CN102149368B - 治疗剂通过粘膜或皮肤吸收的改善 - Google Patents
治疗剂通过粘膜或皮肤吸收的改善 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102149368B CN102149368B CN200980135458.5A CN200980135458A CN102149368B CN 102149368 B CN102149368 B CN 102149368B CN 200980135458 A CN200980135458 A CN 200980135458A CN 102149368 B CN102149368 B CN 102149368B
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Abstract
可以使用包含聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯的吸收促进剂促进治疗剂通过粘膜或皮肤吸收。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及治疗剂通过粘膜或皮肤吸收的促进。本发明特别涉及聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯在促进药物活性治疗剂的跨粘膜或透皮递送中的应用。本发明还涉及药物活性治疗剂对粘膜或皮肤给药的组合物和方法。
发明背景
治疗剂通过粘膜给药是本领域众所周知的。可以将治疗剂递送至鼻腔、阴道腔、通过肺、口含、舌下、直肠、口服递送和递送至眼,以便局部治疗疾病或起全身效应。
通过可吸收粘膜例如颊、鼻、眼、口、舌下、直肠和阴道粘膜递药提供超过其他给药途径的不同优势。特别地,这些体腔易于接近,由此给药是便利的。除通过胃肠道外,通过粘膜途径给予的治疗剂被直接转运入体循环且由此避免了首过代谢。粘膜递送途径也提供快速药理学响应的潜能,尤其是鼻和肺的递送途径。亲脂性药物例如普萘洛尔和芬太尼易于通过鼻粘膜吸收,从而产生高生物利用度。
另外,在通过穿越嗅粘膜的鼻部给药或通过鼻腔内的三叉神经系统转运后,药物可以直接被吸收入CNS。
尽管粘膜递送途径具有优势,但是许多治疗剂例如肽类和蛋白质和亲水性小分子量药物因其物化特性(例如大分子量、亲水性、不稳定性) 而难以通过粘膜被吸收,且由此必须通过注射或输注给药。就这些药物的一些而言,例如对1型糖尿病给予的胰岛素,通过注射的每日多次给药是必需的且导致不依从性,尤其是在年轻患者中(Drug DiscoveryToday,7,2002,1184-1189;J Control Rel,87,2003,187-本发明用于递送具有低分子量的小分子治疗剂。所谓术语“低分子量”意指小于约1000Da的分子量。
198)。特别地,大分子量和/或高亲水性活性剂难以通过粘膜被吸收。
粘膜提供对外部环境的保护屏障且其上衬有提供对毒素、细菌和病毒进入的屏障的上皮细胞。涉及治疗剂通过粘膜转运的途径包括跨细胞和细胞旁(paracellular)转运。在跨细胞途径中,治疗剂可以通过被动或载体介导的转运系统被转运。被动的跨细胞途径包括透过顶端细胞膜、胞内空间和基底外侧膜且限于相对小的疏水性化合物。较大的化合物可以通过胞吞作用被吸收,但这种机制是选择性的,例如对特定种类的分子和天然转运的类似物的结构类似物,且一般不包括高度极性的化合物。细胞旁转运允许较大的更具亲水性的治疗剂通过经上皮细胞间连接点的被动扩散通过粘膜。治疗剂的细胞旁转运由此限于紧密的上皮结点。
因此,难以通过粘膜吸收的活性剂可以包括亲水性的小分子。实例包括吗啉和其他类似阿片类物质。更常见的是,它们是大的高分子量分子且转运因它们的大小及它们的亲水性而受到抑制。这是生物药物(biologic drug)或“生物制品”的具体难题,例如肽类和蛋白质、聚核酸、SiRNA、RNA和抗原,因为它们大部分是具有极性的大分子量分子。这一问题因发现生物制品数量增加而加剧,因为生物技术研究和科学发展在增长。
有关生物制品递送的另一个问题在于生物制品易于通过酶例如肽酶和蛋白酶降解,尤其是在通过胃肠道给药时。通过例如鼻腔内层中发现的粘膜递送可以提供重要的可替代选择递送途径,其中酶降解有限。
为了改善这些药物通过粘膜表面的转运,已经使用包括吸收促进剂的制剂取得了一定成功,尤其是在通过鼻部给药递送时。迄今为止使用的吸收剂包括表面活性剂、胶凝微球和生物粘合性聚合物,脱乙酰壳多糖。这些系统的实例由Illum和Fisher综述在“Inhalation Delivery of Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins”,Adjei和Gupta(eds.)Marcel Dekker Inc,New York(1997),135-184中和由Costantino,Illum,Brandt,Johnson和Quay综述在Intranasal delivery:Physicochemical and Therapeutic Aspects,Int JPharm,337,2007,1-24中。
然而,在先鼻部研究中使用的吸收促进剂例如水杨酸酯类、胆汁盐类和胆汁盐衍生物、磷脂类和溶血磷脂类、十二烷基硫酸钠和环糊精和脱乙酰壳多糖衍生物在一些情况中显示导致对粘膜的刺激或损伤。
已经研发了各种其他粘膜吸收促进剂以将治疗剂通过粘膜递送,但所报道的问题包括治疗剂的刺激、吸收不良和清除率,从而妨碍了成功吸收入体循环。许多赋形剂例如聚乙二醇和glycofurolum(US 5,397,771)可以是高度粘性的且由此不适合于鼻内和粘膜递送。
WO 03/070280描述了用作吸收促进剂和粘膜粘着剂的具有下式的单酸甘油酯和甘油二酯类
其中R1、R2和R3选自C6-C26脂肪酸、PEG聚合物和氢,条件是R1、R2和R3中至少一个是C6-C26脂肪酸残基且R1、R2和R2中至少一个是PEG聚合物残基。
WO 2004/064757描述了N,N-二甲基甘氨酸、硫辛酸、癸二酸和莽草酸及其盐在促进药物活性剂通过粘膜吸收中的应用。
WO 2006/097793描述了通过将分子引入水溶性组合物将治疗活性分子通过生物膜转移的组合物。可以将水溶性组合物浸入疏水性介质。疏水性介质可以由脂族、环状或芳族分子组成。适合的脂族疏水性介质的实例包括矿物油、单酸甘油酯类、甘油二酯类、甘油三酯类、醚类和酯类。适合的环状疏水性介质的实例包括萜类化合物、胆固醇、胆固醇衍生物和胆固醇酯类。芳族疏水性介质的实例包括苯甲酸苄酯。还用膜流化剂补充组合物,所述的膜流动剂可以是直链、支链、环状和芳族醇类。
WO 03/099264描述了用于阴道、口含或鼻部递送药物和低温防护细胞和胚胎的组合物。该组合物由不可电离的二醇衍生物与药物活性剂组合组成。还可以将不可电离的二醇衍生物与用于粘着粘膜且通过其转运的粘膜粘着剂和亲脂性或疏水性载体组合。不可电离的二醇衍生物是脂族二醇的共轭物或脂族二醇与脂族或芳族醇或酯类的共轭物。不可电离的二醇衍生物选自二醇酯、二醇醚、甘油酯类的混合物或其组合。
WO2005/046671涉及通过使紫杉醇在水性介质中沉淀以形成预混悬液、然后匀化形成紫杉醇或其衍生物的亚微米颗粒。产生的颗粒一般具有小于约1000nm的平均粒度且无法快速溶解。具有与水溶性或亲水性聚合物共轭的磷脂类的表面活性剂用于涂敷颗粒。将HS15指定为适合的表面活性剂的实例,且在实施例5中,描述了“认为作为匀化结果出现的稳定归因于表面活性剂在颗粒表面上的重排。这种重排应导致较低倾向性的颗粒聚集(31页,29-32行)”。因此,表面活性剂用于稳定颗粒并且防止凝聚。认为所述的颗粒因其尺寸小导致的溶出增加而显示生物利用度改善。
WO2006/108556涉及增溶难溶性胶体形式的活性剂例如皮质类固醇的表面活性剂和磷脂混合物的应用。羟基硬脂酸聚乙二醇酯( HS15)是典型表面活性剂之一。活性剂改善的溶解度能够将该活性剂改善地递送至指定部位。例如,胶体溶液的形成改善了用喷雾器的递送(优点在46页第8行-47页第22行中被讨论)。
WO99/32089涉及包含在水性介质中的胶束的药物组合物,其中胶束包含亲脂性糖皮质类固醇和一种和唯一一种药学可接受的表面活性剂。表面活性剂以小于总组成重量的5%w/w的低浓度使用(第7页,第1-2行),以便形成胶束。优选的表面活性剂是聚氧化亚乙基二醇660 12-羟基硬脂酸酯( HS15)。
US2007/259009涉及用于给予微溶性PDE4抑制剂的水性药物制剂。烷氧基化脂肪用作共溶剂,以便得到具有用于胃肠外制剂所必需的特性的澄清溶液([0006]段)。适合烷氧基化脂肪的优选实例是 HS15([0016]段)。
WO2005/105050和US2006/088592描述了用于口服递送难吸收药物的组合物。该组合物包括药物、用于增加药物通过肠粘膜吸收的促进剂和单独不会增加药物吸收、而在促进剂的存在下进一步增加药物吸收的增效剂。在实施例12中,使用 或生育酚琥珀酸酯聚乙二醇作为增溶剂增溶紫杉醇。实施例12中使用的促进剂和增效剂分别是硬脂酸蔗糖酯和葡糖胺。
US2007/082016涉及微乳预浓缩物形式的药物组合物,其包含在吸收促进载体介质中的δ-氨基-γ-羟基-ω-芳基-链烷酸酰胺肾素抑制剂,所述介质包含(a)亲脂性成分;(b)高HLB表面活性剂;和(c)亲水性成分。预浓缩物提供可自发分散的油包水型微乳,在被水性介质例如胃液进一步稀释时,它转换成水包油型微乳。适合的高HLB表面活性剂包括、但不限于抑制非离子型流量且由此促进吸收的表面活性剂([0037]段)。 HS15作为适合的流量抑制剂被举出([0038]段)。
WO01/19335涉及疫苗组合物,其中抗原被包囊在囊泡内,使得抗原通过粘膜递送。囊泡是具有洋葱样结构的多层脂质体,这种结构具有内部液晶结构,它由基于两亲试剂的与水层交替的同心双层堆积形成,所述的水层即水溶液或极性液体溶液并且掺入至少一种抗原。可以通过各种表面活性剂、举出的是聚乙二醇羟基硬脂酸酯形成囊泡。优选组合物包括不同表面活性剂的混合物。
WO00/00181涉及用于吸入递送皮质类固醇化合物的肺部药物递送组合物。高HLB表面活性剂、优选维生素E乙氧基化衍生物和/或聚乙二醇脂肪酸酯例如 HS15用于增溶皮质类固醇,以便可以通过喷雾或鼻递送来递送。
US2005/058702描述了有利于通过生物屏障转移带负电荷分子的手段,所述带负电荷的分子自身不能通过这种屏障(这些分子称作″效应物″)。该手段包括用离子型液体形成阳离子配制效应物。公开了制剂还可以包含至少两种物质的混合物,所述物质选自非离子型洗涤剂、离子型洗涤剂、蛋白酶抑制剂和还原剂。公开的实施例包括几种这类物质,其包括 HS15,不过,未指定该成分和其他成分的浓度。认为通过直肠或注入肠弯给予实施例制剂。
WO 2006/024138描述了具有热可逆特性的药物制剂,其包含(a)抗微生物剂;(b)包含至少两种泊洛沙姆聚合物的泊洛沙姆混合物;和(c)聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯,其中该制剂在室温下是固体,而在体温下是液体-凝胶。在优选的实施方案中,聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯是聚乙二醇660羟基硬脂酸酯。该制剂以栓剂形式使用,用于通过阴道或直肠途径给予和递送活性药理学活性剂。
Buggins等人在文献″The effects of pharmaceutical excipients on drugdisposition″,Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 59(2007)1482-1503中综述性地描述了如下内容:常用共溶剂和赋形剂对药物的药代动力学和能够影响药物沉积的生理系统的报道的效果。 对口服吸收的效果讨论在1497页上的4.3.4部分。 已经显示增加难溶性药物环孢素A的口服吸收。认为尽管抑制CYP3A(CYP450家族酶的成员)和P-Gp可以起作用,但是这种效果主要是因环孢素在肠液中的溶解度增加所致(BravoGonzalez等人Improved oral bioavailability of cyclosporin A in male Wistarrats.Comparison of a HS15 containing self-dispersing formulation anda microsuspension,Int.J.Pharm.245(2002)143-151)。
该文章还描述了如何研究 对水溶性药物秋水仙碱的口服吸收的效果。高溶解度秋水仙碱意味着口服吸收增加不太可能是因Solutol导致的药物溶解度在肠液中增加所致。启示抑制P-Gp和/或CYP450为可能的机制;作者推断CYP450抑制在这种情况中能够成为促进吸收的主要机制,因为CYP450浓度高且P-Gp浓度低(Bittner等人,Improvementof the bioavailability of colchicine in rats by co-administration of D-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate and a polyethoxylatedderivative of 12-hydroxy-stearic acid,Arzneim-Forsch,52(2002)684-688)。
还报道 HS15显著增加地高辛通过体外外翻的大鼠肠液囊转运,即归因于药物流量被P-Gp转运蛋白所抑制的效果(Cornaire等人,Impact of excipients on theabsorption of P-glycoprotein substrates in vitro and in vivo,Int.J.Pharm.278(2004)119-131)。
因此,现有技术包含大量羟基硬脂酸聚乙二醇酯类在药物组合物中的应用的公开文献。然而,这种应用限于增溶难溶性药物和/或抑制P-Gp和CYP450。实际上, HS15作为用于注射溶液的非离子型增 溶剂销售。迄今为止这种物质促进药物通过粘膜吸收的能力包括亲水性药物(就此而言增溶不是问题)和/或大分子药物例如许多生物制品尚未得到认可。
对研发有效的无毒性吸收促进剂系统仍然存在紧迫的需求,所述的吸收促进剂系统能够使得治疗相关的高分子量和/或亲水性化合物通过粘膜表面转运。
透皮递药-药物通过皮肤递送并且进入体循环-也可以是递药的有利途径,部分原因是皮肤的相关易接近性。然而,透皮递送还受到上述举出的药物通过粘膜递送的问题的阻碍。皮肤的低渗透性限制了可以以这种方式递送的药物数量,结果是许多亲水性化合物和/或高分子量化合物目前无法通过透皮途径递送。如果不使用吸收促进剂,则许多药物无法以足够的比例扩散入皮肤而得到治疗浓度。对透皮递送特别关注的是局部刺激在施用部位发生的可能性。对研发有效的无毒性吸收促进剂系统仍然存在需求,这种吸收促进剂系统用于促进高分子量和/或亲水性药物化合物的转运。
目前我们已经发现聚乙二醇的脂肪酸酯类能够显著促进广泛治疗剂通过粘膜表面或皮肤转运,而不会导致刺激,也不会生成任何损害,且由此构成了一组新的吸收促进剂。
如上所述,已知聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯类用作增溶剂。特别地,聚乙二醇660羟基脂肪酸酯(聚乙二醇15羟基硬脂酸酯)作为用于注射溶液的非离子型增溶剂销售。
发明概述
我们已经发现当将聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯与治疗剂一起对粘膜表 面例如鼻腔施用时,治疗剂通过粘膜表面吸收的程度远高于制剂中不存在聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯时的情况。当对皮肤施用聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯与治疗剂的组合时,可以观察到相同的吸收促进。
因此,本发明的第一个方面提供包含聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯的吸收促进剂作为促进治疗剂通过粘膜或皮肤吸收的试剂在药物组合物中的应用。
所谓通过粘膜或皮肤“促进吸收”的含义是治疗剂通过哺乳动物粘膜或皮肤的运动或转运改善。一般而言,吸收程度比不使用聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯的组合物的吸收程度增加至少10%,更优选增加至少25%或至少50%,且最优选比不使用聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯的组合物的吸收程度增加至少100%。
通过粘膜吸收入身体的治疗剂可以被吸收入局部区域,以显示局部效果和/或直接进入血流用于全身递送。
可以通过常规技术测定或评价吸收水平或吸收改变,例如在生物利用度方面,将其定义为粘膜或透皮给药后出现在血液中的治疗剂浓度与静脉内给药后测定的治疗剂浓度之比,表示为百分比。可以通过直接或间接方式测定或评价吸收。间接测量吸收的实例是测量血糖水平以评价胰岛素的吸收水平。作为定义,当通过静脉内给药时,其生物利用度是100%。然而,当通过另一种途径(例如口服或鼻部)给药时,其生物利用度因吸收不完全、吸收药物流量和/或药物代谢而通常下降。
所谓“治疗剂”的含义是任意的化学化合物或活性剂,其具有药理学活性并且在对哺乳动物包括人体受试者给药时显示治疗效果。它可以是合成或天然衍生的物质,其包括来源于生命来源例如人、动物或微生物的物质并且在特异性改造的细胞中生长。
治疗剂包括、但不限于低分子量药物、核酸、蛋白质、肽类和抗原。核酸包括、但不限于DNA、cDNA、RNA、siRNA、RNAi。其他大分子量治疗剂可以包括这种分子例如与聚合物或透入细胞的肽类的缀合物。
为了使药物吸收入体循环,它首先必须是溶液形式。预计难溶性化合物难以被吸收。然而,当为溶液形式时,化合物可被吸收,其程度依赖于许多其他因素,其包括:
a)药物的疏水性/亲水性(分配系数)。疏水性化合物更易于通过生物膜,通常通过跨细胞途径。亲水性化合物一般充分吸收程度较低且通过紧密连接部经细胞旁转运。蛋白质和肽类一般是亲水性的且由此无法充分吸收。
b)分子的大小。较小的药物分子更易于通过生物膜。由于蛋白质和肽类是相对大的分子,所以它们无法通过生物膜充分吸收。
c)主动转运-流入或流出。P-糖蛋白(P-Gp)是ATP-依赖性膜转运蛋白,其主动转运细胞外部的异生物质。免疫组织化学和功能研究已经显示P-Gp在上皮细胞顶面上被表达,其包括在小鼠、牛和人体内的肝、胰腺、肾、结肠、空肠和鼻粘膜内发现的那些细胞。在人体中,P-Gp是MDR-1基因的产物。通过输出吸收的药物,认为P-Gp在其底物沉积中起主要作用,导致治疗化合物的生物利用度差和活性降低。P-Gp的底物包括天然产物(来源于植物、真菌、细菌和海绵状物)及其小变体、合成化合物和不超过4个氨基酸长度的小疏水性肽类。使用已知底物和P-Gp抑制剂在体外(在细胞培养物中(例如Caco-2)和离体模型(例如外翻的大鼠肠))和体内中研究了P-Gp的功能,以探测转运蛋白的活性。
4)药物代谢/降解。存在于生物腔内(例如胃)、肝和位于生物膜上的酶可以在药物进入体循环之前降解药物(特别是蛋白质和肽类)。类似地,例如,胃的低pH可以降解药物例如蛋白质和肽类或使其变性,由此阻止了其吸收。
生物药剂学分类系统(Biopharmaceutics Classification System)(BCS)一般被视为预测药物吸收入体循环的指导原则。尽管它一般被应用于肠药物吸收,但是其原理也可以应用于其他药物吸收途径。根据BCS系统,药物物质被如下分类:
I类-高渗透性、高溶解度:这些化合物被充分吸收且其吸收率突出高于排泄率。
II类-高渗透性、低溶解度:这些产物的生物利用度受其溶剂化率限制。可以发现体内生物利用度与体外溶剂化之间的相关性。
III类-低渗透性、高溶解度:吸收受限于渗透率,但药物极快地溶剂化。
IV类-低渗透性、低溶解度:这些化合物具有极差的生物利用度。通常它们无法通过肠粘膜充分吸收且预计高度可变。
认为本发明特别适合于促进属于上述分类的III类内的药物递送和通常不视为BCS系统组成部分、但显示高溶解度和低渗透性的肽类、蛋白质、聚核酸、SiRNA、RNA和抗原。
根据FDA指导原则,“用于基于生物药剂学分类系统的即时释放固体口服剂型的体内生物利用度和生物等效性研究的放弃(Waiver of In Vivo Bioavailability andBioequivalence Studies for Immediate-Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms Based ona Biopharmaceutics Classification System)”:
药物可以被视为具有″高溶解度″,条件是在pH 1-7.5内的最低溶解度下需要少于250ml的溶剂(例如水)溶解最高剂量浓度。或者,可以将阈值设定在少于200ml溶剂或少于150ml。
基于质量平衡或与静脉内参比剂量比较,当将在人体内的吸收程度测定为>90%给药剂量时,认为药物物质具有高度渗透性。或者,如果例如在Caco-2细胞单层中测定的渗透系数小于1x10-4cm/秒,则药物可以被视为具有″低渗透性″。或者,可以将阈值设定在小于1x10-5cm/秒或小于1x10-6cm/秒。
本发明的具体优点在于它能够和/或改善治疗剂递送至呼吸道,特别是肺部递送和鼻腔或口腔。通过这些粘膜递送特别便利,且治疗剂可以被直接转运入体循环,由此避免因胃酸、胆汁、消化酶和其他首过效应而降解。作为结果,这些递送途径提供改善的起效潜能、较低的给药剂量和更准确的给药剂量,且由此可以提高治疗剂的功效和安全性。作为口服给药的可替代选择,这些可选择途径对吞咽障碍的患者和患有恶心的患者而言有益。
因此,本发明的第二个方面提供药物组合物,其包含治疗剂和含有聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯的吸收促进剂,该组合物是适合于对鼻腔、口腔和/或呼吸道粘膜给药的形式。
可以通过测定给予治疗剂后达到最大血浆浓度时的时间(Tmax)来评价本发明组合物中包含的治疗剂的治疗效果的快速起效。与不含吸收促进剂的类似组合物的Tmax相比,鼻部给予含有吸收促进剂的组合物时的Tmax相对短。此外,实验显示生长激素和胰岛素的鼻部吸收可以比给予 不含聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯的类似组合物后得到的吸收增加约至少2倍。
给予至鼻腔、口腔和/或呼吸道粘膜的组合物可以优选是喷雾剂、气雾剂或干粉形式,其包括喷雾干燥或冷冻干燥的颗粒、微球或纳米粒。优选用于口腔递送的其他组合物是口腔或舌下片、软锭剂或锭剂或者薄膜形式的组合物。薄膜药物递送(也称作口腔溶解的薄膜)意指大小、形状和厚度与邮票类似的薄膜片,其典型地置于舌上或舌下或沿颊内侧且能够溶解。
尽管存在与涉及胃肠道的递送相关的问题,但是口腔递送仍然是治疗剂给药普遍和可接受的途径。本发明有益于治疗剂的口腔递送,因为它能够改善药物通过胃肠道转运。药物在小肠和结肠被吸收。用于口服递送的组合物典型地作为片剂或胶囊或液体形式产生。
颗粒形式的组合物特别用于将治疗剂递送至粘膜。特别地,干粉用于鼻部递送(鼻吹入)和肺部递送(干粉吸入装置)。可以通过掺入颗粒形式的治疗剂生产用于经颊、口腔和阴道递送的固体剂型(例如片剂)和用于口腔递送的胶囊。
因此,本发明的一个具体方面提供组合物,其包含治疗剂和含有聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯的吸收促进剂,其中该组合物是颗粒形式。
本发明特别用于递送难以采用其他方式通过粘膜或皮肤吸收的治疗剂的递送,且到目前为止,这些治疗剂优选通过例如注射或输注这样的可选择途径给药。它一般适用于具有大分子量、更具体地说分子量大于1000的治疗剂且尤其是大的亲水性分子,也可以是亲水性的小分子量分子。
亲水性表示为″log P″。Log P是分配系数P的对数,其中P是平衡时不能溶混的两种溶剂的两相中未电离化合物的浓度之比,一种溶剂是水,第二种是疏水性溶剂,最常见的是辛醇。因此,log P是水与疏水性溶剂之间物质的差别溶解度的量度,即亲水性或疏水性的量度。疏水性化合物具有高log P且亲水性化合物具有低或负的log P。一般而言,本发明可以用于改善log P小于3的任意分子的吸收。一些药物具有小于2.5或小于2.0或小于1.5或小于1.0的log P,且优先分配在水相中的药物具有负log P。
聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯作为促进亲水性治疗剂吸收的试剂的应用并非归因于早期公开的这种物质在促进水难溶性药物在水性介质中溶剂化中的应用。亲水性且由此充分溶于水性介质的药物无需溶剂化,且由此现有技术没有提供将已知增溶剂掺入这种药物制剂中的动机。这一结果对并非P-Gp的底物的药物也是确切的,无法预计其吸收受P-Gp转运蛋白抑制药物流量的影响。
本发明允许通过粘膜或皮肤递送生物制品,且这种情况特别有利,因为生物制剂趋向于是具有大于1000分子量的大分子,它们不适合于通过其他方式粘膜或透皮递送。
认为本发明在递送治疗剂和由此治疗人和动物疾病方面提供了显著进展。在本发明的另一个方面中,提供了促进治疗剂通过粘膜或皮肤吸收的方法,该方法包括:(a)提供包含治疗剂和含有聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯的吸收促进剂的组合物;和(b)对所述粘膜或皮肤施用该组合物。
根据本发明,可以有利地通过粘膜(例如鼻腔)或通过透皮途径给予哺乳动物的一组治疗剂是指定用于产生免疫应答的那些治疗剂,例如抗原或疫苗。通过促进活性剂通过粘膜或皮肤的吸收,改善了得到的免疫应答。
根据本发明,核酸是另一组可以有利地通过粘膜(例如鼻腔)或通过透皮给予哺乳动物的治疗剂。具体实例包括DNA、RNA和SiRNA。促进核酸通过粘膜或皮肤的吸收导致在组织中表达改善或防止其表达。
发明详述
本发明的组合物包含聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯。优选聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯是聚乙二醇660羟基脂肪酸酯(也称作聚乙二醇15羟基硬脂酸酯)。用于如下实施例中所述实验的优选聚乙二醇660羟基脂肪酸酯的一种来源是商购自BASF、商品名 HS15的产品。HS15包含约70%重量的12-羟基硬脂酸的聚乙二醇一酯类和二酯类(主要是聚乙二醇660和12-羟基硬脂酸的一酯)和约30%重量的游离聚乙二醇(特别是聚乙二醇660)。HS15溶于水和乙醇。 HS15目前是用于本发明的最优选的吸收促进剂。
已经发现作为在 HS15中出现的聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯与游离聚乙二醇的组合的应用可以产生优于单独聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯应用的吸收促进。因此,在优选的实施方案中,吸收促进剂包含约30%-约90%重量的聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯和约10%-约50%重量的游离聚乙二醇。
在下文中,术语″吸收促进剂″应考虑意指聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯,或其中存在游离聚乙二醇,聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯和游离聚乙二醇的组合。如果以商购产品的形式使用吸收促进剂,例如 HS15,则术语″吸收促进剂″可以用于表示该产品,其包括该产品中存在的任意少量成分。将要被理解的是羟基脂肪酸酯可以包含一种以上不同的化学种类。例如,当 HS15的脂肪酸酯的主要脂肪酸成分是12-羟基硬脂酸时,也可以存在其他脂肪酸成分,例如硬脂酸和棕榈酸。
存在于吸收促进剂中的聚乙二醇,无论是聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯成分,还是游离聚乙二醇,都优选具有小于2000Da的平均分子量,更优选小于1000Da,且最优选小于800Da。聚乙二醇的平均分子量优选大于200Da且更优选大于400Da。聚乙二醇的平均分子量优选200-1000Da或400-800Da。将要被理解的是,在任意指定等级的聚乙二醇中,存在分子量分布。聚乙二醇还可以是两种或多种不同等级的掺合物,且由此分子量分布可以是双-或多型的。
存在于根据本发明制备的组合物中的吸收促进剂的量优选占总组合物重量的至少0.001%,更优选占总组合物重量的至少0.1%,更优选占总组合物重量的至少1%,更优选占总组合物重量的至少2%,且最优选占总组合物重量的至少5%。
存在于本发明制备的组合物中的吸收促进剂的量优选不超过总组合物重量的99%,更优选不超过总组合物重量的40%,更优选不超过总组合物重量的20%,更优选不超过总组合物重量的15%,且最优选不超过总组合物重量的10%。
存在于本发明制备的组合物中的吸收促进剂的量优选占总组合物重量的0.001%-99%,更优选占总组合物重量的0.1%-40%,更优选占总组合物重量的1%-20%,更优选占总组合物重量的2%-15%,且最优选占总组合物重量的5%-10%。优选存在于所述组合物中的吸收促进剂的量占总组合物重量的约7.5%、8%、8.5%、9%、9.5%或约10%。
可以预计吸收促进剂的应用促进了任意治疗剂通过粘膜或皮肤的吸收。然而,本发明特别用于促进难以采用其他方式通过粘膜或皮肤的吸收的治疗剂的吸收。
本发明用于递送具有低分子量的小分子治疗剂。所谓术语“低分子量”意指小于约1000Da的分子量。
本发明特别用于递送亲水性的低分子量治疗剂,例如吗啡。
具有存在通过粘膜或皮肤递送问题的亲水性水平的低分子量治疗剂通常具有小于约3的log P值。具有小于3的log P值的小药物分子的实例包括吗啡、四唑芬太尼、布托啡诺和丁丙诺啡。
具有较低值的本发明递送药物类型包括疏水性药物,其中的一类的一个实例是皮质类固醇。
吸收促进剂的应用可以将具有小于3的log P值的治疗剂的吸收改善至少10%。
吸收促进剂的应用可以将具有小于3的log P值的治疗剂的吸收改善至少10%。
用于本发明的低分子量治疗剂的实例包括、但不限于阿维a、阿苯达唑、沙丁胺醇、胺碘酮、氨氯地平、苯丙胺、两性霉素B、阿托伐他汀、阿托伐醌、阿奇霉素、巴氯芬、倍氯米松、贝那普利(benezepril)、苯佐那酯、倍他米松、比卡鲁胺(bicalutanide)、布地奈德、安非他酮、白消安、布替萘芬、骨化二醇、卡泊三烯、骨化三醇、喜树碱(camptothecan)、坎地沙坦、辣椒碱、卡马西平(carbamezepine)、胡萝卜素类、塞来考昔、西立伐他汀(cerivistatin)、西替利嗪、氯苯那敏、胆骨化醇、西洛他唑、西咪替丁、桂利嗪、环丙沙星、西沙必利、克拉霉素、氯马斯汀、氯米芬、氯米帕明、氯吡格雷、可待因、辅酶Q10、环苯扎林、环孢菌素、达那唑、丹曲林、右氯苯那敏、双氯芬酸、双香豆素、地高辛、二氢表雄酮、双氢麦角胺、双氢速甾醇、地红霉素、多奈哌齐、依法韦仑、伊普沙坦(eposartan)、麦角沉钙醇、麦角胺、必需脂肪酸来源、依托度酸、依托泊苷、法莫替丁、非诺贝特、芬太尼、非 索非那定、非那雄胺、flucanazole、氟比洛芬、氟伐他汀、磷苯妥钠、夫罗曲坦、呋喃唑酮、加巴喷丁、吉非贝齐、格列本脲、格列吡嗪、格列本脲、glymepride、灰黄霉素、卤泛群、布洛芬、厄贝沙坦、伊立替康、硝酸异山梨酯、异维A酸、伊曲康唑、伊维菌素、酮康唑、酮咯酸、拉莫三嗪、兰索拉唑、来氟米特、赖诺普利、洛哌丁胺、氯雷他定、洛伐他汀、L-thryroxine、叶黄素、番茄红素、甲羟孕酮、米非司酮、甲氟喹、醋酸甲地孕酮、美沙酮、甲氧沙林、甲硝唑、甲硝唑、咪康唑、咪达唑仑、米格列醇、米诺地尔、米托蒽醌、孟鲁司特、萘丁美酮、纳布啡、那拉曲坦(naratiptan)、奈非那韦、硝苯地平、nilsolidipine、尼鲁米特、呋喃妥因、尼扎替丁、奥美拉唑、奥普瑞白介素(oprevelkin)、osteradiol、奥沙普秦、紫杉醇、帕立骨化醇、帕罗西汀、喷他佐辛、吡格列酮、苯噻啶(pizofetin)、普伐他汀、泼尼松龙、普罗布考、孕酮、伪麻黄碱、吡啶斯的明、雷贝拉唑、雷洛昔芬、refocoxib、瑞格列奈、利福布汀、利福喷汀、利美索龙、利培酮、ritanovir、利扎曲普坦、罗格列酮、沙奎那韦、舍曲林、西布曲明、枸橼酸西地那非、辛伐他汀、西罗莫司、螺内酯、舒马普坦、他克林、他克莫司、他莫昔芬、坦洛新、蓓萨罗丁、他扎罗汀、替米沙坦、替尼泊苷、特比萘芬、特拉唑嗪、四氢大麻酚、噻加宾、噻氯匹啶、替罗非班、替扎尼定、托吡酯、托泊替康、托瑞米芬、曲马多、维a酸、曲格列酮、曲伐沙星、泛癸利酮、缬沙坦、文拉法辛、维替泊芬、氨己烯酸、维生素A、维生素D、维生素E、维生素K、扎鲁司特、齐留通、佐米曲普坦、唑吡坦和佐匹克隆阿卡波糖;阿昔洛韦;乙酰半胱氨酸;氯乙酰胆碱;阿拉曲沙星;阿屈膦酸盐;阿糖脑苷酶;盐酸金刚烷胺;安贝氯铵;氨磷汀;盐酸阿米洛利;氨基己酸;两性霉素B;抗血友病因子(人);抗血友病因子(猪);抗血友病因子(重组);抑肽酶;门冬酰胺酶;阿替洛尔;苯磺阿曲库铵;阿托品;阿奇霉素;氨曲南;BCG疫苗;杆菌肽;becalermin;颠茄(belladona);盐酸苄普地尔;硫酸博来霉素;人降钙素;鲑降钙素;卡铂;卡培他滨;硫酸卷曲霉素;头孢孟多酯钠;头孢唑林钠;盐酸头孢吡肟;头孢克肟;头孢尼西钠;头孢哌酮;头孢替坦二钠;阿奇霉素;头孢西丁钠;头孢唑肟;头孢曲松;头孢呋辛酯;头孢氨苄;头孢匹林钠;霍乱菌苗;绒毛膜促性腺激素;西多福韦;顺铂;克拉屈滨;克利溴铵;克林霉素和克林霉衍生物;环丙沙星;氯屈膦酸盐;多粘菌素E甲磺酸钠;硫酸粘菌素;cortocotropin;二十四肽促皮质素;cromalyn sodium;阿糖胞苷;达肝素钠;达那肝素;去铁敏;地尼白介素2;去氨加压素;泛影葡胺和泛影酸钠;双环维林;去羟肌苷;地红霉素;盐酸多巴胺;阿法链道酶;多库氯铵;多柔比星;editronate二钠;elanaprilat;脑啡肽;依诺沙星;依诺肝素钠;麻黄碱;肾上腺素;红细胞生成素α;红霉素;盐酸艾司洛尔(esmol);因子IX;泛昔洛韦;氟达拉滨;氟西汀;膦甲酸钠;更昔洛韦;粒细胞集落刺激因子;粒细胞-巨噬细胞刺激因子;人重组生长激素;牛生长激素;庆大霉素;胰高血糖素;格隆溴铵(glycopyrolate);促性腺素释放激素及其合成类似物;GnRH;戈那瑞林;格帕沙星;嗜血杆菌B联合疫苗;灭活的甲型肝炎病毒疫苗;灭活的乙型肝炎病毒疫苗;肝素钠;硫酸茚地那韦;流感病毒疫苗;白细胞介素-2;白细胞介素-3;人胰岛素;赖脯胰岛素;猪胰岛素;胰岛素NPH;门冬胰岛素;甘精胰岛素;地特胰岛素;干扰素α;干扰素β;异丙托溴铵;异环磷酰胺;流行性乙型脑炎病毒疫苗;拉米夫定;亚叶酸钙;醋酸亮丙瑞林;左氧氟沙星;林可霉素和林可霉素衍生物;洛布卡韦;洛美沙星;氯碳头孢;甘露糖醇;麻疹病毒疫苗;流脑菌苗;尿促性素;mephenzolate bromide;美沙拉嗪;甲胺;甲氨蝶呤;甲东莨菪碱;盐酸二甲双胍;美托洛尔;美洛西林钠;米库氯铵;腮腺炎病毒疫苗;奈多罗米钠;溴新斯的明;甲硫酸新斯的明;neutontin;诺氟沙星;醋酸奥曲肽;氧氟沙星;奥帕膦酸盐;缩宫素;帕米膦酸二钠;泮库溴铵;帕罗西汀;培氟沙星;羟乙基磺酸喷他眯;喷司他丁;己酮可可碱;periciclovir;五肽胃泌素;甲基磺酸酚妥拉明;苯丙氨酸;水杨酸毒扁豆碱;鼠疫菌苗;哌拉西林钠;人血小板衍生生长因子;多价肺炎球菌疫苗;脊髓灰质炎病毒灭活疫苗;脊髓灰质炎病毒活疫苗(OPV);硫酸多粘菌素B;氯解磷定;普兰林肽;普瑞巴林;心律平;propenthaline bromide;溴吡斯的明;狂犬病疫苗;利塞膦酸钠;利巴韦林;盐酸金
刚乙胺;轮状病毒疫苗;昔萘酸沙美特罗;辛卡利特;牛痘苗;solatol;生长抑素;司帕沙星;大观霉素;司他夫定;链激酶;链佐星;氯琥珀胆碱;盐酸他克林;硫酸特布他林;塞替派(thiopeta);替卡西林;替鲁膦酸;噻吗洛尔;组织型纤维蛋白溶酶原活化剂;TNFR:Fc;TNK-tPA;群多普利;葡糖酸三甲曲沙;托司哌丁霉素;曲伐沙星;氯筒箭毒碱;肿瘤坏死因子;伤寒活菌苗;脲;尿激酶;万古霉素;伐昔洛韦;缬沙坦;水痘病毒活疫苗;加压素和加压素衍生物;维库溴铵;长春碱;长春新碱;长春瑞滨;维生素B12;华法林钠;黄热病疫苗;扎西他滨;扎那米韦;唑来膦酸盐(zolandronate);齐多夫定。
如上所述,本发明特别用于属于BCS III类内的药物递送。属于该类的小分子治疗剂的实例是:
阿巴卡韦、阿卡波糖、乙酰肉碱、乙酰水杨酸、阿昔洛韦、沙丁胺醇(舒喘灵)、阿仑膦酸、别嘌醇、阿米洛利、氨氯地平、阿莫西林、抗坏血酸、苯丙胺、阿那曲唑、抗坏血酸、阿替洛尔、阿托品、苄丝肼、苄硝唑、二膦酸盐、卡培他滨、卡托普利、比地索胺、卡莫司他、卡托普利、头孢唑林、头孢卡品匹伏酯、ceflacor、西替利嗪、头孢美唑、头孢沙定、氯霉素、甘磷酸胆碱、西拉普利、西咪替丁、环丙沙星钠、可乐定、氯唑西林、可待因、秋水仙碱、环磷酰胺、双氯西林、去羟肌苷、乙胺嗪、地高辛、多拉司琼、去氧氟尿苷、依那普利、麦角新碱、麦角胺酒石酸盐、红霉素、乙胺丁醇、乙琥胺、泛昔洛韦、法莫替丁、非索非那定、氟康唑、呋喃硫胺、亚叶酸、呋塞米、加巴喷丁、更昔洛韦、格拉司琼、肼苯哒嗪、氢氯噻嗪、咪达普利、异烟肼、拉米夫定、来曲唑、levitirazetam、左氧氟沙星、左甲状腺素、赖诺普利二甲双胍、甲硫氨酸、甲氨蝶呤甲基多巴、s-甲基甲硫氨酸、吗啡、纳多洛尔、烟酸、尼可地尔、烟酰胺、硝呋莫司、尼扎替丁、奥洛他定、昂丹司琼、奥塞米韦、对乙酰氨基酚、青霉胺、培哚普利、苯甲曲秦、青霉素V、普伐他汀、泼尼松龙、伯氨喹、丙卡特罗、异丙嗪、丙硫氧嘧啶、伪麻 黄碱、吡嗪酰胺、吡啶斯的明、吡多辛、雷贝拉唑、雷尼替丁、利巴韦林、核黄素、利塞膦酸、利扎曲普坦、司他夫定、舒马普坦、他替瑞林、坦洛新、替加氟、替诺福韦、特拉唑嗪、四环素、硫胺、硫辛酸、托吡酯、曲美他嗪、甲氧苄啶、伐昔洛韦、缬沙坦、伏格列波糖、扎西他滨、齐多夫定、佐米曲普坦。
具有高分子量的大分子的治疗剂通过粘膜递送通常是困难的。因此,本发明特别用于递送大分子治疗剂,特别是具有大于约1000或大于2000或大于4000分子量的治疗剂。
适用于本发明的大治疗剂的实例包括肽类、蛋白质、聚核酸、多糖类、RNA、SiRNA、能够与适合的复合聚合物复合的抗原和抗体。这种治疗剂的具体实例包括胰岛素、胰高血糖素、亮丙瑞林、生长激素、甲状旁腺素、降钙素、血管内皮生长因子、红细胞生成素、肝素、环孢菌素、缩宫素、酪氨酸、脑啡肽、tyrotropin释放激素、滤泡刺激激素、促黄体生成激素、加压素和加压素类似物、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、白细胞介素-II、干扰素类、集落刺激因子、肿瘤坏死因子、促黑素细胞激素、胰高血糖素样肽-1及其衍生物、胰高血糖素样肽-2及其衍生物、钙抑肽、缩胆囊素-12、缩胆囊素-8、胰高血糖素样肽的抑制剂、促性腺素释放素-相关肽、似胰岛素蛋白、亮氨酸脑啡呔、甲硫氨酸脑啡肽、脑啡肽原、后叶激素运载蛋白、和肽素、神经肽Y、神经肽AF、PACAP-相关肽、胰腺激素、肽YY、硬骨鱼紧张肽、肠肽、促肾上腺皮质肽、表皮生长因子、催乳素、促黄体激素释放激素(LHRH)、LHRH激动剂、生长激素释放因子、生长抑素、胃泌素、四肽胃泌素、五肽胃泌素、内啡肽类和血管紧张素类、促甲状腺激素释放激素、肿瘤坏死因子、粒细胞集落刺激因子、粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子、巨噬细胞集落刺激因子、肝素酶、血管内皮生长因子、酶和糖蛋白。
由于肽类和蛋白质药物(例如胰岛素和人生长激素(hGH))是亲水 性的并且具有大分子量,所以它们不是P-Gp的底物。因此,已经使用本发明吸收促进剂与肽类和蛋白质在鼻腔中显示的生物利用度增加不能归因于P-Gp流量(efflux)抑制。此外,由于胰岛素和hGH不是CYP3A的底物,所以已知的吸收促进剂抑制这种药物代谢酶不能对生物利用度增加负责。
可以通过测定药物通过细胞(例如Caco-2细胞)单层转运和在已知P-Gp抑制剂的存在下或在已知降低P-Gp活性的其他条件下(例如降低的温度)重复测定来鉴定不是P-Gp底物的其他药物。在这种条件下药物转运减少显示药物是P-Gp的底物。
在上述举出的全部具体药物中,特别关注的是属于上述描述为特别用于本发明的类型之一的那些药物,例如那些亲水性药物(例如具有低log P值的那些药物)和/或那些不是P-Gp或CYP-3A底物的药物。
本发明的组合物包含吸收促进剂和治疗剂,且通常包含一种或多种赋形剂和/或药学可接受的载体。
一种或多种赋形剂的性质依赖于各种因素,其包括组合物的形式、治疗剂的性质、给药方法、治疗剂的剂量和期望的释放速率等。考虑将已知用于药物组合物的全部赋形剂用于本发明。典型赋形剂包括抗粘着剂、粘合剂、生物粘合剂(bioadhesive agent)、缓冲剂、包衣、崩解剂、填充剂、稀释剂、胶凝剂、增稠剂、着色剂、矫味剂和防腐剂、吸着剂、甜味剂和盐以及已知与治疗剂发生相互作用(例如形成包合物或盐桥复合物,并且促进治疗剂控释)的试剂,例如环糊精和离子交换树脂。
药学可接受的赋形剂可以用于延长组合物保留在粘膜上,特别是用于鼻部给药的组合物。因此,本发明的组合物可以优选包含其他赋形剂,例如生物粘合剂、胶凝剂或增稠剂。
适合的生物粘合剂的实例(粘着粘膜的物质)包括结晶纤维素、卡波普和羟丙基纤维素。可期望本发明的组合物在接触粘膜时胶凝至少一定程度。适合的胶凝剂的实例包括、但不限于果胶、胶原蛋白、藻酸盐和明胶。可以包括在本发明组合物中的增稠剂(也称作粘度促进剂)包括、但不限于羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、羟乙基纤维素(HEC)、卡波普和甲基纤维素(MC)。
一般而言,本发明的吸收促进剂能够使制剂展开,从而提供包含在制剂中的治疗剂的有效递送,不依赖于复合制剂的类型。例如,制剂可以不含或基本上不含磷脂类等,且可以不含脂质体或囊泡。类似地,当本发明主要关注的药物是亲水性时,制剂可以不是胶束溶液或微乳。类似地,尽管可以包括其他吸收促进剂,但是不一定存在这种物质,且组合物可以不含或基本上不含其他吸收促进剂,其包括例如氨基酸衍生物和氨基糖类这样的物质。同样,该组合物可以不含形成阳离子的离子液体等。
本发明的组合物可以不含或基本上不含泊洛沙姆。一般而言,本发明的组合物不具有热可逆(thermoreversible)性。
所谓“基本上”不含的含义是在本申请上下文中,组合物包含所述成分(例如泊洛沙姆)的用量为零或低至对组合物的特性没有显著影响。这种成分的浓度由此可以低于占总组合物重量的1%、占总组合物重量的0.01%或占总组合物重量的0.001%。
本发明的组合物还可以包含一种或多种其他活性成分,例如其他治疗剂和/或其他吸收促进剂。
其他吸收促进剂包括溶粘蛋白剂、降解酶抑制剂和改变粘膜细胞膜的流动性和渗透性的化合物。用于本发明组合物的其他吸收促进剂的具体实例包括、但不限于环糊精和环糊精衍生物、胆汁盐、聚-L-精氨酸、脱乙酰壳多糖和脱乙酰壳多糖衍生物、磷脂类、溶血磷脂类、聚丙烯酸、透明质酸、癸酸钠和胺化明胶。优选包括的其他吸收促进剂的总量占总组合物重量的至多10%。
本发明可以具有将治疗剂递送至鼻腔的具体应用。
本发明可以具有将治疗剂递送至呼吸道(包括肺)的具体应用。
本发明可以具有将治疗剂递送至口腔的具体应用。
本发明还可以具有通过皮肤递送治疗剂的应用。
本发明还可以具有通过施用于胃肠道、例如通过口服或直肠给药递送治疗剂的应用。
可以使用本发明的优选递送途径是递送至鼻腔、呼吸道和口腔。
可以将本发明的组合物配制成任意适合的形式并且给药,例如喷雾剂、气雾剂、干粉、口服片剂或胶囊、口含片剂或舌下片剂、软锭剂或锭剂、阴道环、栓剂、灌肠剂、滴剂或薄膜。
用于对鼻腔粘膜给药的组合物的优选形式包括溶液、凝胶(和自我胶凝的组合物)、粉末和鼻嵌入物。可以以喷雾剂或气雾剂的形式给予溶液。粉末制剂可以是干粉或加压气雾剂。
设计鼻嵌入物的目的在于克服鼻腔的快速粘膜纤毛清除,从而接触鼻粘膜且由此将药物递送延长的时间期限。适合的鼻嵌入物包括基于生物粘合聚合物的冻干的鼻嵌入物制剂,所述的聚合物例如鹿角菜胶、卡
波普、脱乙酰壳多糖、羟丙基甲基纤维素、藻酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠、聚丙烯酸、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和黄原胶。冻干的嵌入物在接触粘膜表面时再水化,形成比通常简单对鼻腔给药更浓和粘性的凝胶。鼻嵌入物的其他适合的形式包括用本发明吸收促进剂和治疗剂预处理的吸收性物质。
喷雾剂、气雾剂和粉末也可以适合于对呼吸道给药。
适合于递送至口腔的组合物包括溶液和胶凝(和自我胶凝的组合物)以及口含片剂或舌下片剂、软锭剂或锭剂或者薄膜形式的组合物。
为了通过皮肤给药,优选的制剂类型包括霜剂、软膏剂、凝胶和透皮贴剂。
可以将包含在水性介质中的溶液或分散液的组合物作为喷雾剂或气雾剂给药。所谓气雾剂我们指的是液体颗粒的空气播散的雾。这种制剂的调配系统典型地可以是包含被压缩的抛射剂气体加压的液体的罐或瓶。类似地,液体颗粒喷雾剂可以由装置产生,其中液体被手动操作的泵压缩并且通过喷雾器的喷嘴压迫。典型鼻喷雾制剂由混悬于或溶于水性介质的治疗剂组成,其被填充入带有计量喷雾泵的瓶中。患者启动泵将细液滴形式的药物递送入鼻腔。
用于通过吸入肺给予治疗剂的气雾剂和喷雾剂装置通常称作喷雾器。最常用的是喷射雾化器,其使用加压气体源以产生气雾剂。可得到的气体喷雾器包括电子喷雾器,其中通过振动膜或筛生成气雾剂。还可以使用压电和超声喷雾器。
可以将包含本发明治疗剂的组合物配制成颗粒形式,例如喷雾干燥或冷冻干燥的颗粒、微球或纳米粒。可以将颗粒作为干粉递送,例如通过鼻吹入或口腔吸入,或它们可以用于填充胶囊,可以用其他赋形剂压 制,形成片剂,或混悬于药学可接受的载体,形成混悬剂或乳剂。
用于鼻吹入的粉末递送装置典型地包含在压缩时产生颗粒雾的手动操作泵。吸入器可以用于将颗粒治疗剂递送至肺,以治疗呼吸性疾病,例如哮喘。干粉吸入器和计量吸入器(或气雾吸入器)是常见类型的吸入器装置。干粉吸入器提供测量剂量的干粉形式的治疗剂,通常合并有惰性载体,例如乳糖。使用者通过该装置吸入气体以产生和分解粉末,形成足够小而达到肺的气雾剂颗粒。计量吸入器包含加压抛射剂气体,其中颗粒混悬于其中。启动装置释放单计量剂量的包含颗粒的液体抛射剂。挥发性抛射剂分散成液滴,它们快速蒸发,产生被使用者吸入的细颗粒气雾剂。
可以制备这种形式的本发明组合物,其中预期递送它们,或可以将它们作为单独的成分提供,其在给药前合并。例如,预计可以将包含治疗剂的颗粒形式的组合物混悬于或溶于适合的媒介物,然后给药。
可以通过文献中所述的一定范围的方法生产本文的纳米粒,例如Champion等人,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,104,2007,11901-4;Chattopadhyay等人,Adv Drug Deliv Rev,59,2007,444-53;Chou等人,J Mater Sci Mater Med,2007年6月19日;[印刷前的电子版];Schaffazick等人,Pharmazie,62,2007,354-60;Almeida等人,Adv Drug Deliv Rev,59,2007,478-90;Muller,Colloid Carriers for Controlled Drug Delivery andTargeting,CRC Press,1991;和Jorg Kreuter(ed),Colloidal Drug Delivery Systems,Marcel Dekker,1994。实例包括纳米沉淀、相分离、乳化、自我装配、高压匀化、复合和离子胶凝。
可以通过文献中所述的一定范围的方法生产本文的微球制剂,例如Cleland,Solvent Evaporation Processes for the Production of Controlled ReleaseBiodegradable Microsphere Formulations for Therapeutics and Vaccines,Biotechnol Prog,14(1),102-107,1998;Tracy,Development and Scale-up of aMicrosphere Protein Delivery System Biotechnol Prog,14(1),108-115,1998;Debenedetti等人,Application of Supercritical Fluids for the Production ofSustained Delivery Devices,Journal of Controlled Release,24,1993,27-44。例如,可以通过控制交联度或掺入改变治疗剂扩散特性的赋形剂改变微球,以显示控释特性。
可以将吸收促进剂掺入颗粒基质或使其粘附表面。可以将药物掺入颗粒基质或使其粘附颗粒表面。
用于生产纳米粒和微球的聚合物包括:
(a)合成生物可降解聚合物,例如聚酯类,其包括聚(乳酸)、聚(乙醇酸)、乳酸和乙醇酸的共聚物、乳酸和乙醇酸与聚(乙二醇)的共聚物、聚(e-己内酯)、聚(3-羟基丁酸酯)、聚(对-二 烷酮)、聚(富马酸丙烯酯);改性的聚酯类,例如聚(醚酯)多嵌段共聚物,例如基于聚(乙二醇)和聚(对苯二酸丁烯酯)的那些;聚(原酸酯),其包括如Heller在ACSSymposium Series 567,292-305,1994中所述的多元醇/二乙烯酮缩醛加成聚合物;聚酐类,其包括聚(癸二酸酐)(PSA)、聚(羧基双羧基苯氧基苯氧基己烷)(PCPP)、聚[双(对-羧基苯氧基)甲烷](PCPM)、如Tamada和Langer在Journal of Biomaterials Science-PolymerEdition,3,315-353,1992和Domb在the Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers的第8章,Domb和Wiseman(ed),Harwood Academic Publishers中所述的SA、CPP和CPM共聚物;聚(氨基酸);聚(假氨基酸),其包括James和Kohn在Controlled Drug Delivery Challenges andStrategies的389-403页,American Chemical Society,Washington DC中所述的那些;聚膦腈,其包括聚[(二氯)膦腈]衍生物、聚[(有机)膦腈]、Schacht在Biotechnology andBioengineering,52,102-108,1996中所述的聚合物;和偶氮聚合物, 其包括Lloyd在International Journal of Pharmaceutics,106,255-260,1994中所述的那些;
(b)合成的不能生物降解的聚合物,例如乙烯基聚合物,其包括聚乙烯、聚(乙烯-共-乙烯基乙酸酯)、聚丙烯、聚(氯乙烯)、聚(乙烯基乙酸酯)、聚(乙烯醇)和乙烯醇和乙烯基乙酸酯的共聚物、聚(丙烯酸)聚(甲基丙烯酸)、聚丙烯酰胺类、聚甲基丙烯酰胺类、聚丙烯酸酯类、聚(乙二醇)、聚(二甲基硅氧烷)、聚氨基甲酸酯类、聚碳酸酯类、聚苯乙烯和衍生物;和
(c)天然聚合物,例如碳水化合物、多肽类和蛋白质,其包括淀粉、纤维素和衍生物,其包括乙基纤维素、甲基纤维素、乙基羟乙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠;胶原蛋白;明胶;葡聚糖和衍生物;藻酸盐;壳多糖;和脱乙酰壳多糖。
优选的聚合物包括不能生物降解的聚合物,例如酯氨基甲酸乙酯或环氧树脂、双-马来酰亚胺类、甲基丙烯酸酯类例如甲基丙烯酸甲酯或甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯、碳酸亚丙基酯、环乙基亚丙基碳酸酯;可生物降解的合成聚合物,例如乙醇酸、乙交酯、乳酸、丙交酯、对-二 烷酮、二 庚环酮、草酸烯酯类、改性的聚酯类,例如聚(醚酯)多嵌段共聚物,例如基于聚(乙二醇)和聚(对苯二酸丁烯酯)的那些;和己内酯类,例如γ-己内酯。
典型地,使用对治疗剂而言是惰性的聚合物或聚合物的组合。
可以通过文献中所述的一定范围的方法生产本文的混悬剂制剂,例如LiebermanH A,Rieger M M和Banker G S,Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms:Disperse Systems第2版,Marcel Dekker Ltd press,1996,其包括乳剂和胶体混悬剂的实施例。
可以使用本领域公知的方法监测本发明的吸收促进效果且这些方法包括HPLC、LC-MS、LC-MS-MS、GC-MS、光谱法和ELISA测定法。治疗剂的吸收促进可以是吸收促进剂对粘膜或皮肤直接作用的结果。
现在通过如下非限制性实施例示例本发明。
附图简述
图1显示与单一皮下注射可溶性胰岛素后血糖改变百分比相比,单一鼻内给予溶于不同浓度 HS15的胰岛素后Sprague Dawley大鼠中血糖改变的百分比。
图2显示单一鼻内给予hGH的5%w/v HS15溶液和皮下注射可溶性hGH后人生长激素(hGH)的血清水平。
图3显示单一鼻内给予用超临界二氧化碳(CO2)与聚(乳酸-共-乙交酯)(PLGA)、聚乙交酯(PLA)和 HS15制备的hGH微粒后的hGH血清水平。
图4显示单一鼻内给予溶于 HS15、 10-S和 UP CL213的胰岛素后Sprague Dawley大鼠中血糖改变的百分比。
图5显示鼻内给予胰岛素与 HS15、 HS15的各成分和皮下注射胰岛素后血糖改变的百分比。
图6显示在以不同浓度施用于Calu-3细胞单层时 HS15对经上皮电阻(TEER)的效果。
图7显示 HS15以不同浓度施用时对FD4通过Calu-3细胞的渗透性的效果。
图8显示 HS15以不同浓度施用时对FD4通过Caco-2细胞的渗透性的效果。
实施例1
将胰岛素(购自Sigma-Aldrich)溶于在0.063M磷酸缓冲盐水(PBS)中1-40%w/v不同浓度的 HS15溶液。然后将制剂通过鼻内以4IU/kg给予Sprague Dawley大鼠,在给药后以至多2小时间隔频率采血样。使用标准葡萄糖计测量血糖,通过酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)测定血浆中的胰岛素。
与鼻内给药相比,还对一组大鼠经皮下注射给予溶于PBS的胰岛素。
结果如图1所示。
在PBS中7.5%和10%w/v的 HS15制剂在促进胰岛素通过鼻粘膜转运方面最为有效,与显示降低15%的对照组的胰岛素溶液相比,显示在血糖水平方面降低70%。
实施例2
将人生长激素(hGH)(获自Bioker(Sardinia))溶于5%w/v HS15的PBS溶液。然后将该溶液通过鼻内以5mg/kg的剂量比例给予Sprague Dawley大鼠并且与皮下给予5mg/kg hGH比较。给药后至多 24小时通过酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)测定血清中的hGH水平。
结果如图2所示。
5%w/v HS15制剂在促进hGH通过鼻粘膜转运方面有效,与皮下给药相比,生物利用度为17%。不使用吸收促进剂的鼻部给予的hGH的生物利用度低于1%。
实施例3
为了制备荷载hGH的微粒,将微粉化hGH、PLGA、PLA和 HS15加入到压力容器中。密封该容器,导入CO2。使温度升至32℃以上,使压力增加至76巴以上。在这些条件下,CO2变成超临界并且溶入聚合物,变液化。然后混合液化的聚合物、hGH和 HS15,在雾化药物/聚合物混合物并且解除其压力后,通过固化形成用于注射的适合大小的微粒制剂。还使用相同方法制备荷载hGH的包含PLGA、PLA和PEG 600的微粒制剂。通过鼻内以5mg/kg hGH的剂量比例给予Sprague Dawley大鼠微粒并且与皮下给予hGH比较。给药后至多24小时取血样并且通过酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)测定血清中的hGH水平。
结果如图3所示。
在鼻内给予PLGA/PLA/ HS15微粒后检测血清中的hGH,其中,PLGA/PLA/HS15在给药后1小时具有峰值浓度27.6ng/ml。在鼻内给予包含PLGA/PLA/HS15的微粒后在血清中未检测到hGH。
实施例4
本研究比较本发明吸收促进剂与已知吸收促进剂聚乙二醇-20硬脂酸酯和氯化脱乙酰壳多糖在促进大鼠中胰岛素鼻部吸收中的性能。使用的本发明吸收促进剂是BASF生产的商品 HS15,聚乙二醇-20硬脂酸酯是购自Lipo Chemicals Inc的10-S,脱乙酰壳多糖产品是购自 的 UP CL213。UPCL213基于脱乙酰壳多糖,其中75-90%的乙酰基被脱乙酰化。
将胰岛素溶于5%和10%w/v的 10-S在PBS中的溶液或0.5%w/v的UP CL213在pH 5.0的蒸馏水中的溶液。比较溶于在PBS中5%、7.5%和10%w/v的 HS15的制剂。然后将这些制剂通过鼻内以4IU/kg给予Sprague Dawley大鼠,在给药后至多2小时的频率间隔采血样。使用标准葡萄糖计测量血糖并且用ELISA测定血浆中的胰岛素浓度。
结果如图4所示。
在PBS中7.5%和10%w/v的 HS15在促进葡萄糖通过鼻粘膜吸收方面比UP CL213和 10-S更有效。溶于在PBS中5%w/v的 HS15的胰岛素与测试的 UPCL213和 10-S浓度相比产生类似的葡萄糖减少。
实施例5-包含7.5%w/v HS15和人生长激素(hGH)的鼻内给药溶液的制备
成分
100ml 0.063M磷酸缓冲盐水(PBS)
7.5g HS15
10mg hGH
方法
向100ml PBS中加入7.5g HS15。缓慢加热该溶液至40℃,同时搅拌至产生澄清溶液且全部 HS15溶解。然后将该溶液贮存在2-8℃,然后使用。然后将1ml7.5%w/v HS15溶液加入到10mg hGH中。一旦全部hGH溶解,则将该溶液备用于鼻内给药。
实施例6-用于鼻内给药的荷载hGH的微粒的混悬剂的制备
成分
0.5g羧甲基纤维素
5g甘露糖醇
0.1ml Tween 80
100ml蒸馏水
250mg荷载hGH的PLGA/PLA/ HS15微粒
方法
使用具有低于100μm粒径的超临界CO2制备采用PLGA、PLA和 HS15制备的荷载hGH的微粒。制备由0.5%w/v羧甲基纤维素、5.0%w/v甘露糖醇和0.1%v/v Tween80组成的注射水性媒介物。将250mg微粒混悬于1ml注射媒介物并且通过移液管以所需的剂量比例鼻内给药。
实施例7-包含40%w/v HS15和利培酮的用于鼻内给药的溶液的制备
成分
213mg利培酮
4g HS15
10ml蒸馏水
方法
混合利培酮和 HS15,将该混合物加热至60℃。还将水加热至60℃,剧烈搅拌入该混合物。然后该制剂备用于鼻内递送。
实施例8-聚乙二醇羟基脂肪酸酯、游离聚乙二醇和两种这样的物质的组合的效果比较
研究下列物质:
●聚乙二醇600(PEG600)
●聚乙二醇-12-羟基硬脂酸(PEG-HSA)
●聚乙二醇-12-羟基硬脂酸-聚乙二醇(HSA-PEG-HSA)
●12-羟基硬脂酸(HSA)
HS15
通过在120℃、在氩气气氛中使用甲磺酸回流聚乙二醇600(PEG600)和12-羟基硬脂酸(HSA)制备PEG-HSA和HSA-PEG-HSA。全部化学物质购自Sigma Aldrich。
在体内测试4种成分。将下列成分以如下浓度溶于0.063M磷酸盐缓冲液:
●PEG 600-10%w/v溶液
●PEG-HSA-10%w/v溶液
●HSA-0.37%溶液
●HSA-PEG-HSA-2%溶液
因这些物质的溶解度有限而使用较低浓度的HSA和HSA-PEG-HSA。
然后将溶于磷酸盐缓冲液的成分用于制备1mg/mL胰岛素溶液并且通过鼻内以4IU/kg的比例给予雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠。使用Gilson移液管给予全部制剂并且将尖部插入鼻孔约5mm。使动物寄居在空间有限的室内,其中分别将温度和湿度维持在21℃±2℃和55%±15%相对湿度;每天用人工光照射室12小时。给药入肝素化试管后0min(给药前)和5、15、30、60和120分钟从大鼠尾静脉采血样,离心,采集血浆。在每次采样时即刻使用触摸开关Ultra 2葡萄糖计(LifeScan,UK)测量血糖。
图5中的血糖水平显示,在这些实验中, HS15在血糖水平方面产生显著下降,而在这些实验中使用的浓度与具体治疗剂下的各物质(PEG、PEG-HSA、HSA、HSA-PEG-HSA)没有该作用。因此,可以推定PEG和PEG-HSA的组合显示作为有效跨粘膜吸收促进剂的特别良好的特性。
实施例9- HS15作为跨粘膜吸收促进剂的作用机制的研究
a)细胞培养物
使Calu-3细胞在5%CO2、37℃在75cm3烧瓶中生长至汇合。一旦汇合,则将细胞以100,000个细胞/孔的接种密度接种在具有血浆氧处 理的聚苯乙烯膜的 上(12mm直径,0.4μm孔径)。接种后,将细胞维持在5%CO2、37℃的补充了FBS(10%)、抗生素/抗霉菌剂(最终培养基浓度100U/ml青霉素、0.1mg/ml链霉素和0.25μg/ml两性霉素B)和L-谷氨酰胺(最终培养基浓度2mM)的EMEM中。在培养期过程中,隔天改变一次细胞培养基。通过测定经上皮电阻(TEER-紧密连接开放的指示)评价细胞生长和紧密连接形成,从接种后第7天开始隔天进行(因可能来自测量过程和离子从电极中渗漏而导致的细胞单层损害而避免每日测定)。通过测定通过‘空白’膜(无细胞)的电阻并且从单层TEER中扣除它而把背景电阻考虑进去。
使Caco-2细胞在5%CO2、37℃在75cm3烧瓶中生长至汇合。一旦汇合,则将细胞以200,000个细胞/孔的接种密度接种在 上。接种后,将细胞维持在5%CO2、37℃的补充了抗生素/抗霉菌剂、FBS和L-谷氨酰胺(如对Calu-3细胞所述)的Dulbeco改进Eagles培养基(DMEM)中,隔天改变一次培养基。为了Caco-2细胞完全分化,允许21天的时间期限。通过TEER测定评价细胞生长和紧密连接形成,在接种后第21天进行。
b)TEER测定
使用安装筷子型电极对的EVOM伏欧表(World Precision Instruments,UK)测定TEER。与HBSS一起温育最初2小时(顶端和底外侧分别是pH6.0和7.4)和采用EMEM(过夜)的细胞单层用作参比物并且将TEER的改变报道为相对于该参比物的百分比。根据测量值推定因过滤器导致的背景TEER。一式三份进行全部实验。
d) HS15对TEER的效果
将 HS15以下列浓度溶于pH 7.4的HBSS/HEPES缓冲液:0.10、0.02、0.005、0.0001%,并且施用于Calu-3细胞(人支气管上皮细胞系)。在添加 HS15前测定TEER以产生基线值并且在添加 HS15溶液后许多间隔测定TEER。将细胞与促进剂溶液一起温育2小时,此后洗涤细胞并且与标准培养基一起温育,以评价TEER可逆性(毒性测量值)。
添加 HS15溶液后的TEER下降(参见图6)-基线值的约50%,显示HS15对紧密连接开放具有较少的影响。作为比较,脱乙酰壳多糖(众所周知的紧密连接开放剂)在相同条件下将TEER降低至基线值的约5%。
e) HS15以不同浓度施用时对FD4通过Calu-3和Caco-2细胞的渗透性的效果
制备在pH 7.4HBSS/HEPES缓冲液中浓度为0.005、0.02、0.1%w/v的含有FITC-葡聚糖Mw 4400(FD4)的 HS15溶液。将该溶液施用于细胞单层并且使用两种细胞系,Calu-3细胞(支气管瘤)和Caco-2细胞(肠癌)。通过定期底侧外采样测定FD4的顶端到底侧外的渗透性并且通过荧光测定对FD4定量。
图7显示与对照组溶液相比, HS15溶液施用于Calu-3细胞系时底外侧FD4浓度较高。然而,对数据的统计学分析显示在测试的 HS15浓度与对照组之间无显著性差异(p=0.093)。作为比较,在相同条件下,脱乙酰壳多糖显示渗透性增加,高于对照组8倍。如图8所示, HS15溶液的FD4浓度比对照组的增加也没有统计学显著性(P=0.1473)。因此,从细胞培养物实验中可以推定, HS15对紧密连接开放仅具有较少的影响。因此,跨细胞途径可能是主要的作用机制。
Claims (33)
1.包含聚乙二醇660羟基脂肪酸酯的吸收促进剂在制备包含治疗剂的药物中的应用,其中,在应用中,治疗剂通过粘膜的吸收得到促进,并且其中所述治疗剂具有小于1的log P值,并且所述治疗剂选自生长激素和甲状旁腺素,并且其中所述药物是水溶液或干粉的形式。
2.权利要求1的应用,其中所述吸收促进剂包含聚乙二醇660羟基脂肪酸酯和游离聚乙二醇。
3.权利要求2的应用,其中所述吸收促进剂包含30%-90%重量的聚乙二醇660羟基脂肪酸酯和10%-50%重量的游离聚乙二醇。
4.根据权利要求1-3任一项的应用,其中所述药物还包括生物粘合剂、胶凝剂和/或增稠剂。
5.根据权利要求1-3任一项的应用,其中所述药物包括一种或多种其他吸收促进剂,所述吸收促进剂选自环糊精、胆汁盐、聚-L-精氨酸、脱乙酰壳多糖、磷脂、溶血磷脂、聚丙烯酸、透明质酸、癸酸钠和胺化明胶。
6.根据权利要求4的应用,其中所述药物包括一种或多种其他吸收促进剂,所述吸收促进剂选自环糊精、胆汁盐、聚-L-精氨酸、脱乙酰壳多糖、磷脂、溶血磷脂、聚丙烯酸、透明质酸、癸酸钠和胺化明胶。
7.根据权利要求1-3和6任一项的应用,其中所述粘膜是鼻、口腔、肺、阴道或直肠粘膜。
8.根据权利要求4的应用,其中所述粘膜是鼻、口腔、肺、阴道或直肠粘膜。
9.根据权利要求5的应用,其中所述粘膜是鼻、口腔、肺、阴道或直肠粘膜。
10.根据权利要求1-3、6和8-9任一项的应用,其中所述药物用于口服给药。
11.根据权利要求4的应用,其中所述药物用于口服给药。
12.根据权利要求5的应用,其中所述药物用于口服给药。
13.根据权利要求7的应用,其中所述药物用于口服给药。
14.药物组合物,其包含治疗剂和含有聚乙二醇660羟基脂肪酸酯的吸收促进剂,其中所述治疗剂具有小于1的log P值,并且所述治疗剂选自生长激素和甲状旁腺素,并且其中所述药物组合物是水溶液或干粉的形式;并且其中所述聚乙二醇660羟基脂肪酸酯的量占总组合物重量的至少5%。
15.包含治疗剂和含有聚乙二醇660羟基脂肪酸酯的吸收促进剂的药物组合物,其中所述组合物还包含透明质酸和/或脱乙酰壳多糖,并且其中所述治疗剂具有小于1的log P值,并且所述治疗剂选自生长激素和甲状旁腺素,并且其中所述药物组合物是水溶液或干粉的形式。
16.如权利要求15所述的组合物,其中所述聚乙二醇660羟基脂肪酸酯的量占总组合物重量的至少5%。
17.颗粒形式的包含治疗剂和含有聚乙二醇660羟基脂肪酸酯的吸收促进剂的药物组合物,其中所述聚乙二醇660羟基脂肪酸酯的量占总组合物重量的至少5%,并且其中所述治疗剂具有小于1的log P值,并且所述治疗剂选自生长激素和甲状旁腺素,并且其中所述药物组合物是水溶液或干粉的形式。
18.权利要求14至17任一项的组合物,其中吸收促进剂包含聚乙二醇660羟基脂肪酸酯和游离聚乙二醇。
19.权利要求18的组合物,其中吸收促进剂包含30%-90%重量的聚乙二醇660羟基脂肪酸酯和10%-50%重量的游离聚乙二醇。
20.权利要求14至17和19任一项的组合物,其中药物组合物还包含生物粘合剂、胶凝剂和/或增稠剂。
21.权利要求18的组合物,其中药物组合物还包含生物粘合剂、胶凝剂和/或增稠剂。
22.权利要求14至17、19和21任一项的组合物,其中药物组合物包含一种或多种其他吸收促进剂,所述吸收促进剂选自环糊精、胆汁盐、聚-L-精氨酸、脱乙酰壳多糖、磷脂、溶血磷脂、聚丙烯酸、透明质酸、癸酸钠和胺化明胶。
23.权利要求18的组合物,其中药物组合物包含一种或多种其他吸收促进剂,所述吸收促进剂选自环糊精、胆汁盐、聚-L-精氨酸、脱乙酰壳多糖、磷脂、溶血磷脂、聚丙烯酸、透明质酸、癸酸钠和胺化明胶。
24.权利要求20的组合物,其中药物组合物包含一种或多种其他吸收促进剂,所述吸收促进剂选自环糊精、胆汁盐、聚-L-精氨酸、脱乙酰壳多糖、磷脂、溶血磷脂、聚丙烯酸、透明质酸、癸酸钠和胺化明胶。
25.权利要求14至17、19、21和23-24任一项的组合物,其中粘膜是鼻、口腔、肺、阴道或直肠粘膜。
26.权利要求18的组合物,其中粘膜是鼻、口腔、肺、阴道或直肠粘膜。
27.权利要求20的组合物,其中粘膜是鼻、口腔、肺、阴道或直肠粘膜。
28.权利要求22的组合物,其中粘膜是鼻、口腔、肺、阴道或直肠粘膜。
29.权利要求14至17、19、21、23-24和26-28任一项的组合物,其中组合物用于口服给药。
30.权利要求18的组合物,其中组合物用于口服给药。
31.权利要求20的组合物,其中组合物用于口服给药。
32.权利要求22的组合物,其中组合物用于口服给药。
33.权利要求25的组合物,其中组合物用于口服给药。
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- 2009-09-14 KR KR1020117006348A patent/KR20110056516A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2009-09-14 WO PCT/GB2009/051188 patent/WO2010029374A1/en active Application Filing
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CN102149368A (zh) | 2011-08-10 |
EP2334285A1 (en) | 2011-06-22 |
AU2009290656B2 (en) | 2015-05-07 |
ZA201101638B (en) | 2014-08-27 |
MX2011002688A (es) | 2011-04-12 |
US8795634B2 (en) | 2014-08-05 |
JP2015042689A (ja) | 2015-03-05 |
GB2463565A (en) | 2010-03-24 |
WO2010029374A1 (en) | 2010-03-18 |
IL211328A0 (en) | 2011-04-28 |
NZ591261A (en) | 2012-12-21 |
JP6002385B2 (ja) | 2016-10-05 |
RU2519193C2 (ru) | 2014-06-10 |
CA2734381A1 (en) | 2010-03-18 |
JP2012502087A (ja) | 2012-01-26 |
RU2011114078A (ru) | 2012-10-20 |
US20110171140A1 (en) | 2011-07-14 |
US20140072588A1 (en) | 2014-03-13 |
GB0916028D0 (en) | 2009-10-28 |
AU2009290656A1 (en) | 2010-03-18 |
BRPI0918253A2 (pt) | 2015-12-15 |
KR20110056516A (ko) | 2011-05-30 |
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