CN102089412A - 固体燃料 - Google Patents
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Abstract
提供一种固体燃料,其通过以均衡方式使用废木材、废纸和废热塑性树脂而具有稳定发热量。该固体燃料特征在于包含具有尺寸为1~25mm的木碎片、具有尺寸为1~25mm的纸碎片和热塑性树脂的混合物。该混合物包含5~15重量份热塑性树脂,基于木碎片和纸碎片的总重量80~95重量份,并且木碎片与纸碎片的重量比是20∶80~90∶10,将该混合物成形。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种固体燃料。更具体地,本发明涉及一种通过有效地利用废木材、废纸和废塑料获得的固体燃料。更加具体地,本发明涉及一种固体燃料,其通过有效地利用木材、纸和塑料的废弃物获得,燃烧后产生尽可能少量的有害气体和残渣,并且产生大量的热,本发明特别涉及一种适用于作为发电用燃料的固体燃料。
背景技术
伴随着生活的现代化,从家庭生活、生产工厂、加工工厂等大量产生废弃物如废木材、废纸和塑料,而且这些废弃物的处理现在是一个社会问题。这些废弃物中的大部分被回收并焚烧或地下掩埋。然而,回收后再利用为生活用品或用作能源的废弃物的比例在逐渐增加,但是仍然不能令人满意。
特别是来自老房子的废木材、间伐材和废纸的部分已经被烧掉,这是因为这些废弃物的回收和分类花费大并且其再利用困难。同时,对于废塑料,虽然PET瓶主要被地方政府部分地回收和再利用,但是大多数其它塑料没有再利用并且被烧掉了,这是因为存在大量的树脂的种类和形状并且这些树脂的回收和分类的成本巨大。
发明内容
发明要解决的问题
于是,本发明的发明人已经进行了深入研究以开发固体燃料,所述固体燃料可以通过使用再利用困难的废木材和废纸和难以分类的废塑料作为能源而不焚烧它们来获得。
结果发现,当将废木材和废纸破碎成预定尺寸的碎片,以预定比例使用废木材,将预定的少量废塑料与之混合,并且将所得混合物加热和成形,得到的产物有效地作为发电用固体燃料,由于塑料作为粘结剂的作用,其可以维持具有预定尺寸的固体形状,作为燃料产生大量的热并且产生极少量有害气体和有害残渣。
根据本发明,可以提供一种固体燃料,所述固体燃料可以作为能源用于发电,特别是作为通过有效利用原本没有实用价值并且被焚烧的废木材、废纸和废塑料的清洁能源。
专利文献1提出一种从废纸和废塑料获得的固体燃料。这种固体燃料实际上包含基于100重量份废纸为25~100重量份的废塑料,并且使用了相对大量的废塑料(总计20~50重量%)。该专利公开教导可以共混更多废木材,但是在实施例中使用的废木材的量不超过总量的10重量%。上述固体燃料包含相对大比例的废塑料,因此需要通过加热获得的固体燃料而对其脱氯的步骤,以抑制由于包含聚氯乙烯引起的在燃烧时的麻烦。
专利文献1:JP-A 7-82581
用于解决问题的方案
根据本发明,提供一种在以下第(1)至(6)项中限定的固体燃料。
(1)一种固体燃料,其由具有尺寸为1~25mm的木碎片、具有尺寸为1~25mm的纸碎片和热塑性树脂的混合物成形,其中该混合物包含木碎片和纸碎片合计80~95重量份,和热塑性树脂5~15重量份,并且木碎片与纸碎片的重量比是20∶80~90∶10。
(2)根据上述第(1)项所述的固体燃料,其中各碎片的平均尺寸为15~60cm3。
(3)根据上述第(1)项所述的固体燃料,其具有圆柱状的形状。
(4)根据上述第(1)项所述的固体燃料,其具有表观比重为0.4~0.5g/cm3
(5)根据上述第(1)项所述的固体燃料,其产生20~30MJ/kg热。
(6)根据上述第(1)项所述的固体燃料,其用于发电。
发明的效果
本发明的固体燃料是通过以均衡比例利用废木材、废纸和废塑料获得的,并且可以有效地用作一种新能源,特别是用于发电的能源。
本发明的固体燃料可以是一种新固体燃料,其通过利用本当被焚烧的木材、纸和塑料废弃物获得,产生极少量有害气体和有害残渣,并产生大量热。
特别地,在本发明的固体燃料中,当将废木材破碎成特定尺寸的碎片并以预定比例使用时,即使以相对小的比例使用树脂,树脂也有效地起粘结剂的作用,从而使得可以成形固体燃料。因为产生的热量可以通过使用少量树脂控制,并且可以尽可能地减少氯系树脂如聚氯乙烯的量,所以不需要脱氯操作如热处理。
具体实施方式
本发明的固体燃料是一种通过成形木碎片、纸碎片和热塑性树脂的混合物获得的固体,并将要丢弃的废弃物用作这些原料。以下将描述原料的比例和成形方法。
(a)木碎片
将通过使旧家具和建筑物如老房子解体而回收的废木材、来自锯木厂的木屑和端材、间伐材和使用过的平板架(pallet)用作木碎片的原料。木材的种类并不特别限定。当上述废木材是干燥的时,将其以原样使用,当其含水时,将其干燥并破碎。回收自锯木厂的木屑,当木屑的尺寸落在以下说明的范围内时,可以以原样使用,而不破碎。
通过破碎获得的木碎片的尺寸为1~25mm,优选2~20mm。这里使用的术语“尺寸”是指各木碎片的最大直径。更具体地说,可以将通过具有25mm以下、优选20mm以下的开口的筛子的木碎片用作原料。木碎片的形状不特别限定,只要它们通过具有齿的旋转破碎机破碎。期望木碎片是具有含水量为20重量%以下、优选15重量%以下的干燥木碎片。
(b)纸碎片
纸碎片的原料不仅仅是作为再生纸再利用的废纸,如旧书、报纸、纸板和办公用纸,还可以是难以作为再生纸再利用的涂布纸和层压纸。将这些纸原料剪切成尺寸为1~25mm、优选2~20mm。这里使用的术语“尺寸”是指通过具有25mm以下、优选20mm以下的开口的筛子的纸碎片的尺寸。用作原料的纸碎片优选是干燥的,但是可以含有15重量%以下、优选10重量%以下量的水。
(c)热塑性树脂
使用作为废塑料回收的那些作为热塑性树脂,并且具有熔点为80~180℃、优选90~150℃的塑料是合适的。所述热塑性树脂的实例包括聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚酯、聚碳酸酯、ABS、丙烯酸类树脂、聚氨酯树脂、聚乙酸乙烯酯树脂和橡胶。因为使用废塑料,所以它们通常作为混合物使用。尽管因为当其燃烧时产生有害气体而不优选聚氯乙烯,但是在本发明的固体燃料中树脂的含量相对低,因此树脂中包含少量聚氯乙烯几乎不引起问题。
当热固性树脂以15重量%以下、优选10重量%以下的量混入热塑性树脂中时,只要不干扰成形就没有问题。
由于当热塑性树脂与木碎片和纸碎片混合时其起粘结剂的作用,所以期望热塑性树脂应当破碎成小的碎片以致其可以紧密地和充分地与木碎片和纸碎片混合并分散至其中。具体地,树脂碎片期望地具有50mm以下、优选40mm以下的直径。为达到此目的,将其破碎后,使用通过具有50mm以下、优选40mm以下的开口的筛子的碎片。热塑性树脂可以通过再熔融废塑料并将它们形成具有上述尺寸的片或颗粒获得。
(d)组成
在本发明的固体燃料中木碎片与纸碎片的重量比为20∶80~90∶10,优选25∶75~85∶15,特别优选30∶70~80∶20。在上述范围内,通过使用相对少量的树脂可以使其硬化,并且废木材和废纸均衡地再利用成为可能,由此产生的热量变得稳定。热塑性树脂的量为5~15重量份,基于木碎片和纸碎片的总量85~95重量份。优选地,热塑性树脂的量为7~13重量份,基于木碎片和纸碎片的总量87~93重量份。
(e)成形方法
优选将上述木碎片、纸碎片和热塑性树脂应当以上述比例混合在一起,并且所得混合物应当在100~160℃,优选110~150℃,特别优选120~140℃下加热,并且加压和压缩以致将热塑性树脂熔融并作为粘结剂紧密分散。
特别优选应当将木碎片和纸碎片预先混合在一起,然后将热塑性树脂与所得混合物混合。单螺杆或双螺杆加热挤出机可以用作用于将它们混合和加热的机器。
特别希望使用双螺杆挤出机。将用挤出机压缩和挤出的组合物从圆形喷嘴排出,并且切成合适的长度以获得圆柱状成形产物。
当圆形喷嘴的直径设为25~50mm,优选30~40mm,切断长度设为20~70mm,优选25~65mm时,此时可以获得具有期望尺寸的固体燃料。
(f)固体燃料的特性
由于工业上优选用上述成形方法生产本发明的固体燃料,所以固体燃料的形状期望是圆柱状或棱柱状的,特别优选圆柱状。至于固体燃料的尺寸,各碎片的体积为平均15~60cm3,优选20~55cm3。
固体燃料的表观比重为0.4~0.5g/cm3,优选0.42~0.48g/cm3。
由于在固体燃料中木碎片和纸碎片的含量是均衡的并且热塑性树脂的含量相对低,因此产生的热量稳定在20~30MJ/kg,优选22~28MJ/kg。因此,由于本发明的固体燃料是通过以均衡的比例利用废木材、废纸和废塑料获得的,并且其产生的热量大且稳定,其有利地用作产生热能的燃料。
实施例
提供以下实施例以进一步说明本发明。
用于以下实施例的木碎片、纸碎片和热塑性树脂描述如下。
(1)木碎片;
所述木碎片(尺寸为25mm以下)通过破碎废木材如从建筑材料获得的废木材和通过锯木材获得的端材获得。
(2)纸碎片;
所述纸碎片(尺寸为25mm以下)通过破碎废包装纸和具有保护膜的废纸获得。
(3)热塑性树脂
所述热塑性树脂(尺寸为40mm以下)是聚丙烯(PP)、聚乙烯(PE)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、ABS树脂、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)、聚碳酸酯(PC)和聚丙烯酸酯树脂(PA)的混合物的破碎产物。
实施例1
将10重量份热塑性树脂与80重量份木碎片和10重量份纸碎片的混合物混合,并将所得混合物用在130℃下加热的双螺杆挤出机挤出以获得具有直径为约35mm(长度为65mm)的圆柱状固体燃料。该固体燃料的表观比重(堆积比重)、产生的热量和氯含量示于表1。
实施例2
除了木碎片、纸碎片和热塑性树脂的量分别改变为45重量份、45重量份和10重量份,以及加热温度改变为125℃以外,以与实施例1相同的方式获得圆柱状固体燃料(长度为60mm)。该固体燃料的表观比重(堆积比重)、产生的热量和氯含量示于表1。
实施例3
除了木碎片、纸碎片和热塑性树脂的量分别改变为50重量份、40重量份和10重量份,以及加热温度改变为125℃以外,以与实施例1相同的方式获得圆柱状固体燃料(长度为60mm)。该固体燃料的表观比重、产生的热量和氯含量示于表1。
实施例4
除了木碎片、纸碎片和热塑性树脂的量分别改变为50重量份、45重量份和5重量份,以及加热温度改变为120℃以外,以与实施例1相同的方式获得圆柱状固体燃料(长度为10mm)。该固体燃料的表观比重、产生的热量和氯含量示于表1。
实施例5
除了木碎片、纸碎片和热塑性树脂的量分别改变为45重量份、40重量份和15重量份,以及加热温度改变为125℃以外,以与实施例1相同的方式获得圆柱状固体燃料(长度为70mm)。该固体燃料的表观比重、产生的热量和氯含量示于表1。
表1
Claims (6)
1.一种固体燃料,其由具有尺寸为1~25mm的木碎片、具有尺寸为1~25mm的纸碎片和热塑性树脂的混合物成形,其中所述混合物包含木碎片和纸碎片合计80~95重量份,和热塑性树脂5~15重量份,并且木碎片与纸碎片的重量比是20∶80~90∶10。
2.根据权利要求1所述的固体燃料,其中各碎片的平均尺寸为15~60cm3。
3.根据权利要求1所述的固体燃料,其具有圆柱状的形状。
4.根据权利要求1所述的固体燃料,其具有表观比重为0.4~0.5g/cm3。
5.根据权利要求1所述的固体燃料,其产生20~30MJ/kg热。
6.根据权利要求1所述的固体燃料,其用于发电。
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CN107109272A (zh) * | 2014-10-30 | 2017-08-29 | 埃科金苏斯有限责任公司 | 由混合固体废弃物形成的固体燃料组合物 |
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JP5285004B2 (ja) * | 2009-08-10 | 2013-09-11 | 株式会社クリエイティブ | 固体燃料 |
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AU2008359132B2 (en) | 2015-07-09 |
MX2011000239A (es) | 2011-04-05 |
EP2314662A1 (en) | 2011-04-27 |
US20110078947A1 (en) | 2011-04-07 |
EP2314662B1 (en) | 2013-03-27 |
KR20110033918A (ko) | 2011-04-01 |
EP2314662A4 (en) | 2011-11-30 |
MY150433A (en) | 2014-01-30 |
ES2403106T3 (es) | 2013-05-14 |
BRPI0822916B1 (pt) | 2017-11-28 |
BRPI0822916A2 (pt) | 2015-06-23 |
JP2010018725A (ja) | 2010-01-28 |
CN105695028A (zh) | 2016-06-22 |
AU2008359132A1 (en) | 2010-01-14 |
EG26247A (en) | 2013-05-20 |
WO2010004660A1 (ja) | 2010-01-14 |
RU2471859C2 (ru) | 2013-01-10 |
RU2011102006A (ru) | 2012-07-27 |
US8721746B2 (en) | 2014-05-13 |
JP4593657B2 (ja) | 2010-12-08 |
KR101529366B1 (ko) | 2015-06-16 |
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