CN102164873B - 钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物及ptc热敏电阻 - Google Patents

钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物及ptc热敏电阻 Download PDF

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CN102164873B
CN102164873B CN2009801379629A CN200980137962A CN102164873B CN 102164873 B CN102164873 B CN 102164873B CN 2009801379629 A CN2009801379629 A CN 2009801379629A CN 200980137962 A CN200980137962 A CN 200980137962A CN 102164873 B CN102164873 B CN 102164873B
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barium titanate
semiconductor ceramic
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胜勇人
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Abstract

本发明提供不含有Pb而可以提高居里点并且经时变化小、可靠性优异的钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物及PTC热敏电阻。本发明的钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物以组成式(Ba1-x-y-zSry(A1Bi)xA2z)TiO3表示,A1是碱金属元素,A2是稀土类元素,x、y、z满足:0.03≤x≤0.20、0.02≤y≤0.20、0.0005≤z≤0.015并且x-0.10≤y≤(5/4)·x的关系。此外,优选相对于100摩尔份的Ti,添加0.01摩尔份以上0.20摩尔份以下的Mn。

Description

钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物及PTC热敏电阻
技术领域
本申请发明涉及不含有Pb而可以获得高居里点的钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物及PTC热敏电阻。
背景技术
已知PTC热敏电阻中所用的钛酸钡系(BaTiO3系)半导体陶瓷组合物在升温过程中达到规定的温度(居里点)时,电阻就会急剧地升高。另外,根据加热器用热敏电阻等用途,要求可以在更高温度下使用,因而要求通过进一步提高居里点来拓宽使用范围。
以往,作为提高居里点的途径,例如像日本特开昭56-169301号公报(专利文献1)的以往技术中所公开的那样,已知有如下的做法,即,使用将钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物中的Ba的一部分用Pb置换了的(Ba,Pb)TiO3系半导体陶瓷组合物。
但是,由于在向钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物中添加Pb来提高居里点的情况下,像专利文献1的作为以往技术的问题点所记载的那样,电阻温度系数小,具有电压依赖性,因此希望有在不包含Pb的组成下具有高居里点的钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物。
所以,最近,作为具有高居里点的正特性热敏电阻用的钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物,例如已知有像上述专利文献1或日本特开2005-255493号公报(专利文献2)中所公开的那样的、将Ba的一部分用Na及Bi置换了的(Ba,Na,Bi)TiO3系半导体陶瓷组合物。
专利文献1:日本特开昭56-169301号公报
专利文献2:日本特开2005-255493号公报
发明拟解决的课题
虽然上述陶瓷组合物可以不含有Pb地将居里点提高到120℃以上,然而发现,在高温状态下长时间放置的情况下,会产生经时变化,具有电阻率上升的倾向。
发明内容
本申请发明的目的在于,提供不含有Pb而可以提高居里点并且经时变化小、可靠性优异的钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物及PTC热敏电阻。解决课题的方法
本申请发明的第一发明的钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物的特征在于,
以组成式(Ba1-x-y-zSry(A1Bi)xA2z)TiO3表示,A1是碱金属元素,A2是稀土类元素,x、y、z满足以下的式子。
0.03≤x≤0.20、
0.02≤y≤0.20、
0.0005≤z≤0.015并且
x-0.10≤y≤(5/4)·x
另外,本申请发明的第二发明的钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物的特征在于,对于本申请发明的第一发明中所述的钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物而言,相对于100摩尔份的Ti添加0.01摩尔份以上0.20摩尔份以下的Mn。
另外,本申请发明的第三发明的PTC热敏电阻是具备陶瓷坯材、形成于陶瓷坯材的相对向的两个主面上的电极的PTC热敏电阻,其特征在于,陶瓷坯材由本申请发明的第一或第二发明中所述的钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物构成。
发明效果
根据本申请发明的第一发明,可以提供如下的钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物,该组合物的居里点可以提高到120℃以上,并且即使在高温状态下长时间放置,经时变化也很小,可靠性优异。
可以认为,钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物将Ba的一部分例如用Na等碱金属元素及Bi置换,而碱金属元素及Bi在烧成时会有飞散的情况,Bi与碱金属元素相比具有容易飞散的倾向。在将碱金属元素在高温状态下长时间放置时,因Bi发生了飞散,而将Bi3+与碱金属元素离子(例如Na1+)的电荷平衡破坏,碱金属元素变得容易从陶瓷坯材中溶出。其结果是,溶出了的碱金属元素与PTC热敏电阻的外部电极反应而腐蚀掉,从而使可靠性降低。
另一方面,通过像本申请发明的第一发明那样,以上述组成式的范围添加Sr,陶瓷的烧结性就会提高。这可以推测是因为,通过添加Sr,陶瓷晶粒的粒子生长得到促进,碱金属元素被稳定地固溶在陶瓷晶粒中。这样,就可以防止碱金属元素从陶瓷坯材中溶出。
另外,根据本申请发明的第二发明,PTC位数进一步提高。
另外,根据本申请发明的第三发明,可以获得如下PTC热敏电阻,所述电阻即使不含有Pb等,也可以在高温区域中广泛地使用,而且即使在高温状态下长时间放置,可靠性也优异。
附图说明
图1是本申请发明的PTC热敏电阻的一个实施方式的概略立体图。
具体实施方式
下面,对本申请发明的钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物进行详细说明。本申请发明的第一发明的钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物的特征在于,
以组成式(Ba1-x-y-zSry(A1Bi)xA2z)TiO3表示,A1是碱金属元素,A2是稀土类元素,x、y、z满足以下的式子。
0.03≤x≤0.20、
0.02≤y≤0.20、
0.0005≤z≤0.015并且
x-0.10≤y≤(5/4)·x
本申请发明通过在钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物中,将Ba的一部分用Sr、碱金属元素、Bi及稀土类元素置换,将各自的置换量设为上述所示的特定的范围,陶瓷晶粒的粒子生长就得到促进,例如Na等碱金属元素被稳定地固溶在陶瓷晶粒中,因此陶瓷的烧结性提高。结果可以获得如下的效果,即,可以防止碱金属元素被从陶瓷中溶出,即使在高温状态下被长时间放置,经时变化也很小。
而且,上述x表示碱金属元素及Bi的合计量。虽然在实施例中含有相同量的碱金属元素的Na及Bi,然而即使略为有所偏差也没有问题,不一定需要设为相同量。在烧成时会有Bi、碱金属元素飞散的情况,然而由于Bi一方容易飞散,因此也可以是Bi/碱金属元素<1。另外,A1表示碱金属元素,具体来说,表示Na、K、Li的至少任意一种。另外,A2表示稀土类元素,具体来说,可以使用La、Y等,然而并不限定于此。
另外,相对于100摩尔份的本申请的第一发明的钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物的Ti,优选添加0.01摩尔份以上0.20摩尔份以下的Mn。在Mn的添加量少于0.01摩尔份的情况下,无法充分地获得添加Mn的效果,PTC特性低。另外,在多于0.20摩尔份的情况下,会有电阻率变高的情况。
图1是作为本发明的一个实施方式表示使用上述的钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物形成的PTC热敏电阻的概略性构成的立体图。
如图1所示,PTC热敏电阻1具备由本申请发明的钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物构成的陶瓷坯材2、形成于陶瓷坯材的相对向的两个主面上的电极3a及3b。作为电极3a及3b,可以使用Ni、Al、Cr、Ni-Cr合金等。而且,图1所示的PTC热敏电阻1的形状为圆板状,然而也可以是长方体状等。另外,也可以是在陶瓷坯材的内部具有多个电极的层叠结构。
下面,对本申请发明的PTC热敏电阻1的制造方法的一个实施例进行说明。
首先,作为陶瓷原料按照达到规定的组成的方式称量在作为最终目的物的钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物中所含的各元素的化合物的粉末,将各个称量物与局部稳定化氧化锆等粉碎介质(以下称作PSZ球)一起投入球磨机,充分地进行湿式混合粉碎,在规定温度下(例如1000~1200℃)进行预烧成,制作预烧成粉。
然后,在向所得的预烧成粉中加入有机粘结剂(binder)而造粒,然后,使用该造粒粉制作圆板状的成形体。将所得的成形体进行脱粘合剂处理,其后,在还原气氛(例如氧浓度为10~10000ppm)中在规定的温度下(例如1250~1400℃)烧成而形成陶瓷坯材2。接下来,在陶瓷坯材2的两个主面,涂布电极糊剂,在规定的温度下(例如600~800℃)进行烘焙而形成电极3a及3b。像这样,就形成了本发明的PTC热敏电阻1。
下面,对本发明的钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物,进一步进行具体说明。
实施例1
将成为原料的BaCO3、SrCO3、Na2CO3、Bi2O3、TiO2、作为半导体化剂的Y2O3、以及MnO的各粉末按照在烧成后达到表1的试样编号1~41所示的组成的方式,称量、调和。然后,向调和了的混合粉末中,加入乙醇系溶剂及分散剂,与氧化锆球一起混合粉碎24小时,将溶剂干燥,以#300目筛进行了整粒。然后,将整粒了的混合粉末在800~1000℃的温度范围中热处理2小时,得到预烧成粉末。此后,向该预烧成粉末中,加入作为有机粘结剂的乙酸乙烯酯系的有机粘结剂、作为分散剂的聚羧酸铵及水,与氧化锆球一起混合粉碎处理16小时而得到浆料。接下来,将粉碎处理后的浆料干燥,使用#300目筛进行整粒,得到冲压用的原料。
将该原料用单轴冲压机以1000kgf/cm2的压力制成圆板状,得到圆板试样。然后,将该圆板试样在大气中400~600℃脱脂后,在将最高温度设为1250~1400℃的同时,在氧浓度100ppm的氮气气氛中烧成2小时。这样,就得到直径12mm、厚度2mm的圆板状的热敏电阻坯材。然后,对如上所述地烧成的圆板试样的两个主面进行抛光研磨,利用镀敷形成由Ni构成的电极。接下来,涂布银糊剂,通过在600℃烘焙,得到试样编号1~41的评价用的PTC热敏电阻。
而且,表1所示的组成是利用感应耦合等离子体发光分光分析法(ICP-AES)对所得的热敏电阻坯材进行分析而求出的。
对于“电阻率”,在室温(25℃)下,对评价用试样施加0.1V的直流电压,利用直流四端子法测定室温电阻值,计算该室温电阻值的每单位长度的电阻而作为电阻率(ρ25)。
对于“PTC位数”,利用与上述室温电阻值的情况相同的方法,测定25℃的室温电阻值(R25)和250℃的电阻值(R250),将根据ΔR=log(R250/R25)的式子求出的电阻变化率ΔR作为“PTC位数”。
对于“Tc”(居里点),将上述电阻率(ρ25)达到2倍的点的温度定义为居里点。
对于“Δρ/ρ0(可靠性)”,将所得的评价用PTC热敏电阻放入150℃的高温槽,放置1000小时,利用与上述室温电阻率(ρ25)的情况相同的方法,测定出在1000小时后从高温槽中取出的评价用的PTC热敏电阻的室温电阻率(ρ25’)。这样,定义为放入高温槽之前与之后的室温电阻率的变化率((ρ25’-ρ25)/ρ25)。本指标表示可靠性,数值越大,则表示可靠性越不充分。
这里,将电阻率为100Ω·cm以上、PTC位数小于3.0、Tc小于120℃、可靠性为30%以上的设为本申请发明的范围外。
[表1]
Figure BPA00001332450300071
*表示本申请第一发明的范围外
**表示本申请第二发明的范围外
从表1可以清楚地看到,在试样编号2~4、7~12、16、17、20~23、26~32、36~40中,电阻率小于100Ω·cm,PTC位数为3.0以上,Tc为120℃以上,可靠性小于30%。
另一方面可知,试样编号1由于Sr的含量为0,因此陶瓷的烧结性不够充分,Δρ/ρ0为53%,可靠性非常低。另外,试样编号5的Sr的含量相对于100摩尔份的Ti多达0.15摩尔份,因此被认为是Sr的原本的作为向低温侧的偏移组分的功能起到很大的作用。由此,Tc与BaTiO3单体本来所具有的居里点(120℃)相比有所降低。
对于试样编号6可知,由于Na及Bi的合计量很少,相对于100摩尔份的Ti为0.02摩尔份,因此可靠性降低到Δρ/ρ0为67%。另外,PTC位数变小为2.7。另外,试样编号13由于Na及Bi的合计量多,相对于100摩尔份的Ti为0.24摩尔份。由于含有过多的Na及Bi,因此电阻率升高到245Ω·cm,并且可靠性降低到Δρ/ρ0为32%。
试样编号14~24是比较了Na及Bi的合计量与Sr的含量的关系的数据,可知,试样编号14、15、18、19中,Sr含量相对于Na及Bi的合计含量较少的情况下,Δρ/ρ0超过40%,可靠性恶化。根据该数据可知,在Na及Bi的合计含量过多的情况下,Na及Bi的合计含量与Sr的含量的差必须在10mol%(相对于100摩尔份的Ti为10摩尔份)以内。另外,试样编号24由于Sr的含量多,因此被认为是Sr原本所具有的作为向低温侧的偏移组分的功能起到很大的作用。由此,与BaTiO3单体本来所具有的居里点(120℃)相比Tc有所降低。根据本发明人等的见解,得到如下的看法,即,可以认为,在本申请发明的材料系中,通过含有Na及Bi,居里温度约上升+5℃/mol%,而通过含有Sr,引起约-4℃/mol%的下降。从上述的观点出发,通过使Sr的含量(y)与Na及Bi的合计含量(x)的关系满足x-0.10≤y≤(5/4)·x,就可以提供居里点高并且可靠性优异的PTC热敏电阻。
另外可知,试样编号25由于作为稀土类元素的Y的含量很少,相对于100摩尔份的Ti为0.0001摩尔份,因此电阻率提高到324Ω·cm,无法实现充分的半导体化。另外可知,试样编号33由于作为稀土类元素的Y的含量大,为0.02摩尔份,因此电阻率提高到266Ω·cm,PTC位数变小。
另外,试样编号34、35由于Mn的含量相对于100摩尔份的Ti为0或0.001摩尔份,因此无法充分地发挥添加Mn的效果,无法获得足够的PTC特性。另外,试样编号41由于Mn的含量相对于100摩尔份的Ti为0.50摩尔份,因此电阻率大幅度上升。另一方面可知,对于试样编号36~40,通过将Mn的含量设为相对于100摩尔份的Ti为0.01摩尔份以上0.2摩尔份以下的范围,PTC位数就为3.0以上,更为优选。
而且,一般来说已知,在用Sr来置换钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物的Ba的一部分的情况下,居里点会向低温侧偏移。由此,一般来说将Sr作为向低温侧的偏移组分利用。但是可知,在本申请发明的试样编号10~12、16、17、20及21的情况下,可以获得如下的效果,即,钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物与BaTiO3单体(试样1)相比,居里点大致同等(±5℃)或变高。由此可知,更优选0.15≤x≤0.20并且0.05≤y≤0.12、0.0005≤z≤0.015并且x-0.10≤y≤(5/4)·x的情况。
符号说明
1  PTC热敏电阻
2  陶瓷坯材
3a、3b  电极

Claims (3)

1.一种钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物,其特征在于,
以组成式(Ba1-x-y-zSry(A1Bi)xA2z)TiO3表示,A1是碱金属元素,A2是稀土类元素,x、y、z满足以下的式子:
0.03≤x≤0.20、
0.02≤y≤0.20、
0.0005≤z≤0.015并且
x-0.10≤y≤(5/4)·x。
2.根据权利要求1所述的钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物,其特征在于,相对于100摩尔份的Ti添加0.01摩尔份以上0.20摩尔份以下的Mn。
3.一种PTC热敏电阻,其特征在于,
其是具备陶瓷坯材、形成于所述陶瓷坯材的相对向的两个主面上的电极的PTC热敏电阻,
所述陶瓷坯材由权利要求1或2所述的钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物构成。 
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