CN102395549A - 单体、聚合物及其制备方法 - Google Patents
单体、聚合物及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102395549A CN102395549A CN2010800165752A CN201080016575A CN102395549A CN 102395549 A CN102395549 A CN 102395549A CN 2010800165752 A CN2010800165752 A CN 2010800165752A CN 201080016575 A CN201080016575 A CN 201080016575A CN 102395549 A CN102395549 A CN 102395549A
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- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M triflate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D223/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D223/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D223/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems containing carbocyclic rings other than six-membered
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C25/00—Compounds containing at least one halogen atom bound to a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C25/18—Polycyclic aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons
- C07C25/22—Polycyclic aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons with condensed rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D313/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings of more than six members having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D313/02—Seven-membered rings
- C07D313/06—Seven-membered rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/02—Macromolecular compounds containing only carbon atoms in the main chain of the macromolecule, e.g. polyxylylenes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
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Abstract
具有通式(a)的单体:其中R1为任何取代;R2为任何取代;R1和R2可以连接形成饱和或不饱和的环;L表示反应性离去基团;X和Y各自独立地表示CR2、O、BR、NR、SiR2、S、S=O、SO2、PR或P=O(R),其中各个R独立地选自H或取代基;Z表示单键或者二价原子或基团,其中,X-Z-Y形成非共轭的环或链,条件是,如果Z是单键,则R1和R2的至少之一是芳基或杂芳基。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及适合用作单体的化合物,包含来自所述单体的重复单元的聚合物,及其制备方法。这样的聚合物特别用作半导体聚合物,特别是用于电子器件中。
背景技术
已知共轭聚合物用于多种电子器件中,例如有机晶体管、有机发光二极管(OLEDs)和有机光伏(PV)器件。
聚合物发光二极管(POLEDs)已成为很受关注的主题并在近些年来得到发展,特别是在显示技术领域。由于POLEDs所具有的优于公知的液晶显示器(LCD)器件的很多内在的优点,兴趣得以激发。显著的优点是聚合物发光的能力,从而使得不需要另外的光源。这与现有的LCD器件形成对比,在后者中必须在多个阶段中过滤外部光源以便产生最终的图像。因而,POLEDs也不需要任何额外的元件例如背光和过滤器,因为它们包含制造于玻璃或塑料透明基片上的聚合物材料。POLEDs还具备具有高能效的益处,这使得它们成为低电压操作的超薄照明显示器的合适的候选。POLEDs还另外具有可溶液处理的益处,使得它们能够通过印刷或溶液浇注技术形成。一类广泛使用的聚合物为公开于例如EP 0842208中包含芴重复单元的聚合物。
目前已知的POLEDs会受制于有限的寿命,特别是由于聚合物可经历多种降解途径,包含化学、光化学和电化学降解。这既会影响OLED的效率也会影响其寿命(本文中使用的“寿命”指的是在恒定电流下亮度下降50%所用的时间)。在聚芴的情况下,降解可能是芴单元的4和5位上的反应的结果。
Park等人的Adv.Funct.Mater,2007,17,3063-3068公开了聚(2,6-(4,4-双(2-乙基己基)-8,9-二氢-4H-环五-[def]-菲)),用于与其脱氢类似物聚(2,6-(4,4-双(2-乙基己基)-4H-环五-[def]菲))对比以及与聚芴对比。作者暗示该材料比它所对比的两种材料更容易发生降解。
发明内容
在第一方面,本发明提供如权利要求1至9中所述的任选地取代的化合物。
在第一种实施方案中,该化合物具有以下通式:
其中
R1为任何取代;
R2为任何取代;
R1和R2可以连接形成饱和或不饱和的环;
L表示反应性离去基团;
X和Y各自独立地表示CR2、O、BR、NR、SiR2、S、S=O、SO2、PR或P=O(R),其中各个R独立地选自H或取代基;
Z表示单键或者二价原子或基团,并且
X-Z-Y形成非共轭的环或链,条件是,如果Z是单键,则R1和R2的至少之一是芳基或杂芳基。
任选地,R、R1和R2各自独立地选自以下基团任意之一:任选地取代的直链、支化或环状烷基,其中一个或多个不相邻的C原子可以被O、S、NR、C=O和-COO-代替;或者任选地取代的芳基或杂芳基。
为避免不确定性,本文中使用的“芳基”和“杂芳基”包括包含多于一个环的芳族基团,特别是稠环体系。一个或多个任选的取代基可以存在于这些基团上。用于这些芳族基团的任选的取代基包括任选地取代的直链、支化或环状烷基,其中一个或多个不相邻的C原子可以被O、S、NR、C=O和-COO-代替,更优选直链或支化烷基。
任选地,R1和R2的至少之一为被一个或多个卤素任选地取代的烷基,或者具有一个或多个任选的取代基的芳基或杂芳基,各个任选的取代基为烷基,该烷基可以被一个或多个卤素任选地取代并且其中一个或多个不相邻的C原子可以被O、S、NR、C=O和-COO-代替。
任选地,X和Y的至少之一为-CR2-。
任选地,Z包含单键或者由-(CR2)p-、O或NR组成的组中的任意之一;并且其中p为1、2、3、4、5或6,并且其中-(CR2)p-在p为4、5或6的情况下可以形成环。
任选地,Z包含单键或者式-(CR2)p-的亚烷基。在一种优选实施方案中,Z是单键。在另一种优选实施方案中,Z是-CR2-(即p=1)。
任选地,各个R为H或烷基。
任选地,各个L独立地选自硼酸或其酯、氯、溴或碘。优选地,各个L独立地选自溴或硼酸或其酯。
任选地,该化合物具有下式:
与相邻的重复单元的共轭通过在所示位置提供L基团而最大化。
在本发明的第二方面,提供权利要求10至13中所述的聚合物。
在一种实施方案中,该聚合物包含下式的重复单元:
其中R1和R2、X、Y和Z如以上针对本发明第一方面所述。
任选地,所述聚合物是半导体聚合物。
任选地,该聚合物包含亚芳基共重复单元。
任选地,所述聚合物是发光聚合物。
在第三方面,本发明提供根据本发明第二方面的聚合物的制造方法,其包含根据本发明第一方面的化合物的聚合步骤。
任选地,所述聚合在金属催化剂的存在下发生。
任选地,所述金属催化剂为钯催化剂。
在第四方面,本发明提供包含本发明第二方面的聚合物的电子器件。
任选地,所述器件为发光二极管、场效应晶体管或者光伏器件。
任选地,所述器件为发光二极管。
附图说明
为了更好地理解本发明并表明如何实施本发明,下面将通过仅为实例的方式参考附图,其中:
图1说明根据本发明的电致发光器件的结构。
具体实施方式
根据本发明纳入X-Z-Y基团为聚合物提供了提高的稳定性,特别是通过阻断芴单元的4和5位的反应。
根据本发明的示例化合物具有下式:
在以上实例中,取代基R1和R2包含取代的苯基。已发现该芳族取代基提高重复单元的稳定性,并且烷基的存在起提高得到的聚合物的溶解性的作用。
以下单元说明替代性的X-Z-Y基团,其中X-Z-Y形成链:
或者,X-Z-Y可以形成环结构,如下所示,其中X-Z-Y形成环己基:
为简单起见,将以上化合物表示为具有溴离去基团,然而应当理解,这些基团可以用任何反应性离去基团代替。
通过在芴分子的与C9碳相对一侧上存在非共轭基团,本发明提供更稳定的结构。因而,X-Y-Z形式的纳入为单体单元的并因而为聚合物的改性化合物结构提供增强的稳定性,特别是就化学、光化学或电化学降解途径而言,所述降解途径限制包含聚芴的OLEDs的寿命并导致降低的光致发光效率。因此,与包含该化合物的聚合物中观察到的发光效率下降相关的问题得以降低,并获得表现出延长的色彩稳定性和最小化的降解的聚合物。
合成
根据本发明的单体可以根据以下方案合成:
本发明的聚合物包含至少一种上述的重复单元,并且优选地包含一种或多种其它重复单元。可以选择这些其它重复单元以根据本发明聚合物的目标用途而调节其性能,特别是根据其作为空穴传输、电子传输和/或电致发光聚合物的用途。
亚芳基形成一类优选的其它重复单元。优选的亚芳基重复单元选自公开于例如Adv.Mater.2000 12(23)1737-1750及其参考文献中的亚芳基重复单元,特别是公开于J.Appl.Phys.1996,79,934中的1,4-亚苯基重复单元;公开于EP 0842208中的芴重复单元;公开于例如Macromolecules2000,33(6),2016-2020中的茚并芴重复单元;以及公开于例如EP 0707020中的螺芴重复单元。这些重复单元中的每一个任选地被取代。取代基的实例包括增溶基团例如C1-20烷基或烷氧基;吸电子基团例如氟、硝基或氰基;以及用于提高聚合物的玻璃化转变温度的(Tg)的取代基。
以下结构的芴重复单元是特别优选的:
其中R1和R2如以上所述。
本发明的聚合物可以包含芳基胺重复单元,任选地与上述的亚芳基单元组合。优选的芳基胺重复单元具有下式:
其中Ar1和Ar2是任选地取代的芳基或杂芳基,n大于或等于1,优选1或2,R是H或取代基,优选取代基。R优选是烷基或芳基或杂芳基,最优选芳基或杂芳基。式1的单元中的任何芳基或杂芳基可以是取代的。优选的取代基包括烷基和烷氧基。式1的重复单元中的任何芳基或杂芳基可以通过直接键或者二价连接原子或基团连接。优选的二价连接原子和基团包括O、S;取代的N;以及取代的C。
满足式1的特别优选的单元包括式1-3的单元:
其中Ar1和Ar2如上定义;并且Ar3是任选地取代的芳基或杂芳基。如果存在,Ar3的优选取代基包括烷基和烷氧基。
芳基胺单元的优选的浓度取决于含有它的聚合物的功能。如果芳基胺单元存在于用于空穴传输层的聚合物中,它优选以最高达95mol%、优选最高达70mol%的量存在。如果芳基胺单元存在于用于发光层的聚合物中(作为发光聚合物或者作为用于发光掺杂剂的主体),它优选以最高达30mol%、优选最高达20mol%的量存在。在使用多于一种的芳基胺重复单元的情况下,这些百分数适用于聚合物中存在的芳基胺单元的总数。
该聚合物可以包含用于电荷传输或发光的亚杂芳基重复单元。优选的亚杂芳基重复单元选自式7-21:
其中R6和R7是相同或不同的,并且各自独立地为氢或取代基,优选烷基、芳基、全氟烷基、硫代烷基、氰基、烷氧基、杂芳基、烷基芳基或芳基烷基。为了易于制备,R6和R7优选是相同的。更优选地,它们是相同的并且各自是苯基。
电致发光共聚物可以包含电致发光区域,以及空穴传输区域和电子传输区域的至少之一,如例如WO 00/55927和US 6353083中所公开。如果仅提供了空穴传输区域和电子传输区域之一,那么电致发光区域也可以提供空穴传输和电子传输功能中的另一个。或者,电致发光聚合物可以与空穴传输材料和/或电子传输材料混合。包含空穴传输重复单元、电子传输重复单元和发光重复单元中之一或多个的聚合物可以在聚合物主链或聚合物侧链中提供所述单元。
这样的聚合物中的不同区域可以根据US 6353083沿着聚合物骨架提供,或者根据WO 01/62869作为聚合物骨架的侧基。
根据聚合物用于器件中的哪一层以及共重复单元的性质,聚合物可以提供空穴传输、电子传输和发光功能中的一种或多种。
聚合方法
用于制备这些聚合物的优选方法为记载于例如WO 00/53656中的Suzuki聚合以及记载于例如T.Yamamoto“Electrically Conducting AndThermally Stable π-Conjugated Poly(arylene)s Prepared byOrganometallic Processes”,Progress in Polymer Science 1993,17,1153-1205中的Yamamoto聚合。这些聚合技术均通过“金属插入”来进行,其中金属配合物催化剂的金属原子插入单体的离去基团和芳基之间。在Yamatomo聚合的情况下,使用镍配合物催化剂;在Suzuki聚合的情况下,使用钯配合物催化剂。
例如,在通过Yamatomo聚合的线性聚合物的合成中,使用具有两个反应性卤素基团的单体。类似地,根据Suzuki聚合方法,至少一个反应性基团是硼衍生基团例如硼酸或硼酸酯,另一个反应性基团是卤素。优选的卤素是氯、溴和碘,最优选溴。
因此,应当理解,在整个本申请中所说明的包含芳基的端基和重复单元可以衍生自带有合适的离去基团的单体。
Suzuki聚合可以用于制备区域规整(regioregular)、嵌段和无规共聚物。特别是,当一个反应性基团是卤素且另一个反应性基团是硼衍生基团时,可以制备均聚物或无规共聚物。或者,当第一单体的两个反应性基团均为硼并且第二单体的两个反应性基团均为卤素时,可以制备嵌段或区域规整(特别是AB)共聚物。
作为卤化物的替代,能够参与金属插入的其它离去基团包括甲苯磺酸酯、甲磺酸酯和三氟甲磺酸酯。
溶液处理
可以将单一聚合物或多种聚合物从溶液沉积以形成电致发光层。合适的溶剂包括单烷基苯或多烷基苯,例如甲苯和二甲苯。特别优选的溶液沉积技术为旋涂和喷墨印刷。
旋涂特别适合于其中不需要电致发光材料的图案化的器件——例如用于照明应用或者简单的单色分段显示器。
喷墨印刷特别适合于高信息含量的显示器,特别是全色显示器。可以通过在第一电极上提供图案化层并限定阱而喷墨印刷器件,所述阱用于印刷一种颜色(在单色器件的情况下)或者多种颜色(在多色、特别是全色器件的情况下)。图案化层通常为光致抗蚀剂层,其被图案化以限定阱,如例如EP 0880303中所述。
作为阱的替代,可以将墨印刷到限定于图案化层中的沟道中。特别是,可以将光致抗蚀剂图案化以形成沟道,与阱不同的是,该沟道延伸过多个像素并且它可以在沟道末端是封闭的或开放的。
其它溶液沉积技术包括浸涂、辊筒印刷和丝网印刷。
如果通过溶液处理形成器件的多个层,那么本领域技术人员将会知晓防止相邻的层混杂的技术,例如通过在沉积下一层之前将本层交联,或者选择相邻的层的材料以使得形成这些层中的第一层的材料不溶于用于沉积第二层的溶剂。
本发明的聚合物可以用作用于荧光或磷光掺杂剂的主体。在磷光主体的情况下,主体材料应当具有足够高的T1能级以使得激发态能量从主体的T1能级转移至发射体的T1能级。优选地,该主体具有足够高的T1能级以防止从发射体的T1能级的反向传递,特别是具有比发射体高的T1能级。然而,在一些情况下,主体的T1能级可以等于或甚至低于发射体的T1能级。
发光掺杂剂优选为金属配合物。优选的金属配合物包括式(V)的任选地取代的配合物:
ML1 qL2 rL3 s
(V)
其中M是金属;L1、L2和L3各自是配位基团;q是整数;r和s各自独立地是0或者整数;并且(a.q)+(b.r)+(c.s)之和等于M上可用的配位点的数目,其中a是L1上的配位点的数目,b是L2上的配位点的数目,c是L3上的配位点的数目。
重元素M诱导强的自旋-轨道耦合,使得可以发生快速的系间窜越和从三线态或更高状态的发射(磷光)。合适的重金属M包括:
-镧系金属例如铈、钐、铕、铽、镝、铥、铒和钕;以及
-d区金属,特别是第2和3行中的,即元素39至48和72至80,特别是钌、铑、钯、铼、锇、铱、铂和金。
用于f区金属的合适的配位基团包括氧或氮给体体系,例如羧酸、1,3-二酮根、羟基羧酸、席夫碱,包括酰基苯酚和亚氨基酰基基团。已知的是,荧光镧系金属配合物需要敏化基团,该敏化基团具有比该金属离子的第一激发态高的三线态激发能级。发射是来自于金属的f-f跃迁,因此通过金属的选择确定发光颜色。锐利的发射通常是窄的,得到可用于显示器应用的纯色发光。
d区金属特别适合用于来自三线态激发态的发射。这些金属与碳或氮给体例如卟啉或式(VI)的双齿配体形成有机金属配合物:
其中Ar4和Ar5可以相同或不同,并独立地选自任选取代的芳基或杂芳基;X1和Y1可以相同或不同,并独立地选自碳或氮;并且Ar4和Ar5可以稠合在一起。其中X1是碳且Y1是氮的配体是特别优选的。
下面给出双齿配体的实例:
Ar4和Ar5各自可以带有一个或多个取代基。这些取代基的两个或更多个可以连接以形成环,例如芳环。特别优选的取代基包括氟或三氟甲基,它们可用于配合物的发光的蓝移,如WO 02/45466、WO 02/44189、US2002-117662和US 2002-182441中所公开;JP 2002-324679中公开的烷基或烷氧基;当配合物用作发光材料时可以帮助向配合物的空穴传输的咔唑,如WO 02/81448中所公开;可以用于将配体官能化以连接其它基团的溴、氯或碘,如WO 02/68435和EP 1245659中所公开;以及可用于获得或强化金属配合物的溶液处理性的枝状体(dendron),如WO 02/66552中所公开。
发光树枝状化合物通常包含连接有一个或多个枝状体的发光核,其中各个枝状体包含分枝点和两个或更多个树枝状分枝。优选地,枝状体是至少部分共轭的,并且核和树枝状分枝的至少一个包含芳基或杂芳基。
适合用于d区元素的其它配体包括二酮根,特别是乙酰丙酮根(acac);三芳基膦和吡啶,它们各自可以被取代。
主族金属配合物表现出基于配体的发射或者电荷转移发射。对于这些配合物,发光颜色通过对配体以及金属的选择而确定。
主体材料和金属配合物可以以物理混合物的形式结合。或者,金属配合物可以化学键合到主体材料上。在聚合物主体的情况下,金属配合物可以作为连接到聚合物骨架上的取代基而进行化学键合,作为重复单元纳入聚合物骨架中,或者作为聚合物的端基,如例如EP 1245659、WO 02/31896、WO 03/18653和WO 03/22908中所公开。
很多荧光低分子量金属配合物是已知的,并且在有机发光器件中进行了示范[参见例如Macromol.Sym.125(1997)1-48,US-A 5,150,006,US-A6,083,634和US-A 5,432,014]。用于二价或三价金属的合适的配体包括:类咢辛(oxinoid),例如具有氧-氮或氧-氧给体原子,通常是环氮原子和取代基氧原子,或者取代基氮原子或氧原子和取代基氧原子,例如8-羟基喹啉根和羟基喹喔啉-10-羟基苯并(h)喹啉根(II),氮茚(III),席夫碱,氮杂吲哚,色酮衍生物,3-羟基黄酮,以及羧酸例如水杨酸根合氨基羧酸酯(salicylato amino carboxylate)和酯羧酸酯。任选的取代基包括(杂)芳环上的卤素、烷基、烷氧基、卤代烷基、氰基、氨基、酰氨基、磺酰基、羰基、芳基或杂芳基,它们可以改变发光颜色。
一般器件结构
参见图1,根据本发明的电致发光器件的结构包括透明玻璃或塑料基片1、阳极2和阴极4。在阳极2和阴极4之间提供电致发光层3。根据本发明的电致发光器件将在电致发光层3中或者在空穴传输层(未示出)中包含上述的本发明聚合物。
在实际器件中,电极的至少之一是半透明的,以使得光可以被发射。在阳极透明的情况下,它通常包含氧化铟锡。
电荷传输层
其它层可以位于阳极2和阴极3之间,例如电荷传输层、电荷注入层或电荷阻挡层。
特别地,希望提供导电空穴注入层,该导电空穴注入层可由设置在阳极2和电致发光层3之间的导电有机或无机材料形成,以帮助从阳极向一个或多个半导体聚合物层的空穴注入。掺杂的有机空穴注入材料的例子包括掺杂的聚(亚乙基二氧噻吩)(PEDT),特别是掺杂有电荷平衡多元酸——如EP 0901176和EP 0947123中公开的聚苯乙烯磺酸盐(PSS)、聚丙烯酸或氟化磺酸例如——的PEDT;如US 5723873和US 5798170中公开的聚苯胺;和聚(噻吩并噻吩)。导电无机材料的例子包括过渡金属氧化物如Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics(1996),29(11),2750-2753中公开的VOx、MoOx和RuOx。
如果存在,位于阳极2和电致发光层3之间的空穴传输层优选地具有小于或等于5.5eV的HOMO能级,更优选大约4.8-5.5eV。HOMO能级可通过例如循环伏安法测量。
如果存在,位于电致发光层3和阴极4之间的电子传输层优选地具有大约3-3.5eV的LUMO能级。
电致发光层
电致发光层3可以单独由电致发光材料组成,或者可以包含电致发光材料与一种或多种其它材料的组合。特别是,电致发光材料可以与空穴和/或电子传输材料混合,如例如WO 99/48160中所公开,或者可以在半导体主体基质中包含发光掺杂剂。或者,电致发光材料可以与电荷传输材料和/或主体材料共价键合。
电致发光层3可以是图案化或非图案化的。包含非图案化层的器件可以用作例如照明光源。白光发射器件特别适合于该目的。包含图案化层的器件可以为例如有源矩阵显示器或者无源矩阵显示器。在有源矩阵显示器的情况下,图案化电致发光层通常与图案化阳极层和非图案化阴极组合使用。在无源矩阵显示器的情况下,阳极层由阳极材料的平行条形成,电致发光材料和阴极材料的平行条与阳极材料垂直布置,其中电致发光材料和阴极材料的条通常由光刻形成的绝缘材料的条分隔(“阴极隔离物”)。
阴极
阴极4选自具有使电子可以注入电致发光层的功函数的材料。其它因素也影响阴极的选择,例如阴极和电致发光材料之间的不利相互作用的可能性。阴极可以由单一材料例如铝层组成。或者,它可以包含多种金属,例如低功函数材料和高功函数材料的双层,例如WO 98/10621中公开的钙和铝;WO 98/57381、Appl.Phys.Lett.2002,81(4),634和WO 02/84759中公开的单质钡;或者金属化合物的薄层,特别是碱金属或碱土金属的氧化物或氟化物,以帮助电子注入,例如WO 00/48258中公开的氟化锂;Appl.Phys.Lett.2001,79(5),2001中公开的氟化钡;以及氧化钡。为了提供电子向器件中的有效注入,阴极优选具有小于3.5eV、更优选小于3.2eV、最优选小于3eV的功函数。金属的功函数可以见于例如Michaelson,J.Appl.Phys.48(11),4729,1977中。
阴极可以是不透明的或透明的。透明阴极对于有源矩阵器件特别有利,因为在这种器件中通过透明阳极的发光至少部分地被位于发光像素之下的驱动电路阻挡。透明阴极将包含电子注入材料层,该层足够薄以至于透明。通常,该层的横向电导率(lateral conductivity)将由于它薄而变得低。在这种情况下,电子注入材料层与透明导电材料例如氧化铟锡的较厚的层组合使用。
将会理解,透明阴极器件不需要具有透明阳极(当然,除非希望得到完全透明的器件),因此用于底部发光器件的透明阳极可以用反射材料层例如铝层代替或补充。透明阴极器件的实例公开于例如GB 2348316中。
封装
光学器件往往对水分和氧气敏感。因此,基片优选具有良好的阻隔性能以防止水分和氧气进入器件中。基片通常是玻璃,然而可以使用替代的基片,特别是在需要器件的柔性的情况下。例如,基片可以包含塑料,例如在US 6268695中,其中公开了塑料与阻隔层交替的基片,或者包含EP0949850中公开的薄玻璃和塑料的叠层。
器件优选用密封物(未示出)封装以防止水分和氧气进入。合适的密封物包括玻璃片,具有合适的阻隔性能的膜例如WO 01/81649中公开的聚合物和电介质的交替叠层,或者例如WO 01/19142中公开的密封容器。可以在基片和密封物之间设置吸气材料,该材料用于吸收可渗透过基片或密封物的任何大气水分和/或氧气。
图1的实施方案说明了通过首先在基片上形成阳极然后沉积电致发光层和阴极而形成的器件,然而将会理解,本发明的器件也可以通过首先在基片上形成阴极然后沉积电致发光层和阳极而形成。
Claims (19)
2.根据权利要求1的化合物,其中各个R、R1和R2独立地为以下基团任意之一:任选地取代的直链、支化或环状烷基,其中一个或多个不相邻的C原子可以被O、S、NR、C=O和-COO-代替;或者任选地取代的芳基或杂芳基。
3.根据权利要求2的化合物,其中R1和R2的至少之一为被一个或多个卤素任选地取代的烷基,或者具有一个或多个任选的取代基的芳基或杂芳基,各个任选的取代基为烷基,该烷基可以被一个或多个卤素任选地取代并且其中一个或多个不相邻的C原子可以被O、S、NR、C=O和-COO-代替。
4.根据权利要求1、2或3的化合物,其中X和Y的至少之一为-CR2-。
5.根据以上权利要求任意之一的化合物,其中Z包含单键或者由-(CR2)p-、O或NR组成的组中的任意之一;并且其中p为1、2、3、4、5或6,并且其中-(CR2)p-在p为4、5或6的情况下可以形成环。
6.根据以上权利要求任意之一的化合物,其中Z包含单键或者式-(CR2)p-的亚烷基。
7.根据以上权利要求任意之一的化合物,其中各个R为H或烷基。
8.根据以上权利要求任意之一的化合物,其中各个L独立地选自硼酸或其酯、氯、溴或碘。
11.根据权利要求10的聚合物,其中所述聚合物是半导体聚合物。
12.根据权利要求10或11的聚合物,其中该聚合物包含亚芳基共重复单元。
13.根据权利要求10-12任意之一的聚合物,其中所述聚合物为发光聚合物。
14.权利要求10的聚合物的制造方法,其包含权利要求1-9任意之一的化合物的聚合步骤。
15.根据权利要求14的方法,其中所述聚合在金属催化剂的存在下发生。
16.根据权利要求15的方法,其中所述金属催化剂是钯催化剂。
17.电子器件,其包含权利要求10-13任意之一的聚合物。
18.根据权利要求17的电子器件,其中所述器件为发光二极管、场效应晶体管或光伏器件。
19.根据权利要求18的电子器件,其中所述器件是发光二极管。
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- 2010-04-15 CN CN2010800165752A patent/CN102395549A/zh active Pending
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- 2010-04-15 KR KR1020117027195A patent/KR101573969B1/ko active IP Right Grant
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN105793246A (zh) * | 2013-12-06 | 2016-07-20 | 默克专利有限公司 | 取代的氧杂环庚三烯 |
CN105793246B (zh) * | 2013-12-06 | 2019-07-05 | 默克专利有限公司 | 取代的氧杂环庚三烯 |
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US11917913B2 (en) | 2013-12-06 | 2024-02-27 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Substituted oxepines |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB2469497B (en) | 2012-04-11 |
DE112010001646T5 (de) | 2012-08-02 |
GB2469497A (en) | 2010-10-20 |
US8598306B2 (en) | 2013-12-03 |
KR20120013386A (ko) | 2012-02-14 |
WO2010119274A1 (en) | 2010-10-21 |
JP2012524054A (ja) | 2012-10-11 |
JP5789251B2 (ja) | 2015-10-07 |
KR101573969B1 (ko) | 2015-12-02 |
GB0906544D0 (en) | 2009-05-20 |
US20120095184A1 (en) | 2012-04-19 |
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