关或医学相关的结果。
本文中使用的“防止”失调或病症指的是化合物在统计样本中,相对于未治疗的对照样本降低治疗的样本的失调或病症的发生,或者相对于未治疗的对照样本延迟失调或病症的一种或多种症候的发生或者减轻失调或病症的一种或多种症候的严重程度。
芳香族阳离子肽
本发明涉及通过某些芳香族阳离子肽的给药来治疗或预防眼科病症。不期望受理论限制,所述芳香族阳离子肽可以通过降低眼中的氧化损伤的程度或发生来治疗或预防眼科疾病或病症。所述芳香族阳离子肽可溶于水并且强极性。除了这些性质之外,所述肽能够容易地穿过细胞膜。芳香族阳离子肽通常最少包括通过肽键而共价键连接的三个氨基酸或最少包括通过肽键而共价键连接的四个氨基酸。芳香族阳离子肽中存在的氨基酸的最大数目为通过肽键而共价键连接的大约二十个氨基酸。合适地,氨基酸的最大数目为约12个、更优选地为约9个且最优选地为约6个。
芳香族阳离子肽的氨基酸可以是任何氨基酸。本文中使用的术语“氨基酸”用来指包括至少一个氨基和至少一个羧基的任何有机分子。通常,至少一个氨基是相对于羧基在α位。所述氨基酸可以是天然存在的。例如,天然存在的氨基酸包括诸如通常在哺乳动物蛋白中发现的二十种最常见的左旋(L)氨基酸,即丙氨酸(Ala),精氨酸(Arg),天门冬酰胺(Asn),天门冬氨酸(Asp),半胱氨酸(Cys),谷氨酰胺(Gln),谷氨酸(Glu),甘氨酸(Gly),组氨酸(His),异亮氨酸(Ile),亮氨酸(Leu),赖氨酸(Lys),蛋氨酸(Met),苯丙氨酸(Phe),脯氨酸(Pro),丝氨酸(Ser),苏氨酸(Thr),色氨酸(Trp),酪氨酸(Tyr),和缬氨酸(Val)。其它天然存在的氨基酸包括诸如与蛋白质合成无关的代谢过程中合成的氨基酸。例如,氨基酸—鸟氨酸和瓜氨酸是在哺乳动物新陈代谢的产生尿素期间合成的。天然存在的氨基酸的另一示例包括羟(基)脯氨酸(Hyp)。
所述肽可选地包括一种或多种非天然存在的氨基酸。合适地,所述肽不具有天然存在的氨基酸。所述非天然存在的氨基酸可以是左旋(L-)氨基酸、右旋(D-)氨基酸或其混合物。非天然存在的氨基酸是这样的氨基酸:通常不是在生物体的天然代谢过程中合成的,且非天然地出现在蛋白质中。此外,非天然存在的氨基酸合适地也不会由普通的蛋白酶识别。非天然存在的氨基酸可以存在于肽的任何位置中。例如,非天然存在的氨基酸可以在N末端、C末端或者在N末端和C末端之间的任何位置。
例如,非天然的氨基酸可以包括天然氨基酸中不存在的烷基、芳基或烷基芳基。非天然烷基氨基酸的一些示例包括α-氨基丁酸,β-氨基丁酸,γ-氨基丁酸,δ-氨基戊酸和ε-氨基己酸。非天然的芳基氨基酸的一些示例包括邻氨基苯甲酸、间氨基苯甲酸和对氨基苯甲酸。非天然的烷基芳基氨基酸的一些示例包括邻氨基苯乙酸、间氨基苯乙酸和对氨基苯乙酸、以及γ-苯基-β-氨基丁酸。非天然存在的氨基酸包括天然存在的氨基酸的衍生物。所述天然存在的氨基酸的衍生物可以包括诸如对天然存在的氨基酸添加一种或多种化学基团。
例如,可以将一种或多种化学基团添加至苯基丙氨酸残基或酪氨酸残基的芳香环的2’、3’、4’、5’或6’位置或者至色氨酸残基的苯并环的4’、5’、6’或7’位置。所述基团可以是可以添加到芳香环的任何化学基团。这样的基团的一些示例包括支链的或者无支链的C1-C4的烷基,比如甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基、或叔丁基;C1-C4的烷氧基(即烷氧基);氨基;C1-C4的烷基氨基和C1-C4的二烷基氨基(例如,甲氨基、二甲氨基);硝基;羟基;卤素(即氟、氯、溴或碘)。天然存在的氨基酸的非天然存在的衍生物的一些特定示例包括正缬氨酸(Nva)和正亮氨酸(Nle)。
肽中氨基酸的改性另一示例是将肽中的天冬氨酸或谷氨酸的羧基衍生化。衍生化的一个示例是与氨或伯胺或仲胺(例如甲胺、乙胺、二甲胺或二乙胺)的酰胺化。衍生化的另一示例包括与诸如甲醇或乙醇进行酯化。另一种这样的改性包括赖氨酸、精氨酸或组氨酸残基的氨基的衍生化。例如,这些氨基可以被酰化。例如,一些合适的酰基包括苯甲酰基或者包括以上提及的C1-C4的烷基中的任一烷基的烷酰基,比如乙酰基或丙酰基。
非天然存在的氨基酸对常见的蛋白酶优选地为抵抗性的且更优选地为不敏感。对蛋白酶抵抗性的或者不敏感的非天然存在的氨基酸的示例包括以上提及的任一种自然存在的左旋(L-)氨基酸的右旋(D-)形式以及左旋和/或右旋的非天然存在的氨基酸。尽管右旋氨基酸存在于通过与细胞的常规的核糖体蛋白合成方法不同的方法而合成的某些肽抗生素中,但右旋氨基酸通常不存在于蛋白质中。本文中使用的右旋氨基酸被认为是非天然存在的氨基酸。
为了使蛋白酶灵敏度最小,肽应当具有小于5个、优选地小于4个、更优选地小于3个、且最优选地小于2个的由普通蛋白酶识别的连续左旋氨基酸,而与氨基酸是否为天然存在无关。合适地,肽仅具有右旋氨基酸,而不具有左旋氨基酸。如果肽具有蛋白酶敏感的氨基酸序列,则所述氨基酸中的至少一个氨基酸优选地为非天然存在的右旋氨基酸,由此提供蛋白酶抗性。蛋白酶敏感序列的示例包括可以由常见的蛋白酶(比如肽链内切酶和胰蛋白酶)容易地切割的两个或更多个连续的碱性氨基酸。碱性氨基酸的示例包括精氨酸、赖氨酸和组氨酸。
与肽中的氨基酸残基的总数目相比,在生理pH条件下,芳香族阳离子肽应当具有最小数目的净正电荷。生理pH条件下的净正电荷的最小数目将在下文称为(pm)。肽中的氨基酸残基的总数目将在下文称为(r)。下文讨论的净正电荷的最小数目都是在生理pH条件下。本文中使用的术语“生理pH”指的是哺乳动物体的组织和器官的细胞中的正常pH。例如,人的生理pH通常为约7.4,而哺乳动物中的正常生理pH可以为由约7.0至约7.8的任一pH。
本文中使用的“净电荷”指的是存在于肽中的氨基酸所携带的正电荷的数目和负电荷的数目的之间的相抵余数。在本说明书中,应当理解,净电荷是在生理pH条件下测定的。在生理pH条件下带正电的天然存在的氨基酸包括左旋赖氨酸、左旋精氨酸和左旋组氨酸。在生理pH条件下带负电的天然存在的氨基酸包括左旋天冬氨酸和左旋谷氨酸。
通常地,肽具有带正电的N-末端氨基和带负电的C-末端羧基。所述电荷在生理pH 相互抵消。作为计算净电荷的实例,肽Tyr-Arg-Phe-Lys-Glu-His-Trp-D-Arg具有一个带负电的氨基酸(即Glu)和四个带正电的氨基酸(即,两个Arg残基、一个Lys和一个His)。因此,以上的肽具有的3个净正电荷。
在一个实施方式中,芳香族阳离子肽的在生理pH条件下的净正电荷的最小数目(pm)和氨基酸残基的总数目(r)之间具有如下关系:其中,3pm是小于或等于r+1的最大数。在该实施方式中,净正电荷的最小数目(pm)和氨基酸残基的总数目(r)之间的关系如下:
表1.氨基酸数目和净正电荷(3pm≤p+1)
(r) | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
(pm) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
在另一实施方式中,芳香族阳离子肽的净正电荷的最小数目(pm)和氨基酸残基的总数目(r)之间具有如下关系:其中,2pm是小于或等于r+1的最大数。在该实施方式中,净正电荷的最小数目(pm)和氨基酸残基的总数目(r)之间的关系如下:
表2.氨基酸数目和净正电荷(2pm≤p+1)
(r) | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
(pm) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 |
在一个实施方式中,净正电荷的最小数目(pm)和氨基酸残基的总数目(r)相等。在另一实施方式中,肽具有三个或四个氨基酸残基,其净正电荷的最小数目为1、优选地净正电荷的最小数目为2且更优选地净正电荷的最小数目为3。
还重要的是,芳香族阳离子肽相比于净正电荷的总数目(pt)具有最小数目的芳香基团。芳香基团的最小数目在下文将称为(a)。具有芳香基团的天然存在的氨基酸包括氨基酸—组氨酸、色氨酸、酪氨酸和苯丙氨酸。例如,六肽Lys-Gln-Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-Trp具有2个净正电荷(由赖氨酸残基和精氨酸残基提供)以及三个芳香基团(由酪氨酸残基、苯丙氨酸残基和色氨酸残基提供)。
芳香族阳离子肽还应当在芳香基团的最小数目(a)和在生理pH条件下的净正电荷的总数目(pt)之间具有如下关系:其中,除了当pt为1时a也可为1之外,3a是小于或等于pt+1的最大数。在该实施方式中,芳香基团的最小数目(a)和净正电荷的总数目(pt)之间的关系如下:
表3.芳香基团和净正电荷(3a≤pt+1或a=pt=1)
(pt) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
(a) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
在另一实施方式中,芳香族阳离子肽在芳香基团的最小数目(a)和净正电荷的总数目(pt)之间具有如下关系:其中,2a是小于或者等于pt+1的最大数。在该实施方式中,芳香氨基酸残基的最小数目(a)和净正电荷的总数目(pt)之间的关系如下:
表4.芳香基团和净正电荷(2a≤pt+1或a=pt=1)
(pt) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
(a) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 |
在另一实施方式中,芳香基团的数目(a)和净正电荷的总数目(pt)相等。
羧基且尤其是C-末端氨基酸的末端羧基优选地与诸如氨进行酰胺化,以形成C-端酰胺。可选地,C-端氨基酸的末端羧基可以与任一伯胺或仲胺进行酰胺化。所述伯胺或仲胺可以是诸如烷基、尤其是支链的或无支链的C1-C4的烷基或者芳香胺。因此,在肽的C末端的氨基酸可以转化为酰胺基、N-甲基酰胺基、N-乙基酰胺基、N,N-二甲基酰胺基、N,N-二乙基酰胺基、N-甲基-N-乙基酰胺基、N-苯基酰胺基或N-苯基-N-乙基酰胺基。未出现在芳香族阳离子肽的C末端的天冬酰胺残基、谷氨酰胺残基和天冬氨酸残基和谷氨基酸残基的游离的羧酸基也可被酰胺化,不论它们是否存在于肽内。这些内部位置的酰胺化可以与氨或以上所述伯胺或仲胺中的任何一者进行。
在一个实施方式中,芳香族阳离子肽是具有两个净正电荷以及至少一个芳香族氨基酸的三肽。在特定的实施方式中,所述芳香族阳离子肽是具有两个净正电荷和两个芳香族氨基酸的三肽。
芳香族阳离子肽包括但不限于以下肽的示例:
Lys-D-Arg-Tyr-NH2
Phe-D-Arg-His
D-Tyr-Trp-Lys-NH2
Trp-D-Lys-Tyr-Arg-NH2
Tyr-His-D-Gly-Met
Phe-Arg-D-His-Asp
Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-Glu-NH2
Met-Tyr-D-Lys-Phe-Arg
D-His-Glu-Lys-Tyr-D-Phe-Arg
Lys-D-Gln-Tyr-Arg-D-Phe-Trp-NH2
Phe-D-Arg-Lys-Trp-Tyr-D-Arg-His
Gly-D-Phe-Lys-Tyr-His-D-Arg-Tyr-NH2
Val-D-Lys-His-Tyr-D-Phe-Ser-Tyr-Arg-NH2
Trp-Lys-Phe-D-Asp-Arg-Tyr-D-His-Lys
Lys-Trp-D-Tyr-Arg-Asn-Phe-Tyr-D-His-NH2
Thr-Gly-Tyr-Arg-D-His-Phe-Trp-D-His-Lys
Asp-D-Trp-Lys-Tyr-D-His-Phe-Arg-D-Gly-Lys-NH2
D-His-Lys-Tyr-D-Phe-Glu-D-Asp-D-His-D-Lys-Arg-Trp-NH2
Ala-D-Phe-D-Arg-Tyr-Lys-D-Trp-His-D-Tyr-Gly-Phe
Tyr-D-His-Phe-D-Arg-Asp-Lys-D-Arg-His-Trp-D-His-Phe
Phe-Phe-D-Tyr-Arg-Glu-Asp-D-Lys-Arg-D-Arg-His-Phe-NH2
Phe-Try-Lys-D-Arg-Trp-His-D-Lys-D-Lys-Glu-Arg-D-Tyr-Thr
Tyr-Asp-D-Lys-Tyr-Phe-D-Lys-D-Arg-Phe-Pro-D-Tyr-His-Lys
Glu-Arg-D-Lys-Tyr-D-Val-Phe-D-His-Trp-Arg-D-Gly-Tyr-Arg-D-Met-NH2
Arg-D-Leu-D-Tyr-Phe-Lys-Glu-D-Lys-Arg-D-Trp-Lys-D-Phe-Tyr-D-Arg-Gly
D-Glu-Asp-Lys-D-Arg-D-His-Phe-Phe-D-Val-Tyr-Arg-Tyr-D-Tyr-Arg-His-Phe-NH2
Asp-Arg-D-Phe-Cys-Phe-D-Arg-D-Lys-Tyr-Arg-D-Tyr-Trp-D-His-Tyr-D-Phe-Lys-Phe
His-Tyr-D-Arg-Trp-Lys-Phe-D-Asp-Ala-Arg-Cys-D-Tyr-His-Phe-D-Lys-Tyr-His-Ser-NH2
Gly-Ala-Lys-Phe-D-Lys-Glu-Arg-Tyr-His-D-Arg-D-Arg-Asp-Tyr-Trp-D-His-Trp-His-D-Lys-Asp
Thr-Tyr-Arg-D-Lys-Trp-Tyr-Glu-Asp-D-Lys-D-Arg-His-Phe-D-Tyr-Gly-Val-Ile-D-His-Arg-Tyr-Lys-NH2
在一个实施方式中,具有μ型阿片(mu-opioid)受体激动剂活性的肽具有式Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2(本文中称为“SS-01”)。SS-01具有由氨基酸—酪氨酸、精氨酸和赖氨酸提供的3个净正电荷以及由氨基酸—苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸提供的两个芳香基团。SS-01的酪氨酸可以是酪氨酸的改性的衍生物,例如2’,6’-二甲基酪氨酸,以产生具有式2’,6’-Dmt-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2的化合物(本文中称为“SS-02”)。SS-02具有分子量640且在生理pH条件下携带3个净正电荷。SS-02以能量非依存方式容易地穿过若干哺乳动物细胞类型的细胞膜(Zhao等,J.Pharmacol Exp Ther.304:425-432,2003)。
不具有μ型阿片受体激动剂活性的肽一般在N末端(即,氨基酸位置1)上不具有酪氨酸残基或酪氨酸衍生物。N末端上的氨基酸可以是与酪氨酸不同的任何自然存在的氨基酸或非自然存在的氨基酸。在一个实施方式中,N末端上的氨基酸是苯丙氨酸或其衍生物。苯丙氨酸的示例性衍生物包括2’-甲基苯丙氨酸(Mmp)、2’,6’-二甲基苯丙氨酸(2’,6’-Dmp)、N,2’,6’-三甲基苯丙氨酸(Tmp)和2’-羟基-6’-甲基苯丙氨酸(Hmp)。
不具有μ型阿片受体激动剂活性的芳香族阳离子肽的示例具有式Phe-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2(本文中称为“SS-20”)。可选地,N末端苯丙氨酸可以是苯丙氨酸的衍生物,比如2’,6’-二甲基苯丙氨酸(2’,6’-Dmp)。在氨基酸位置1包括2’,6’-二甲基苯丙氨酸的SS-01具有式2’,6’-Dmp-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2。在一个实施方式中,SS-02的氨基酸序列重排,以使Dmt不在N末端。不具有μ型阿片受体激动剂活性的芳香族阳离子肽的示例具有式D-Arg-2’,6’-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2(SS-31)。
SS-01、SS-20、SS-31和它们的衍生物还可包括功能类似物。如果肽具有与SS-01、SS-20或SS-31相同的功能,则其可以看作是SS-01、SS-20或SS-31的功能类似物。例如,该类似物可以是SS-01、SS-20或SS-31的取代变型,其中,一个或多个氨基酸被另一氨基酸取代。
SS-01、SS-20或SS-31的合适的取代变型包括保守的氨基酸取代物。氨基酸可以根据其物理化学性质而进行如下分组:
(a)非极性氨基酸:Ala(A)Ser(S)Thr(T)Pro(P)Gly(G)Cys(C);
(b)酸性氨基酸:Asn(N)Asp(D)Glu(E)Gln(Q);
(c)碱性氨基酸:His(H)Arg(R)Lys(K);
(d)疏水性氨基酸:Met(M)Leu(L)Ile(I)Val(V);以及
(e)芳香族氨基酸:Phe(F)Tyr(Y)Trp(W)His(H)。
肽中的氨基酸被同一组中的另一种氨基酸取代称为保守取代,且可以保留原始肽的物理化学性质。相反,肽中的氨基酸被不同组中的另一种氨基酸取代通常更有可能改变原始肽的物理化学性质。
在一些实施方式中,芳香族阳离子肽具有表5中所示的式。
表5.具有μ型阿片活性的肽类似物
氨基酸位置1 | 氨基酸位置2 | 氨基酸位置3 | 氨基酸位置4 | C-末端改性 |
Tyr | D-Arg | Phe | Lys | NH2 |
Tyr | D-Arg | Phe | Orn | NH2 |
Tyr | D-Arg | Phe | Dab | NH2 |
Tyr | D-Arg | Phe | Dap | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Arg | Phe | Lys | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Arg | Phe | Lys-NH(CH2)2-NH-dns | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Arg | Phe | Lys-NH(CH2)2-NH-atn | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Arg | Phe | dnsLys | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Cit | Phe | Lys | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Cit | Phe | Ahp | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Arg | Phe | Orn | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Arg | Phe | Dab | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Arg | Phe | Dap | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Arg | Phe | Ahp(2-氨基庚酸) | NH2 |
Bio-2’6’Dmt | D-Arg | Phe | Lys | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Arg | Phe | Lys | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Arg | Phe | Orn | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Arg | Phe | Dab | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Arg | Phe | Dap | NH2 |
Tyr | D-Arg | Tyr | Lys | NH2 |
Tyr | D-Arg | Tyr | Orn | NH2 |
Tyr | D-Arg | Tyr | Dab | NH2 |
Tyr | D-Arg | Tyr | Dap | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Arg | Tyr | Lys | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Arg | Tyr | Orn | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Arg | Tyr | Dab | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Arg | Tyr | Dap | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Arg | 2’6’Dmt | Lys | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Arg | 2’6’Dmt | Orn | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Arg | 2’6’Dmt | Dab | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Arg | 2’6’Dmt | Dap | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Arg | 3’5’Dmt | Arg | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Arg | 3’5’Dmt | Lys | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Arg | 3’5’Dmt | Orn | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Arg | 3’5’Dmt | Dab | NH2 |
Tyr | D-Lys | Phe | Dap | NH2 |
Tyr | D-Lys | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Tyr | D-Lys | Phe | Lys | NH2 |
Tyr | D-Lys | Phe | Orn | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Lys | Phe | Dab | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Lys | Phe | Dap | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Lys | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Lys | Phe | Lys | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Lys | Phe | Orn | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Lys | Phe | Dab | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Lys | Phe | Dap | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Lys | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Tyr | D-Lys | Tyr | Lys | NH2 |
Tyr | D-Lys | Tyr | Orn | NH2 |
Tyr | D-Lys | Tyr | Dab | NH2 |
Tyr | D-Lys | Tyr | Dap | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Lys | Tyr | Lys | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Lys | Tyr | Orn | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Lys | Tyr | Dab | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Lys | Tyr | Dap | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Lys | 2’6’Dmt | Lys | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Lys | 2’6’Dmt | Orn | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Lys | 2’6’Dmt | Dab | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Lys | 2’6’Dmt | Dap | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Arg | Phe | dnsDap | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Arg | Phe | atnDap | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Lys | 3’5’Dmt | Lys | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Lys | 3’5’Dmt | Orn | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Lys | 3’5’Dmt | Dab | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Lys | 3’5’Dmt | Dap | NH2 |
Tyr | D-Lys | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Tyr | D-Orn | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Tyr | D-Dab | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Tyr | D-Dap | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Arg | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Lys | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Orn | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Dab | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Dap | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Arg | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Lys | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Orn | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Tyr | D-Lys | Tyr | Arg | NH2 |
Tyr | D-Orn | Tyr | Arg | NH2 |
Tyr | D-Dab | Tyr | Arg | NH2 |
Tyr | D-Dap | Tyr | Arg | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Arg | 2’6’Dmt | Arg | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Lys | 2’6’Dmt | Arg | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Orn | 2’6’Dmt | Arg | NH2 |
2’6’Dmt | D-Dab | 2’6’Dmt | Arg | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Dap | 3’5’Dmt | Arg | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Arg | 3’5’Dmt | Arg | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Lys | 3’5’Dmt | Arg | NH2 |
3’5’Dmt | D-Orn | 3’5’Dmt | Arg | NH2 |
Mmt | D-Arg | Phe | Lys | NH2 |
Mmt | D-Arg | Phe | Orn | NH2 |
Mmt | D-Arg | Phe | Dab | NH2 |
Mmt | D-Arg | Phe | Dap | NH2 |
Tmt | D-Arg | Phe | Lys | NH2 |
Tmt | D-Arg | Phe | Orn | NH2 |
Tmt | D-Arg | Phe | Dab | NH2 |
Tmt | D-Arg | Phe | Dap | NH2 |
Hmt | D-Arg | Phe | Lys | NH2 |
Hmt | D-Arg | Phe | Orn | NH2 |
Hmt | D-Arg | Phe | Dab | NH2 |
Hmt | D-Arg | Phe | Dap | NH2 |
Mmt | D-Lys | Phe | Lys | NH2 |
Mmt | D-Lys | Phe | Orn | NH2 |
Mmt | D-Lys | Phe | Dab | NH2 |
Mmt | D-Lys | Phe | Dap | NH2 |
Mmt | D-Lys | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Tmt | D-Lys | Phe | Lys | NH2 |
Tmt | D-Lys | Phe | Orn | NH2 |
Tmt | D-Lys | Phe | Dab | NH2 |
Tmt | D-Lys | Phe | Dap | NH2 |
Tmt | D-Lys | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Hmt | D-Lys | Phe | Lys | NH2 |
Hmt | D-Lys | Phe | Orn | NH2 |
Hmt | D-Lys | Phe | Dab | NH2 |
Hmt | D-Lys | Phe | Dap | NH2 |
Hmt | D-Lys | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Mmt | D-Lys | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Mmt | D-Orn | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Mmt | D-Dab | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Mmt | D-Dap | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Mmt | D-Arg | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Tmt | D-Lys | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Tmt | D-Orn | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Tmt | D-Dab | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Tmt | D-Dap | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Tmt | D-Arg | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Hmt | D-Lys | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Hmt | D-Orn | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Hmt | D-Dab | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Hmt | D-Dap | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Hmt | D-Arg | Phe | Arg | NH2 |
Dab=二氨丁基
Dap=二氨基丙酸
Dmt=二甲基酪氨酸
Mmt=2’-甲基酪氨酸
Tmt=N,2’,6’-三甲基酪氨酸
Hmt=2’-羟基-6’-甲基酪氨酸
dnsDap=β-丹磺酰-L-α,β-二氨基丙酸
atnDap=β-邻氨基苯甲酰-L-α,β-二氨基丙酸
bio=生物素
不活化μ型阿片受体的其他芳香族阳离子肽的示例包括但不限于表6中所示的芳香族阳离子肽。
表6.缺少μ型阿片活性的肽类似物
氨基酸位置1 | 氨基酸位置2 | 氨基酸位置3 | 氨基酸位置4 | C-末端改性 |
D-Arg | Dmt | Lys | Phe | NH2 |
D-Arg | Dmt | Phe | Lys | NH2 |
D-Arg | Phe | Lys | Dmt | NH2 |
D-Arg | Phe | Dmt | Lys | NH2 |
D-Arg | Lys | Dmt | Phe | NH2 |
D-Arg | Lys | Phe | Dmt | NH2 |
Phe | Lys | Dmt | D-Arg | NH2 |
Phe | Lys | D-Arg | Dmt | NH2 |
Phe | D-Arg | Phe | Lys | NH2 |
Phe | D-Arg | Dmt | Lys | NH2 |
Phe | D-Arg | Lys | Dmt | NH2 |
Phe | Dmt | D-Arg | Lys | NH2 |
Phe | Dmt | Lys | D-Arg | NH2 |
Lys | Phe | D-Arg | Dmt | NH2 |
Lys | Phe | Dmt | D-Arg | NH2 |
Lys | Dmt | D-Arg | Phe | NH2 |
Lys | Dmt | Phe | D-Arg | NH2 |
Lys | D-Arg | Phe | Dmt | NH2 |
Lys | D-Arg | Dmt | Phe | NH2 |
D-Arg | Dmt | D-Arg | Phe | NH2 |
D-Arg | Dmt | D-Arg | Dmt | NH2 |
D-Arg | Dmt | D-Arg | Tyr | NH2 |
D-Arg | Dmt | D-Arg | Trp | NH2 |
Trp | D-Arg | Phe | Lys | NH2 |
Trp | D-Arg | Tyr | Lys | NH2 |
Trp | D-Arg | Trp | Lys | NH2 |
Trp | D-Arg | Dmt | Lys | NH2 |
D-Arg | Trp | Lys | Phe | NH2 |
D-Arg | Trp | Phe | Lys | NH2 |
D-Arg | Trp | Lys | Dmt | NH2 |
D-Arg | Trp | Dmt | Lys | NH2 |
D-Arg | Lys | Trp | Phe | NH2 |
D-Arg | Lys | Trp | Dmt | NH2 |
Cha | D-Arg | Phe | Lys | NH2 |
Ala | D-Arg | Phe | Lys | NH2 |
Cha=环己基丙氨酸
表5和表6中显示的肽的氨基酸可以是左旋结构或右旋结构。
还可通过本领域熟知的任何方法来合成肽。例如,用于以化学方式合成肽的合适方法包括诸如Stuart和Young在以下文献中描述的方法:Solid PhasePeptide Synthesis,第二版,Pierce Chemical Company(1984);以及MethodsEnzymol.289,Academic Press公司,纽约(1997)。
芳香族阳离子肽的预防用途和治疗用途
本文中描述的芳香族阳离子肽可用于预防或治疗疾病。具体地,本发明提供了用于治疗处于眼科疾病或眼科病症的危险中(或易得眼科疾病或眼科病症)的对象的预防和治疗方法。因此,本方法提供了通过将有效量的芳香族阳离子肽给药至需要该芳香族阳离子肽的对象来预防和/或治疗对象中的眼科病症。例如,可以将芳香族阳离子肽组合物给药至对象,来试图改善造成眼科疾病或眼科病症的一个或多个因素。
本发明的一个方面包括出于治疗目的来减轻对象中的眼睛病症的方法。在治疗性应用中,将足以治愈或者至少部分地抑制疾病的症状(包括其并发症和该疾病发展中的中间病理表现型)的量的组合物或药物给药至疑似患上这样的疾病的对象或者已患有这样的疾病的对象。就这点而论,本发明提供了治疗患上眼科病症的个体的方法。在一些实施方式中,本发明提供了一种通过给药芳香族阳离子肽来治疗或预防哺乳动物中的特定的眼科失调的方法,所述眼科失调比如糖尿病性视网膜病变、白内障、色素性视网膜炎、青光眼、脉络膜新生血管、视网膜变性和氧诱导视网膜病变。
在一个实施方式中,将芳香族阳离子肽给药至一对象来治疗或预防糖尿病性视网膜病变。糖尿病视网膜病变的特征为毛细血管瘤和圆点状出血。因此,毛细血管阻塞物导致棉絮状斑形成在视网膜上。而且,由于血管通透性增加,可能在具有糖尿病性视网膜病变的个体中形成视网膜水肿和/或硬性渗出。随后,新生血管出现,玻璃体中生长的结缔组织的牵引导致视网膜脱落。还可能发生虹膜红变和新生血管性青光眼,它们进而会导致失明。糖尿病性视网膜病变的症状包括但不限于阅读困难、视力模糊、眼睛的视力突然丧失、看到灯周围有光环、看到黑点和/或看到闪光。
在一个实施方式中,将芳香族阳离子肽给药至对象来治疗或预防白内障。白内障是先天性或后天性疾病,其特征是自然晶状体的透明度降低。具有白内障的个体可以表现出一种或多种症状,包括但不限于晶状体表面浑浊、晶状体内部浑浊和/或晶状体肿胀。与先天性白内障相关的疾病的典型示例是假性白内障、膜性白内障、冠状白内障、板层白内障、点状白内障和丝状白内障。与后天性白内障关联的疾病的典型示例是老年性白内障、继发性白内障、褐变白内障、并发性白内障、糖尿病性白内障和外伤性白内障。后天性白内障还可由电休克、放射、超声波、药物、系统疾病和营养障碍引起。后天性白内障还包括术后白内障。
在一个实施方式中,将芳香族阳离子肽给药至一对象来治疗或预防色素性视网膜炎。色素性视网膜炎是特征为视杆细胞和/或视锥细胞损伤的失调。视网膜中存在黑线在患有色素性视网膜炎的个体中是常见的。具有色素性视网膜炎的个体还具有多个症状,包括但不限于头疼、四肢麻痹或刺痛、闪光和/或视觉变化。例如,参见:Heckenlively等,Clinical findings and common symptoms inretinitis pigmentosa.Am J Ophthalmol.105(5):504-511(1988)。
在一个实施方式中,将芳香族阳离子肽给药至一对象来治疗或预防青光眼。青光眼是特点为眼内压增高的遗传性疾病,其导致视力减退。青光眼可以源于个体中已存在的各种眼科病症,比如伤口、手术以及其他结构畸形。虽然青光眼可以在任何年龄发生,但其经常在年老的个体中发展并导致失明。青光眼患者通常具有超过21mmHg的眼内压。然而,正常眼压性青光眼可以在不具有这样高的眼内压(即大于21mmHg)的情况下发生,对于正常眼压性青光眼,可以在视野和视神经乳头中发现青光眼改变。青光眼的症状包括但不限于视力模糊、严重的眼疼、头疼、在灯周围看到光晕、恶心和/或呕吐。
在一个实施方式中,将芳香族阳离子肽给药至对象来治疗或预防黄斑变性。黄斑变性是通常与年龄相关的疾病。黄斑变性的常见类别包括湿性黄斑变性、干性黄斑变性和非年龄相关的黄斑变性。占所有情况的约80%到90%的干性黄斑变性也称为萎缩性、非化脓性或玻璃疣样黄斑变性。对于干性黄斑变性,玻璃疣通常累积在视网膜色素上皮组织的下面。随后地,当玻璃疣影响黄斑中的感光体的功能时,发生视力减退。干性黄斑变性的病症包括但不限于斜视、中央视力失真、光线失真或黑暗失真和/或色彩感觉改变。干性黄斑变性可以导致视力逐渐减退。
湿性黄斑变性也称为血管新生、视网膜下血管新生、渗出性或盘状黄斑变性。对于湿性黄斑变性,不正常的血管生长在黄斑的下面。所述血管使流体流到黄斑中并损伤感光细胞。湿性黄斑变性可以迅速地发展并对中央视力造成严重的损害。湿性黄斑变性和干性黄斑变性可以具有相同的症状。然而,非年龄相关的黄斑变性不常见且可能与遗传、糖尿病、营养缺乏、损伤、感染或其他因素有关。非年龄相关性黄斑变性的病症还包括但不限于斜视、中央视力失真、光线失真或黑暗失真和/或色彩感觉改变。
在一个实施方式中,将芳香族阳离子肽给药至一对象以治疗或预防脉络膜新生血管。脉络膜新生血管(CNV)是特征为在眼睛的脉络膜层中形成新血管的疾病。新生成的血管穿过布鲁赫膜(Bruch membrane)在脉络膜中生长并侵入视网膜下腔。CNV可以导致视力损失或视力完全失去。CNV的症状包括但不限于看到闪动的、忽明忽暗的光或者在受影响的一只眼睛或双眼中有灰斑、视力模糊、斜视和/或视力丧失。
在一个实施方式中,将芳香族阳离子肽给药至一对象以治疗或预防视网膜变性。视网膜变性是与视网膜损坏有关的遗传疾病。视网膜组织可以出于各种原因变性,比如动脉或静脉阻塞、糖尿病性视网膜病变、早产儿视网膜病变和/或晶状体后纤维增生。视网膜变性通常包括视网膜劈裂、格子样变性,并且与进行性黄斑变性有关。视网膜变性的症状包括但不限于视力下降、视力丧失、夜盲症、视野狭窄、周边视觉丧失、视网膜脱落和/或光敏感性问题。
在一个实施方式中,将芳香族阳离子肽给药至一对象以治疗或预防氧诱导视网膜病变。氧诱导视网膜病变(OIR)是特征为微血管变性的疾病。OIR是用于研究早产儿视网膜病变而建立的模型。OIR与最终为不正常血管新生的血管细胞损伤有关。微血管变性导致局部缺血,局部缺血导致造成与OIR相关的物理变化。氧化应急同样在内皮细胞易于过氧化损伤的OIR的血管堵塞中发挥重要作用。然而,周细胞,平滑肌细胞和血管周围的星形胶质细胞通常抗过氧化损伤。如参见:Beauchamp等,Role of thromboxane in retinal microvasculardegeneration in oxygen-induced retinopathy,J Appl Physiol.90:2279-2288(2001)。OIR,包括早产儿视网膜病变,通常无症状。但是非正常眼运动、斗鸡眼、严重近视和/或白瞳孔可以为OIR或早产儿视网膜病变的征兆。
在一个方面中,本发明提供了一种用于通过将芳香族阳离子肽给药至对象来预防该对象中的眼科病症的方法,所述芳香族阳离子肽调节眼科病症的一种或多种症状或标记。有患眼睛病症风险的对象可以由例如本文描述的诊断分析或预后分析中的任一个或者组合来识别。在预防性应用中,芳香族阳离子肽的药物组合物或药物制剂以足以消除或降低疾病的危险、减轻疾病的严重程度或者延迟疾病发病的量给药至易患疾病或病症或者处于疾病或病症的危险中的对象,疾病包括疾病的生物化学的、组织学的、和/或行为的症候、该疾病的并发症和该疾病发展期间的中间病理表型。将预防性的芳香族阳离子肽进行给药可以发生在异常的症状特点表现出来之前,使得疾病或失调得到预防,或者选择性地其发展得到延迟。取决于异常的种类,例如,起到增强或提高线粒体功能或者降低氧化损伤的作用的芳香族阳离子肽可以用于治疗对象。适当的化合物可以基于本文描述的筛选试验确定。
确定基于芳香族阳离子肽的治疗药物的生物效果。在各种实施方式中,迹行合适的体外测定或体内测定来确定基于特定的芳香族阳离子肽的治疗药物的效果以及其给药是否适于治疗。在各种实施方式中,可以对对象的病症所涉及的典型细胞类型进行体外测定,以确定给定的基于芳香族阳离子肽的治疗药物是否对所述细胞类型产生了期望的效果。在对人类对象进行测试之前,可以在合适的动物模型系统中测试治疗中所用的化合物,所述动物模型系统包括但不限于大鼠、小鼠、鸡、牛、猴、兔等。类似地,对于体内测试,将给药至人类对象之前,可以使用本领域已知的任一动物模型系统。在一个实施方式中,将芳香族阳离子肽给药至表现出与眼科病症相关的症状的对象将引起这些症状中的一种或多种症状得到改善。
给药模式和有效剂量
可以使用本领域的技术人员所知的任何方法来将细胞、器官或组织与肽接触。适当的方法包括体外法、间接体内法或体内法。体内法通常包括将芳香族阳离子肽(比如上文描述的芳香族阳离子肽)给药至哺乳动物、优选地给药至人。当用在体内以治疗时,芳香族阳离子肽可以以有效的量(即具有期望的治疗效果的量)给药至对象。剂量和给药方案将取决于对象中的眼科病症的程度、使用的特定的芳香族阳离子肽的性质(例如其治疗指数)、该对象以及该对象的病史。
可以在临床前试验和临床试验期间利用内科医生和临床医生熟悉的方法来测定有效量。在本发明的方法中有用的、优选地在药物组合物中有用的肽的有效量可以通过用于给药药物组合物的多种已知方法中的任一方法来给药至需要该肽的哺乳动物。在一些实施方式中,肽可以以全身给药、局部给药或眼内给药。
本文描述的芳香族阳离子肽可以单独地或组合地加入到药物组合物以给药至对象来治疗或预防本文中描述的疾病。所述组合物通常包括活性剂和药学上可接受的载体。本文中使用的术语“药学上可接受的载体”包括与给药药物可配伍的生理盐水、溶剂、分散介质、涂层、抗菌剂和抗真菌剂、等渗剂和吸收延缓剂等。辅助性的活性化合物也可以加入到所述组合物中。
通常将药物组合物制备成与其计划给药途径相符。给药途径的示例包括肠胃外(例如,静脉内、皮内、腹腔或皮下)、口服、吸入、经皮肤(局部)、眼内、离子渗入和经粘膜透过给药。用于肠胃外、皮内或皮下的溶液或悬浮液可以包括以下成分:诸如注射用水的消毒稀释液、生理盐水、不挥发油、聚乙二醇、丙三醇、丙二醇或其它合成溶剂;抗菌剂,比如苯甲醇或对羟基苯甲酸甲酯;抗氧化剂,比如抗坏血酸或亚硫酸氢钠;络合剂,比如乙二胺四乙酸;缓冲液,比如醋酸盐、柠檬酸盐和磷酸盐;以及用于调节渗透压的试剂,比如氯化钠或右旋糖。可以用酸或碱来调节pH,比如盐酸或氢氧化钠。肠胃外制剂可以装在玻璃或塑料制的安瓿瓶、一次性注射器或多剂量瓶中。为了患者或治疗医师的方便,可以以包括治疗过程所需的所有用具(例如,药瓶、稀释液瓶、注射器和针头)的试剂盒的形式提供剂量制剂。
适于注射用途的药物组合物可以包括无菌水溶液(在水溶性的情况下)或者用于临时制备无菌注射液或分散液的分散剂或无菌粉末。为了静脉注射,合适的载体包括生理盐水、抑菌水、Cremophor ELTM(BASF,帕西波尼,N.J.)或磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)。在所有情况下,用于肠胃外给药的组合物必须无菌且应当是达到易于注射的程度的的液体。用于肠胃外给药的组合物在制造和存储条件下应当稳定且必须被保存同时防止微生物(例如细菌和真菌)的污染行为。
所述芳香族阳离子肽组合物可以包括载体,该载体可以是包括诸如水、乙醇、多元醇(例如,丙三醇、丙二醇以及液态聚乙二醇等)及其合适的组合物的溶剂或分散介质。可以通过例如以下的方式来保持适当的流动性:利用比如卵磷脂的涂层;在分散质的情况下,通过保持所需的颗粒尺寸;和通过利用表面活性剂。可以通过各种抗菌剂和抗真菌剂来实现预防微生物的行为,例如尼泊金、氯丁醇、苯酚、抗坏血酸、硫柳汞等。可以包括谷胱甘肽和其他的抗氧化剂以防止氧化。在很多情况下,可能期望在该组合物中包括等渗剂,比如糖、多元醇(比如甘露醇、山梨醇)或氯化钠。可以通过在该组合物中包括延迟吸收的制剂来引起可注射组合物的延长吸收,所述延迟吸收的制剂例如为单硬脂酸铝或药用胶。
可以通过将所需量的活性化合物加入具有以上列出的一种成分或多种成分的组合的适当的溶剂中、根据需要然后进行过滤灭菌来制备注射用无菌溶液。通常,通过将活性化合物加入到包括基本分散介质以及以上列出的所需的其它成分的无菌媒介物中来制备分散质。在用于制备注射用无菌溶液的无菌粉末的情况中,典型的制备方法包括真空干燥和冷冻干燥,这可以产出活性成分以及来自于先前灭菌过滤的溶液中的任何其他所需成分的粉末。
为了眼科应用,治疗化合物被配制成适于用在眼睛中的溶液、悬浮液以及软膏。关于眼用制剂,通常参见:Mitra(ed.),Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems,Marcel Dekker,Inc.,纽约,N.Y.(1993);还有Havener,W.H.,Ocular Pharmacology,CV.Mosby Co.,St.Louis(1983)。眼用药物组合物可以适合于以溶液、悬浮液、软膏、乳液或固体插入物的形式给药至眼睛。对于单剂量,可以将0.1ng到5000μg之间、1ng到500μg之间、或者10ng到100μg之间的芳香族阳离子肽施用于人眼。
眼用制剂可以包括无毒的辅助物质,比如在使用上无害的抗菌成分,举例而言,硫汞撒、氯化苯甲烃铵、尼泊金甲酯和尼泊金丙酯、苄基十二烷基溴化铵(benzyldodecinium bromide)、苄醇或苯基乙醇;缓冲成分,比如氯化钠、硼酸钠、乙酸钠、柠檬酸钠或葡萄糖酸盐缓冲剂;以及其他常规成分,比如脱水山梨醇单月桂酸酯、三乙醇胺、聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇单棕榈酸酯、乙二胺四乙酸等。
可以视需要经常地给药眼用溶液或眼用悬浮液来使眼睛中的芳香族阳离子肽保持在可接受的水平。可以每天约一次或两次地来给药至哺乳动物眼睛。
口服组合物通常包括惰性稀释剂或可食用的载体。为了口服治疗给药,活性化合物可以与赋形剂混合并以片剂、锭剂或胶囊(例如明胶胶囊)的形式使用。药学上相容的粘合剂和/或辅助材料可以被包括为该组合物的一部分。片剂、丸剂、胶囊剂和锭剂等可以包括具有相似性质的以下成分或化合物中的任一种:粘合剂,比如微晶纤维素、黄蓍胶或明胶;赋形剂,比如淀粉或乳糖;崩解剂,比如褐藻酸、羧甲淀粉钠、或玉米淀粉;润滑剂,比如硬脂酸镁或Sterotes;助流剂,比如胶态二氧化硅;甜味剂,比如蔗糖或糖精;或者增味剂,比如薄荷、水杨酸甲酯或桔子调味品。
关于通过吸入法给药,所述化合物可以以喷雾剂的形式从包括合适的推进物(例如,比如二氧化碳的气体)的加压容器或分配器或者喷雾器喷洒而递送。这样的方法包括第6468798号美国专利中描述的方法。
本文中描述的治疗化合物的全身给药还可以通过经粘膜方法或经皮肤方法来进行。对于经粘膜给药或经皮肤给药,适合于待渗透的屏障的渗透剂用在该配方中。这样的渗透剂通常是本技术领域已知的,例如,对于经粘膜给药而言,这样的渗透剂包括清洗剂、胆汁盐类或梭链孢酸衍生物。可以通过使用鼻喷入法来完成经粘膜给药。对于经皮肤给药而言,活性化合物配制成本领域普遍知道的药膏、软膏、凝胶或乳液。在一个实施方式中,经皮肤给药可以通过电离子渗透法来进行。
治疗性蛋白质或肽可以在载体体系中配制而成。该载体可以是胶态体系。该胶态体系可以是脂质体、磷脂双分子层媒介物。在一个实施方式中,在脂质体中该治疗肽被胶囊化,同时保持肽完整性。本领域的本领域技术人员理解,有各种方法来制备脂质体。(参见:Lichtenberg等的Methods Biochem.Anal.,33:337-462(1988);Anselem等的Liposome Technology,CRC Press(1993))。脂质体制剂可以延迟排出并增强细胞摄取(参见Reddy,Ann.Pharmacother.,34(7-8):915-923(2000))。活性剂还可以载入到由医学上可接受的成分制备成的颗粒中,所述医学上可接受的成分包括但不限于可溶解的、不可溶解的、可渗透的、不可渗透的、可生物降解的或胃内滞留的聚合物或脂质体。这样的颗粒包括但不限于纳米颗粒、可生物降解的纳米颗粒、微颗粒、可生物降解的微颗粒、纳米球、可生物降解的纳米球、微球、可生物降解的微球、胶囊剂、乳剂、脂质体、胶粒以及病毒载体体系。
该载体还可以是聚合物,比如可生物降解的、可生物相容的聚合物基质。在一个实施方式中,治疗性肽可以嵌入到聚合物基质中,同时保持蛋白质完整性。所述聚合物可以是天然的,比如多肽、蛋白质或多糖;或者可以是合成的,比如聚α-羟酸。示例包括由例如以下物质制成的载体:胶原蛋白、纤连蛋白、弹性蛋白、乙酸纤维素、硝酸纤维素、多糖、纤维蛋白、明胶及其组合。在一个实施方式中,所述聚合物是聚乳酸(PLA)或乳酸羟基乙酸共聚物(PGLA)。可以以各种形式和尺寸来制备并分离聚合物基体,包括微球和纳米球。聚合物制剂可以引起治疗作用的期间的延长(参见:Reddy,Ann.Pharmacother.,34(7-8):915-923(2000))。用于人类生长激素(hGH)的聚合物制剂已用在临床试验中(参见:Kozarich和Rich,Chemical Biology,2:548-552(1998))。
高分子微球持续释放剂的示例在PCT公布WO 99/15144(Tracy等)、第5674534号美国专利以及第5716644号美国专利(都属于Zale等)中予以描述。第5674534号美国专利以及第5716644号美国专利以及PCT公布WO 96/40073描述了包括含红细胞生成素的颗粒的聚合物基体,所述红细胞生成素的颗粒用盐来防止凝聚而稳定。
在一些实施方式中,治疗性化合物与将保护所述治疗化合物以防止其从身体中快速排出的载体一起制备,所述载体比如控释剂,包括植入体和微胶囊化的输送体系。可以使用可生物降解的、生物相容的聚合物,比如乙烯醋酸乙烯酯、聚酐、聚乙醇酸、胶原质、聚原酸酯和聚乳酸。可以利用已知的技术来制备这样的制剂。还可以在市场上获得所述材料,例如从Alza Corporation和NovaPharmaceuticals,Inc买到。脂质体悬浮液(包括针对具有细胞特异性抗原的单细胞克隆抗体的特定细胞的脂质体)也可用作医学上可以接受的载体。所述胶质体悬浮液可以利用本领域的本领域技术人员知道的方法来制备,比如,第4522811号美国专利中描述的方法。
还可以配制所述治疗性化合物以增强细胞内传递。例如,本领域已知脂质体传递系统例如,参见:Chonn和Cullis的“Recent Advances in Liposome DrugDelivery Systems”,Current Opinion in Biotechnology 6:698-708(1995);Weiner的“Liposomes for Protein Delivery:Selecting Manufacture and DevelopmentProcesses”,Immunomethods 4(3)201-9(1994);和Gregoriadis的“EngineeringLiposomes for Drug Delivery:Progress and Problems”Trends Biotechnol.13(12):527-37(1995)。以下文献描述了利用融合脂质体在体内或在体外将蛋白质传递至细胞:Mizguchi等的Cancer Lett.100:63-69(1996)。
可以通过细胞培养或试验动物中的标准药学过程来确定治疗性药物的用量、毒性和治疗效率,例如,用于确定LD50(总数50%的致命剂量)和ED50(总数50%中有效治疗的剂量)。毒性和治疗效果之间的剂量比是治疗指数,且其可以表示为比率LD50/ED 50。表现出高治疗指数的化合物是优选的。尽管具有毒性副作用的化合物可以使用,但应当考虑设计传递系统,该传递系统将这样的化合物靶向组织的受影响的位置,以将对未感染的细胞的可能损伤最小化,且由此降低副作用。
从细胞培养试验和动物研究获取的数据可以用在配制人类中使用的剂量范围中。这样的化合物的剂量优选地位于包括毒性很小或无毒的ED50的循环浓度的范围中。根据使用的剂量类型和利用的给药途径,剂量可以在该范围内变化。对于该方法中使用的任何化合物而言,可以最初根据细胞培养试验来计算出治疗有效的剂量。可以在动物模型中制定一剂量来获得包括细菌培养中确定的IC50(即,测试化合物的获得最大抑制病症的一半的浓度)的循环血药浓度范围。这样的制剂可以用来更准确地确定人类中的有用剂量。可以例如通过高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度。
通常,芳香族阳离子肽的足以获得治疗效果或预防效果的有效量的范围为约0.000001毫克/千克体重/天到约10000毫克/千克体重/天。优选地,剂量范围从约0.0001毫克/千克体重/天到约100毫克/千克体重/天。例如,剂量可以是每天、每两天或每三天1毫克/千克体重或者10毫克/千克体重,或者在每周、每两周或每三周的1毫克/千克体重到10毫克/千克体重的范围中。在一个实施方式中,肽的单剂量的范围从0.1毫克/千克体重到10000毫克/千克体重。在一个实施方式中,芳香族阳离子肽在载体中的浓度的范围从0.2毫克/每毫升到2000毫克/每毫升。示例性的治疗方法每天或每周提供一次给药。间隔也可以是不规则的,这通过测定对象中的葡萄糖或胰岛素的血液含量并相应地调整剂量或给药表明。在治疗应用中,在相对短的时间间隔中有相对高的剂量有时是需要的,直到疾病的进程减缓或终止为止,且优选地直到对象显示出部分或完全地改善了疾病的病症。其后,可以对患者实行预防性的给药方式。
在一些实施方式中,芳香族阳离子肽的治疗有效的量可以限定为目标组织中的肽的浓度为10-11摩尔到10-6摩尔,例如约10-7摩尔。可以以0.001毫克/千克到100毫克/千克的全身剂量或身体表面面积的等效剂量来给予前述浓度。优化剂量的时间表,以保持目标组织的治疗浓度,最优选地通过每天或每周给药,但也包括连续给药(例如,输液或经皮肤施药)来进行。
在一些实施方式中,芳香族阳离子肽的剂量提供为“低”、“中”或“高”剂量水平。在一个实施方式中,低剂量提供为从约0.0001mg/kg/h到约0.5mg/kg/h、合适地从约0.01mg/kg/h到约0.1mg/kg/h。在一个实施方式中,中剂量提供为从约0.1mg/kg/h到约1.0mg/kg/h,合适地从约0.1mg/kg/h到约0.5mg/kg/h。在一个实施方式中,高剂量提供为从约0.5mg/kg/h到约10mg/kg/h,合适地从约0.5mg/kg/h到约2mg/kg/h。
本领域技术人员将认识到,某些因素可以影响有效地治疗一对象的剂量和时间,包括但不限于疾病或失调的严重程度、先前的治疗、健康情况和/或对象的年龄以及存在的其它疾病。而且,利用本文描述的治疗有效量的治疗组合物来治疗一对象可以包括单次治疗或一系列治疗。
本领域技术人员将认识到,某些因素可以影响有效地治疗一对象的剂量和时间,包括但不限于疾病或失调的严重程度、先前的治疗、健康情况和/或对象的年龄以及存在的其它疾病。而且,利用本文描述的治疗有效量的治疗组合物来治疗对象可以包括单次治疗或系列治疗。
根据本发明的方法治疗的哺乳动物可以是任何动物,例如,包括农场动物,如羊、猪、牛和马;宠物动物,如狗和猫;实验室里的动物,如小鼠、大鼠和兔。在优选的实施方式中,所述哺乳动物是人。
芳香族阳离子肽和其他治疗药物的联合疗法
在某些情况下,可能适合将本文描述的至少一种芳香族阳离子肽(或者药学上可接受的盐、酯、酰胺、前体药物或溶剂化物)与另一种治疗药物结合给药。仅举例而言,如果在接受本文中的一种芳香族阳离子肽时,患者经历的一种副作用是发炎,则可能适合地将抗发炎的药物与该最初的治疗药物结合给药。或者,仅举例而言,本文中描述的所述化合物中的一种化合物的治疗效果可以通过辅助剂的给药而增强(即,该辅助剂本身可能仅具有最小的治疗益处,但与另一种治疗药物结合时,增强了对患者的总体治疗益处)。或者,仅举例而言,患者经历的益处可以通过将本文描述的化合物中的一种与同样具有预防或治疗眼科病症的治疗益处的另一种治疗药物(其也包括最佳治疗法)一起给药而增强。仅举例而言,在涉及给药本文中描述的一种芳香族阳离子肽的对黄斑变性的治疗中,也可通过向患者提供用于黄斑变性的其它治疗剂或治疗方法来引起治疗效果增强。在任何情况下,无论治疗的何种眼科疾病、失调或病症,患者经历的总体受益可以仅仅是添加两种治疗药物,或者患者可以经历协同受益。
可能的组合治疗方法的特定的非限制性实施例包括使用至少一种芳香族阳离子肽与一氧化氮(NO)诱导剂、抑制素、带负电荷的磷脂、抗氧化剂、矿物质、消炎剂、抗血管生成剂、基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂和类胡萝卜素。在若干情况下,合适的组合剂可以落入多种类别中(仅举例而言,叶黄素是抗氧化剂和类胡萝卜素)。而且,芳香族阳离子肽还可以与向患者提供益处的其他药物一起给药,仅举例而言,其它药物例如包括环孢菌素A。
此外,芳香族阳离子肽还可以与可以向患者提供另外的或协同的益处的方法结合使用,仅举例而言,包括使用体外净化疗法(extracorporeal rheopheresis)(也称为膜差异过滤)、使用可植入式微型望远镜、玻璃膜疣激光凝固法以及微刺激疗法。
已显示使用抗氧化剂有益于患有黄斑变性和营养失调的患者。例如,参见:Arch.Ophthalmol.,119:1417-36(2001);Sparrow等,J.Biol.Chem.,278:18207-13(2003)。可以与至少一种芳香族阳离子肽结合使用的合适的抗氧化剂的示例包括维生素C、维生素E、β-胡萝卜素和其他的类胡萝卜素、辅酶Q、4-羟基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-N-氧自由基(也称为Tempol)、叶黄素、二叔丁对甲酚、白藜芦醇、衍生类似物(PNU-83836-E)和山桑子萃取物。
已显示了使用某些矿物质有益于患有黄斑变性和营养失调的患者。例如,参见:Arch.Ophthalmol.,119:1417-36(2001)。可以与至少一种芳香族阳离子肽结合使用的合适的矿物质的示例包括:含铜的矿物质,比如铜氧化物;含锌的矿物质,比如锌氧化物;以及含硒的化合物。
还已显示了使用某些带负电的磷脂有益于患有黄斑变性和营养失调的患者。例如,参见:Shaban & Richter,Biol.Chem.,383:537-45(2002);Shaban,等,Exp.Eye Res.,75:99-108(2002)。可以与至少一种芳香族阳离子肽结合使用的合适的带负电的磷脂的示例包括心肌磷脂和磷脂酰甘油。带正电的和/或中性的磷脂也可为患有黄斑变性和营养失调的患者提供益处。
某些类胡萝卜素的使用与感光细胞中所需的光保护的保持相关。类胡萝卜素是类萜组的天然存在的黄色到绿色的色素,可以在植物、藻类、细菌和诸如鸟类和贝类水生动物的某些动物中找到。类胡萝卜素是一大类分子,其中已经识别出超过600种天然存在的类胡萝卜素。类胡萝卜素包括碳氢化合物(胡萝卜素)及其氧化的、醇类衍生物(叶黄素)。类胡萝卜素包括黄体色素、虾青素、角黄素、辣椒红、辣椒红素、β-8′-阿朴-胡萝卜醛(阿朴-胡萝卜醛)、β-12′-阿朴-胡萝卜醛、α-胡萝卜素、β-胡萝卜素、“胡萝卜素”(、α-胡萝卜素和β-胡萝卜素的混合物)、γ-胡萝卜素、β-隐黄质、叶黄素、番茄红素、violerythrin、玉米黄质、及其羟基酯或其含羧基的成员的酯。很多天然中的类胡萝卜素是以顺异构形式和反异构形式存在,而合成化合物常常为外消旋混合物。
在人中,视网膜选择性地积累主要两种类胡萝卜素:玉米黄质和叶黄素。认为这两种类胡萝卜素有助于保护视网膜,因为它们是强大的抗氧化剂且吸收蓝光。关于鹌鹑的研究表明,以类胡萝卜素不足的饮食饲养的组的视网膜具有低浓度的玉米黄质且视网膜经受严重的光损伤,这通过非常多的凋亡的感光细胞得到证实,而具有高玉米黄质浓度的组具有最小的损伤。用于与至少一种芳香族阳离子肽结合的合适的类胡萝卜素的示例包括叶黄素和玉米黄质以及以上提及的任一种类胡萝卜素。
合适的一氧化氮诱导剂包括刺激内源的NO或者提高体内的内源的内皮细胞衍生舒张因子(EDRF)的含量的化合物,或者是用于一氧化氮合成酶的基质。例如,这样的化合物包括左旋精氨酸、左旋高精氨酸和N-羟基-L-精氨酸,包括它们的硝基化和亚硝基化的类似物(例如,硝基化的左旋精氨酸、亚硝基化的左旋精氨酸、硝基化的N-羟基-L-精氨酸,亚硝基化的N-羟基-L-精氨酸、硝基化的左旋高精氨酸和亚硝基化的左旋高精氨酸)、左旋精氨酸的前体和/或它们的生理学上可接受的盐,例如包括瓜氨酸、鸟氨酸、谷氨酰胺和赖氨酸、包括这些氨基酸中的至少一种氨基酸的多肽、精氨酸酶(例如,N-羟基-L-精氨酸和2(S)-氨基-6-硼己烷酸)的抑制剂以及一氧化氮合成酶的基质、细胞激素、腺苷、舒缓激肽、钙网蛋白、比沙可啶和酚酞。EDRF是由内皮细胞分泌的血管舒张因子,且已确定为一氧化氮或其紧密相关的衍生物(Palmer等,Nature,327:524-526(1987);Ignarro等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,84:9265-9269(1987))。
他汀类药物用作降脂剂和/或合适的一氧化氮诱导剂。此外,已证明,他汀类的使用和黄斑变性发病或发展的延迟之间有关系。G.McGwin等,BritishJournal of Ophthalmology,87:1121-25(2003)。因此,当他汀类与芳香族阳离子肽结合给药时,他汀类向患有眼科病症(例如,黄斑变性和营养失调以及视网膜营养失调)的患者提供益处。仅举例而言,合适的他汀类包括瑞舒伐他汀、匹伐他汀、辛伐他汀、普伐他汀、西立伐他汀、美伐他汀、韦罗他汀、氟伐他汀、康百汀、洛伐他汀、达伐他汀、氟吲哚他汀、阿托伐他汀、阿托伐他汀钙(其是阿托伐他汀的半钙盐)和二氢康百汀。
仅举例而言,可以与芳香族阳离子肽一起使用的合适的消炎剂包括阿西匹林和其他水杨酸盐、可玛林、奈多罗米、茶碱、齐留通、扎鲁司特、孟鲁司特、普仑司特、茚甲新和脂肪氧合酶抑制剂;非甾体抗炎药(NSAID)(比如布洛芬和萘普生);泼尼松、氟美松、环氧酶抑制剂(即,COX-I和/或COX-2抑制剂,比如NaproxenTM或CelebrexTM);他汀类(仅举例而言:瑞舒伐他汀,匹伐他汀,辛伐他汀,普伐他汀,西立伐他汀,美伐他汀,韦罗他汀,氟伐他汀,康百汀,洛伐他汀,达伐他汀,氟吲哚他汀,阿托伐他汀,阿托伐他汀钙(其是阿托伐他汀的半钙盐)和二氢康百汀);以及分离的类固醇。
合适的基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)抑制剂也可与芳香族阳离子肽结合给药,以治疗与黄斑变性或视网膜变性相关的眼科病症或症状。已知,MMP水解细胞外基质的大多数成分。这些蛋白酶在很多生物过程中起到核心作用,比如正常组织重构、胚胎形成、伤口愈合和血管生成。然而,在很多疾病状态中(包括黄斑变性)观察到MMP的过度表达。已识别出很多MMP,大多数是多结构域锌内肽酶。已知很多金属蛋白酶抑制剂(例如,参见Whittaker M.等的the review ofMMP inhibitors,Chemical Reviews 99(9):2735-2776(1999))。MMP抑制剂的代表性示例包括金属蛋白酶的组织抑制剂(TIMP)(例如,TIMP-1、TIMP-2、TIMP-3或TIMP-4)、α-2-巨球蛋白、四环素(例如,四环素、米诺环素和多西环素)、羟肟酸盐(例如,巴马司他、马立马司他和曲卡德)、螯合剂(例如,EDTA、半胱氨酸、乙酰半胱氨酸、D-青霉胺和金盐)、合成MMP片段、琥珀酰基巯基嘌呤、氨基磷酸酯和羟氨酸(hydroxaminic acid)。仅举例而言,可以结合芳香族阳离子肽使用的MMP抑制剂的示例包括上述抑制剂中的任一种抑制剂。
也已显示,抗血管生成药物或抗VEGF药物的使用为患有黄斑变性和营养失调的患者提供益处。可以与至少一种芳香族阳离子肽结合使用的合适的抗血管生成或抗VEGF药物的实例包括RhufabV2(LucentisTM)、色氨酰-tRNA合成酶(TrpRS)、Eye001(抗-VEGF聚乙二醇化适体)、角鲨胺、RetaaneTM 15mg(乙酸阿奈可他的药性持久的悬浮液;爱尔康公司)、考布他丁A4前药(CA4P)、MacugenTM,MifeprexTM(米非司酮(Ru-486)、结膜下曲安奈德(subtenon triamcinoloneacetonide)、玻璃体内结晶曲安奈德、普啉司他(AG3340—合成基体金属蛋白酶抑制剂,Pfizer)、肤轻松醋酸酯(包括氟轻松眼内植入物,Bausch & Lomb/ControlDelivery Systems)、VEGFR抑制剂(Sugen),和VEGF-Trap(Regeneron/Aventis)。
已用来缓解视力障碍的其他药物治疗可以与至少一种芳香族阳离子肽结合使用。这样的治疗包括但不限于比如以下的制剂:使用非热激光的VisudyneTM;PKC 412;恩多维隆(Endovion)(NeuroSearch AJS);神经营养因子,仅举例而言,包括胶质细胞衍生的神经营养因子和睫状神经营养因子;迪心赞(diatazem);杜塞酰胺;费托普(Phototrop),9-顺式视黄醛;眼药(包括Echo疗法),包括碘化磷或乙膦硫胆碱或者碳酸酐酶抑制剂;AE-941(AEterna Laboratories公司);西恩纳(Sirna-027)(Sirna Therapeutics公司);哌加他尼(NeXstar药物/吉利德科技公司);神经营养因子(仅举例而言,包括NT-4/5,Genentech),坎德5(Cand5)(Acuity Pharmaceuticals);雷珠单抗(Genentech);INS-37217(InspirePharmaceuticals);整合素拮抗剂(包括来自Jerini AG和Abbott Laboratories的整合素拮抗剂);EG-3306(Ark Therapeutics Ltd.);BDM-E(BioDiem Ltd.);萨力多胺(例如,EntreMed公司所使用的);心肌营养-1(Genentech),2-甲氧基雌二醇(Allergan/Oculex);DL-8234(Toray Industries);NTC-200(Neurotech);四硫钼酸盐(University of Michigan);LYN-002(Lynkeus Biotech);微藻化合物(Aquasearch/Albany,Mera Pharmaceuticals);D-9120(Celltech Group pic);ATX-S10(HamamatsuPhotonics);TGF-β2(Genzyme/Celtrix);酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(Allergan,SUGEN,Pfizer);NX-278-L(NeXstar Pharmaceuticals/Gilead Sciences);Opt-24(OPTISFrance SA);视网膜细胞神经节神经保护剂(Cogent Neurosciences);N-硝基吡唑衍生物(Texas A&M University System);KP-102(Krenitsky Pharmaceuticals)和环孢霉素A。
在任何情况下,多种治疗剂可以以任何顺序或甚至同时给药。如果同时地,所述多种治疗剂可以提供为单一、统一的形式或者以多个形式(仅举例而言,作为单一的溶液或者两种单独的溶液)。所述治疗剂中的一种治疗剂可以多剂量型提供,或者两者都可以作为多剂量型提供。如果不同时地,则多次剂量之间的时间间隔可以从大于0周到小于约4周、小于约6周、小于约2个月、小于约4个月、小于约6个月或小于约1年的范围中变化。此外,组合方法、组合物和制剂不限于仅使用两种药物。仅举例而言,芳香族阳离子肽可以与至少一种抗氧化剂和至少一种带负电的磷脂一起提供;或者芳香族阳离子肽可以与至少一种抗氧化剂和至少一种一氧化氮产生诱导剂一起提供;或者芳香族阳离子肽可以与至少一种一氧化氮产生诱导剂和至少一种带负电的磷脂一起提供等。
此外,芳香族阳离子肽还可与可以向患者提供其他益处或协同益处的方法结合使用。已知的、提出的或认为的用来缓解视力障碍的方法包括但不限于“有限视网膜移位”、光动力疗法(仅举例而言,包括受体靶向的PDT,百时美施贵宝公司;用于注射的卟吩姆钠与PDT;维替泊芬,QLT有限公司;罗培泊芬(rostaporfin)与PDT,米拉维特医药技术公司(Miravent Medical Technologies);他拉泊芬钠(talaporfin sodium)与PDT,新日石油公司(Nippon Petroleum);莫特沙芬镥(motexafm lutetium),法玛赛力克有限公司(Pharmacyclics,Inc.))、反义寡聚核苷酸(仅举例而言,包括Novagali Pharma SA公司测试的产品和ISIS-13650(Isis Pharmaceuticals))、激光凝固、玻璃膜疣激光、黄斑裂孔手术、黄斑易位手术、可植入式微型望远镜、高速循环血管造影术(Phi-MotionAngiograophy)(也称为微激光治疗和供养血管治疗)、质子束疗法、微电流刺激疗法、视网膜脱离和玻璃体手术、巩膜扣带术、黄斑下手术、经瞳孔温热疗法、光系统I疗法、使用干扰RNA(RNAi)、体外净化疗法(也称为膜差异过滤和流变疗法)、微型芯片植入、干细胞疗法、基因置换疗法、核糖基因疗法(包括针对缺氧反应元件的基因疗法,Oxford Biomedica;兰提帕克(Lentipak),Genetix公司;PDEF基因疗法,GenVec公司)、光感受器/视网膜细胞移植(包括可移植视网膜上皮细胞,Diacrin,Inc.公司;视网膜细胞移植,Cell Genesys,Inc.公司)和针刺疗法。
可以用来使个体受益的其它组合包括利用基因测试来测定该个体是否是与某眼科病症有关的突变基因的携带者。仅举例而言,人类ABCA4基因中的缺陷被认为是与五种不同的视网膜表型有关,包括斯特格氏病、锥-杆细胞营养不良、年龄相关的黄斑变性、色素性视网膜炎。例如,参见:Allikmets等,Science,277:1805-07(1997);Lewis等,Am.J.Hum.Genet.,64:422-34(1999);Stone等,Nature Genetics,20:328-29(1998);Allikmets,Am.J Hum.Gen.,67:793-799(2000);Klevering等,Ophthalmology,111:546-553(2004)。此外,常染色体显性斯特格氏病是由ELOV4基因突变引起。参见:Karan等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.(2005)。预期具有任何这些突变的患者都能从本文描述方法中获得治疗和/或预防益处。
实施例
通过以下实施例进一步说明本发明,所述实施例不应当看作以任何方式限制本发明。
实施例1-预防人视网膜上皮细胞的高葡萄糖诱导性损伤
本发明的芳香族阳离子肽在预防人视网膜上皮细胞(HREC)中的高葡葡糖诱导性损伤的效果是在培养的HREC中进行研究的。
用在本发明的研究中的HREC的培养方法是已知的。通常参见:Li B、TangSB、Zhang G、Chen JH、Li BJ的“Culture and characterization of human retinalcapillary endothelial cell”,Chin Ophthal Res 2005;23:20-2;Premanand C、RemaM、Sameer MZ、Sujatha M、Balasubramanyam M的“Effect of curcumin onproliferation of human retinal endothelial cells under in vitro conditions”,InvestOphthalmol Vis Sci 2006;47:2179-84。
简言之,HREC细胞分成三组:正常对照组;30mM葡萄糖给药组;以及30mM葡萄糖+SS-31给药组。利用Annexin V+PI实验和流式细胞仪来测定HREC在高葡萄糖与不同浓度的SS-31(10nM、100nM、1μM、10μM)共处理的存活情况。通常参见:Koopman,G.,Reutelingsperger,C.P.,Kuijten,G.A.M.,Keehnen,R.M.J.,Pals,S.T.,和van Oers,M.H.J.1994,“Annexin V for flow cytometricdetection of phosphatidylserine expression on B cells undergoing apoptosis”,Blood84:1415;Homburg,C.H.,de Haas,M.,von dem Borne,A.E.,Verhoeven,A.J.,Reutelingsperger,C.P.和Roos,D.1995,“Human neutrophils lose their surface Fcgamma RIII and acquire Annexin V binding sites during apoptosis in vitro”,Blood 85:532;Vermes,L,Haanen,C,Steffens-Nakken,H.,和Reutelingsperger,C.1995,“Anovel assay for apoptosis -flow cytometric detection of phosphatidylserineexpression on early apoptotic cells using fluorescein labelled Annexin V”,J.Immunol.Meth.184:39;Fadok,V.A.,Voelker,D.R.,Campbell,P.A.,Cohen,J.J.,Bratton,D.L.,和Henson,P.M.1992,“Exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surfaceof apoptotic lymphocytes triggers specific recognition and removal bymacrophages”,J.Immunol.148:2207。
在24小时和48小时测定用高葡萄糖与SS-31共处理过的HREC的存活率。结果显示在图1A-图1B中,并表明经给药SS-31,HREC存活率得到显著改善,凋亡和坏死的细胞减少。用SS-31处理还降低了ROS的产生(图2A-图2F)。
对SS-31作为防止高葡萄糖处理的HREC线粒体潜在损失的保护剂进行了研究评价。为了确定线粒体介导的通路在SS31的防止高葡萄糖诱导的细胞死亡的保护性作用中是否重要,通过流式细胞仪测定了ΔΨm。在利用不含SS31的高葡萄糖处理HREC 24小时或48小时后,如在高葡萄糖组中观察到的红色荧光与绿色荧光的比率的显著降低所表明,通过JC-1荧光探针检测到线粒体膜电位的快速降低。相反,在100nM的SS31共处理过的组中的ΔΨm保持基本不变,且与正常葡萄糖对照组类似(图3A-图3B)。这些数据表明SS31防止了由于暴露至高葡萄糖环境而导致的线粒体膜电位降低。
葡萄糖(30mmol/L)引起细胞色素c从HREC的线粒体释放。以细胞色素c抗体和线粒体特异性蛋白抗体(HSP60)免疫标记固定的HREC。共焦显微分析显示正常培养中的HREC和SS-31与葡萄糖共处理中的的HREC具有重叠的细胞色素c染色和线粒体染色,表明细胞色素c和线粒体的共定位(图4A-图4F)。在利用30mmol/L的葡葡萄处理24小时或48小时后,可以在HREC的细胞质中观察到一些细胞色素c,表明葡萄糖引起细胞色素c从线粒体释放到HREC细胞的细胞质中,但SS-31可以降低在线粒体和细胞质之间的这样的易位。
防止细胞色素c从线粒体释放导致半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3活性降低。如图5A-图5E中所示,SS-31降低了半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3在高葡萄糖处理的HREC中的蛋白质表达。通过免疫印迹法测定切断的半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3蛋白质表达的水平(图5A)。当将HREC暴露于30mM的葡萄糖24小时和48小时时,大幅度地提高了半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3表达的水平。在同时,在SS-31共处理组中,显示半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3的蛋白质表达水平的显著降低(*p<0.05)。图5B显示了高葡萄糖与SS-31共处理24小时和48小时的HREC的半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3的表达水平的定量分析。
SS-31提高了高葡萄糖处理的HREC中的Trx2的表达。图5C显示了暴露于30mM葡萄糖与SS-31共处理24小时和48小时的HREC中的Trx2的mRNA水平。通过实时定量PCR来测定Trx2的mRNA表达水平。通过18S mRNA水平来标准化Trx2的相对mRNA水平(*p<0.05相对于正常葡萄糖培养基组和30mM高葡萄糖处理组)。对于每一时间点,使用了三个独立的样本。图5D显示了通过免疫印迹法测定的Trx2蛋白质表达水平。相比于正常葡萄糖组,高葡萄糖与SS-31共处理的组中的Trx2的蛋白质表达显著增加(*p<0.05)。图5E显示了高葡萄糖与SS-31共处理或高葡萄糖不与SS-31共处理的24小时和48小时的HREC中的Trx2蛋白质水平的定量分析。
这些结果表明,SS-31能够提高HREC细胞在高葡萄糖环境中的存活率。因此,SS-31和其他的芳香族阳离子肽可以用在预防糖尿病性视网膜病变的方法中。
实施例2-给食高脂肪膳食的大鼠的糖尿病性视网膜病变的预防
在Sprague-Dawley大鼠模型中研究了本发明的芳香族阳离子肽在预防糖尿病性视网膜病变的发展中的作用。该实施例描述了这些实验的结果。
通过在SD大鼠中进行为期6周的HFD和低剂量STZ(30mg/kg)注射的结合或者单独的高剂量STZ(65mg/kg)来建立糖尿病的大鼠模型。通常参见:K.Srinivasan,B.Viswanad,Lydia Asrat,CL.Kaul和P.Ramarao,“Combination ofhigh-fat diet-fed and low-dose streptozotocin-treated rat:A model for type 2 diabetesand pharmacological screening”,Pharmacological Research,52(4):313-320,2005。将喂食正常的食物的同一批大鼠(NRC)用作对照。表7-10显示了治疗时间表和试验方案。
表7.治疗组-HFD/STZ模型
组 | 大鼠数目 | 模型 | 处理 | 剂量和途径 |
A | 12 | HFD/STZ | SS-31 | 10mg/kg皮下注射(s.c.) |
B | 12 | HFD/STZ | SS-31 | 3mg/kg s.c. |
C | 12 | HFD/STZ | SS-31 | 1mg/kg s.c. |
D | 10 | HFD/STZ | SS-20 | 10mg/kg s.c. |
E | 10 | HFD/STZ | SS-20 | 3mg/kg s.c. |
F | 10 | HFD/STZ | 盐水 | 等体积s.c. |
G | 10 | NRC | 盐水 | 等体积s.c. |
表8.治疗时间表-HFD/STZ模型
表9.治疗组-STZ模型
组 | 大鼠数目 | 模型 | 治疗 | 剂量和途径 |
A | 11 | 糖尿病 | SS-31 | 10mg/kg s.c. |
B | 11 | 糖尿病 | SS-20 | 10mg/kg s.c. |
C | 10 | 糖尿病 | 盐水 | 等体积s.c. |
D | 10 | 正常 | 盐水 | 等体积s.c. |
表10.治疗时间表-STZ模型
根据刚描述的试验方案,证明了芳香族阳离子肽在治疗SD大鼠模型中的与糖尿病相关的病症中的作用。SS-20和SS-31的给药导致预防或逆转了患有糖尿病的大鼠的晶状体中的白内障形成(图6和图7,表11和表12)。
表11.HFD/STZ大鼠模型
-:透明;
+:轻度透明;
++:不透明:
+++:中度不透明;
++++:严重不透明
表12.STZ大鼠模型
研究了芳香族阳离子肽对SD大鼠模型中的晶状体上皮的作用。给药SS-31降低了STZ大鼠模型(图8)和HFD/STZ大鼠模型(图9)中的上皮细胞变化。
研究了芳香族阳离子肽对SD大鼠模型中的内层血视网膜屏障功能的作用。相比于未给药SS-20或SS-31的HFD大鼠,SS-20和SS-31的给药导致内层血视网膜屏障功能得到改善(图10)。
研究了芳香族阳离子肽对SD大鼠模型中的视网膜微血管的作用(图11-12)。SS-31的给药降低了在STZ或HFD/STZ大鼠中观察到的视网膜微血管变化。
研究了芳香族阳离子肽对SD大鼠模型中的视网膜微血管中的紧密连接蛋白claudin-5的分布的作用。在共焦显微镜下检测紧密连接蛋白claudin-5的分布(图13A-图13D)。在正常的大鼠(A)中,claudin-5沿着视网膜血管平整地、线性地且均匀地分布,而在STZ大鼠(B,箭头)中,线性形状被破坏。以SS-20(10mg/kg)或SS-31(10mg/kg)治疗的STZ大鼠中的视网膜血管上的claudin-5的分布与正常大鼠的claudin-5的分布相似(分别为C和D)。
概括来讲,这些发现共同地表明了芳香族阳离子肽预防或弥补糖尿病对眼睛(例如白内障和微血管)的负面作用。因此,根据本发明的芳香族阳离子肽的给药在预防或治疗与人类对象中的糖尿病相关的眼科病症的方法中是有用的。
实施例3-SS-31预防青光眼小梁网细胞中的氧化压力
通过研究肽对青光眼小梁网细胞的作用,研究本发明的芳香族阳离子肽在预防或治疗青光眼中的作用。青光眼是世界上不可逆性失明的第二主要原因。原发性开角型青光眼(POAG)是青光眼的主要亚型。在POAG中,小梁网状结构中没有可视异常。但是,确信小梁网状结构中的细胞执行其正常功能的能力受到损害。
在该实施例中,在来自POAG患者的小梁网细胞(GTM)和来自未患病个体的小梁网细胞(HTM)之间进行比较本发明的芳香族阳离子肽的作用。已描述了用在本发明的研究中的方法。通常参见:He Y,Ge J,Tombran-Tink J.,“Mitochondrial defects and dysfunction in calcium regulation in glaucomatoustrabecular meshwork cells”.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2008,49(11):4912-22;He Y,Leung KW,Zhang YH,Duan S,Zhong XF,Jiang RZ,Peng Z,Tombran-Tink J,Ge J.“Mitochondrial complex I defect induces ROS release and degeneration in trabecularmeshwork cells of POAG patients:protection by antioxidants”.Invest OphthalmolVis Sci.2008,49(4):1447-58。相比于HTM细胞,GTM细胞显示出线粒体膜电位受到明显损害(图18)。
将细胞分成三组:“组A”细胞在给药SS-31之前暴露于双氧水。“组B”细胞在给药双氧水之前暴露SS-31。“组C”细胞被同时给药SS-31和双氧水。
为了评定SS-31对HTM细胞或GTM细胞是否有细胞毒作用,将各种浓度的SS-31给药至细胞并利用LDH分析来测定细胞毒性。LDH细胞毒性分析是评定细胞毒性的比色法。该分析定量地测定从损伤的细胞中释放出的稳定的、细胞溶质的、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)。通过偶联酶促反应测定释放出的LDH,该反应引起四唑盐(碘硝基四唑(INT))通过心肌黄酶转化为红色的甲簪(formazan)。可用在本发明的研究中的用以检测来自细胞的LDH的方法是已知的。通常参见:Haslam,G.等(2005)Anal.Biochem.336:187;Tarnawski,A.(2005)Biochem.Biophys.Res.Comm.333:207;Round,J.L等.(2005)J.Exp.Med.201:419;Bose,C.等(2005)Am.J.Physiol.Gastr.L.289:G926;Chen,A.和Xu,J.(2005)Am.J.Physiol.Gastr.L.288:G447。LDH活性被确定为在限定的时间段中的NADH氧化或INT还原。结果示在图14中,且表明SS-31不影响HTM细胞和GTM细胞的存活能力。
可用在本发明的研究中的利用TMRM测定线粒体膜电位的方法已经由文献“Andrea Rasola和Massimo Geuna,A flow cytometry assay simultaneously detectsindependent apoptotic parameters,Cytometry 45:151-157,2001;MitoprobeTM JC-1Kit for Flow Cytometry,Molecular Probes,Invitrogen,USA”描述。图16显示了GTM细胞中的结果。这些结果共同地表明,利用SS-31进行治疗提高了在给药SS-31之前暴露于双氧水的细胞的线粒体膜电位。
组A。当在SS-31给药之前这些细胞暴露于双氧水时,研究HTM细胞和GTM细胞的线粒体膜电位(Δψm)。首先,利用标记有四甲基罗丹明甲酯(TMRM,50nM x 30分钟)的细胞的共焦显微镜测试来测定线粒体膜电位(图15)。还可通过利用线粒体选择性探针—四甲基罗丹明甲酯(TMRM,50nM x 30分钟)标记细胞使用流式细胞仪测定线粒体膜电位(图16-17)。
组B。当在给药双氧水之前使细胞暴露于SS-31时,研究GTM细胞的形态。图18显示了给药各种浓度的SS-31的细胞的倒置相差显微镜的结果。结果表明,SS-31以浓度依赖性与时间依赖性的方式防止细胞由双氧水介导的形态变化。也就是说,在暴露于SS-31肽的细胞中,双氧水介导的细胞消亡和圆形化得到减弱。当在给药双氧水之前这些细胞暴露SS-31时,还研究了HTM细胞和GTM细胞的线粒体膜电位(Δψm)。利用标记有四甲基罗丹明甲酯(TMRM,50nM x30分钟)的细胞的共焦显微镜来测量线粒体膜电位(图19-21)。这些结果显示SS-31的剂量依赖性的预处理提高了暴露于双氧水的细胞的线粒体膜电位。因此,SS-31提供了防止GTM细胞中发生氧化压力的保护作用。
研究了SS-31减轻GTM细胞和HTM细胞中的急性氧化损伤的作用。图36显示了利用FACS分析的GTM细胞和HTM细胞的TMRM的荧光强度。与H2O2中的GTM对照相比,10-6M的SS-31、10-7M的SS-31、10-8M的SS-31中的荧光强度的百分比分别为35.2±2.12%、56.2±4.04%、50.3±4.46%、47.5±2.82%,n=4;HTM组分别为37.4±0.725%、57.7±1.80%、50.6±3.06%、49.4±2.27%,n=4。**表示与GTM H2O2相比,P<0.01;*表示与GTM H2O2组相比,P<0.05;▲▲▲表示与HTM H2O2组相比,P<0.001。
图37显示利用FACS分析的对照组和SS-31治疗组中的GTM细胞和HTM细胞的ROS的荧光强度。与GTM H2O2中的GTM对照相比,10-6M的SS-31组、10-7M的SS-31组、10-8M的SS-31组的细胞内ROS产生的百分比分别为146.0±2.27%、84.5±8.75%、102.0±5.69%、133.0±5.17%(n=3);HTM组分别为153.0±3.46%、79±2.39%、91.8±3.49%、129.0±8.24%(n=4)。GTM组和HTM H2O2组与对照组相比,P<0.001;***表示与GTM H2O2组相比,P<0.001;▲▲▲表示与HTM H2O2组相比,P<0.001;▲▲表示与HTM H2O2组相比,P<0.01。图38显示SS-31降低了由H2O2引起的细胞凋亡的量。
检测了SS-31对GTM细胞和HTM细胞的持续性氧化损伤的作用。利用10-6M、10-7M、10-8M的SS-31预处理细胞1小时,接着用200μM的H2O2温育24小时以研究SS-31对持续性氧化压力的保护作用。图39和表13显示了SS-31对来自GTM细胞和HTM细胞的持续性氧化损伤的ROS产生的作用。图40和表14显示了各个处理组中的GTM细胞和HTM细胞中的MMP变化。
表13.H
2
O
2
处理的GTM3细胞和iHTM细胞中的ROS产生
表14.利用H
2
O
2
处理的GTM3细胞和iHTM细胞中的MMP减少
这些结果共同表明,在10-4M对GTM细胞和HTM细胞都没有细胞毒性,由双氧水引起的持续的且急性的氧化压力可以通过SS-31(>10-9M)得到防止。因此因此,本发明的芳香族阳离子肽可用在预防或治疗人类对象中的青光眼的方法中。
实施例4-SS-31预防原代视网膜色素上皮细胞中的氧化压力
培养原代视网膜色素上皮(RPE)细胞以测试本发明的芳香族阳离子肽在预防或降低这些细胞中的氧化损伤的作用。已描述了用于研究原代视网膜色素上皮细胞的方法。参见:Dunn等,ARPE-19,A Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial CellLine with Differentiated Properties,Experimental Eye Research,1996,62(2):155-170。首先,显示了SS-31没有不良地影响这些细胞。原代培养的人类RPE细胞与不同浓度的SS-31单独地温育24小时,通过MTT分析来测定细胞存活能力(图22)。
接着,在tBHP和各种浓度的SS-31的存在情况下,测试原代RPE细胞的存活能力。于96孔板中以每孔10000个细胞的对细胞进行涂板并培养24小时,然后切断营养24小时。之后,将细胞暴露于浓度增大的tBHP(图23A),或者以不同浓度的SS-31预温育4小时、用tBHP刺激6小时(图23B)。这些结果表明SS-31响应于tBHP的给药而增强细胞活性。还利用FACS分析来研究了三组RPE细胞中的细胞内ROS产生。图31A显示了对照RPE细胞中的ROS产生;图31B显示了利用500μM的tBHP处理3小时的RPE细胞中的ROS产生;以及图31C显示了利用500μM的tBHP处理3小时以及利用1μM的SS-31处理的RPE细胞中的ROS产生。图32显示了在FACS分析中由TC-1标记的MMP。分析三个不同浓度的SS-31组。在用500μM tBHP处理3小时的组中,红色和绿色的比率为1.08,在10nM SS-31处理4小时并用500μM tBHP处理3小时的组中的红色和绿色的比率为1.25;在用100nM SS-31处理4小时并用500μM tBHP处理3小时的组中,红色和绿色的比率为1.4;以及在用1μm SS-31处理4小时并用500μM tBHP处理3小时的组中,红色和绿色的比率为2.28。图33A-图33D显示了1μM的SS-31对tBHP引起的MMP减少的影响。图33A:对照组,R/G为3.63±0.24;图33B:用500μM tBHP处理3小时的组,R/G为1.08±0.11;图33C:用1μM的SS-31处理4小时并用500μM的tBHP处理3小时的组,R/G是2.38±0.18。图33D是比较不同组的荧光比率的图。*P<0.01,C相对于B。
图34A-图34D显示了SS-31对用250μM的tBHP处理24小时引起的细胞凋亡的作用。图34A:对照组;(Q2+Q4)%=1.27±0.3%;图34B:用250μM的tBHP处理24小时的组;(Q2+Q4)%=15.7±0.6%;图34C:用1μM SS-31处理4小时并用250μM的tBHP处理24小时的组;(Q2+Q4)%=8.4±0.8%。图34D是比较不同组的荧光比率的图。*P<0.05,C相对于B。图35是显示3组RPE细胞中的由tBHP引起的MDA水平。(*P<0.05)。
这些结果共同表明SS-31防止了原代视网膜色素上皮细胞中的氧化压力。因此,本发明的芳香族阳离子肽在预防或治疗对人类对象中的视网膜细胞的损伤的方法中是有用的。
实施例5-本发明的芳香族阳离子肽预防和治疗CNV小鼠模型中的脉络膜新生
血管
为了进一步证明在一方面预防了脉络膜新生血管(CNV)以及在另一方面治疗CNV,在CNV的小鼠模型上测试本发明的芳香族阳离子肽(图24)。用激光烧伤在眼睛中诱导CNV。已在Reich的以下文献中描述了可用在本研究中的方法:Mol Vis 2003;9:210-216。
简言之,用水合氯醛将五周到六周龄的C57BL/6雄性小鼠麻醉并利用托吡卡胺使其瞳孔扩大。利用盖光片作为接触透镜,将四个激光光点(532nm、260mw、0.01s、50μm;Novus Spectra,Lumenis,美国)施用于右眼中的视神经盘周围的环中的眼底。在激光凝固术的前一天,开始每天腹膜内注射1mg/kg、9mg/kg的SS-31或媒介物。
一周之后,小鼠深度麻醉并通过左心室灌注1ml(50mg/ml)的PBS缓冲的荧光素-葡聚糖。将眼睛摘除并固定在4%的多聚甲醛中2小时。在大圆处切开眼睛,前面的一半和视网膜被除去。通过四至五次径向切割,将包括巩膜和脉络膜的眼后节分成四份,并安装在载片上。通过荧光显微镜(AxioCam MRC;CarlZeiss)检测所有的平载片。用图像分析软件-Image-Pro Plus软件(MediaCybernetics,Silver Spring,MD)来测定每一CNV损伤的区域。
在每一组中有48处新血管生成。利用IMAGE-PROPLUS6.0软件计算新血管生成的面积。CNV模型、1mg/kg的SS-31组和9mg/kg的SS-31组中的新血管生成的面积分别为0.0130±0.0034、0.0068±0.0025、0.0067±0。这些结果表明,两种浓度的SS-31显著地降低了脉络膜新血管生成的面积(P<0.05)(图24A-图24D)。
实施例6-本发明的芳香族阳离子肽预防和治疗氧诱导视网膜病变(OIR)小鼠
模型中的OIR
为了进一步证明对氧诱导视网膜病变(OIR)的预防,在患有OIR的小鼠模型中测试本发明的芳香族阳离子肽(图25)。在该模型中,具有部分发育的视网膜脉管系统的7天龄的幼鼠承受高氧(氧为75%)达5天,这使视网膜血管停止生长并引起明显的血管阻塞。在出生后12天时,将幼鼠返回到室内空气中,到出生后17天时,出现显示出典型临床病症的补偿性视网膜新生血管。病理学新血管生成的模型已广泛用作增生型糖尿病视网膜病变的替代品。
为了检测本发明的芳香族阳离子肽对于预防OIR的作用,在幼鼠中诱发OIR,同时将芳香族阳离子肽(例如,SS-20或SS-31)对小鼠给药大约6周。其结果显示在图26A至图26E中,表明利用SS-31治疗防止了补偿性视网膜新血管生成。因此,本发明的芳香族阳离子肽可用在预防哺乳动物对象中的增生型糖尿病视网膜病变的方法中。
实施例7-抗氧化剂降低色素性视网膜炎的模型中的感光细胞死亡
从小鼠的视网膜肿瘤获得视锥细胞特定品系661W。以前已描述了661W细胞的研究中使用的方法。通常参见:Gearóid Tuohy,Sophia Millington-Ward,PaulF.Kenna,Peter Humphries和G.Jane Farrar,“Sensitivity of Photoreceptor-DerivedCell Line(661W)to Baculoviral p35,Z-VAD.FMK,and Fas-Associated DeathDomain”,Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science.2002;43:3583-3589。培养这些细胞以测试本发明的芳香族阳离子肽在预防或降低视锥细胞中的氧化损伤的作用(图27A-图27B)。首先,显示tBHP影响661w细胞的的存活率(图27A)。将不同剂量的tBHP给药对细胞给药3小时。接着,显示不同剂量的SS-31降低了tBHP诱发的661w细胞死亡(图27B)。
SS-31具有防止tBHP诱发的线粒体存活能力降低的能力,将100nmol/L的SS-31给药至661w细胞的培养基。结果显示在图30中,通过JC-1分析表明与未给药SS-31的细胞相比,SS-31显著地增强了线粒体存活能力。
实施例8-在视网膜变性的小鼠模型中的SS-31的作用
为了进一步证实对视网膜变性的预防,在视网膜变性的小鼠模型上测试了本发明的芳香族阳离子肽。用激光损伤在眼睛中诱发CNV(见实施例5)。寄希望了解感光细胞死亡的原因,视网膜变性的小鼠模型已研究了很多年。已经发现呈现视网膜中的感光细胞变性同时保留所有其他的视网膜细胞类型的自然出现的小鼠的突变体:视网膜变性(原名rd,与无杆视网膜相同,r,现在ped6b rd1);Purkinje细胞变性(pcd);神经(nr);缓慢视网膜变性(rds,现在Prph rd2);视网膜变性3(rd3);运动神经元变性(mnd);视网膜变性4(rd4);视网膜变性5(rd5);白癜风(vit,现在mitf mi-vit);视网膜变性6(rd6);视网膜变性7(rd7);神经元蜡样质脂褐质(nclf);视网膜变性8(rd8);视网膜变性9(rd9);视网膜变性10(rd10);锥感光细胞功能丧失(cpfl1)。
图28是显示在患有视网膜变性的小鼠模型中的对照鼠和SS-31处理的鼠中的视网膜外核层(ONL)的厚度的系列显微照片图。结果表明与未处理过的小鼠比较,SS-31处理过的小鼠ONL中保持很多行的细胞。染有花生凝结素(PNA)的视网膜平载片选择性地染有核内段和核外段,其也显示了SS-31处理过的小鼠中有较大的核细胞密度。这些结果表明,利用SS-31处理防止了患有视网膜变性的小鼠模型中的视网膜外核层的补偿性损害。因此,本发明的芳香族阳离子肽可用在预防哺乳动物对象中的视网膜变性的方法中。
等同物
本发明不限于在本申请中描述的特定实施方式,用作本发明的单独的方面的单一说明。本领域技术人员将理解,可以不脱离本申请的精神和范围的情况下进行各种修改和改动。根据以上描述,除了本文中列举的以外,本公开的范围内的功能上等同的方法和装置对于本领域的本领域技术人员而言是明显的。这样的改动和修改意欲落在所附权利要求的范围内。本公开仅受所附权利要求以及与这样的权利要求的的范围所等同的全部范围限制。应当理解,本公开不限于特定的方法、试剂、组合物和生物系统,当然,所述方法、试剂、组合物和生物系统可以变化。还可理解,本文中使用的术语仅用于描述特定的实施方式,不用来是限制性的。
此外,在以马库什组的方式描述本公开的特征或方面的情况下,本领域的本领域技术人员将意识到,本公开也是以马库什组中的任一单个成员或亚组成员的方式所描述的。
本领域的本领域技术人员将理解,为了任何或所有目的,尤其是提供说明书支持方面,本文中描述的所有范围还可涵盖任何且所有的可能子范围及其子范围的组合。任何列出的范围可以容易地看作充分公开并使其能够同一范围分成至少等半、三分之一、四分之一、五分之一份、十分之一等的子范围。作为非限制性实施例,本文中描述的每一范围可以容易地分成下三分之一、中三分之一和上三分之一等。本领域技术人员还将理解,所有的语言比如“上至”“至少”、“大于“、”小于“等包括所本数且适用于可以随后被分成以上上述所提及子范围的范围。最后,本领域技术人员将理解,范围包括每一单个成员。因此,例如,具有1到3个单元的组指的是具有1个单元、2个单元或3个单元的组。类似地,具有1到5个单元的组指的是具有1个单元、2个单元、3个单元、4个单元或5个单元的组,等等。
本文所参考的或引用的所有专利、专利申请、在先申请和出版物通过引用而全文并入本文,包括所有的附图和表格,使得它们不与本说明书的明确教导相矛盾。
在以下的权利要求范围内提出其他的实施方式。
Claims (10)
1.一种用于治疗或预防需要治疗或预防的哺乳动物对象中的眼科病症的方法,所述方法包括将治疗有效量的由式D-Arg-2’6’-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2或Phe-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2表示的肽给药至所述对象。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述眼科病症选自糖尿病性视网膜病变、白内障、色素性视网膜炎、青光眼、黄斑变性、脉络膜新生血管、视网膜变性和氧诱导视网膜病变。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述肽是D-Arg-2’6’-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述肽是Phe-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述对象是人类。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述肽通过眼内给药、离子电渗疗法给药、口服给药、局部给药、全身给药、静脉内给药、皮下给药或肌内给药。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括将第二活性剂单独地、顺序地或同时地给药。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中,所述第二活性剂选自抗氧化剂、金属络合物、消炎药、抗生素和抗组胺剂。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中,所述抗氧化剂是维生素A、维生素C、维生素E、番茄红素、硒、α-硫辛酸、辅酶Q、谷胱甘肽或类胡萝卜素。
10.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中,所述第二活性剂选自:乙氧喹环啶、乙酰唑胺、阿奈可他、阿可乐定、阿托品、法可林、氮卓斯汀、枯草杆菌抗生素、苯呋洛尔、倍他米松、倍他洛尔、比马前列素、溴莫尼定、布林佐胺、碳酰胆碱、卡替洛尔、塞来昔布、氯霉素、氯四环素、环丙沙星、色甘酸盐、可玛林、环喷托酯、环孢菌素、达哌唑、地美溴铵、地塞米松、双氯芬酸、双氯非那胺、肾上腺素异戊酯、杜塞酰胺、乙膦硫胆碱、依美斯汀、依匹斯汀、肾上腺素、红霉素、依索唑胺、尤卡托品、氟氢可的松、氟甲龙、氟比洛芬、福米韦生、新霉素B、更昔洛韦、加替沙星、庆大霉素、后马托品、氢化可的松、5-碘脱氧尿苷、茚甲新、异氟磷、酮咯酸、酮替芬、拉坦前列素、左倍他洛尔、左布诺洛尔、左卡巴斯汀、左氧氟沙星、洛度沙胺、氯替泼诺、甲羟松、醋甲唑胺、美替洛尔、莫西沙星、萘甲唑林、游霉素、奈多罗米、新霉素、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、奥洛他定、羟甲唑啉、吡嘧司特、哌加他尼、苯肾上腺素、毒扁豆碱、匹鲁卡品、吲哚洛尔、吡诺克辛、多粘菌素B、泼尼松龙、丙美卡因、雷珠单抗、利美索龙、莨菪碱、司佐胺、角鲨胺、磺胺醋酰、舒洛芬、丁卡因、四环霉素、四氢唑林、四氢唑林、噻吗洛尔、妥布霉素、曲伏前列素、曲安西龙、三氟醋甲唑胺、曲氟尿苷、甲氧苄氨嘧啶、托吡卡胺、乌诺前列酮、阿糖腺苷、丁苄唑啉、其药学上可接受的盐以及以上物质的组合。
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