CN102210213B - Method for applying fertilizer to wheat and corn crop rotation system in dry farming saline-alkali areas - Google Patents
Method for applying fertilizer to wheat and corn crop rotation system in dry farming saline-alkali areas Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for applying fertilizer to a wheat and corn crop rotation system in dry farming saline-alkali areas and is used for improving fertilizer application benefit. The method comprises the following steps of: applying fertilizer to winter wheat, namely applying nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer to the winter wheat according to the application amount of 6.9 to 8 kilograms of pure nitrogen (N) per acre and 5.5 to 12 kilograms of pure phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) per acre respectively; and applying fertilizer to summer corns, namely applying nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer to the summer corns according to the application amount of 6.9 to 9 kilograms of pure N per acre and 6 to 9.5 kilograms of pure potassium oxide (K2O) per acre respectively. The method has the main advantages that: 1, fertilizer is applied according to different requirements of the winter wheat-summer corn on nutrients, so the fertilizer application pertinence is high and fertilizer application benefit is improved; 2, crops in each season are fertilized for one time, so labor of farmers and labor cost are reduced; 3, soil is prevented from being disturbed frequently, and water storage and soil moisture conservation are realized; and 4, the problems of volatilization loss in the fertilizer conversion process and pollution to atmospheric environment because the fertilizer is scattered on the ground surface are reduced.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of agrotechnique, especially for the fertilizing method of dry farming varieties in saline-alkali areas wheat and corn rotation system, belong to agricultural technology field.
Background technology
The area deficient at freshwater resources, that salinization land is difficult to administer, the fertilising benefit is low, and the agricultural inputoutput level is lower.Soil is suffered from drought, thin, saline and alkaline and secondary salinization multiple factors restriction, and grain yield is low and unstable.In North China low plain Bohai Rim, the general nitrogen stress of soil, few phosphorus, potassium deficiency.Carry out the double-cropped cropping system of winter wheat-summer corn.During Growing Period of Winter Wheat begins only to gather in the crops to early June in next year from plantation at the beginning of 10 months then, lasts nearly 250d left and right.Particularly during Wintering Period, last nearly 4 months, this period, and the general drought in the north, the shallow low plain varieties in saline-alkali areas of bury of groundwater is at the interim easy soil accumulation of salt in the surface soil in spring.This most of arable land, class area that makes in short supply of freshwater resources can not be irrigated, and winter wheat is larger to water, fertile demand, repeatedly topdressing increases fertilising cost and labour intensity, and, in dryland soil, the migration of fertilizer and Crop are more difficult than the irrigated land, the effect and benefit relative reduce that topdresses.So the fertilising of low plain dry farming varieties in saline-alkali areas should take full advantage of condition of raining, reduce again disturbance as far as possible and plough, avoid the soil evaporation of water in soil, reduce the soil accumulation of salt in the surface soil.Secondly, along with becoming basically universal of economic development and agricultural mechanization, livestock breeding, aquaculture are tending towards intensive, and fertilizer has become narrow resources, can not satisfy the demand of Large Area of Crops.Providing crop alimentary with chemical fertilizer replacement fertilizer is the general Adopts measure of wide farmers.But, current Fertilization Situation is not scientific and reasonable, the one, fertilization type blindly, fertilising lacks specific aim to different plot Different Crop, the base manure of using before winter wheat sowing is generally Chemical Mixed Fertilizer or special fertilizer, and these fertilizer main components are the incomplete same nitrogen of proportioning, phosphorus, potassium three elements.Find through test for many years, not remarkable to the winter wheat effect of increasing production at dry farming varieties in saline-alkali areas application of potash fertilizer, and increased the ion composition of salinity in soil in spring.The 2nd, fertilizing amount is chaotic, ubiquity excessive fertilization or the not enough phenomenon of fertilising, and the fertilising deficiency causes the underproduction, and excessive fertilization is not only wasted resource, and has strengthened the potential threat of secondary salinization.The 3rd, fertilization mode is single, mostly adopts 1 base manure to add 2-4 time for Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Rotation System and topdresses.Base manure is the special fertilizer of using Chemical Mixed Fertilizer or comprise nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium three elements when winter wheat sowing, then at winter wheat and summer corn Nitrogen Top Dressing breeding time.The number of times that topdresses is generally, and chases after 1-2 time in period of seedling establishment and the shooting stage in winter wheat season, and shooting stage in summer corn season and typhon mouth phase chase after 1-2 time.Fertilization mode mostly is manual and spreads fertilizer over the fields.Because Dryland is not irrigated, the fertilizer that spreads fertilizer over the fields on the earth's surface is easy to volatilization loss in conversion process, not only causes the wasting of resources, and easily causes atmosphere polluting problem.And, the operation of frequently applying fertilizer, time-consuming, effort, labour cost increases.Modern farming to reduce work frequency and intensity, is transferred Cotton Varieties by Small Farming Households enthusiasm, guarantee China's grain-production and sustainable development of countryside economy in the urgent need to simplifying wholely and the farming operation such as fertilising.
Given this, study under the Wheat Maize Rotation system of non-irrigated alkali area accurately method and the technology of fertilising, to improving winter wheat and yield of Summer Corn, saving labour, taking into account environment when economizing on resources and continue friendly significant.
Summary of the invention
The present invention be used for overcoming the defective of prior art and provide a kind of efficiently replenish targetedly Different Crop nutrition and easy to implement, save cost and resource and take into account the fertilizing method that is used for the crop rotation of dry farming varieties in saline-alkali areas wheat and corn of protection of the environment.
The alleged problem of the present invention solves by the following technical programs:
A kind of fertilizing method for dry farming varieties in saline-alkali areas wheat and corn rotation system, it carries out as follows:
A. winter wheat season fertilising: the fertilising of winter wheat season is pressed respectively pure N 6.9-8kg/ mu with nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, fertilizing amount; Pure P
2O
55.5-12kg/ mu;
B. summer corn season fertilising: summer corn season applied nitrogen and potash fertilizer, fertilizing amount is respectively by pure N 6.9-9kg/ mu; Pure K
2O 6-9.5kg/ mu.
Above-mentioned fertilizing method for dry farming varieties in saline-alkali areas wheat and corn rotation system, the fertilising of described winter wheat season is adopted and turned over, sowing and fertilizing integrated: summer maize straws is pulverized on the spot and also spreads behind the field and cover the earth's surface, during sowing winter wheat, mix in the fertilizer groove that the nitrogenous fertilizer that will take according to proportional quantity and phosphate fertilizer are poured sower into, during the machinery water furrow planting, chemical fertilizer is manured into soil simultaneously, chemical fertilizer does not directly contact with seed, in the time of the sower walking, wheat seeds and fertilizer is covered the soil covering.
Above-mentioned fertilizing method for dry farming varieties in saline-alkali areas wheat and corn rotation system, the fertilising of described summer corn season adopt chase after at the bottom of seedling stage integrated, after summer corn is emerged into the ridge, to pour mixing in fertilizer applicator special into according to nitrogenous fertilizer and potash fertilizer that proportional quantity takes, and ditch when fertilizer applicator is walked in the field, apply fertilizer, bury continuously and carry out.
The invention solves the problem of fertilization of Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Rotation System system, the method is applicable to the dry farming varieties in saline-alkali areas.The major advantage of described method is as follows: 1. for the different demand fertilisings of winter wheat-summer corn to nutrient, winter wheat emphasis applied nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer, not application of potash fertilizer; Summer corn emphasis applied nitrogen and potash fertilizer are not used phosphate fertilizer.Apply fertilizer with strong points, both saved fertilizer, guarantee again volume increase; 2. facilitate the operation of field farming, per season crop only apply fertilizer once, winter wheat is turned over, sowing, fertilizing integrated; At the bottom of adopting seedling stage summer corn season, chase after the Integrated fertilizer application technology, reduced the farming operation, alleviated peasant household's work, saving of labor, laborsaving, peasant are easy to accept, convenient operation; 3. avoid frequent disturbed soil, soil is played the effect of retaining and conserveing soil moisture, increased soil holding of limited water resources held and utilized.4. the inventive method with chemical fertilizer all be manured into soil topsoil and earthing, has reduced the pollution problem that Yin Sashi causes the volatilization loss in the fertilizer conversion process and atmospheric environment is caused on the earth's surface, has both saved resource, has again ecological benefits and social benefit.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the plant chlorophyll content comparison diagram of the present invention and traditional fertilization method.
Embodiment
The present invention is applicable to lack the dry farming varieties in saline-alkali areas millet Corn Rotation System of freshwater resources, as low plain drought alkali zone, the ring Bohai Sea.It replenishes winter wheat-summer corn nutrition targetedly based on the engineering and geological feature of soils in dry farming saline land, and simple to operate, respond well.The technical essential of the inventive method is: winter wheat season fertilising is with nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, application of potash fertilizer not, and fertilizing amount is respectively by pure N 6.9-8kg/ mu, pure P
2O
55.5-12kg/ mu; Summer corn season applied nitrogen and potash fertilizer, do not use phosphate fertilizer, fertilizing amount is respectively by pure N 6.9-9kg/ mu, pure K
2The O amount is 6-9.5kg/ mu.
Fig. 1 has shown the present invention and conventional method in the Experimental Comparison data of crop chlorophyll content relative value (SPAD), and as seen from Figure 1, the SPAD value that each growthdevelopmental stage of the plant of the inventive method characterizes chlorophyll content all significantly improves than conventional method.
Table 1 is the inventive method and the correction data of conventional method aspect crop biology and yield traits.By as seen from Table 1, use the inventive method, fringe grain weight, 100-grain weight, the axle weight average of effective tiller number, grain number per spike, thousand kernel weight and the summer corn of winter wheat are significantly higher than conventional method.The winter wheat plant height is conducive to the multiple dry-hot wind in the resistant to lodging and anti-north significantly lower than conventional method.And aspect the plant height of summer corn, the present invention is a little more than conventional method.
The contrast of table 1 crop biology proterties and yield traits
Adopt the inventive method, winter wheat is put forward maturation the previous day, and summer corn is postponed one day maturation, and the contrast of crop growth process sees Table 2.
The contrast of table 2 crop growth process
Referring to table 3, the winter wheat of employing the inventive method and the summer corn average yield of nearly 4 years are apparently higher than the traditional fertilization method, and by the Economic and Efficiency Analysis of input and output, the fertilising benefit of the inventive method on average improves 1.5 percentage points than conventional method.
The nearly 4 annual output of table 3 winter wheat summer corn and fertilising Efficiency Comparison
Annotate: 2.1 yuan/kg of Wheat price, 1.92 yuan/kg of corn price; Urea price: 2 yuan/kg; 0.7 yuan/kg of phosphate fertilizer price; 3.5 yuan/kg of potash fertilizer price, the fertilising 50 yuan/man day of recruitment.
The present invention is the incorporation of fertilizerin the soil topsoil, avoided broadcast application in the conventional method to cause pollution to environment on the earth's surface, has obvious environmental benefit and social benefit.
Table 4 is the soil nutrient test result before and after the long-term location test in 13 years of two kinds of fertilizing methods.With the test before compare, conventional method has significantly improved available potassium in soils content, illustrates that Potassium Fertilizer is slightly bigger than normal, and causing in soil effectively, potassium content has a small surplus, the inventive method is not to available potassium in soils consumption, and available potassium in soils content slightly increases than before testing.Total soil nitrogen and organic than slightly decline before test, but available phosphorus content has obtained obvious lifting.Show that it is not because lack this nutritive element in soil targetedly for the fertilising of winter wheat summer corn that the present invention adopts.In the inventive method nitrogen phosphorus fertilizer to winter wheat significantly increase production, nitrogen potash fertilizer to summer corn significantly the mechanism of volume increase it be not immediately clear, need further research.
The impact contrast of the long-term Position Research of table 4 Different Fertilization method on soil nutrient
Several specific embodiments below are provided:
Embodiment 1: the fertilising of winter wheat season is calculated according to following scale with the amount of nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer and is respectively: pure N 6.9kg/mu, 12kg P
2O
5/ mu; Summer corn season applied nitrogen and potash fertilizer calculate according to following scale and be respectively: pure N 9kg/ mu; 9.5kg K
2O/ mu.
Winter wheat season fertilising is adopted and turned over, sowing, fertilizing integrated: summer maize straws is pulverized on the spot also to spread behind the field and is covered the earth's surface, the effect of playing soil moisture conservation and giving back soil nutrient.Sowing is during winter wheat, in the chemical fertilizer groove that the nitrogenous fertilizer that will weigh up in advance according to proportioning and phosphate fertilizer are poured sower into, and fully blending.The sower operation of walking in the field when utilizing mechanical water furrow planting is manured into soil chemical fertilizer, and covers soil and cover.Fertilization depth is greatly about soil layer 10cm place.
Summer corn season fertilising adopt chase after at the bottom of seedling stage integrated, summer corn grow period just in time with north same period in rainy season, to there is no the non-irrigated alkali area of irrigation conditions, should take full advantage of rainfall and improve fertilization effect.After summer corn is emerged into the ridge, catch up with the cloudy end before rain, chase after combination, once use sufficient.Specific practice is: load weighted nitrogenous fertilizer and potash fertilizer are poured into respectively in fertilizer applicator special, mixed, ditch when fertilizer applicator is walked in the field, apply fertilizer, bury synchronously and carry out continuously.Fertilization depth is in soil layer 10cm left and right.
Embodiment 2: the fertilising of winter wheat season is calculated according to following scale with the amount of nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer and is respectively N8.0kg/ mu, 5.5 kg P
2O
5/ mu; Summer corn season applied nitrogen and potash fertilizer calculate according to following scale and be respectively, pure N6.9kg/ mu; 6kgK
2O/ mu.
Winter wheat season fertilising is adopted and turned over, sowing, fertilizing integrated: summer maize straws is pulverized on the spot also to spread behind the field and is covered the earth's surface, the effect of playing soil moisture conservation and giving back soil nutrient.During sowing winter wheat, load weighted nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are poured in the chemical fertilizer groove of sower into fully blending.The sower operation of walking in the field is manured into soil chemical fertilizer in water furrow planting, covers simultaneously soil and covers.Sowing and fertilization depth are at the about 10cm place of soil layer.
Summer corn season fertilising adopt chase after at the bottom of seedling stage integrated, summer corn grow period just in time with north same period in rainy season, to there is no the non-irrigated alkali area of irrigation conditions, should take full advantage of rainfall and improve fertilization effect.After summer corn is emerged into the ridge, catch up with the cloudy end before rain, chase after in conjunction with once using sufficient.Specific practice is: will pour in fertilizer applicator according to the load weighted nitrogenous fertilizer of proportioning and potash fertilizer, and mix, operations such as ditching, apply fertilizer, bury when fertilizer applicator is walked in the field synchronously continues and carries out.Fertilization depth is at the about 10cm place of soil layer.
Embodiment 3: the fertilising of winter wheat season is calculated according to following scale with the amount of nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer and is respectively 7.4kgN/ mu, 8.5kg P
2O
5/ mu; Summer corn season applied nitrogen and potash fertilizer calculate according to following scale and be respectively: pure N8.2kg/ mu; 7.8kg K
2O/ mu.
Winter wheat season fertilising adopts sowing, fertilising to turn over integrated: summer maize straws is pulverized on the spot also to spread behind the field and is covered the earth's surface, the effect of playing soil moisture conservation and giving back soil nutrient.During sowing winter wheat, load weighted nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are poured in the chemical fertilizer groove of sower into fully blending.The sower operation of walking in the field is manured into soil chemical fertilizer in water furrow planting, covers simultaneously soil and covers.Sowing and fertilization depth are at the about 10cm place of soil layer.
Summer corn season fertilising adopt chase after at the bottom of seedling stage integrated, summer corn grow period just in time with north same period in rainy season, to there is no the non-irrigated alkali area of irrigation conditions, should take full advantage of rainfall and improve fertilization effect.After summer corn is emerged into the ridge, catch up with at the overcast and rainy front end, chase after combination, once use sufficient.Specific practice is: will pour in fertilizer applicator according to the load weighted nitrogen of proportioning, potash fertilizer, and mix, operations such as ditching, apply fertilizer, bury when fertilizer applicator is walked in the field synchronously continues and carries out.Fertilization depth is at the about 10cm place of soil layer.
Claims (2)
1. fertilizing method that is used for dry farming varieties in saline-alkali areas wheat and corn rotation system, it is characterized in that: it carries out as follows:
A. winter wheat season fertilising: the fertilising of winter wheat season is pressed respectively pure N 6.9-8kg/ mu with nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, fertilizing amount; Pure P
2O
55.5-12kg/ mu;
B. summer corn season fertilising: summer corn season applied nitrogen and potash fertilizer, fertilizing amount is respectively by pure N 6.9-9kg/ mu; Pure K
2The O amount is 6-9.5kg/ mu;
The fertilising of described winter wheat season is adopted and turned over, sowing and fertilizing integrated: summer maize straws is pulverized on the spot and also spreads behind the field and cover the earth's surface, during sowing winter wheat, to mix according to nitrogenous fertilizer and the phosphate fertilizer that proportioning takes, when utilizing planting with sowing machine, chemical fertilizer is manured into soil, and cover the soil covering.
2. the fertilizing method for dry farming varieties in saline-alkali areas wheat and corn rotation system according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the fertilising of described summer corn season adopt chase after at the bottom of seedling stage integrated, summer corn is robbed the rain fertilising after emerging into the ridge, namely, catch up with the nitrogenous fertilizer that will take according to proportioning before wet weather arrives and potash fertilizer pour fertilizer applicator special in mixing, ditch when fertilizer applicator is walked in the field, apply fertilizer, bury continuously and carry out.
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| CN112602396B (en) * | 2020-12-15 | 2021-11-16 | 宁夏大学 | Saline-alkali soil salt-reducing and yield-increasing cultivation method |
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| CN101699961A (en) * | 2009-11-13 | 2010-05-05 | 山东省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所 | Integrated fertilization method under condition of NPKS of double-cropping crops of wheat and corn |
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