CN102301433B - 可变电阻陶瓷和含该可变电阻陶瓷的多层构件以及该可变电阻陶瓷的制备方法 - Google Patents
可变电阻陶瓷和含该可变电阻陶瓷的多层构件以及该可变电阻陶瓷的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052810 boron oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N diboron trioxide Chemical compound O=BOB=O JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 8
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 4
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 3
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000967 As alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000009532 heart rate measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001339 alkali metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000272 alkali metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001639 boron compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005261 decarburization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010421 standard material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种可变电阻陶瓷,其包含Zn作为主组分和含量达0.1-3原子%的Pr。
Description
描述了一种权利要求1的可变电阻陶瓷。
可变电阻是与电压有关的电阻,并用作过电压保护。
可变电阻陶瓷的广泛关注的问题是提高在高电流范围(ESD,8/20)的开关强度,同时达到足够陡的特性曲线和同时小的和稳定的漏电流。
该目的是通过权利要求1的可变电阻陶瓷实现的。该可变电阻陶瓷的其它实施方案列于其它权利要求,以及含该可变电阻陶瓷的多层构件和该可变电阻陶瓷的制备方法。
本发明的一个实施方案涉及一种可变电阻陶瓷,其包含下列材料:
- Zn,作为主组分,
- Pr,含量达0.1—3原子%。
在一种实施方案中,该Zn作为Zn2+存在,Pr作为Pr3+/Pr4+存在。
在一种实施方案中,Co的含量为0.1—10原子%,其中该Co优选以Co2+/Co3+存在。
在一种实施方案中,Ca的含量为0.001—5原子%,其中该Ca优选以Ca2+存在。
在一种实施方案中,Si的含量为0.001—0.5原子%,其中该Si优选以Si4+存在。
在一种实施方案中,Al的含量为0.001—0.01原子%,其中该Al优选以Al3+存在。
在一种实施方案中,Cr的含量为0.001—5原子%,其中该Cr优选以Cr3+存在。
在一种实施方案中,B的含量为0.001—5原子%,其中该B优选以B3+存在。
一种实施方案基于适合于多层可变电阻的材料组合物解决了该技术问题,在该组合物中使用氧化锌作为主成分,其中添加镨(0.1—3原子%)的氧化物以及钴(0.1—10原子%)的氧化物作为掺杂物,并且此外还以氧化物形式加有钙(0.001—5原子%)、硅(0.001—1原子%)、铝(0.001—0.1原子%)、铬(0.001—5原子%)以及以结合形式加有硼(0.001—5原子%)。
这里0.001—0.01原子%的铝是优选的。
与至今的现有技术相比,以此方法实现了在高电流范围(ESD,8/20)中的改进的非线性、可重复性和稳定性,同时有条件地通过高晶界电阻降低了漏电流。所述优点的细节在实施部分描述。
可变电阻陶瓷以一种合适的程序可加工成多层构件,该构件在非线性、可重复性、ESD-稳定性、冲击电流稳定性和漏电流方面均优于至今的解决方案。
在一种实施方案中,该可变电阻陶瓷包含材料体系ZnO作为基础,以及包含镨(0.1—3原子%)的氧化物以及钴(0.1—10原子%)的氧化物作为掺杂物,此外还包含氧化物形式的钙(0.001—5原子%)、硅(0.001—0.5原子%)、铝(0.001—0.1原子%)、铬(0.001—5原子%)以及结合形式的硼(0.001—5原子%)。
这里0.001—0.01原子%的铝是优选的。
在一种实施方案中,该可变电阻陶瓷包含ZnO作为主组分,还包含含量达0.1—3原子%的Pr3+/Pr4+、含量达0.1—10原子%的Co2+/Co3+、含量达0.001—5原子%的Ca2+、含量达0.001—0.5原子%的Si4+、含量达0.001—0.1原子%的Al3+、含量达0.001—5原子%的Cr3+和含量为0.001—5原子%的B3+。
图1示出多层可变电阻的制备过程流程图,其包括下列步骤:A1称重、A2预研磨、A3干燥、A4筛分、A5煅烧、A6后研磨、A7干燥、A8筛分、B1形成浆料、B2坯膜、C1印制导电膏、C2叠置、C3剪切、D1脱碳、D2烧结、E1施加外接线端、E2烘烤。
图2示出多层可变电阻的结构,其包含内电极(1)、可变电阻陶瓷材料(2)和外接线端(3)。
在一种实施方案中,该多层可变电阻的陶瓷体呈整块陶瓷体存在。
图3左方示出ESD-脉冲的特性曲线,右方示出8/20-脉冲的特性曲线。
多层可变电阻的制备可按图1进行。
在一种实施方案中,该可变电阻材料的元素比例为97.8原子%的Zn、1.5原子%的钴、0.1原子%的Cr、0.02原子%的Si、0.02原子%的Ca、0.002原子%的B和0.006原子%的Al。这些组分以氧化物形式或结合的形式按上述比例称重(A1)、预研磨(A2)、干燥(A3)、筛分(A4)和接着在400—1000℃下煅烧(A5)、后研磨(A6)、喷雾干燥(A7)和筛分(A8)。
由以此方法制备的粉末通过加入粘合剂、分散剂以及溶剂来制备浆料(B1),由该浆料压延层厚底为5—60 μm的膜(B2),之后按类似图1的工艺图加工成多层可变电阻:在此坯膜经印制导电膏(C1)、经叠置和接着经剪切(C2, C3)。
在后面的脱碳步骤(D1)中,该粘合剂在180—500℃下从坯件中烧尽,并在1100—1400℃下烧结该构件(D2)。接着涂敷外接线端层(E1),并在600—1000℃下烘烤该层(E2)。
图2以侧视图示出一种多层构件。其中该内电极(1)和该可变电阻陶瓷材料(2)的层交替叠置。该内电极(1)各交替地与一个或另一个外接线端(3)连接。在中间范围内电极(1)搭接。图2示出一种0402型多层可变电阻(尺寸为1.0 mm x 0.5 mm x 0.5 mm)的典型结构:其中该内电极(2)的搭接面积以及内电极的数目可与所希望的电构件特性相适配。
该构件的电特性通过测定漏电流、可变电阻电压、非线性系数、8/20-脉冲稳定性、ESD-脉冲稳定性、在1 A下的8/20-端电压(UK)来表征。
图3的左方和右方各示出脉冲曲线。图中均为电流I与时间t的关系曲线。
该可变电阻电压UV在1 mA下测定,漏电流IL在3.5 V电压下测量。该ESD-稳定性用图3的脉冲测定:为此对构件加载+/- 10 ESD-脉冲(见图3右方)。脉冲前和后的UV的百分比变化以及脉冲前和后的漏电流的百分比变化以百分数计算,并且允许有不大于10 %的百分比变化。此外,曾进行了8/20的耐用性实验(脉冲形状见图3右方)。在此对构件加载在1 A,5 A,10 A,15 A,20 A和25 A下的8/20脉冲(见图3右方),并测定加载后的可变电阻电压及漏电流的百分比变化。
非线性系数按下列方程确定:
α1 (10 μA / 1 mA) = log (1*10-3 / 10*10-6) / log (V10mA / V10μA)
α2 (1 mA / 1A) = log (1 / 1*10-3) / log (V1A / V1mA)
α3 (1 mA / 20 A) = log (20 / 1*10-3) / log (V20A / V1mA)
稳定性实验于125℃的80 % AVR下进行,在此条件下的漏电流IL不应具有升高特性。
表1 电的结果。
UV [V] | IL [μA] | UK [V] | α1 | α2 | α3 | 8/20稳定性 | ESD稳定性 | |
标准材料 | 6.1 | < 1 | < 15 | 13 | 8.5 | 7.0 | >25 A | >30 kV |
表1示出实验构件的电测量值,具有可变电阻电压为6.1 V和漏电流为< 1 μA的。该非线性系数α1为13,α2为8.5,和α3为7.0。在1 A下用8/20脉冲测定的8/20端电压UK小于15 V,该构件经受25 A的8/20脉冲,而其特性曲线在漏电流范围及在可变电阻电压范围的变化不大于10 %。该构件按人体模型加载30 kV的ESD-脉冲可无漏电流和可变电阻电压的变化。在上述条件下的稳定性实验表明,加载时间500小时,其漏电流特性保持不变或稍微下降。可变电阻参数UV和IL的中间测量和终点测量表明,于125℃的80 % AVR下加载该构件后的该值的百分比变化小于2 %。
硅浓度、钴浓度和/或镨浓度和铝浓度的变化表明,加料可重复性以及陶瓷组合物的耐用性与称量的波动相关。在陶瓷组合物的所有变化中,该可变电阻陶瓷的化学组成变化仅引起该电流/电压特性曲线的电特性值以及关于8/20-脉冲和ESD-脉冲的稳定性的微小变化。表2和表4中的组成变化以及表3和表5中的相应的电特性值证实了这点。
表2称重:(单位为原子%)。
材料 | Zn | Pr | Co | Cr | Si | Ca | B | Al |
A | 97.8 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.006 |
B | 97.8 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.006 |
C | 97.8 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.006 |
表3 电的结果。
材料 | UV [V] | IL [μA] | α1 | α2 | α3 | 8/20稳定性 | ESD稳定性 |
A | 6.1 | < 1 | 13.0 | 8.4 | 7.0 | >25 A | >30 kV |
B | 6.5 | < 1 | 13.6 | 8.6 | 7.4 | >25 A | >30 kV |
C | 7.1 | < 0.5 | 11.3 | 8.3 | 7.2 | >20 A | >30 kV |
表4称量:(单位为原子%)。
材料 | Zn | Pr | Co | Cr | Si | Ca | B | Al |
A | 97.8 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.006 |
D | 97.8 | 0.55 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.006 |
E | 97.5 | 0.55 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.006 |
F | 97.4 | 0.6 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.006 |
G | 97.8 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.006 |
表5 电的结果。
材料 | UV [V] | IL [μA] | α1 | α2 | α3 | 8/20稳定性 | ESD稳定性 |
A | 6.1 | < 1 | 13.0 | 8.4 | 7.0 | >25 A | >30 kV |
D | 6.9 | < 0.4 | 12.7 | 9.7 | 7.4 | >25 A | >30 kV |
E | 7.4 | < 0.5 | 15.8 | 9.5 | 7.3 | >25 A | >30 kV |
F | 7.1 | < 0.4 | 14.2 | 10.1 | 7.9 | >25 A | >30 kV |
G | 7.9 | < 0.03 | 20.1 | 9.4 | 7.6 | >25 A | >30 kV |
在一种实施方案中,作为氧化物使用的Zn的含量优选大于90原子%。
在一种实施方案中,Pr的含量优选为0.5—0.6原子%。
在一种实施方案中,Co的含量优选为1.5—2.0原子%。
在一种实施方案中,Ca的含量优选为0.01—0.03原子%。
在一种实施方案中,Si的含量优选为0.01—0.15原子%。
在一种实施方案中,Al的含量优选为0.005—0.1原子%,特别优选为0.005—0.01原子%。
在一种实施方案中,Cr的含量优选为0.05—0.2原子%。
在一种实施方案中,B的含量优选为0.001—0.01原子%。
在一种实施方案中,该可变电阻陶瓷的烧结温度为900—1200℃,优选在
1100—1200℃。
由于避免碱金属碳酸盐加入,在工业规模生产程序中可达高的可重复性。
通过在配方中避免碱金属化合物,达到明显改进湿法化学加工阶段的生产程序的可重复性。由此产生小的样品差异,同时改进了加料可重复性。通过使用仅在较高温度下释出作为烧结助剂的氧化硼的硼化合物,在不加入碱金属氧化物情况下实现烧结温度降低到1200℃,并且由此实现在晶界范围中具有确定的阻挡层结构的、在可控的空气冷却下形成的有利的结构形态。
在制备方法中,可由合适的前体在高温下释出氧化硼作为烧结助剂进一步避免蒸发损失,以用于控制结构形态。
构型为0402和0201的多层可变电阻的特征在于其在漏电流、ESD-稳定性、8/20-耐用性、长期稳定性和非线性方面的优异的结果。
主组分意指至少50原子%的含量。Zn的含量优选大于70原子%。
在可变电阻陶瓷的制备方法的一种方案中,该制备方法包含方法步骤:a)粗陶瓷材料的煅烧,b) 浆料制备,c) 制成坯膜,d) 坯膜脱粘合剂和e)来自d)的坯膜的烧结。
在该制备方法的另一种变化方案中,该方法还包含方法步骤d)和e)之间的方法步骤d1)即构件的构成。
在该制备方法的一种变化中,氧化硼由氧化硼-前体释出,或以含硼玻璃形式加入。
附图标记表
1) 内电极
2) 可变电阻陶瓷材料
3) 外接线端
Claims (13)
1.可变电阻陶瓷,其不含碱金属化合物并包含下列材料:
Zn,作为主组分,
Pr,含量达0.1~3原子%,和
还包含B,含量达0.001~5原子%。
2.权利要求1的可变电阻陶瓷,其还包含
Co,含量达0.1~10原子%。
3.权利要求1或2的可变电阻陶瓷,其还包含
Ca,含量达0.001~5原子%。
4.权利要求1或2的可变电阻陶瓷,其还包含
Si,含量达0.001~0.5原子%。
5.权利要求1或2的可变电阻陶瓷,其还包含
Al,含量达0.001~0.01原子%。
6.权利要求1或2的可变电阻陶瓷,其还包含
Cr,含量达0.001~5原子%。
7.权利要求1或2的可变电阻陶瓷,其包含
Zn,作为主组分,
Pr,含量达0.1~3原子%,
Co,含量达0.1~10原子%,
Ca,含量达0.001~5原子%,
Si,含量达0.001~0.5原子%,
Al,含量达0.001~0.01原子%,
Cr,含量达0.001~5原子%,
B,含量达0.001~5原子%。
8.权利要求1或2的可变电阻陶瓷,其包含
ZnO,作为主组分,
Pr3+ /Pr4+,含量达0.1~3原子%,
Co2+ /Co3+,含量达0.1~10原子%,
Ca2+,含量达0.001~5原子%,
Si4+,含量达0.001~0.5原子%,
Al3+ ,含量达0.001~0.1原子%,
Cr3+,含量达0.001~5原子%,
B3+,含量达0.001~5原子%。
9.权利要求7的可变电阻陶瓷,其中该陶瓷不含其它金属元素。
10.权利要求1或2的可变电阻陶瓷,其烧结温度为900~1200℃。
11.一种包含权利要求1~10之一的可变电阻陶瓷多层构件,其具有适于ESD-保护的构型。
12.一种用于制备权利要求1~10之一的可变电阻陶瓷的方法,其包含下列步骤:
a) 粗陶瓷材料的煅烧,
b) 浆料制备,
c) 制成坯膜,
d) 坯膜脱粘合剂,
e) 来自d)的坯膜的烧结。
13.权利要求12的方法,其中氧化硼由氧化硼-前体释出,或以含硼玻璃形式加入。
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