CN102159735A - 电气和电子设备的处置 - Google Patents
电气和电子设备的处置 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102159735A CN102159735A CN2009801371059A CN200980137105A CN102159735A CN 102159735 A CN102159735 A CN 102159735A CN 2009801371059 A CN2009801371059 A CN 2009801371059A CN 200980137105 A CN200980137105 A CN 200980137105A CN 102159735 A CN102159735 A CN 102159735A
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- Prior art keywords
- melting treatment
- volatile
- product
- metal
- container
- Prior art date
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- Pending
Links
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- 229910052693 Europium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
- B29B17/02—Separating plastics from other materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B5/00—Operations not covered by a single other subclass or by a single other group in this subclass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J11/00—Recovery or working-up of waste materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
- C10B53/07—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of solid raw materials consisting of synthetic polymeric materials, e.g. tyres
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/10—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal from rubber or rubber waste
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B25/00—Obtaining tin
- C22B25/06—Obtaining tin from scrap, especially tin scrap
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
- C22B7/001—Dry processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
- C22B7/001—Dry processes
- C22B7/003—Dry processes only remelting, e.g. of chips, borings, turnings; apparatus used therefor
-
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于处置包含塑料和金属组分的电气和电子设备的方法,所述方法包括:熔融处理所述设备和/或其粉碎部件以形成熔融处理产物;将所述熔融处理产物转移至容器内并利用远红外辐射加热该产物,使其释放挥发性烃并留下包括金属的非挥发性残留物;和收集所述挥发性烃和所述非挥发性残留物中之一或二者用于后续使用。
Description
技术领域
本发明一般性涉及电气和电子设备的处置,具体涉及用于处置该设备以从中回收可用产品的方法。
背景技术
如同大部分无用的消费品一样,无用的电气和电子设备最终进入城市废品站进行处置。直到最近,最常用的处置方法还是将废弃的电气和电子设备(通常称为“WEEE”或“e-waste”)掩埋在垃圾填埋地点。但是,随着环境意识的逐渐增加,对于这种处置WEEE的方式的关注度越来越高。例如,在20世纪90年代,部分欧洲国家引入了禁止在垃圾填埋场处置WEEE的法律。
由于预期禁止在垃圾填埋地点处置WEEE的趋势在未来将会扩大,因此需要发展废弃物处置的新技术。如果处置正确,则WEEE可提供有价值的再生原料来源。例如,WEEE的常见组分包括多种类型的塑料和元素,例如铅、锡、铜、硅、铍、碳、铁、铝、镉、汞、铊、镅、锑、砷、钡、铋、硼、钴、铕、镓、锗、金、铟、锂、锰、镍、铌、钯、铂、铑、钌、硒、银、钽、铽、钍、钛、钒和钇。但是,如果处置不正确(例如置于垃圾填埋场),则WEEE的常见组分可作为有毒物质和致癌物质的主要来源存在。
由于WEEE通常具有复杂且多组分的结构,因此目前已被证明难以安全、经济、有效地处置和回收WEEE。已使用的一种方法涉及粉碎WEEE并且利用复杂设备来分离各种金属和塑料组分。然后将分离的组分卖给金属和塑料回收商。但是,粉碎组分的复杂混合物分离所需的设备非常昂贵。此外,分离工艺还很不完善,这进而限制了“分离”材料的应用。
因此,仍有机会解决或消除与现有WEEE处置方法相关的一个或多个缺陷或缺点,或者至少提供有用的替代方法。
发明内容
本发明因此提供一种用于处置包含塑料和金属组分的电气和电子设备的方法,该方法包括:
熔融处理所述设备和/或其粉碎部分以形成熔融处理产物;
将所述熔融处理产物转移至容器内并利用远红外辐射加热该产品,使其释放出挥发性烃并留下包括金属的非挥发性残留物;和
收集所述挥发性烃和所述非挥发性残留物中之一或二者用于后续使用。
通过本发明的方法,不仅可以安全、经济和有效地处置无用的电气和电子设备,而且这样做还可以从所述设备中分离出大量有价值的再生原料。具体而言,电气和电子设备中的塑料被转化成可收集和用作石油产品的挥发性烃。此外,得自本方法的非挥发性残留物包括电气和电子设备中的金属。该金属随后可从收集的残留物中分离并纯化以提供包括贵金属的各种金属的有价值来源。
通常,收集所述挥发性烃和所述非挥发性残留物二者用于后续使用。
本发明因此还提供根据本发明方法产生的烃和从根据本发明方法产生的非挥发性残留物中分离出的金属。
与常规的电气和电子设备处理技术不同的是,本发明方法不需要精心分离金属组分和塑料组分或者将金属和塑料组分分离成其各自类别。具体而言,只要电气和电子设备可以熔融处理,则对于可存在的金属和塑料组分的类型和量就没有限制。这种容许金属和塑料组分的能力大大简化了设备的处理。
在熔融处理电气和电子设备之后,将所得的熔融处理产物转移进容器中,在该容器中所述产品暴露于远红外辐射(FIR)中。FIR促进产品加热以将产品中的塑料材料转化成挥发性烃并留下包括金属的非挥发性残留物。已经发现,可以利用FIR作为加热手段以受控方式快速加热熔融处理产物。本方法的这一步骤实际上用作分离塑料组分和金属组分的简单有效的手段。
在本发明方法中使用未经仔细分离塑料和金属组分的电气和电子设备原料的能力以及采用FIR加热将原料中的塑料转化成挥发性烃相信会共同增强原料中的增值产品的处置和回收的效率、效能和安全性。
以下详细讨论本发明的其它方面。
附图说明
本文中将参照附图仅通过实施例来说明本发明的实施方案。
图1显示可用于实施根据本发明的方法的系统的工艺流程图。
具体实施方式
根据本发明的方法提供用于处置“电气和电子设备”的手段。“电气和电子设备”是指至少由塑料和金属材料构成并包含以电为动力的一个或多个特征或部件的消费产品。这种设备包括但不限于:计算机、打印机、复印机、扫描仪、电话、照相机以及娱乐设备。
当本方法提供用于“处置”设备的手段时,应该理解该设备通常是无用的且被视为废弃物。这种设备在本领域中通常被称为“电子废弃物”、“e-waste”或“废弃的电气和电子设备”(WEEE)。为了方便起见,根据本发明使用的电气和电子设备在下文中将被简称为WEEE。
根据本发明使用的WEEE包含金属和塑料组分。在制造电气和电子设备时通常使用范围广泛的塑料材料。该塑料材料包括但不限于:聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)、丙烯酸酯-苯乙烯-丙烯腈(ASA)、苯乙烯-丙烯腈(SAN)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)、聚氨酯(PU)、环氧树脂(EP)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚酰胺如尼龙(PA)、聚甲醛(POM)、聚酯如聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、不饱和聚酯(UP)以及它们的组合或共混物。
在这些塑料材料中,苯乙烯类树脂如ABS、ASA、HIPS、SAN和PS以及PP和PC,或其共混物占电气和电子设备制造中所用塑料的大部分。
本领域技术人员将会认识到,回收塑料材料的常规技术通常不仅需要将塑料材料与非塑料材料分离,而且还需要将分离出的材料根据塑料类型进行分类。考虑到电气和电子设备制造中所用塑料的范围广泛,常规回收技术一般不适用于处理WEEE。
相反,根据本发明的方法不仅可以容许处理大多数的塑料材料,而且塑料材料可以被非塑料组分例如金属所污染,并因此特别适用于处理WEEE。根据本发明所用的WEEE的类型/形式,可能有必要在进行熔融处理之前将部分或全部的WEEE粉碎或解体。例如,可在进行熔融处理之前对WEEE进行粉碎加工例如压碎或破碎。为了方便起见,本文所用术语“WEEE”用于包括完整的和/或解体的WEEE。
根据所用WEEE的类型,也可期望在实施本发明方法之前,从原料中分离明显的金属和非塑料组分例如玻璃。例如,处于其消费后形式的WEEE可首先送入破碎机或锤磨机中以粉碎该设备。所得的被粉碎设备然后可经过筛选工艺以移除例如玻璃和调色剂粉末,然后利用磁性和涡电流分离方法移除大块或明显的磁性(例如,主要含铁的钢)和非磁性(例如,主要是铝)的金属组分。
WEEE中的常见金属包括但不限于:铅,例如焊料形式或铅酸电池形式;锡,例如焊料形式和元件引线上的涂层形式;铜,例如导线、印刷电路板轨迹和元件引线形式;镉,例如光敏抗蚀剂和耐腐蚀合金形式;铝,例如散热器形式;铁,例如钢制底架、机壳和固定件形式;镍和镉,例如镍镉电池形式;锌,例如钢制部件上的涂层形式;贵金属如金、银、铂和钯,例如主要用于计算机设备中的接插件镀层形式;和汞,例如倾斜开关形式。
本发明方法包括熔融处理WEEE以形成熔融处理产物。“熔融处理”是指在熔融混合装置中处理WEEE以使WEEE的塑料组分转变成熔融态。
熔融处理可以利用本领域公知的技术和设备来实施。通常,熔融处理利用连续挤出设备例如单螺杆挤出机、双螺杆挤出机、其它多螺杆挤出机或法雷尔连续混合机来实现。
熔融处理在合适温度下进行足够长时间以使WEEE的塑料组分变成熔体。本领域技术人员将会理解,进行熔融处理的温度一般取决于所处理的塑料组分的性质。通常,WEEE在约220℃至约260℃的温度下进行熔融处理。
因此,应该理解的是,进行熔融处理的WEEE的成分将包括足够的塑料材料以使熔融处理能够进行。通常,进行熔融处理的WEEE将包含至少约70wt%的塑料材料。电气和电子设备一般只包含约20-30wt%的塑料材料,但是在经粉碎处理移除明显的非塑料材料之后,其塑料含量通常增加到约70wt%。
用于制造电气和电子设备的塑料材料可包含多种添加剂,例如阻燃剂。常用的阻燃剂包括溴化化合物例如多溴联苯(PBB)和多溴联苯醚(PBDE)。常用的溴化阻燃剂包括但不限于:四溴联苯酚A(TBBPA)、十溴联苯醚(DecaBDE)、八溴联苯醚(OctaBDE)和1,2-双-三溴苯氧乙烷(TBPE)。
在进行熔融处理的塑料材料中存在阻燃剂可导致释放出有毒化合物例如氢氯酸、氢溴酸以及氯化/溴化二英和呋喃。如果这种有毒化合物在WEEE的熔融处理过程中产生,则可通过对熔融的WEEE实施抽真空工艺来减少其在所得的熔融处理产物中的浓度。例如,可利用排气至一个或多个真空泵的常规熔融混合装置例如挤出机来熔融处理WEEE。从熔体中抽出的挥发性产物可利用常规技术例如冷捕获和/或洗涤(例如碱洗除去抽出的酸化合物)来安全地收集。
根据本方法,通过熔融处理WEEE形成的熔融处理产物然后送入容器中。熔融处理产物可首先收集、贮存,然后转移至容器中,但通常是在尚处于熔融态时直接转移至容器中。
对于可根据本发明使用的容器的类型没有特别的限制,只要其能够易于容纳熔融处理产物并承受本方法过程中所经历的化学环境和温度即可。该容器可例如由不锈钢制造。本领域技术人员通常可称该容器为“热解反应器”。
该容器也适于使从熔融处理产物中释放的挥发性烃可被收集。例如,该容器通常在位于熔融处理产物上方的头部空间中具有至少一个出口,其设计用于收集挥发性烃。收集的挥发性烃通常是诸如烯烃、石蜡和芳香烃的化合物的混合物。例如,挥发性烃可包括C1-C22烃化合物的混合物。本领域技术人员将会理解这种化合物可易于用作多种石油产品。在一个实施方案中,收集的挥发性烃包含柴油、汽油和液化石油气(LPG)级份中的至少一种。
除了适于收集烯烃之外,该容器还适于移除包括金属的非挥发性残留物。例如,通常在该容器中还有设计用于移除该残留物的至少一个出口。
该容器还可装配有用于搅动或搅拌该容器内的熔融处理产物以促进产品均匀加热的装置。例如,该容器可包括一个或多个在容器内旋转并搅拌产品的搅拌部件。
本方法的重要特征在于利用FIR加热熔融处理产物,使得从中释放出挥发性烃。挥发性烃可仅由于已存在于产品中的烃的热解吸和/或由于产品中存在的塑料发生热解而从产品中释放。
热解是将有机物转化成挥发性烃的公知化学过程。热解也可以导致产生非烃挥发物例如氢气。
与常规热解技术不同,本发明的方法允许熔融处理产物在相对低的温度(例如将产品加热至约360℃至约450℃的温度范围)下热解。这种低热解温度是由于从FIR到产品的有效且高效的热传递而实现的。
熔融处理产物的热解通常在不存在氧的情况下进行,并且可以在存在合适的催化剂的情况下进行以促进产品中塑料材料的热裂解。
已经发现,利用FIR快速加热和控制熔融处理产物的温度以及随后在相对低的温度下进行热解的能力改善了产品中的塑料材料转化成挥发性烃的效率并且还减少了容器中焦炭的形成。不希望受到理论的限制,据信相对低的温度以及在该温度下短的暴露时间使得挥发性烃的形成最大化并且还减少了容器内焦炭的形成。
通过FIR加热熔融处理产物可以通过任何合适的装置来进行。例如,可以在容器内设置一个或多个FIR加热器。通常,在容器内设置多个FIR加热器。因此,FIR加热器为加热产品提供“内部”或“直接”手段,这与常规热解技术中使用的“外部”或“间接”手段不同。
本领域技术人员将会理解,FIR定义为电磁波谱中处于中红外辐射和微波辐射之间的部分。
常规FIR加热器可有利地用于本发明以提供FIR源。FIR加热器当然将构建为耐受本方法所遭遇的条件。例如,FIR加热器可为涂有适当的发射体(emitter)化合物的不锈钢套管包覆的陶瓷棒元件形式。FIR加热器可设置在容器内以间接接触熔融处理产物并促进对其有效且高效加热。
从熔融处理产物中释放的挥发性烃可通过任何合适的手段进行收集。通常,容器适于包括回流柱分馏器,使得所收集的挥发性烃可根据其沸点得到分离。根据需要,可在柱的上部引入低沸点级份(即“轻”级份)以通过逆流吸收从沿着柱内填料上升的烃蒸气中除去高沸点级份(即“重”级份)。这样,高沸点级份可回到反应器中进行进一步热解。
然后,可将所收集的烃用于各种应用/产品中,或者根据需要,在二级回流柱分馏器中进行精炼,其可用于将级份进一步分离成更细分的石油产品。
本发明方法通常还产生一部分不可冷凝(在大气压力下)烃例如LPG范围内的轻质烃。这种烃气体可通过燃烧来处置。或者,可以用作发电装置的燃料,该发电装置可发电以为与实施本发明方法相关的设备提供电力。例如,所产生的电力可用于为本方法所用的FIR加热器和其它加热和泵送单元提供电力。
当根据本方法使用的WEEE包含配有阻燃剂的塑料材料时,引入容器中的熔融处理产物可含有阻燃剂或其降解产物。如上所述,可通过减压熔融处理WEEE来减少在熔融处理产物中的阻燃剂降解产物的量。
尽管减压熔融处理WEEE,但是所得的熔融处理产物还是可能包含阻燃剂和/或其降解产物。在这种情况下,利用FIR加热容器中的产品可使阻燃剂和/或其降解产物挥发,导致污染所释放的烃。因此,从容器中收集的挥发性烃产物可能包含阻燃剂和/或其降解产物。当不希望在所收集的烃蒸气中存在这种化合物时,可对烃实施常规纯化技术例如分馏和/或洗涤以除去这样的污染物。
作为减少可能污染所收集的烃的阻燃剂和/或其降解产物的量的替代或附加技术,可以随熔融处理产物将沸石例如Y-沸石引入容器内。具体而言,已知沸石具有从热解产物中除去溴化化合物的能力。
除了释放出挥发性烃之外,根据本方法加热熔融处理产物还将产生包括金属的非挥发性残留物。残留物的金属含量将随所用的WEEE的组成而变化,并且其余的残留物通常为碳质材料以及任何其它非挥发性材料例如陶瓷和玻璃的形式。为了方便起见,这种残留物在下文中合称为“热解残留物”。
容器通常适于通过例如位于容器底部的出口阀容易地移除热解残留物。从容器中移除的热解残留物可包含残留的有机材料例如未热解塑料和/或释放的重质烃。在这种情况下,可将新分离的残留物进行二次加热处理,例如利用经过FIR热通道来进行,由此使存在的所有残留的塑料或烃从残留物中热解/挥发出来以产生相对自由流动松散的包括金属的热解残留物粉末。通过这种二次加热处理产生的挥发烃可重新引入容器中根据本发明进行处理。
然后,可收集新分离的包括金属的热解残留物以用于后续用途。例如,可利用常规的分离/纯化技术来分离和纯化残留物中的金属。在这种情况下,可首先在火焰炉中处理残留物以收集所存在的大部分的铅。然后,可在鼓风炉中处理所得的炉渣,其中可从排出的蒸气流中收集诸如锌和锡的金属。然后,可在阳极炉中处理鼓风炉渣以富集通常称为“阳极泥”的剩余金属。然后,可通过电解精炼来处理该阳极泥以收集其它金属。例如,可通过铜电解精炼来处理该泥以收集铜,而将所得的滤渣进行熔炼以合并其它金属。然后,对熔炼产物进行银电解精炼以收集银。来自该工艺的阳极泥通常富含贵金属(例如,金、铂、钯),可根据需要通过常规手段进一步纯化该金属。
根据本发明的方法可以采取连续、半连续或间歇模式进行。本方法通常以连续模式操作。
根据方面的方法可利用在图1所示的流程图中示意性说明的系统来实施。在这种情况下,将WEEE引入熔融混合装置(20)例如挤出机的进料斗(10)。熔融混合装置可排气至一个或多个真空泵(未示出),以从熔融的WEEE中提取诸如阻燃剂和/或其降解产物的挥发组分。然后,将所得的熔融处理产物在仍处于熔融态的时候引入反应容器(30)中。可利用混合元件(40)例如桨叶搅拌器搅拌引入容器中的熔融处理产物。
根据本方法,通过FIR加热熔融处理产物。FIR通常通过多个FIR加热器(50)产生。FIR加热器可包括涂有适当的发射体化合物的不锈钢套管包覆的陶瓷棒元件。每个FIR加热棒通常具有12kW的最小加热能力。熔融处理产物通常被加热至约360℃至约450℃的温度。加热该产品将促进其中所含的挥发性烃以及通过热解形成的挥发性烃的释放。可在回流柱分馏器(70)上的合适位置(60)处收集释放的烃(未示出)。所收集的烃可通过经过洗涤器(未示出)和/或通过送入第二回流柱分馏器(未示出)来进一步纯化。进一步分馏可例如使得挥发性烃可被分离成特定的石油产品。
所收集的挥发性烃还可包含不可冷凝(在大气压力下)烃例如液化石油气(LPG)范围内的烃。这种不可冷凝烃通常从回流柱分馏器(70)的顶部(80)收集并且可通过燃烧(未示出)来处置或用作发电装置(未示出)的燃料。该发电装置可用于为与本方法所用设备相关的FIR加热器和电动机提供电力。
容器上还连接有用于从容器中移除热解残留物的出口端口(90)。从容器中移除的热解残留物可包含残留的有机材料例如未热解的塑料和/或释放的重质烃。在这种情况下,热解残留物可排放入热管道(100)中,其中可使用加热元件(110)例如FIR加热器来驱除所有的挥发性烃和/或热解所有剩余的有机材料。所形成的任何挥发性烃可重新引入容器中。当进行这种进一步加热处理时,产生松散粉末形式的包含金属的热解残留物(120)。
然后,可进一步处理(未示出)包含金属的热解残留物(120)以分离和纯化其中所含的金属。
该系统可以采取连续、半连续和间歇模式操作。该系统也可基本密闭操作,从而使大气排放最小化。
参照以下非限制性实施例进一步描述本发明的实施方案。
实施例
实施例1
利用Brentwood Industrial Shredders的四轴粉碎机粉碎主要包括打印机和复印机的WEEE。然后,通过金属分离(磁性和涡电流)和筛选从粉碎的WEEE中除去大块的金属和玻璃。所得的粉碎WEEE的混合塑料含量为约85wt%,并且主要包括HIPS、ABS、PC/ABS、Noryl(PPO-PS)以及部分的聚烯烃。然后,利用排气挤出机在250℃下对粉碎的WEEE进行熔融处理并将其直接送入不锈钢(SS316)热解容器中。然后,在容器内通过43根远红外加热棒(“内加热”)将熔融处理产物加热至约425℃以促进塑料材料的热解。冷凝并收集在热解过程中释放的挥发性烃,以得到约70%(以熔融处理产物的重量计)的液体,该液体包括约50%的C11-C22(柴油)加上约20%的乙苯和约30%的苯乙烯的混合物。从容器中移出剩余的非挥发性残留物(熔融处理产物重量的约30%)并通过后续的炉/熔炼/精炼过程进行处理,以得到以下金属:Pb(8%)、Cu(7%)、Fe(7%)、Ag(0.4%)、Au(0.2%),其余的为碳(以非挥发性残留物的重量计)。
在这个说明书和权利要求书中,除非上下文中另有要求,否则用语“包括”以及诸如“包含”和“含有”的用语均应理解为是指包括所指出的整数或步骤或整数或步骤的集合,但不排除任何其它的整数或步骤或整数或步骤的集合。
Claims (16)
1.一种用于处置包含塑料和金属组分的电气和电子设备的方法,所述方法包括:
熔融处理所述设备和/或其粉碎部分以形成熔融处理产物;
将所述熔融处理产物转移至容器内并利用远红外辐射加热该产物,使其释放出挥发性烃并留下包括金属的非挥发性残留物;和
收集所述挥发性烃和所述非挥发性残留物中的之一或二者用于后续使用。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述电气和电子设备在进行熔融处理之前进行粉碎处理。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中在进行熔融处理之前,对粉碎的电气和电子设备进行分离处理,以从中至少移除磁性组分。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其中利用排气至一个或多个真空泵的挤出机对所述电气和电子设备和/或其粉碎部分进行熔融处理以从熔体中移除挥发性化合物。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中利用冷捕获和/或经过碱洗器来收集通过真空泵移除的所述挥发性化合物。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的方法,其中所述熔融处理在约220℃至约260℃范围的温度下进行。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的方法,其中将沸石与所述熔融处理产物一起引入所述容器中。
8.根据权利要求1-7中任一项所述的方法,其中所述远红外辐射通过多个远红外辐射加热器提供,所述多个远红外辐射加热器各自至少部分浸没在所述熔融处理产物中。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述远红外加热器为涂有辐射体化合物的不锈钢套管所覆盖的陶瓷棒元件形式。
10.根据权利要求1-9中任一项所述的方法,其中所述熔融处理产物通过所述远红外辐射加热至约360℃至约450℃的温度。
11.根据权利要求1-10中任一项所述的方法,其中利用回流柱分馏器收集所述挥发性烃。
12.根据权利要求1-11中任一项所述的方法,其中所收集的挥发性烃包含柴油、汽油和液化石油气(LPG)级份中的至少一种。
13.根据权利要求1-12中任一项所述的方法,其中在收集之前,从所述容器中排放出所述非挥发性残留物并利用远红外辐射对其进行加热以驱除所有残留的挥发性烃。
14.根据权利要求1-13中任一项所述的方法,其还包括纯化和分离在所收集的非挥发性残留物中所含的金属。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中通过利用反射炉、鼓风炉、阳极炉或电解精炼技术中的一种或更多种处理所收集的非挥发性残留物来纯化和分离所述金属。
16.根据权利要求14或15所述的方法,其中所纯化和分离的金属选自铅、锡、铜、镉、铝、铁、镍、锌、金、银、铂和钯中的一种或更多种。
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Also Published As
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JP2012500110A (ja) | 2012-01-05 |
EP2334833A1 (en) | 2011-06-22 |
US8864946B2 (en) | 2014-10-21 |
ES2557308T3 (es) | 2016-01-25 |
RU2011110385A (ru) | 2012-09-27 |
DK2334833T3 (en) | 2016-01-11 |
KR20110054019A (ko) | 2011-05-24 |
MY152962A (en) | 2014-12-15 |
WO2010019993A1 (en) | 2010-02-25 |
EP2334833A4 (en) | 2014-11-19 |
HUE026383T2 (en) | 2016-06-28 |
BRPI0917398A2 (pt) | 2015-12-01 |
AU2009284688A1 (en) | 2010-02-25 |
BRPI0917398B1 (pt) | 2017-03-28 |
ZA201101333B (en) | 2012-04-25 |
HK1159193A1 (zh) | 2012-07-27 |
PL2334833T3 (pl) | 2016-04-29 |
UA101053C2 (ru) | 2013-02-25 |
AU2009284688B2 (en) | 2015-09-17 |
PT2334833E (pt) | 2016-01-27 |
CA2734737C (en) | 2016-04-19 |
MX2011001878A (es) | 2011-08-12 |
CA2734737A1 (en) | 2010-02-25 |
EP2334833B1 (en) | 2015-09-30 |
US20110230689A1 (en) | 2011-09-22 |
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