CN103221516A - 固体燃料 - Google Patents
固体燃料 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN103221516A CN103221516A CN2010800701872A CN201080070187A CN103221516A CN 103221516 A CN103221516 A CN 103221516A CN 2010800701872 A CN2010800701872 A CN 2010800701872A CN 201080070187 A CN201080070187 A CN 201080070187A CN 103221516 A CN103221516 A CN 103221516A
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- Prior art keywords
- solid fuel
- component
- fuel according
- weight
- gum
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L5/00—Solid fuels
- C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
- C10L5/44—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on vegetable substances
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L5/00—Solid fuels
- C10L5/02—Solid fuels such as briquettes consisting mainly of carbonaceous materials of mineral or non-mineral origin
- C10L5/06—Methods of shaping, e.g. pelletizing or briquetting
- C10L5/10—Methods of shaping, e.g. pelletizing or briquetting with the aid of binders, e.g. pretreated binders
- C10L5/14—Methods of shaping, e.g. pelletizing or briquetting with the aid of binders, e.g. pretreated binders with organic binders
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L5/00—Solid fuels
- C10L5/02—Solid fuels such as briquettes consisting mainly of carbonaceous materials of mineral or non-mineral origin
- C10L5/34—Other details of the shaped fuels, e.g. briquettes
- C10L5/36—Shape
- C10L5/363—Pellets or granulates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
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Abstract
为了提供一种通过使用良好平衡的粘结剂、形态保持剂和含有植物油的物质而控制二氧化碳产生和产生稳定热量的固体燃料。一种固体燃料,其特征在于包括包含粘结剂、形态保持剂和含有植物油的物质的混合物;当所述混合物具有100重量份时,所述粘结剂构成1-85重量份,所述形态保持剂构成1-55重量份,和所述含有植物油的物质构成10-85重量份;并且将所述混合物成型。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种固体燃料。更具体地,其涉及有效地利用粘结剂、形态保持剂(form retaining agent)和含有植物油的物质的固体燃料。更加具体地,其涉及在使用含有植物油的物质的同时有效地利用源自天然产物的粘结剂和形态保持剂、产生尽可能少量的有害气体或残渣、具有大的发热值(calorific value)并导致抑制二氧化碳的产生的固体燃料,特别是适合于用作发电用燃料的固体燃料。
背景技术
全球环境问题之一的全球变暖的起因包括空气中存在的二氧化碳的量增加。抑制二氧化碳产生的各种方法正在以全球规模来进行。作为方法之一,正在进行的是作为化石燃料如煤和汽油的替代选择的生物燃料的生产以及它们在机动车和电站锅炉(power boiler)中的使用。然而,用作生物燃料的原料的食物如玉米的使用打破生态平衡和经济平衡,因此不能说这是最好的方法。因而,必要的是考虑全球环境同时将对衣服、食物和住宅(其平衡对人类生活至关重要)的影响最小化。由于这是非常难以解决的问题,因此正在进行各种研究但是该问题尚未解决。于是,利用塑料的固体燃料作为石油和煤的替代选择用于电站锅炉,但是这不能说其抑制二氧化碳的产生的效果是满意的。
同时,专利文献1-3提出将木材废料、废纸和废塑料回收用于固体燃料。
专利文献1提出利用使用过的纸张和废塑料的固体燃料。该固体燃料基于100重量份使用过的纸张实际上包括25-100重量份的废塑料。因而,使用相对大量的废塑料(全体的20-50重量%)。尽管该专利文献1教导可以进一步使用木材类废料,用于实施例的木材类废料的量为不大于全体的10重量%。上述固体燃料以相对大的比例包含废塑料,因此,需要通过将所得固体燃料加热而使其脱氯的步骤从而抑制在燃烧时由于包括聚氯乙烯而引起的问题。
专利文献2提出通过将塑料、木材粉末、树皮和使用过的纸张压接在一起并且将所得的产物成型为粒状而获得的固体燃料。尽管固体燃料中包含的塑料的量指定为10-80%(由图2-4判断出),但是塑料的量估计在30%以上,优选50%以上。
专利文献3提出通过将5-10重量份合成树脂类废料与100重量份木材类废料捏和并且将捏和的产物粒化而获得燃料的方法。通过该方法获得的颗粒具有约6-12mm的小的直径,这不能说颗粒的发热值是充分大的,此外,其形态保持稳定性(formretention stability)是不能令人满意的。因此,该颗粒是不适于用作火力发电的固体燃料。
与此同时,随同近年来似乎是由于全球变暖现象而引起的大规模灾难的频繁发生,各国尝试抑制温室效应气体之一的二氧化碳的产生,但是可以说这仍然是令人不满意的。于是,将利用各种废品的固体燃料作为石油和煤的替代选择用于电站锅炉,但是可以说它们抑制二氧化碳产生的效果仍然是令人不满意的。
即,由于塑料用作由上述专利文献1-3提出的固体燃料中的粘结剂和燃料源,考虑到塑料是由石油生产的,这些固体燃料在抑制二氧化碳产生的效果方面是令人不满意的。
[现有技术文献]
[专利文献]
专利文献1:JP-A7-82581
专利文献2:JP-A57-57796
专利文献3:JP-A62-43490
发明内容
发明要解决的问题
于是,本发明的发明人进行深入研究以开发可以用作能够抑制二氧化碳产生而不使用源自石油的塑料的能源的固体燃料。结果,他们发现了,当使用作为自然资源的含有植物油的物质代替在现有技术中已经使用的废木材、使用过的纸张和塑料、与源自天然产物的粘结剂和形态保持剂以一定比例混合并且将所得混合物成型时,能够形成具有一定形状和一定尺寸的固体,并且该固体具有优异的形态保持性,作为燃料具有大的发热值,极少产生有害气体或有害残渣,因为所有原料均源自自然植物所以用于大幅抑制二氧化碳的产生,并可用作用于发电的固体燃料。因而,根据本发明,能够提供一种作为清洁能源的能够用于发电的固体燃料,因为其全部原料均源自植物而不使用在现有技术中已经使用的塑料。
用于解决问题的方案
根据本发明,提供以下固体燃料。
(1)一种固体燃料,其由粘结剂(组分A)、形态保持剂(组分B)和含有植物油的物质(组分C)的混合物来形成,其中基于100重量份所述混合物,所述组分A的量是1-85重量份,所述组分B的量是1-55重量份,和所述组分C的量是10-85重量份,将所述混合物压缩成型。
(2)在上述(1)段中的固体燃料,其中基于100重量份所述混合物,所述组分A和B的总量是15-90重量份。
(3)在上述(1)段中的固体燃料,其中基于100重量份所述混合物,所述组分C的量是10-80重量份。
(4)在上述(1)段中的固体燃料,其中所述组分A与所述组分B的重量比是1:25-85:1。
(5)在上述(1)段中的固体燃料,其中所述粘结剂(组分A)是源自海藻的淀粉。
(6)在上述(1)段中的固体燃料,其中所述形态保持剂(组分B)是天然橡胶。
(7)在上述(1)段中的固体燃料,其中所述含有植物油的物质是蓖麻或麻风树的果实种子,或者其粉碎产物。
(8)在上述(1)段中的固体燃料各自具有平均粒径为10-100cm3。
(9)在上述(1)段中的固体燃料是棱状或圆筒状的形状。
(10)在上述(1)段中的固体燃料具有表观比重为0.3-0.6g/cm3。
(11)在上述(1)段中的固体燃料具有发热值为20-30MJ/kg。
(12)在上述(1)段中的固体燃料用于火力发电。
发明的效果
本发明的固体燃料通过以平衡方式使用粘结剂、形态保持剂和含有植物油的物质能够有效地用作新能源,尤其是用于发电的能源。本发明的固体燃料能够为如下的新型固体燃料:极少产生有害气体或有害残渣,具有大的发热值并且导致抑制二氧化碳的产生。
在本发明的固体燃料中,粘结剂和形态保持剂作为粘结剂并且含有植物油的物质有效地用于确保的一定热量,从而使其可以成型为固体燃料。由于本发明的固体燃料包括源自植物的粘结剂和形态保持剂以及含有植物油的物质而不使用源自石油的塑料,因此其具有抑制二氧化碳的产生的显著效果。
具体实施方式
本发明的固体燃料是通过将粘结剂、形态保持剂和含有植物油的物质的混合物成型而获得的固体。随后给出原料的比例和成型方法的说明。
(a)粘结剂
粘结剂是从包含藻酸的海藻中收集的淀粉,示例为琼脂糖、角叉菜聚糖、凝胶多糖和葡甘露聚糖。可以使用这些中的至少一种干燥的粘结剂或者粘结剂和形态保持剂的组合。将粘结剂割断或切断为1-5mm的尺寸。用在此处的术语“尺寸”意指通过开口为50mm以下的筛的粘结剂的尺寸。粘结剂可以是粉末状的。
(b)形态保持剂
天然橡胶或含天然橡胶的产物用作形态保持剂。其实例包括瓜耳胶、塔拉胶(tara gum)、刺槐豆胶、罗望子胶、车前子胶(psyllium seed gum)、阿拉伯树胶、吉兰糖胶(gellan gum)、凝胶多糖、果胶、纤维素、甲壳质、脱乙酰壳多糖、黄原酸胶、刺梧桐树胶、阿拉伯半乳聚糖、茄替胶、黄蓍胶、丹麦琼脂、普鲁分支葡聚糖、气单胞菌属胶(aeromonas gum)、土壤杆菌属(agrobacterium)琥珀酰葡聚糖、固氮菌胶(azotobacter vinelandiigum)、亚麻籽胶(linseed gum)、扁桃胶(almond gum)、威兰胶(welan gum)、欧文氏菌胶(erwinia mitsuensis gum)、榄香(gumelemi)、肠细菌胶(enterobacter gum)、鸭肠菌胶(enterobactersimanus gum)、低聚葡糖胺(oligoglucosamine)、肉桂胶(cassiagum)、角豆树豆胶、葡糖胺、沙蒿籽胶(artemisia sphaerocephalaseed gum)、菌核胶(sclero gum)、田菁胶(sesbania gum)、葡聚糖、三刺胶(triacanthos gum)、黄蜀葵(abelmoschus manihot)、大茎点菌属胶(macrophomopsis gum)、鼠李聚糖胶(rhamsangum)、果聚糖、daruman树脂(daruman resin)、桃胶(peach gum)和酸荚罗望子树。可以使用这些中的至少一种干燥的形态保持剂或者形态保持剂和粘结剂的组合。
这些之中,瓜耳胶、塔拉胶、刺槐豆胶、罗望子胶、车前子胶、吉兰糖胶、凝胶多糖、黄原酸胶、阿拉伯树胶、果胶、纤维素、甲壳质、脱乙酰壳多糖、黄原酸胶、刺梧桐树胶和角豆树豆胶是优选的,并且瓜耳胶、塔拉胶、刺槐豆胶、罗望子胶、车前子胶、吉兰糖胶、凝胶多糖和黄原酸胶是最优选的。
将形态保持剂割断或切断为1-5mm的尺寸。用在此处的术语“尺寸”意指通过开口为50mm以下的筛的形态保持剂的尺寸。形态保持剂可以是粉末状的。
(c)含有植物油的物质
乌桕,栓皮栎(Quercus suber),小米,大米,食品碳化物(foodcarbide),亚麻,黄麻,苎麻,槿麻,苘麻(Abutilon avicennae),洛神花(roselle),芭蕉(Musa basjoo),灯心草(Juncus effuses L.var.decipens Buchen.),短叶茳芏(Cyperus monophyllus Vahl),秋葵,桑白(Morus bombycis),香蕉,菠萝,龙舌兰(AgaveTequilana),雁皮(sarago),紫藤,椴树(linden),竹,芦苇,西班牙草(esparto),印度草(sabai grass),艳山姜(Alpiniazerumbet),常绿萱草(Hermerocallis aurantiaca),raran草(rarangrass),柔软滨麦草(morochi grass),纸莎草(papyrus),龙须草(ryusu grass),葛根(Pueraria lobata),结香(Edgeworthiachrysantha),青檀(aotan),腰果(cashew nut),燕麦,羽扇豆(lupine),金盏花(calendula),咖啡,榛子(hazelnut),大戟(spurge),南瓜,芫荽(coriander),芥菜籽(mustard seed),红花(Carthamustinctorius),可可豆,嫩茎花椰菜(Tenderstem broccoli),油菜(Brassica campestris),澳洲坚果(macadamia nut),坚果,蓖麻,麻风树,棕榈,甘蔗,高粱(Sorghum bicolor),马铃薯,小麦,水稻(Oryza sativa),橄榄,向日葵,大豆,红花(safflower),花生,柳树,杨树,柳枝稷(switchgrass),象草(elephant grass),木薯(Evodiopanax innovans),仙人掌,木材(lumber),甜菜(sugarbeet),黄连木(Pistacia chinesis Bunge),棉花,古巴香脂(copaiba),水黄皮(Pongamia pinnata),藿藿巴油,青珊瑚(Euphorbia tirucalli),玉米,甘薯,马尾藻(Sargassum fulvellum),芝麻,刺棘蓟,鳄梨(avocado),kusabinoki,奎藜籽(quinua),小葵子(Guizotia abyssinica),大麻和泡桐(paulownia)用作含有植物油的物质。乌桕、蓖麻、麻风树、棕榈、甘蔗、玉米和它们的加工残渣是优选的并且作为在发电设备中的燃料用作燃料固体燃料用热源。术语“加工残渣”意指是从以下物质的果实和种子中榨出油之后获得的压饼(press cake):乌桕,栓皮栎,小米,大米,食品碳化物,亚麻,黄麻,苎麻,槿麻,苘麻,洛神花,芭蕉,灯心草,短叶茳芏,秋葵,桑白,香蕉,菠萝,龙舌兰,雁皮,紫藤,椴树,竹,芦苇,西班牙草,印度草,艳山姜,常绿萱草,raran草(raran grass),柔软滨麦草,纸莎草,龙须草,葛根,结香,青檀,腰果,燕麦,羽扇豆,金盏花,咖啡,榛子,大戟,南瓜,芫荽,芥菜籽,红花,可可豆,嫩茎花椰菜,油菜,澳洲坚果,坚果,蓖麻,麻风树,棕榈,甘蔗,高粱,马铃薯,小麦,水稻,橄榄,向日葵,大豆,红花,花生,柳树,杨树,柳枝稷,象草,木薯,仙人掌,木材,甜菜,黄连木,棉花,古巴香脂,水黄皮,藿藿巴油,青珊瑚,玉米,甘薯,马尾藻,芝麻,刺棘蓟,鳄梨,kusabinoki,奎藜籽,小葵子,大麻和泡桐。乌桕、蓖麻、麻风树、棕榈、甘蔗和玉米的果实种子或其粉碎产物是优选的。这些之中,乌桕、蓖麻和麻风树的果实种子或其粉碎产物是特别优选的。将这些含有植物油的物质割断或切断为1-50mm的尺寸。用在此处的术语“尺寸”意指通过开口为50mm以下的筛的含有植物油的物质的尺寸。尽管主要使用种子,但是也可以部分混合树枝或树干。
(d)组成
组分A的量是1-85重量份,组分B的量是1-55重量份,和组分C的量是10-85重量份,基于100重量份所有组分的混合物。组分A和B的总量是15-90重量份,优选20-85重量份,组分C的量优选是15-80重量份。此外,组分A与组分B的重量比是1:25-85:1,优选1:29-80:1。
在上述范围内,本发明的固体燃料可以通过使用相对少量的粘结剂、形态保持剂和含有植物油的物质来固化,从而发热值变得稳定。当粘结剂和形态保持剂的总量是15-90重量份时,含有植物油的物质的量期望是10-85重量份。该比例通过固体燃料的期望的发热值来改变。
(e)成型方法
优选将上述比例的上述粘结剂、形态保持剂和含有植物油的物质混合物加压并压缩以致它们紧密地分散。
其中粘结剂和含有植物油的物质预混合在一起并将形态保持剂与所得混合物混合的方法是特别优选的,可以使用单螺杆或双螺杆挤出机作为混合机器。使用双螺杆挤出机是特别期望的。将已经通过挤出机压缩并挤出的组合物从棱状或圆形喷嘴排出,并且切断为适当的长度,从而获得棱状或圆筒状成形品。
具有期望尺寸的固体燃料能够通过将圆筒状喷嘴的直径设定为5-50mm和切断长度为10-100mm来获得。
(f)固体燃料的特性
由于本发明的固体燃料优选通过上述成型方法来工业上制造,因此其形状期望为圆筒状或棱状,并特别有利地是圆筒状。固体燃料的尺寸以体积计的平均值各自期望为10-100cm3。固体燃料的表观比重期望在0.3-0.6g/cm3的范围内。
固体燃料的发热值稳定在20-30Mj/kg。因此,本发明的固体燃料以平衡方式包括粘结剂、形态保持剂和含有植物油的物质,具有高度稳定的发热值和抑制二氧化碳产生的极好效果,从而可有利地用作火力发电用燃料。
实施例
提供以下实施例以进一步说明本发明。
以下粘结剂、形态保持剂和热量增强剂(caloricaugmentation agent)用于以下实施例。
(a)粘结剂
通过将干燥的角叉菜聚糖粉碎(25mm以下的尺寸)获得粘结剂。
(b)形态保持剂
瓜耳胶粉末用作形态保持剂。
(c)含有植物油的物质
从栽培的蓖麻收集种子及其残渣。
实施例1
将10重量份组分B与48重量份组分A和42重量份组分C的混合物混合,并且将所得混合物通过双螺杆挤出机挤出从而获得直径为约35mm的圆筒状固体燃料(50mm长)。该固体燃料的表观比重(堆积比重)、发热值、氯含量和形态保持稳定性试验结果示于表1。
实施例2
将5重量份组分B与15重量份组分A和80重量份组分C的混合物混合,并且将所得混合物通过双螺杆挤出机挤出从而获得直径为约35mm的圆筒状固体燃料(50mm长)。该固体燃料的表观比重(堆积比重)、发热值、氯含量和形态保持稳定性试验结果示于表1。
实施例3
将50重量份组分B与1重量份组分A和49重量份组分C的混合物混合,并且将所得混合物通过双螺杆挤出机挤出从而获得直径为约35mm的圆筒状固体燃料(50mm长)。该固体燃料的表观比重(堆积比重)、发热值、氯含量和形态保持稳定性试验结果示于表1。
实施例4
将5重量份组分B与80重量份组分A和15重量份组分C的混合物混合,并且将所得混合物通过双螺杆挤出机挤出从而获得直径为约35mm的圆筒状固体燃料(50mm长)。该固体燃料的表观比重(堆积比重)、发热值、氯含量和形态保持稳定性试验结果示于表1。
表1
<对固体燃料的形态保持稳定性试验>
检测在上述实施例1-4中获得的各固体燃料的形态保持稳定性。“碎片的重量比”的表述意指通过筛分固体燃料而获得的约10cm3以下的尺寸的碎片的总重量与筛分之前的固体燃料的重量的比例。
形态保持稳定性通过借助使用拉动式装载机(reach loader)从储存设施中将成型之后的500kg固体燃料装载在运送车辆2次来检测。
评价结果如下。
实施例1:固体燃料具有良好的成型状态并且即使在运送至储存设施的时候也保持一定的形状和一定的尺寸(碎片的重量比:3%)
实施例2:固体燃料具有良好的成型状态并且即使在运送至储存设施的时候也保持一定的形状和一定的尺寸(碎片的重量比:5%)
实施例3:固体燃料具有良好的成型状态并且即使在运送至储存设施的时候也保持一定的形状和一定的尺寸(碎片的重量比:3%)
实施例4:固体燃料具有良好的成型状态并且即使在运送至储存设施的时候也保持一定的形状和一定的尺寸(碎片的重量比:2%)
(评价:碎片的重量比%)
0-5%:好
6-10%:中等
11-15%:差
Claims (12)
1.一种固体燃料,其由粘结剂(组分A)、形态保持剂(组分B)和含有植物油的物质(组分C)的混合物来形成,其中基于100重量份所述混合物,所述组分A的量是1-85重量份,所述组分B的量是1-55重量份,和所述组分C的量是10-85重量份,将所述混合物压缩成型。
2.根据权利要求1所述的固体燃料,其中基于100重量份所述混合物,所述组分A和B的总量是15-90重量份。
3.根据权利要求1所述的固体燃料,其中基于100重量份所述混合物,所述组分C的量是10-80重量份。
4.根据权利要求1所述的固体燃料,其中所述组分A与所述组分B的重量比是1:25-85:1。
5.根据权利要求1所述的固体燃料,其中所述粘结剂(组分A)是源自海藻的淀粉。
6.根据权利要求1所述的固体燃料,其中所述形态保持剂(组分B)是天然橡胶。
7.根据权利要求1所述的固体燃料,其中所述含有植物油的物质是蓖麻或麻风树的果实种子,或者其粉碎产物。
8.根据权利要求1所述的固体燃料,其各自具有平均粒径为10-100cm3。
9.根据权利要求1所述的固体燃料,其是棱状或圆筒状的形状。
10.根据权利要求1所述的固体燃料,其具有表观比重为0.3-0.6g/cm3。
11.根据权利要求1所述的固体燃料,其具有发热值为20-30MJ/kg。
12.根据权利要求1所述的固体燃料,其用于火力发电。
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KR20130139263A (ko) | 2013-12-20 |
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