CN102308697B - Method for controlling total amount of nitrogenous fertilizer applied to apple trees and carrying out top dressing retroposition fertilization - Google Patents
Method for controlling total amount of nitrogenous fertilizer applied to apple trees and carrying out top dressing retroposition fertilization Download PDFInfo
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- CN102308697B CN102308697B CN 201010225751 CN201010225751A CN102308697B CN 102308697 B CN102308697 B CN 102308697B CN 201010225751 CN201010225751 CN 201010225751 CN 201010225751 A CN201010225751 A CN 201010225751A CN 102308697 B CN102308697 B CN 102308697B
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for controlling total amount of a nitrogenous fertilizer applied to apple trees and carrying out top dressing retroposition fertilization, comprising the steps of determining standard nitrogenous fertilizer application amount according to a target yield and determining a retroposition fertilization method for top dressing according to nitrogen demand characteristic in growth and development of fruit trees. The method is mainly applicable to yield increase and stable production of the apple trees and comprises the following concrete steps of: applying farm manure and the nitrogenous fertilizer as base fertilizers to the fruit tress from the middle third of September to the middle third of October each year, wherein the amount of the farm manure is average of yields of apples in the previous two years and the amount of the nitrogenous fertilizer accounts for 30% of the standard nitrogenous fertilizer application amount; and carrying out top dressing of the nitrogenous fertilizer twice in the next year, wherein top dressing for the first time is retropositioned to the middle third of May from the middle third of March in the traditional fertilizing method, the top dressing amount accounts for 40% of the standard nitrogenous fertilizer application amount, the top dressing for the second time is retropositioned to the end of July or the beginning of August from the middle third of June, and the top dressing amount accounts for 30% of the standard nitrogenous fertilizer application amount. The method provided by the invention can be used for effectively solving the problem that an orchard worker blindly applies the nitrogenous fertilizer, and has the advantages of preventing premature senility of blades, increasing fruit commodity rate, obviously increasing apple yield, improving fruit quality, and increasing the utilization rate of the nitrogenous fertilizer.
Description
(1) technical field
The present invention relates to plant nutrition and fertilizer field, be specifically related to be the overall control of a kind of apple nitrogenous fertilizer and topdress after move fertilizing method.
(2) background technology
The fundamental realities of the country that have a large population and a few land, land resources is not enough has determined that China's fruit tree industry reality is " beach of going up a hill down is not with grain and cotton contention good farmland ", and chemical fertilizer has been brought into play very important effect as the factor of determination of fruit tree raising the output under China's dead soil condition.But in recent years, China's orchard fertilizer amount grows continuously and fast, and orchard, Shandong N average input amount is 882.9kg/hm at present
2, wherein be higher than 300kg/hm
2Sample proportion be 72%, the excessive fertilization phenomenon is serious.Rely on increase chemical fertilizer input not only no longer can increase substantially output of the fruit tree merely in the intensification orchard; And excessively use the physiological disturbances such as bitter pit, diplostomiasis, fruit-shrink disease, yellowtop, little leaf and scurf that chemical fertilizer causes and take place general; We showed have the orchard of physiological disturbance to account for 72.6% to the investigation of apple orchard, 760 family, Shandong Province in 2007; And excessive fertilization brings utilization rate of fertilizer low, and the risk of environmental pollution strengthens.
Apple is divided into three periods to the demand of nitrogen in annual period: first period, this phase is the cell division and the expanding stage of root, branch, leaf, the various organs of fruit just, must guarantee to have enough nitrogen supplies in order to need the nitrogen phase (from rudiment to new speed vegetative period a little) in a large number,
15The N spike is the result show, this, newborn organ nitrogen 5090% derived from storage phase, therefore will strengthen the autumn basal dressing to improve the storage nitrogen level.Second period be nitrogen stablize the supply phase (from the young sprout ramp later stage before fruit harvesting); This phase root growth, flower bud differentiation, fruit expand etc. to grow all needs nitrogen; And China's fruit growing land occupation condition is relatively poor; A little less than the fertilizer-preserving ability, on topdressing, must combine this concrete condition.Be nitrogen nutrition aging (falling leaves from gathering to) the 3rd period, the height of this phase content to break up the high-quality organ next year and achieve higher output, high-quality plays an important role.Result of the test shows that different times imposes nitrogenous fertilizer, and there is bigger difference in fruit tree to the absorption and distribution of nitrogen, and it is also different to execute the nitrogen effect.Autumn is executed the level that nitrogen can significantly improve tree body storage nitrogen, promotes the differentiation of floral organ, and the life-span of ovule next year is long, and the ability that column cap is accepted pollen is strong, and the fruit-setting rate height has satisfied next year and bloomed and bear fruit the phase fruit tree to the wilderness demand of nitrogen.Catch the tree body to need the fertile critical period, not only fertilization effect is good, can also significantly reduce fertilizing amount.
Orchard worker's traditional fertilization period is fertilizer applied in the spring season, and fertilizing method is a single fertilization, and fertilizing method is extensive; Fertilizing amount is accurate inadequately; Caused nutrient supply asynchronous with tree bulk-growth growth requirement thus, rainy season is serious with the rainwater leaching loss, causes fruit tree late growth stage soil available nitrogen not enough; Cause blade early ageing, the fruit commodity rate reduces.2008 and 2009; Through the investigation to two the apple main producing regions in Shandong and Shaanxi, the greatest problem that nitrogen application exists remains that fertilizing time is unreasonable, fertilizing amount is on the high side or is on the low side, and 80% above peasant household takes the single fertilization in spring; Peasant household's autumn basal dressing of less than 10%; The consequence of bringing is tree body poor stability, later stage to take off fertilizer, thereby causes output instability and poor quality, and the nitrate leaching loss has caused phreatic pollution.
For this reason, we propose apple nitrogen fertilizer applying method " overall control moves after topdressing " through a large amount of experimental summaries, through the nitrogen fertilizer application amount that precisely settles the standard; Rationally formulate topdressing amount and topdress period, solved the blindly problem of applied nitrogen of orchard worker effectively, after date moves and can effectively replenish because the soil available nitrogen deficiency that rainfall runoff and leaching cause when topdressing; Prevent blade early ageing; Improve the fruit commodity rate, increased apple production significantly, improved fruit quality; Improve utilization rate of fertilizer, guaranteed the sustainable development of fruit industry.
(3) summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to solve the blindness of present apple nitrogen fertilizer application and the defective of nitrogen fertilizer application method; Provide a kind of according to the apple target output settle the standard the nitrogen fertilizer application amount, confirm the efficient nitrogen fertilizer application new method of the apple that imposes nitrogenous fertilizer period and impose amount of nitrogenous fertilizer according to soil fertility; Promptly move method with growing after nitrogen demand characteristics and the cycle characteristics of orchard nitrogen in the production system of orchard confirmed to topdress, mainly be applicable to the high and stable yield apple tree according to fruit tree growth.
The present invention changes the method for disposable nitrogen fertilizer application in spring in past, adopts the basal dressing in autumn, the method for topdressing after 1 year.Promptly execute farmyard manure and nitrogenous fertilizer as base manure to fruit tree annual autumn mid-September to mid-October, wherein farmyard manure quantity is the mean value of preceding 2 years apple productions, and nitrogenous fertilizer quantity is 30% of standard nitrogen fertilizer application amount; Imposed twice nitrogenous fertilizer again in 1 year: move to mid-May (afterwards moving 2 months) after topdressing by traditional mid-March for the first time; Topdress for the second time, not only satisfied tree body and fruit development demand but also can reduce nitrogen loss to greatest extent by (afterwards moving 1.5 months) at the beginning of moving to 8 months by the end of July after mid-June.
Standard nitrogen fertilizer application amount (kg)=target output (kg) * specific yield nitrogen demand (0.8kgN/100kg output);
Impose for the first time amount of nitrogenous fertilizer (kg)=standard nitrogen fertilizer application amount * 40%;
Impose for the second time amount of nitrogenous fertilizer (kg)=standard nitrogen fertilizer application amount * 30%.
The present invention has following characteristics: 1, fertilizing amount confirms that method is advanced.By the confirming by rule of thumb that fertilizing amount becomes according to target output and confirm the nitrogen fertilizer application amount of past, reach the precision nitrogen fertilizer application.2, fertilizing method innovation.Change the method for single fertilization in spring in past, adopt the basal dressing in autumn; Year back for the first time topdressing amount is precisely controlled according to the height of target output, and dressing time moves to mid-May after by traditional mid-March, topdresses by at the beginning of moving to 8 months by the end of July after traditional mid-June for the second time, satisfies the fruit tree different growing to nutrient demand.
Use the present invention in Shandong, the result of the test of 5 provinces and cities such as Hebei, Henan, Liaoning and Shanxi shows, the overall control of apple nitrogenous fertilizer with topdress after move the nitrogen fertilizer application method and can make fruit tree raising the output 10.5%, 542 yuan of mu cost-saving synergistics; Improve 12.8 percentage points of utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer, joint nitrogen 36.4% has been realized the coordination that fruit tree good quality and high output and nutrition efficient are utilized, and has obtained remarkable economic efficiency and social benefit, has promoted increasing income and the really sustainable development of industry of orchard worker.
(4) embodiment
The overall control of a kind of apple nitrogenous fertilizer and topdress after move the proposition and the enforcement of nitrogen fertilizer application method, specifically comprise the content of following several respects:
(1) nitrogenous fertilizer overall control method confirms
The survey showed that through the stable high yield apple orchard to a plurality of areas, Shandong for we; Orchard nitrogen fertilizer application amount is higher and utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is lower; Fertilizing amount and loss are remarkable positive correlation; Unnecessary nitrogenous fertilizer is to improve the bottleneck that fruit tree nitrogenous fertilizer utilization ratio technology is formulated with what approach loss, and the approach of orchard loss of nitrogen fertilizer does not appear in the newspapers so far.Nitrogen cycle equilibrium condition (table 1) under the hill condition of stable high yield apple orchard, Shandong Province that we have utilized technical research such as rainwash pond, percolating filter, Soil Nitrogen circulation appearance; Be illustrated in the production system of orchard; Topmost nutrient import pathway is fertilising, leaves that fruit, weeds and rainwash are main aspects in each factor of orchard system.Therefore how to reduce amount of nitrogen, improve the core that utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer becomes the nutrient management.
Stable high yield apple orchard, table 1 Shandong nitrogen equilibrium condition
Nitrogen is " double-edged sword ".On the one hand, nitrogen is as the maximum element of fruit tree growth aequum, in output of the fruit tree and quality form, plays a significant role, and its shortage can have a negative impact to output of the fruit tree and quality; On the other hand, nitrogen supply too much also can have a negative impact to fruits output and fruit quality, also can produce a series of environmental problems (gas of, nitrogen excessive like the Soil Nitrate accumulation, drip washing loss etc.) simultaneously.Therefore, should manage accurately the nitrogen nutrient resource.
Need the nitrogen characteristic through investigation and analysis of typical orchard and analysis good year production orchard, propose the overall control method of nitrogenous fertilizer " according to the target output fertilizing amount that settles the standard ".
Overall control is the core of fruit tree nitrogen nutrient resource management.The main foundation of overall control is an orchard production system nitrogen equilibrium condition.Stable high yield apple in full bearing period analysis result of study (table 2,3) shows that the N amount that every formation 100kg apple needs is 0.8kg, therefore can confirm the nitrogen total demand according to the target output (kg) of fruit tree.
Unit are standard amount of nitrogen=unit are target output * specific yield nitrogen demand (0.8kgN)
The year absorbed nitrogen amount of table 2 gold hat and Fuji apple
| Kind | Plant | Blade | Root system | Fruit | Add up to |
| Jin Guan | 39.7 | 32.6 | 27.6 | 21.3 | 121.2 |
| Fuji | 8.9 | 36.7 | 29.6 | 37.4 | 112.6 |
Annotate: gold hat, life in 14 years, 500 strains/hm
2, 60 tons/hm of output
2Fuji, life in 12 years, 825 strains/hm
2, 45 tons/hm of output
2
Table 3 red fuji apple forms the needed nitrogen amount of 100kg economic flow rate
| Test | N(kg) |
| The continuous high and stable yield test of Peng Lai Fuji apple | 0.83 |
| 8 stable high yield Fuji apples orchard, Shandong is analyzed | 0.78 |
| The fertile test of Yiyuan stable high yield red fuji apple bag control | 0.80 |
| On average | 0.80 |
(2) traditional fertilizer applied in the spring season causes the later stage to take off fertilizer, and soil available nitrogen is not enough
2008 to Shandong Province 693 family orchard workers the survey showed that; Peasant household's ratio that the peasant household that the peasant household of single fertilization accounts for 7%, twice fertilising accounts for fertilising more than 64%, three time and three times accounts for 29%; There is peasant household over half to think little of the fertilising in autumn, only topdresses in spring and fruit expanding period.Single fertilization orchard soil mineralising nitrogen determination result shows to spring, since June the soil mineralization nitrogen content just drop to minimum point, a little more than not applying fertilizer, cause the later stage orchard to take off fertilizer.The fertilizer applied in the spring season different phenological is measured
15The N tracer test is the result show, the fertilizer applied in the spring season nitrogen is adopted the back at fruit and measured percent of loss up to 58.40%, needs the nitrogen characteristic to find out from growing of apple; This phase is fruit development and critical period of improving tree body storage nitrogen level just, and is taken off fertile seriously by this phase that spring, single-dose application caused, and soil available nitrogen is not enough; Not only have influence on fruit development; Yield and quality is had a negative impact, but also can influence flower bud differentiation in the coming year, reduce fruit-setting rate.
(3) stable high yield fruit tree fruit expanding period needs fertile more
Needed fertile characteristic research to obtain under the condition in order to fruit tree at low yield and orchard soil in the past; And over nearly 10 years; Shandong Province's apple unit yield has been brought up to more than the 750kg/ mu by not enough 250kg/ mu; The above garden sheet of per mu yield 5000kg/ mu accounts for 14.6% of the whole province's apple orchard sum, and original fruit tree needs the incompatible present production of fertile characteristic actual.In that we utilize advanced technological means under the field condition under this background, the fertile characteristic of the need of high grade producing fruit tree is studied.Utilize
15The N tracer technique utilizes the result to show to brachyplast and common Fuji apple's nitrogen; Two kind nitrogen utilization efficiency differences are not remarkable before fruit expanding period; And at fruit color after the phase; Difference begins significantly between the two, and the brachyplast type kind of high yield is significantly higher than the plain edition kind of low yield, shows that the high yielding variety later stage needs fertilizer stronger.Typical orchard anatomical results annual period is shown also the high and stable yield orchard is in the later increase in demand to nitrogen of fruit expanding period.Therefore, under the situation a little less than the barren preserve moisture and fertility ability of China's orchard soil, suit measures to local conditions to carry out moving behind the nitrogenous fertilizer, guarantee that the later stage nutrient supply is the assurance of high and stable yield.
Execute in the autumn on (mid-September is to mid-October) base manure basis; Apple topdresses by moving to mid-May (afterwards moving 2 months) after traditional mid-March for the first time; Can precisely control fertilizing amount through the height of target output, effectively avoid the wasting of resources of blindly applying fertilizer and causing by rule of thumb; Topdress by (afterwards moving 1.5 months) at the beginning of moving to 8 months by the end of July after mid-June for the second time; Effectively replenish the later stage of causing and take off not foot phenomenon of fertilizer, soil available nitrogen because of runoff and leaching; Promote fruit development, prevent blade early ageing, improve the fruit commodity rate; Improve tree body storage nitrogen level, guarantee high and stable yield in the coming year.
(4) use apple nitrogenous fertilizer overall control and topdress after move the benefit that fertilizing method is obtained
Use the present invention in Shandong, the result of the test on ground such as Hebei, Henan, Liaoning and Shanxi shows; The overall control of apple nitrogenous fertilizer and topdress after move fertilizing method when increasing output of the fruit tree; Improve nutrient efficiency, reduce nitrogen fertilizer amount, obviously reduce the environmental pressure that fertilising causes.Overall weighted mean is used the present invention and can be made fruit tree raising the output 10.5%, 542 yuan of mu cost-saving synergistics; Improve 12.8 percentage points of utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer, joint nitrogen 36.4% has been realized the coordination that fruit tree good quality and high output and nutrition efficient are utilized, and has obtained remarkable economic efficiency and social benefit, has promoted increasing income and the really sustainable development of industry of orchard worker.
Claims (1)
- Apple nitrogenous fertilizer overall control and topdress after move fertilizing method, be according to target output settle the standard the nitrogen fertilizer application amount and according to fruit tree growth with grow the nitrogen demand characteristics fertilizing method that after date moves of confirming to topdress; It is characterized in that executing farmyard manure and nitrogenous fertilizer as base manure to apple tree annual autumn mid-September to mid-October, wherein farmyard manure quantity is the mean value of preceding 2 years apple productions, and nitrogenous fertilizer quantity is 30% of standard nitrogen fertilizer application amount; Imposed twice nitrogenous fertilizer again in 1 year: move to mid-May after topdressing by traditional mid-March for the first time, topdressing amount is 40% of a standard nitrogen fertilizer application amount; Topdress by at the beginning of moving to after mid-June 8 months by the end of July for the second time, topdressing amount is 30% of a standard nitrogen fertilizer application amount; Said standard nitrogen fertilizer application amount (kg)=target output (kg) * specific yield nitrogen demand, said specific yield demand are 0.008kg N/kg output.
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| CN103283470B (en) * | 2013-06-19 | 2014-08-27 | 广东省生态环境与土壤研究所 | Fertilizing method for improving utilization rate of fertilizer for kidney beans |
| CN104350855B (en) * | 2014-11-17 | 2015-06-10 | 山东省土壤肥料总站 | Application method of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium chemical fertilizer in full bearing period of apple trees |
| CN104541723B (en) * | 2015-01-08 | 2016-09-21 | 山东省果树研究所 | A kind of plant Gala apple Fertilizer Combinations with being applicable to the mountain ridge and floor control method |
| CN105009769A (en) * | 2015-07-22 | 2015-11-04 | 山东省农业科学院农业质量标准与检测技术研究所 | Fertilization combination and ground management method for Qixia apple plantation |
| CN116034701A (en) * | 2023-03-15 | 2023-05-02 | 杜民超 | Improvement method of orchard soil |
Citations (2)
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| CN101015262A (en) * | 2007-03-09 | 2007-08-15 | 陕西中农瑞丰化肥科技有限责任公司 | Accurate fertilization method for apple tree |
| CN101341841A (en) * | 2008-08-18 | 2009-01-14 | 招远市农业技术推广中心 | Soil testing and formulated fertilization method for apple |
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Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101015262A (en) * | 2007-03-09 | 2007-08-15 | 陕西中农瑞丰化肥科技有限责任公司 | Accurate fertilization method for apple tree |
| CN101341841A (en) * | 2008-08-18 | 2009-01-14 | 招远市农业技术推广中心 | Soil testing and formulated fertilization method for apple |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
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| 刘光晏.苹果树氮肥的施用技术.《中国果菜》.1999,(第1期),全文. |
| 张泽华 |
| 张泽华;刘光晏.苹果树氮肥的施用技术.《中国果菜》.1999,(第1期),全文. * |
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