CN102299168B - 功率用半导体装置 - Google Patents

功率用半导体装置 Download PDF

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CN102299168B
CN102299168B CN201110140111.9A CN201110140111A CN102299168B CN 102299168 B CN102299168 B CN 102299168B CN 201110140111 A CN201110140111 A CN 201110140111A CN 102299168 B CN102299168 B CN 102299168B
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清水和宏
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Abstract

本发明得到一种可以降低耗电功率的功率用半导体装置。功率用半导体装置利用高耐压二极管DB对电容器CB充电,以得到高侧驱动电路(10a)的驱动电压,高耐压二极管DB具有:P-型半导体衬底(12);N型负极区域(14),设在P-型半导体衬底(12)的表面;P型正极区域(16),设在N型负极区域(14)内;P+型接触区域(20)和N+型接触区域(22),设在P型正极区域(16)内;负极电极(24),连接于N型负极区域(14);以及正极电极(26),连接于P+型接触区域(20)和N+型接触区域(22)。

Description

功率用半导体装置
技术领域
本发明涉及利用二极管对电容器充电以得到高(电压)侧驱动电路的驱动电压的功率用半导体装置,特别涉及可以降低耗电功率的功率用半导体装置。
背景技术
在半桥电路中,驱动高侧开关元件的高侧驱动电路需要高于主电源的驱动电压。因此,已知利用二极管对电容器充电以得到该驱动电压(例如参照非专利文献1)。
非专利文献1:K.Watabe et al.、“A Half-Bridge Driver IC withNewly Designed High Voltage Diode”、Proc.Of ISPSD2001、pp.279-282.
内置在驱动电路的二极管具有P型半导体衬底、设在衬底表面的N型负极区域、设在N型负极区域内的P型正极区域。这2个半导体区域和半导体衬底构成寄生PNP晶体管。在对电容器充电时在二极管会流过正向电流。由于该正向电流也是寄生PNP晶体管的基极电流,因此寄生PNP晶体管的集电极电流从P型正极区域流向P型半导体衬底。该集电极电流流向GND,成为无助于IC动作的单纯的损耗。以往存在的问题是:损耗较多,耗电功率较大。
发明内容
本发明是为解决如上所述的问题而完成的,其目的在于得到一种可以降低耗电功率的功率用半导体装置。
本发明所涉及的功率用半导体装置包括:高侧开关元件及低(电压)侧开关元件,在高压侧电位与低压侧电位之间从高压侧依次图腾柱连接(totem-pole-connected);高侧驱动电路,驱动所述高侧开关元件;低侧驱动电路,驱动所述低侧开关元件;电容器,一端连接于所述高侧开关元件与所述低侧开关元件的连接点,另一端连接于所述高侧驱动电路的电源端子,向所述高侧驱动电路供给驱动电压;以及二极管,正极连接于电源,负极连接于所述电容器的所述另一端,将来自所述电源的电流供给至所述电容器的所述另一端,所述二极管具有:P型半导体衬底;N型负极区域,设在所述P型半导体衬底的表面;P型正极区域,设在所述N型负极区域内;P型接触区域及N型接触区域,设在所述P型正极区域内;负极电极,连接于所述N型负极区域;以及正极电极,连接于所述P型接触区域及所述N型接触区域。
根据本发明,可以降低耗电功率。
附图说明
图1是实施方式1所涉及的功率用半导体装置的电路图。
图2是表示实施方式1所涉及的高耐压二极管的剖视图。
图3是用于说明实施方式1所涉及的高耐压二极管的充电动作的剖视图。
图4是用于说明实施方式1所涉及的高耐压二极管的恢复(recovery)动作的剖视图。
图5是表示比较例所涉及的高耐压二极管的剖视图。
图6是用于说明比较例所涉及的高耐压二极管的充电动作的剖视图。
图7是表示实施方式2所涉及的高耐压二极管的剖视图。
图8是用于说明实施方式2所涉及的高耐压二极管的恢复动作的剖视图。
图9是表示实施方式3所涉及的高耐压二极管的剖视图。
图10是用于说明实施方式3所涉及的高耐压二极管的充电动作的剖视图。
图11是用于说明实施方式3所涉及的高耐压二极管的恢复动作的剖视图。
图12是表示实施方式4所涉及的高耐压二极管的平面图。
图13是沿着图12的A-A’的剖视图。
图14是沿着图12的B-B’的剖视图。
图15是用于说明实施方式4所涉及的高耐压二极管的恢复动作的平面图。
图16是表示实施方式5所涉及的高耐压二极管的平面图。
图17是沿着图16的A-A’的剖视图。
图18是沿着图16的B-B’的剖视图。
图19是表示实施方式6所涉及的高耐压二极管的剖视图。
图20是表示实施方式7所涉及的高耐压二极管的平面图。
图21是沿着图20的A-A’的剖视图。
图22是沿着图20的B-B’的剖视图。
图23是表示实施方式8所涉及的高耐压二极管的平面图。
图24是沿着图23的A-A’的剖视图。
图25是沿着图23的B-B’的剖视图。
图26是表示实施方式9所涉及的高耐压二极管的平面图。
图27是沿着图26的A-A’的剖视图。
图28是沿着图26的B-B’的剖视图。
标号说明
CB 电容器;DB 高耐压二极管(二极管);Tr1 高侧开关元件;Tr2 低侧开关元件;10a 高侧驱动电路;10b 低侧驱动电路;12 P-型半导体衬底(P型半导体衬底);14 N型负极区域;16P型正极区域;20 P+型接触区域(P型接触区域、第一P型区域);22 N+型接触区域(N型接触区域、第一N型区域);24 负极电极;26 正极电极;28 场氧化膜;54 P+型接触区域(P型接触区域、第二P型区域);56 N+型接触区域(N型接触区域、第二N型区域);58 P-型电压保持区域(P型电压保持区域)。
具体实施方式
参照附图来说明本发明的实施方式所涉及的功率用半导体装置。在相同的构成要素标注相同的标记,有的情况下省略重复的说明。
实施方式1.
图1是实施方式1所涉及的功率用半导体装置的电路图。该功率用半导体装置是适用有HVIC(High Voltage Integrated Circuit,高压集成电路)的半桥电路。
在主电源HV的高压侧电位与低压侧电位之间,高侧开关元件Tr1及低侧开关元件Tr2从高压侧依次图腾柱连接。高侧开关元件Tr1及低侧开关元件Tr2是N型半导体开关元件。在高侧开关元件Tr1及低侧开关元件Tr2分别反并联连接回流二极管D1、D2。
驱动电路10具有:驱动高侧开关元件Tr1的高侧驱动电路10a、驱动低侧开关元件Tr2的低侧驱动电路10b。驱动电路10的VB端子是高侧驱动电路10a的电源端子。VCC端子是低侧驱动电路10b的电源端子,与低侧驱动电源LV连接。COM端子与GND(接地点)连接。经由HO端子从高侧驱动电路10a对高侧开关元件Tr1输出导通/截止(ON/OFF)指令,经由LO端子从低侧驱动电路10b对低侧开关元件Tr2输出导通/截止指令。VS端子连接于高侧开关元件Tr1与低侧开关元件Tr2的连接点。
此处,高侧开关元件Tr1的发射极(VS端子)的电位(VS电位)由于低侧开关元件Tr2的导通/截止状态、或流过负载的电流的回流等,从GND电位在主电源HV的高压侧电位之间变化。因此,高侧驱动电路10a是以VS电位为基准进行动作,相对于GND而言是电位浮动的构造(绝缘)。
另外,为了驱动高侧开关元件Tr1,需要在其栅极施加高于发射极的电位。在高侧开关元件Tr1为导通(ON)的情况下,发射极电位(VS电位)与主电源HV的高压侧电位大致相等。所以,为了将高侧开关元件Tr1持续保持为导通状态,需要在栅极施加高压侧电位+栅极驱动电压。因此,需要使高侧驱动电路10a的动作电压高于主电源HV的电位。
因此,设有电容器CB和高耐压二极管DB。电容器CB的一端与VS端子连接,另一端与VB端子连接。电容器CB经由VB端子向高侧驱动电路10a供给驱动电压。二极管DB的正极与低侧驱动电源LV连接,负极与电容器CB的另一端连接。高耐压二极管DB将来自低侧驱动电源LV的电流供给至电容器CB的另一端,对电容器CB充电。通过将该充电电压加在高侧开关元件Tr1的发射极电位(VS电位),可以得到高侧驱动电路10a的动作电压。
接下来,说明上述功率用半导体装置的动作。在高侧驱动电路10a使高侧开关元件Tr1为截止(OFF),低侧驱动电路10b使低侧开关元件Tr2为导通的情况下,VS电位下降至GND电位附近。在这种情况下,由于高耐压二极管DB正向偏置,因此经由高耐压二极管DB向电容器CB流过充电电流。此时的电压的关系可由下式表达。
VCC=VB+VF     (式1)
VB=Q/CB+VS    (式2)
VS=Von        (式3)
此处,VCC是VCC端子的电位,VB是VB端子的电位,VF是高耐压二极管DB的正向电压[V],Q是被电容器CB充电的总电荷量[C],CB是电容器CB的容量值[F],VS是VS端子的电位,Von是低侧开关元件Tr2的接通电压[V]。
利用上述关系式,电容器CB的电压、即VB端子与VS端子之间的电压如以下所示。
VB-VS=Q/CB=Vcc-VF-Von    (式4)
因此,充电时,经由高耐压二极管DB,相当于该电荷量Q的充电电流供给至电容器CB。
另一方面,在高侧驱动电路10a使高侧开关元件Tr1为导通,低侧驱动电路10b使低侧开关元件Tr2为截止的情况下,VS电位上升至HV电位。在这种情况下,由于高耐压二极管DB反向偏置,因此不流过高耐压二极管DB的充电电流。而且,高侧驱动电路10a以电容CB为电源,以VS电位为基准电位进行动作。
图2是表示实施方式1所涉及的高耐压二极管的剖视图。在高耐压二极管DB的负极侧形成高侧驱动电路10a。在P-型半导体衬底12的表面设有N型负极区域14。该N型负极区域14是高耐压二极管DB的负极区域,同时也是高侧驱动电路10a的一部分。此外,也可以在高侧驱动电路10a形成N型的嵌入扩散区域。
在高耐压二极管DB中,在N型负极区域14内设有P型正极区域16和N+型接触层18。在P型正极区域16内设有P+型接触区域20和N+型接触区域22。在N型负极区域14经由N+型接触层18连接有负极电极24,在P+型接触区域20和N+型接触区域22连接有正极电极26。在正极电极26与负极电极24之间,在P-型半导体衬底12上设有场氧化膜28及场板30。此外,尽管高耐压二极管DB的截面构造与DMOS(Double-Diffused MOSFET:双扩散MOSFET)同样,但将相当于栅极电极的低电位侧的场板30与正极电极26连接,不进行MOS动作。
在高侧驱动电路10a,作为PMOS(p-channel MOSFET:p沟道MOSFET),在N型负极区域14内设有P+型源极区域32和P+型漏极区域34,在两者之间设有栅极电极36。在N型负极区域14内设有P型扩散层38。作为NMOS(n-channel MOSFET:n沟道MOSFET),在P型扩散层38内设有N+型漏极区域40和N+型源极区域42,在两者之间设有栅极电极44。P型扩散层38为NMOS的背栅极。
在P+型源极区域32连接有负极电极24,在P+型漏极区域34和N+型漏极区域40连接有电极46,在N+型源极区域42连接有电极48。负极电极24与VB端子连接,电极48与VS端子连接。在两个端子之间连接有电容器CB。
场板30及栅极电极36、44被层间氧化膜50覆盖。负极电极24、正极电极26、以及电极46、48被钝化膜52覆盖。场板30及栅极电极36、44是多晶硅层。负极电极24、正极电极26、以及电极46、48是铝电极。
图3是用于说明实施方式1所涉及的高耐压二极管的充电动作的剖视图。若VS电位下降至GND电位附近,则高耐压二极管DB正向偏置,高耐压二极管DB对于电容器CB进行充电动作。
此时,流过高耐压二极管DB的正向电流Ib也是寄生PNP晶体管的基极电流,该寄生PNP晶体管由P-型半导体衬底12、N型负极区域14和P型正极区域16构成。因此,寄生PNP晶体管的集电极电流Ic从P型正极区域16流向P-型半导体衬底12。该集电极电流Ic流向GND,成为无助于IC动作的单纯的损耗。该损耗Pw可由下式表达。
Pw=Ic×VCC=hFE×Ib×VCC    (式5)
此处,hFE是寄生PNP晶体管的电流增益。另外,VCC为固定,通常hFE>1。
另外,电流Ib也是寄生NPN晶体管的基极电流,该寄生NPN晶体管由N型负极区域14、P型正极区域16和N+型接触区域22构成。因此,流过寄生NPN晶体管的集电极电流Icnpn。
Icnpn=hFEn×Ib    (式6)
此处,hFEn是寄生NPN晶体管的电流增益。
另外,供给至电容器CB的充电电流Ich可由下式表达。
Ich=Ib+Icnpn=Ib(1+hFEn)      (式7)
并且,向电容器CB的供给功率Pb可由下式表达。
Pb=Ich×(VCC-VB-VS-VF)        (式8)
图4是用于说明实施方式1所涉及的高耐压二极管的恢复动作的剖视图。若VS电位由于反相器动作成为高电位,则高耐压二极管DB反向偏置,高耐压二极管DB的充电动作完成。然后,注入至N型负极区域14的空穴随着耗尽层的形成,流入GND电位的P-型半导体衬底12和P型正极区域16,产生恢复电流Ir。此时,在位于N+型接触区域22下的P型正极区域16流过电流,由于其寄生电阻成分产生电位差,因此从P型正极区域16向N+型接触区域22流过正向电流。该正向电流是寄生NPN晶体管的基极电流。因此,寄生NPN晶体管的集电极电流从N型负极区域14流向N+型接触区域22。
接下来,与比较例比较,说明实施方式1的效果。图5是表示比较例所涉及的高耐压二极管的剖视图。图6是用于说明比较例所涉及的高耐压二极管的充电动作的剖视图。在比较例中没有N+型接触区域22。因此,由于寄生NPN晶体管不存在,因此充电电流Ich=Ib。所以,由于式5及式8,Pw>Pb,产生向电容器CB的供给功率Pb以上的损耗Pw。
另一方面,在实施方式1中,由于在P型正极区域16内设有N+型接触区域22,由N型负极区域14、P型正极区域16和N+型接触区域22构成寄生NPN晶体管。该寄生NPN晶体管的集电极电流Icnpn为充电电流Ich的一部分,不是寄生PNP晶体管的基极电流。所以,在得到相同充电电流Ich的情况下,与比较例相比可以降低损耗Pw。具体而言,在式7中由于通常hFEn>1,因此在得到相同充电电流Ich的情况下,与比较例相比可以将电流Ib降低1/2以下。所以,式5的损耗Pw也可以降低至1/2以下。因此,在实施方式1中可以降低耗电功率。
实施方式2.
图7是表示实施方式2所涉及的高耐压二极管的剖视图。与实施方式1相比,P+型接触区域20和N+型接触区域22的配置相反。所以,P+型接触区域20与N+型接触区域22相比,接近负极电极24。
图8是用于说明实施方式2所涉及的高耐压二极管的恢复动作的剖视图。在恢复动作时,空穴从N型负极区域14流入P型正极区域16。流入P型正极区域16的空穴经过P+型接触区域20到达正极电极26。因此,与实施方式1不同,由于在位于N+型接触区域22下的P型正极区域16几乎不流过电流,因此可以抑制恢复动作时的寄生NPN晶体管的动作。据此,即使VB电位处于高电位,也可以防止引起2次击穿现象使NPN晶体管毁坏。
实施方式3.
图9是表示实施方式3所涉及的高耐压二极管的剖视图。除了实施方式2的结构,设有与N+型接触区域22相比远离负极电极24的P+型接触区域54。
图10是用于说明实施方式3所涉及的高耐压二极管的充电动作的剖视图。在充电动作时,从P+型接触区域54通过P型正极区域16向N型负极区域14注入空穴,寄生NPN晶体管进行动作。所以,与实施方式2相比可以提高有助于寄生NPN晶体管的充电电流。
图11是用于说明实施方式3所涉及的高耐压二极管的恢复动作的剖视图。在恢复动作时,流入P型正极区域16的空穴经过P+型接触区域20到达正极电极26。因此,与实施方式2同样,可以抑制恢复动作时的寄生NPN晶体管的动作,防止NPN晶体管的毁坏。
实施方式4.
图12是表示实施方式4所涉及的高耐压二极管的平面图。图13是沿着图12的A-A’的剖视图。图14是沿着图12的B-B’的剖视图。在P-型半导体衬底12的表面,沿着与从正极电极26朝向负极电极24的方向垂直的方向,交互配置P+型接触区域20和N+型接触区域22。在与多个P+型接触区域20和多个N+型接触区域22相比远离负极电极24的位置,设有P+型接触区域54。
图15是用于说明实施方式4所涉及的高耐压二极管的恢复动作的平面图。在恢复动作时,空穴从N型负极区域14向P型正极区域16流入。此时,空穴不流过寄生电阻较大的N+型接触区域22下的P型正极区域16,而流过配置在N+型接触区域22的两侧相邻的P+型接触区域20。因此,与实施方式2同样,可以抑制恢复动作时的寄生NPN晶体管的动作,防止NPN晶体管的毁坏。
实施方式5.
图16是表示实施方式5所涉及的高耐压二极管的平面图。图17是沿着图16的A-A’的剖视图。图18是沿着图16的B-B’的剖视图。除了实施方式4的结构,在与多个P+型接触区域20和多个N+型接触区域22相比远离负极电极24的位置,设有N+型接触区域56。P+型接触区域54与N+型接触区域56相比,远离负极电极24。
在充电动作时,从P+型接触区域54通过P型正极区域16向N型负极区域14注入空穴,寄生NPN晶体管进行动作。所以,与实施方式4相比可以提高有助于寄生NPN晶体管的充电电流。
在恢复动作时,空穴从N型负极区域14向P型正极区域16流入。此时,空穴不流过寄生电阻较大的N+型接触区域22下的P型正极区域16,而流过配置在N+型接触区域22的两侧相邻的P+型接触区域20。因此,与实施方式4同样,可以抑制恢复动作时的寄生NPN晶体管的动作,防止NPN晶体管的毁坏。
实施方式6.
图19是表示实施方式6所涉及的高耐压二极管的剖视图。除了实施方式3的结构,设有P-型电压保持区域58,该P-型电压保持区域58设在N型负极区域14内,与P型正极区域16连接,延伸到场氧化膜28下。若在负极电极24施加高电位,则在P-型电压保持区域58从负极侧到正极侧形成有耗尽层,保持高压。同样,在N型负极区域14中,从正极侧到负极侧形成有耗尽层,保持高压。
在恢复动作时,从P型正极区域16或者P-型电压保持区域58向N型负极区域14注入的空穴,随着耗尽层的形成经过P-型电压保持区域58和P+型接触区域20,到达正极电极26。因此,可以抑制恢复动作时的寄生NPN晶体管的动作,防止NPN晶体管的毁坏。
实施方式7.
图20是表示实施方式7所涉及的高耐压二极管的平面图。图21是沿着图20的A-A’的剖视图。图22是沿着图20的B-B’的剖视图。P-型电压保持区域58具有多个条状的区域。该多个条状的区域在P-型半导体衬底12的表面,沿着与从正极电极26朝向负极电极24的方向垂直的方向,以等间隔隔离,互相平行排列。
据此,由于可以改善不能同时兼顾P-型电压保持区域58可以保持的耐压和P-型电压保持区域58的电阻值,有效吸收空穴,因此可以有效抑制恢复动作时的寄生NPN的动作。
实施方式8.
图23是表示实施方式8所涉及的高耐压二极管的平面图。图24是沿着图23的A-A’的剖视图。图25是沿着图23的B-B’的剖视图。除了实施方式4的结构,设有实施方式7的多个条状的P-型电压保持区域58。据此,可以得到实施方式4及实施方式7的效果。
实施方式9.
图26是表示实施方式9所涉及的高耐压二极管的平面图。图27是沿着图26的A-A’的剖视图。图28是沿着图26的B-B’的剖视图。除了实施方式5的结构,设有实施方式7的多个条状的P-型电压保持区域58。据此,可以得到实施方式5及实施方式7的效果。

Claims (1)

1.一种功率用半导体装置,其特征在于,包括:
高侧开关元件及低侧开关元件,在高压侧电位与低压侧电位之间从高压侧依次图腾柱连接;
高侧驱动电路,驱动所述高侧开关元件;
低侧驱动电路,驱动所述低侧开关元件;
电容器,一端连接于所述高侧开关元件与所述低侧开关元件的连接点,另一端连接于所述高侧驱动电路的电源端子,向所述高侧驱动电路供给驱动电压;以及
二极管,正极连接于电源,负极连接于所述电容器的所述另一端,将来自所述电源的电流供给至所述电容器的所述另一端,
所述二极管具有:
P型半导体衬底;
N型负极区域,设在所述P型半导体衬底的表面;
P型正极区域,设在所述N型负极区域内;
P型接触区域及N型接触区域,设在所述P型正极区域内;
负极电极,连接于所述N型负极区域;以及
正极电极,连接于所述P型接触区域及所述N型接触区域。
2. 根据权利要求1所述的功率用半导体装置,其特征在于,
所述P型接触区域具有与所述N型接触区域相比接近所述负极电极的第一P型区域。
3. 根据权利要求2所述的功率用半导体装置,其特征在于,
所述P型接触区域还具有与所述N型接触区域相比远离所述负极电极的第二P型区域。
4. 根据权利要求1所述的功率用半导体装置,其特征在于,
所述P型接触区域具有多个第一P型区域,
所述N型接触区域具有多个第一N型区域,
在所述P型半导体衬底的所述表面,沿着与从所述正极电极朝向所述负极电极的方向垂直的方向,交互配置所述多个第一P型区域和所述多个第一N型区域。
5. 根据权利要求4所述的功率用半导体装置,其特征在于,
所述N型接触区域还具有与所述多个第一P型区域和所述多个第一N型区域相比远离所述负极电极的第二N型区域,
所述P型接触区域还具有与所述第二N型区域相比远离所述负极电极的第二P型区域。
6. 根据权利要求1~5中任一项所述的功率用半导体装置,其特征在于,所述二极管还包括:
场氧化膜,在所述正极电极与所述负极电极之间设在所述P型半导体衬底上;以及
P型电压保持区域,设在所述N型负极区域内,与所述P型正极区域连接,并且延伸到所述场氧化膜下。
7. 根据权利要求6所述的功率用半导体装置,其特征在于,
所述P型电压保持区域具有多个条状的区域,
在所述P型半导体衬底的所述表面,沿着与从所述正极电极朝向所述负极电极的方向垂直的方向,所述多个条状的区域互相平行排列。
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