CN101970097A - 具有酰基脲壁的微胶囊 - Google Patents
具有酰基脲壁的微胶囊 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101970097A CN101970097A CN2009801083954A CN200980108395A CN101970097A CN 101970097 A CN101970097 A CN 101970097A CN 2009801083954 A CN2009801083954 A CN 2009801083954A CN 200980108395 A CN200980108395 A CN 200980108395A CN 101970097 A CN101970097 A CN 101970097A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- acid
- microcapsules
- carbodiimide
- core material
- water
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/06—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation
- B01J13/14—Polymerisation; cross-linking
- B01J13/16—Interfacial polymerisation
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/26—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests in coated particulate form
- A01N25/28—Microcapsules or nanocapsules
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
- A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L27/70—Fixation, conservation, or encapsulation of flavouring agents
- A23L27/72—Encapsulation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B67/00—Influencing the physical, e.g. the dyeing or printing properties of dyestuffs without chemical reactions, e.g. by treating with solvents grinding or grinding assistants, coating of pigments or dyes; Process features in the making of dyestuff preparations; Dyestuff preparations of a special physical nature, e.g. tablets, films
- C09B67/0097—Dye preparations of special physical nature; Tablets, films, extrusion, microcapsules, sheets, pads, bags with dyes
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种制备具有胶囊壁和胶囊芯的微胶囊的方法,该方法包括以下方法步骤:a)制备具有分散相、连续水相和保护胶体的水包油乳液,所述分散相包含芯材料和低聚碳二亚胺,和b)随后使一种或多种二-和/或多羧酸及其水溶性盐与低聚碳二亚胺反应,以及可通过上述方法制备的微胶囊。
Description
本发明涉及具有酰基脲壁的微胶囊,它们的制备方法及其作为潜热存储材料或者在其中通过扩散或者靶向机械或热破坏释放胶囊芯材料的应用中的用途。
微胶囊在许多实施方案中是已知的并且取决于胶囊壁的密封性而用于不同目的。例如,它们用于保护芯材料。这种类型的微胶囊例如包含通常也称作PCM(相变材料)的潜热存储材料,其作用方式基于的事实是固/液相转变由于转变熵吸收能量或向环境释放能量。因此它们可用于使温度在固定温度范围内保持恒定。
还已知旨在仅由于胶囊壁的靶向机械破坏才释放的芯材料,例如用于复印纸的染料或包封的香料。
此外,已知例如通过扩散以延缓方式从微胶囊中释放的材料,例如生物杀伤剂。
在这些应用领域中,基于明胶、聚氨酯和聚脲以及基于聚丙烯酸酯和聚甲基丙烯酸酯的胶囊壁材料是已知的。
如DE 10 2007 055813中所描述,释放的另一种选择是通过热途径,其教导了从具有基于聚甲基丙烯酸酯的壁的微胶囊释放用于层合粘合剂的碳二亚胺。
最后,申请号为07122407.5的在先欧洲申请教导了通过辐射从微胶囊释放粘合树脂。将IR或微波辐射吸收剂结合到此处所描述的聚氨酯基胶囊壁中,在辐射时,导致胶囊壁软化并且释放粘合树脂。
具有聚氨酯基壁的微胶囊是众所周知的。例如,DE 26 19 524教导了通过以下方法制备微胶囊:将具有官能性异氰酸酯端基的成膜聚碳二亚胺溶解在惰性溶剂中、与芯材料混合和与包含催化量的水溶性叔胺的水相混合。这获得具有聚脲基团作为交联位点的聚合物壳。
然而,用异氰酸酯包封具有缺点。特别地,异氰酸酯的毒性阻碍合成且限制应用。此外,异氰酸酯与水反应。然而,因为微胶囊通常由含水乳液制备,与水的皂化反应导致包封过程的开始条件难以控制并且使结果高度依赖于乳液的制备途径。因此,到具有不同形状的车间的输送过程仅可困难地进行。
此外,DE 10 2004 059 977描述了具有作为胶囊芯的分散体的微胶囊。通过含有酸基团的树脂与交联剂(其也可以是碳二亚胺)的反应形成胶囊壁,所述酸基团中的一些已用链烷醇胺中和。
因此本发明的目的是发现易于处理的替代壁材料以及制备这些微胶囊的有利方法。具有这种壁材料的微胶囊如果需要应具有良好的密封性并且为芯材料的释放提供各种选择。
其它目的是提供具有用于多组分粘合剂的粘合剂组分作为芯材料的微胶囊,该微胶囊在加热时释放所述芯材料。
其它目的是发现替代壁材料,该壁材料与作为芯材料的农用化学品活性成分高度相容并且可易于结合到农用化学品配制剂中。具有这种壁材料和作为芯材料的农用化学品活性成分的微胶囊如果需要应具有良好的密封性并且为农用化学品活性成分的释放提供各种选择。
因此,发现了一种制备具有胶囊壁和胶囊芯的微胶囊的方法,该方法包括以下工艺步骤:
a)制备具有分散相、连续水相和保护胶体的水包油乳液,所述分散相包含芯材料和低聚碳二亚胺,和
b)随后使一种或多种二-和/或多羧酸和/或其水溶性盐与低聚碳二亚胺反应,
以及可通过该方法获得的微胶囊及其作为潜热存储材料或者在其中通过扩散或者靶向机械或热破坏释放胶囊芯材料的应用中的用途。
本发明涉及一种制备具有胶囊壁和胶囊芯的微胶囊的方法,该方法包括以下工艺步骤:
a)制备具有分散相、连续水相和保护胶体的水包油乳液,所述分散相包含芯材料和低聚碳二亚胺;和
b)将一种或多种二-和/或多羧酸和/或其水溶性盐加入到a)中所制备的乳液中,
以及可通过该方法获得的微胶囊及其作为潜热存储材料或者在其中通过扩散或者靶向机械或热破坏释放胶囊芯材料的应用中的用途。
根据本发明的微胶囊含有胶囊芯和由聚合物制成的胶囊壁。胶囊芯主要包含大于95重量%的芯材料,该芯材料可以是单种物质或物质混合物。取决于温度,胶囊芯可以是固体或液体。优选地,胶囊芯在20℃的温度和大气压下为液体。液体理解为指芯材料具有根据Brookfield≤5Pa·s的粘度。
胶囊的平均粒度(通过光散射)为0.5-50μm,优选为0.5-30μm。胶囊芯与胶囊壁的重量比通常为50∶50-95∶5。优选70∶30-93∶7的芯/壁比。
取决于为了乳液的稳定化而选择的保护胶体,其同样可以是微胶囊的组分。因此,基于微胶囊的总重量,至多10重量%可以是保护胶体。根据该实施方案,微胶囊在聚合物的表面上具有保护胶体。
用于微胶囊的合适芯材料是不溶于水至基本上不溶于水的物质。此处,基本上不溶于水理解为指在25℃下芯材料在水中的溶解度<25g/l,优选≤5g/l。如果芯材料是混合物,则其可以是溶液或悬浮液形式。具有上述在水中的溶解度的芯材料优选选自脂族和芳族烃化合物,饱和或不饱和C6-C30脂肪酸,脂肪醇,C6-C30脂肪胺,C4-C30单-、C4-C30二-和C4-C30聚酯,伯、仲或叔C4-C30羧酰胺,脂肪酸酯,天然和合成蜡,卤代烃,天然油,C3-C20酮,C3-C20醛,交联剂,粘合树脂和增粘树脂,香料和芳香物质,活性成分,染料,成色剂,催化剂和抑制剂。
例如可以提及以下:
a)脂族烃化合物,例如支链或直链饱和或不饱和C6-C40烃如正己烷、正庚烷、正辛烷、正壬烷、正癸烷、正十一烷、正十二烷、正十四烷、正十五烷、正十六烷、正十七烷、正十八烷、正十九烷、正二十烷、正二十一烷、正二十二烷、正二十三烷、正二十四烷、正二十五烷、正二十六烷、正二十七烷、正二十八烷、白油,和环烃如环己烷、环辛烷、环癸烷;
b)芳族烃化合物如苯、萘、联苯、邻或间三联苯,C1-C40烷基取代的芳族烃如十二烷基苯、十四烷基苯、十六烷基苯、己基萘、癸基萘和二异丙基萘;
c)饱和或不饱和C6-C30脂肪酸,例如月桂酸、硬脂酸、油酸或山萮酸,优选癸酸与例如肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸或月桂酸的低共熔混合物;
d)脂肪醇,例如月桂醇、硬脂醇、油醇、肉豆寇醇、鲸蜡醇、混合物如椰子脂肪醇以及所谓的羰基合成醇,其中羰基合成醇通过使α-烯烃加氢甲酰化并进一步反应而获得;
e)C6-C30脂肪胺,例如癸胺、十二烷胺、十四烷胺或十六烷胺;
f)C4-C30单-、C4-C30二-和C4-C30聚酯,例如C1-C20羧酸的C1-C10烷基酯,例如棕榈酸丙酯、硬脂酸甲酯或棕榈酸甲酯,以及优选它们的低共熔混合物或肉桂酸甲酯和伯、仲或叔C4-C30羧酰胺如N-二甲基辛酰胺和N-二甲基癸酰胺;
g)天然和合成蜡,例如褐煤酸蜡、褐煤酸酯蜡、巴西棕榈蜡、聚乙烯蜡、氧化蜡、聚乙烯基醚蜡、乙烯乙酸乙烯酯蜡或根据Fischer-Tropsch方法的硬蜡;
h)卤代烃,例如氯石蜡、溴十八烷、溴十五烷、溴十九烷、溴二十烷、溴二十二烷;
i)天然油,例如花生油和豆油;
j)C3-C20酮和C3-C20醛;
l)粘合树脂和增粘树脂,如果合适其在组a)-i)和j)的上述芯材料中作为溶液,例如环氧树脂,环氧-丙烯酸酯树脂,聚烯烃树脂;聚氨酯预聚物,聚硅氧烷树脂,天然和合成树脂如烃树脂,改性的松香树脂、松脂和萜烯树脂;
m)香料和芳香物质,如果合适在组a)-i)和j)的上述芯材料中作为混合物,如在明确参考的WO 01/49817中或“香精和香料(Flavors andFragrances)”,Ullmann′s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry,Wiley-VCH,2002中所描述的;
n)活性成分,例如生物杀伤剂,对抗内-和外寄生虫的活性成分,除草剂,杀真菌剂,除藻剂,对抗动物害虫的活性成分如杀虫剂、杀螨剂、杀线虫剂、杀软体动物剂和对抗螨类的活性成分,以及安全剂,如果合适在组a)-i)和j)的上述芯材料中作为溶液或悬浮液,如在WO2006/092409中所描述的;
o)此外在组a)-i)和j)的上述芯材料中的染料和/或成色剂的混合物;
p)催化剂和抑制剂,如何合适在上述芯材料中作为溶液。
组a)-h),优选组a)的物质,如果它们在-20℃至120℃的温度范围内通过相变,优选固/液相变,则适合作为也称作潜热存储材料的相变材料(PCM)。取决于其中所需蓄热的温度范围,选择如明确参考的WO2006/018130中所描述的潜热存储材料。此外,这些物质的混合物是合适的,条件是其不导致熔点降低在所需范围之外或者混合物的熔化热对于有用应用变得过低。
此外,可能有利的是向芯材料加入可溶于其中的化合物,以由此防止有时随非极性物质出现的结晶延迟。如US-A 5 456 852中所描述,有利地使用熔点比实际芯物质高20-120K的化合物作为添加物。合适的化合物为上述作为芯材料的脂肪酸、脂肪醇、脂肪酰胺以及脂族烃化合物。基于胶囊芯,将它们以0.1-10重量%的量加入。
优选的潜热存储材料是脂族烃(所谓的石蜡),特别优选纯的正链烷烃,纯度大于80%的正链烷烃或作为工业级蒸馏物制备且可如此商购的链烷烃混合物。特别地,优选具有14-20个碳原子的脂族烃及其混合物。
还优选的芯材料是用于双组分粘合剂的粘合树脂,用于双组分粘合剂的交联剂,香料和芳香物质,活性成分,染料和/或成色剂,在各种情况下如果合适在组a)-i)和j)的上述芯材料中作为溶液。
芯材料特别优选是用于双组分粘合剂的交联剂或用于双组分粘合剂的粘合树脂。优选的粘合树脂是例如环氧树脂和环氧-丙烯酸酯树脂,即用于反应性粘合剂的原料。
在C.A.May的书“环氧树脂(Epoxy resins)”第2版,Marcel Dekker,Inc中描述了环氧树脂粘合剂。合适的环氧树脂是二环氧树脂或聚环氧树脂,特别是平均分子量≤5000g/mol的那些。它们可例如以的名称从Huntsmann International LLC得到。同样优选环氧-丙烯酸酯树脂。优选基于丙烯酸缩水甘油酯和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯的树脂。用于这些树脂的优选起始单体是丙烯酸缩水甘油酯和/或甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯、丙烯酸酯、苯乙烯以及丙烯酸羟烷基酯。这些产品可以ADR的名称从BASF Corp得到。
优选的交联剂k)是具有伯、仲或叔氨基的二-和多官能胺,其在20℃的温度下在水中具有<5g/l的溶解度。
合适的交联剂k)还有二环氧化物。
在其它优选的实施方案,至少一种芯材料是活性成分n),特别是农用化学品活性成分,例如杀真菌剂、杀虫剂、杀线虫剂、除草剂和安全剂。在一个实施方案中,生长调节剂也是合适的农用化学品活性成分。还可使用来自上述种类中两种或更多种的杀虫剂的混合物。本领域技术人员熟悉这类农用化学品活性成分,其可在例如杀虫剂手册(Pesticide Manual),第14版(2006),英国作物保护委员会(The British Crop Protection Council),伦敦中找到。通常,芯材料包含达到至少50重量%,优选达到至少70重量%,特别优选达到至少90重量%,尤其达到至少98重量%的农用化学品活性成分。
合适的杀虫剂是以下类别的杀虫剂:氨基甲酸酯类,有机磷酸酯类,有机氯杀虫剂,苯基吡唑类,拟除虫菊酯,新烟碱类,spinosine类,齐墩螨素,美贝霉素(milbemycine),拟保幼激素,烷基卤化物,有机锡化合物,拟沙蚕毒素,苯甲酰脲类,二酰基肼,METI杀螨剂,以及杀虫剂如氯化苦,拒嗪酮,氟啶虫酰胺,四螨嗪,噻螨酮,特苯唑,杀螨硫隆,克螨特,三氯杀螨砜,氟唑虫清,DNOC,噻嗪酮,灭蝇胺,虫螨脒,灭蚁腙,灭螨醌,嘧螨酯,鱼藤酮或其衍生物。合适的杀真菌剂是以下类别的杀真菌剂:二硝基苯胺类,烯丙胺类,苯氨基嘧啶类,抗生素,芳烃,苯磺酰胺类,苯并咪唑类,苯并异噻唑类,二苯甲酮类,苯并噻二唑类,苯并三嗪类,苄基氨基甲酸酯类,氨基甲酸酯类,羧酰胺类,羧酸酰胺类,氯腈类,氰基乙酰胺肟类,氰基咪唑类,环丙烷羧酰胺类,二羧酰亚胺类,二氢二嗪类,二硝基苯基丁烯酸酯类,二硫代氨基甲酸酯类,二硫戊环类,乙基膦酸酯类,乙基氨基噻唑羧酰胺类,胍类,羟基(2-氨基)嘧啶类,羟基酰苯胺类,咪唑类,咪唑啉酮类,无机物,异苯并呋喃酮类,甲氧基丙烯酸酯类,甲氧基氨基甲酸酯类,吗啉类,N-苯基氨基甲酸酯类,唑烷二酮类,肟基乙酸酯类,肟基乙酰胺类,肽酰嘧啶核苷类,苯基乙酰胺类,苯基酰胺类,苯基吡咯类,苯基脲类,膦酸酯,硫代磷酸酯类,邻氨甲酰苯甲酸类,邻苯二甲酰亚胺类,哌嗪类,哌啶类,丙酰胺类,哒嗪酮类,吡啶类,吡啶基甲基苯甲酰胺类,嘧啶胺类,嘧啶类,嘧啶酮腙类,吡咯并喹啉酮类,喹唑啉酮类,喹啉类,醌,磺酰胺类,氨磺酰基三唑类,噻唑羧酰胺类,硫代氨基甲酸酯类,硫代氨基甲酸酯类,托布津类,噻吩羧酰胺类,甲苯甲酰胺类,三苯基锡化合物,三嗪类,三唑类。合适的除草剂是以下类别的除草剂:乙酰胺类,酰胺类,芳氧基苯氧基丙酸酯类,苯甲酰胺类,苯并呋喃,苯甲酸类,苯并噻二嗪酮类,联吡啶氨基甲酸酯类,氯乙酰胺类,氯羧酸类,环己二酮类,二硝基苯胺类,二硝基酚,二苯基醚类,甘氨酸类,咪唑啉酮类,异唑类,异唑烷酮类,腈类,N-苯基苯邻二甲酰亚胺类,二唑类,唑烷二酮类,氧乙酰胺类,苯氧基羧酸类,苯基氨基甲酸酯类,苯基吡唑类,苯基吡唑啉类,苯基哒嗪类,次膦酸类,氨基磷酸盐,二硫代磷酸酯类,邻苯二甲酸酯类,吡唑类,哒嗪酮类,吡啶类,吡啶羧酸类,吡啶羧酰胺类,嘧啶二酮类,嘧啶基(硫代)苯甲酸酯类,喹啉羧酸类,半卡巴腙类,磺酰胺基羰基三唑啉酮类,磺酰脲类,四唑啉酮类,噻二唑类,硫代氨基甲酸酯类,三嗪类,三嗪酮类,三唑类,三唑啉酮类,三唑啉酮类,三唑羧酰胺类,三唑嘧啶类,三酮类,尿嘧啶类,脲类。
在特别优选的实施方案中,芯材料是活性成分n),特别是农用化学品活性成分,其在水中于20℃下具有低于25g/l,优选低于5g/l,尤其低于1g/l的溶解度。
胶囊壁基本上由聚(酰基脲)构成,该聚(酰基脲)由通过使低聚碳二亚胺(组分(I))的碳二亚胺基团与二-和/或多羧酸(组分(II))的酸基团反应由分子内重排产生的主要加成产物形成。
有利的碳二亚胺通常含有平均2-20个,优选2-15个,特别优选2-10个碳二亚胺基团。碳二亚胺化合物的数均分子量Mn优选为100-40000g/mol,特别优选为200-15000g/mol,非常特别为500-10000g/mol。数均分子量,如果碳二亚胺是含异氰酸酯基团的碳二亚胺,可通过异氰酸酯基团的端基分析测定。如果不能进行端基分析,则分子量可通过凝胶渗透色谱(聚苯乙烯标准,THF用作洗脱剂)测定。
碳二亚胺基团可以通常已知的方式从两个异氰酸酯基团获得,同时消除二氧化碳:
-R-N=C=O+O=C=N-R′-→
-R-N=C=N-R′-+CO2
从多异氰酸酯或二异氰酸酯开始,可以这种方式获得具有两个或更多个碳二亚胺基团和如果合适异氰酸酯基团,特别是末端异氰酸酯基团的碳二亚胺。这种类型的反应例如描述于明确参考的Henri Ulrich,碳二亚胺化学和技术(Chemistry and Technology of Carbodiimides),John Wiley andSons,Chichester 2007和其中引用的参考文献中。
合适的碳二亚胺的制备基本上通过两个反应步骤进行。第一,(1)在对于该反应已知的常规催化剂存在下,通过异氰酸酯基团彼此通常已知的反应同时消除二氧化碳来产生碳二亚胺结构,以及第二,(2)将存在的任何异氰酸酯基团与对异氰酸酯呈反应性的化合物反应以产生尿烷和/或脲结构。这产生两种工艺变化形式。在第一变化形式(A)中,进行第一工艺步骤(1),接着进行第二工艺步骤(2)。根据变化形式(B),在工艺步骤(1)之前,还插入另外的部分步骤,其中异氰酸酯基团中的一些已与异氰酸酯反应性化合物反应,接着是工艺步骤(1)和然后是步骤(2)。
根据工艺变化形式(B),首先将至多50重量%,优选至多23重量%的多异氰酸酯的异氰酸酯基团与对异氰酸酯呈反应性的化合物反应,然后在催化剂存在下使游离的异氰酸酯基团完全或部分缩合同时消除二氧化碳以产生碳二亚胺和/或低聚的聚碳二亚胺。碳二亚胺形成后,将存在的任何异氰酸酯基团与对异氰酸酯呈反应性的化合物反应。
在各种情况下,游离异氰酸酯基团的最后反应(步骤2)以通常为10∶1-0.2∶1,优选5∶1-0.5∶1,特别优选1∶1-0.5∶1,特别为1∶1的具有异氰酸酯基团的碳二亚胺的NCO基团与异氰酸酯反应性基团的摩尔比进行。优选地,使用至少足够的具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物从而使碳二亚胺的异氰酸酯基团完全反应。
异氰酸酯反应性化合物是具有至少一个羟基、具有至少一个氨基和/或至少一个羟基和至少一个氨基的有机化合物。例如,可使用DE-A 4318979中所述的醇和胺。此外,可使用具有2-20个碳原子的芳族、芳脂族和/或脂族多元醇。优选醇,特别是C1-C10醇以及其碳链被醚基团间隔的C1-C10醇。例如可以提及甲醇,乙醇,正-和异丙醇,正-、异-和叔丁醇,2-乙基己醇以及甲基二甘醇。取决于与异氰酸酯基团反应的化合物的选择,可影响所得含尿烷或脲的碳二亚胺的疏水性和粘度。
通过二异氰酸酯的反应制备碳二亚胺可有利地在催化剂存在下在升高的温度,例如在50-250℃,优选100-200℃的温度下缩合同时消除二氧化碳。适合于此的方法例如描述于GB-A-1 083 410、DE-A 1 130 594和DE-A-11 56 401中。
证明成功的催化剂主要是例如磷化合物,该磷化合物优选选自磷杂环戊烯(phospholene)、磷杂环戊烯氧化物、磷杂环戊烷(phospholidine)和二乙氧磷酰硫胆碱(phospholine)氧化物。如果反应混合物具有所需含量的NCO基团,则通常将聚碳二亚胺的形成终止。为此,可在降低的压力下将催化剂蒸馏掉或者通过加入去活化剂如三氯化磷而使其去活化。聚碳二亚胺的制备还可以在不存在或存在在反应条件下是惰性的溶剂下进行。
通过反应条件如反应温度、催化剂的类型和催化剂的量以及反应时间的适当选择,本领域技术人员可以一般方式调节缩合度。可通过确定NCO含量而最容易地监测反应进程。
优选通过端基分析测得具有<1重量%,优选<0.1重量%,特别<0.01重量%的异氰酸酯基团残余含量的低聚碳二亚胺。非常特别优选地,不再可通过端基分析检测到异氰酸酯基团。
任选仍存在的末端异氰酸酯基团的反应应该在制备水包油乳液(工艺步骤a)之前或期间进行。
脂族、环脂族、芳脂族和芳族异氰酸酯适合于制备低聚碳二亚胺。
合适的芳族二异氰酸酯为例如2,2′-、2,4′-和/或4,4′-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI),1,5-萘二异氰酸酯(NDI),2,4-和/或2,6-甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI),3,3′-二甲基联苯二异氰酸酯,1,2-二苯基乙烷二异氰酸酯以及苯二异氰酸酯。
脂族和环脂族二异氰酸酯包括例如三-、四-、五-、六-、七-和/或八亚甲基二异氰酸酯,2-甲基五亚甲基1,5-二异氰酸酯,2-乙基亚丁基1,4-二异氰酸酯,1-异氰酸酯基-3,3,5-三甲基-5-异氰酸酯基甲基环己烷(异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯,IPDI),1,4-和/或1,3-二(异氰酸酯基甲基)环己烷(HXDI),环己烷1,4-二异氰酸酯,1-甲基-2,4-和/或2,6-环己烷二异氰酸酯和/或4,4′-、2,4′-和/或2,2′-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯。
合适的芳脂族异氰酸酯为例如四甲基二甲苯二异氰酸酯的异构体。
更高官能的异氰酸酯的实例为三异氰酸酯如三苯基甲烷4,4′,4″-三异氰酸酯,以及上述二异氰酸酯的异氰脲酸酯,可通过二异氰酸酯与水的部分反应获得的低聚物如上述二异氰酸酯的缩二脲,以及可通过二异氰酸酯与具有平均大于2个,优选3个或更多个羟基的多元醇的目标反应获得的低聚物。
还可使用异氰酸酯工业制备中产生的如果合适溶解于一种或多种上述多异氰酸酯中的具有异氰酸酯基团的蒸馏残余物。还可使用上述多异氰酸酯的任何所需混合物。
合适的改性脂族异氰酸酯例如为基于每分子具有至少两个异氰酸酯基团的六亚甲基1,6-二异氰酸酯、间二甲苯二异氰酸酯、4,4′-二异氰酸酯二环己基甲烷和异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯的那些。
如DE-B 1 101 394、DE-B 1 453 543、DE-A 1 568 017和DE-A 1 931 055中所述,还合适的例如为基于具有缩二脲结构的六亚甲基1,6-二异氰酸酯衍生物的多异氰酸酯。
还可使用多异氰酸酯-聚二氮杂环丁酮亚胺,其用有机磷催化剂通过使含有缩二脲基团的六亚甲基1,6-二异氰酸酯碳二亚胺化而形成,其中所形成的碳二亚胺基团主要与其它异氰酸酯基团反应产生二氮杂环丁酮亚胺基团。
还可使用具有大于两个末端异氰酸酯基团的异氰脲酸酯改性的多异氰酸酯,例如如DE-A 2 839 133所述其制备基于六亚甲基二异氰酸酯的那些。可与此类似获得其它异氰脲酸酯改性的多异氰酸酯。
还可使用所述异氰酸酯的混合物,例如脂族异氰酸酯的混合物、芳族异氰酸酯的混合物、脂族和芳族异氰酸酯的混合物,特别是任选包含改性的二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯的混合物。
此处描述的二-和/或多异氰酸酯还可作为与以下物质的混合物使用:二-和多碳酰氯如癸二酰氯、对苯二甲酰氯、己二酰二氯、草酰二氯、丙三酰三氯和1,2,4,5-苯四酰氯,二-和多磺酰氯如1,3-苯二磺酰氯和1,3,5-苯三磺酰氯,光气,以及二氯-和多氯甲酸酯如1,3,5-苯三(氯甲酸酯)和亚乙基二(氯甲酸酯)。
此外,可使用例如低聚-或多异氰酸酯,其可通过借助脲烷、脲基甲酸酯、脲、缩二脲、二氮杂环丁二酮、酰胺、异氰酸酯、碳二亚胺、二氮杂环丁酮亚胺、二嗪三酮或亚氨基二嗪二酮结构连接而由列举的二-或多异氰酸酯或其混合物制备。
优选的异氰酸酯为芳族、脂族、环脂族和芳脂族异氰酸酯及其混合物,特别是六亚甲基二异氰酸酯,异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯,邻-和间四甲基二甲苯二异氰酸酯,亚甲基联苯二异氰酸酯和甲苯二异氰酸酯及其混合物。
形成胶囊壁的第二组分(II)是二-和/或多羧酸。二-和/或多羧酸可以它们的酸形式以及以水溶性盐的形式使用。此处水溶性理解为指羧酸的盐的溶解度≥25g/l。合适的盐优选为二-和/或多羧酸的碱金属盐和/或铵盐。有利的碱金属盐是与锂、钠或钾阳离子的盐。合适的铵盐是所述酸与氨,伯、仲或叔胺的中和产物。
合适的胺例如为烷基胺,其烷基在各种情况下可以被一个或两个羟基取代和/或被一个或两个氧原子以醚官能间隔。特别优选单-、二-和三链烷醇胺。优选的烷基胺是三乙胺、二乙胺、乙胺、三甲胺、二甲胺、甲胺、乙醇胺、二乙醇胺、三乙醇胺、二甲基乙醇氨、N-甲基二乙醇胺、单甲基乙醇胺、2-(2-氨基乙氧基)乙醇和氨基乙基乙醇胺及其混合物。特别优选乙醇胺,特别是二乙醇胺和三乙醇胺及其混合物。
对于在水中具有≤5g/l溶解度的二-和/或多羧酸,优选将所述酸与一定量的胺反应直到在水中发生完全溶解。通常,每个游离酸基团使用至多1.2的碱当量。
取决于水相的pH,建立起游离酸和酸阴离子的平衡。还可使用在水中具有低溶解度的酸,其在壁形成反应中反应至它们溶解的程度。
根据本发明合适的二羧酸为饱和二羧酸,优选通式HOOC-(CH2)n-COOH的饱和二羧酸,其中n是0-12的整数。同样溶解度的是脂环族二羧酸、不饱和二羧酸和芳族二羧酸。例如可以提及草酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸、己二酸、六氢邻苯二甲酸、富马酸、马来酸、邻苯二甲酸和对苯二甲酸。优选饱和二羧酸,特别总共具有2-8个碳原子的饱和二羧酸。
多羧酸理解为指具有多于两个羧酸基团的羧酸,其可以是低分子量例如柠檬酸、偏苯三酸和苯均四酸,或者是高分子量。
在本申请上下文中,高分子量多羧酸理解为指平均分子量为2000-300000g/mol的多羧酸。这些优选是基于丙烯酸和/或甲基丙烯酸的聚合物,例如聚丙烯酸或聚甲基丙烯酸或其与可与它们共聚的烯属不饱和化合物的共聚物。
高分子量多羧酸可以是具有3-8个或4-8个碳原子的单烯属不饱和单-和二羧酸的均聚物。
高分子量多羧酸还可以是单烯属不饱和单-和二羧酸与其它烯属不饱和化合物的共聚物。
优选的高分子量多羧酸由以下组分组成:
-20-100mol%的至少一种单体A,其选自具有3-8个或4-8个碳原子的单烯属不饱和单-和二羧酸;如果合适
-至多80mol%的至少一种单体B,其是不溶于水或在水中具有有限溶解度的烯属不饱和化合物,和如果合适
-至多30mol%,优选至多20mol%的不同于单体A和B的单体C,在各种情况下均基于单体A、B和C的总和。
所用高分子量多羧酸优选为丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸的均聚物。
根据其它实施方案,优选由以下组分组成的高分子量多羧酸:
-5-70mol%,特别是10-60mol%的至少一种单体A,其选自具有3-8个或4-8个碳原子的单烯属不饱和单-和二羧酸;
-30-95mol%,特别是40-90mol%的至少一种单体B,其是不溶于水或在水中具有有限溶解度的烯属不饱和化合物,和如果合适
-至多30mol%,优选至多20mol%的不同于单体A和B的单体C,在各种情况下均基于单体A、B和C的总和。
单体A的实例是丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、巴豆酸、乙烯基乙酸、2-乙基丙烯酸、2-丙烯酰氧基乙酸、2-丙烯酰胺基乙酸、马来酸、马来酸单C1-C4烷基酯如马来酸单甲酯和马来酸单丁酯、富马酸、富马酸单C1-C4烷基酯如富马酸单甲酯和富马酸单丁酯、衣康酸和2-甲基马来酸。优选的单体A是丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸和马来酸,其还可以其酸酐的形式用于多羧酸的制备中。可以在聚合之前、期间或之后完全或部分中和所述酸。
在水中具有有限溶解度的单体B是在水中具有至多80g/l(在25℃和1巴下)溶解度的那些。它们决定多羧酸的疏水特性。通常,这种类型的单体具有至少一个C1-C50烷基。合适单体B的实例如下:
-乙烯基芳族单体如苯乙烯、乙烯基甲苯、叔丁基苯乙烯和α-甲基苯乙烯,特别是苯乙烯;
-具有2-20个碳原子的脂族单羧酸的乙烯基酯和烯丙基酯,例如乙酸乙烯酯、丙酸乙烯酯、新戊酸乙烯酯、支链烷烃羧酸乙烯酯、月桂酸乙烯酯和硬脂酸乙烯酯;
-上述烯属不饱和单-和二羧酸,特别是丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸的C1-C20烷基酯和C5-C10环烷基酯。优选的酯为甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸正丁酯、甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯、甲基丙烯酸异丁酯、甲基丙烯酸正己酯、甲基丙烯酸环己酯、甲基丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸正丁酯、丙烯酸叔丁酯、丙烯酸异丁酯、丙烯酸环己酯、丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、丙烯酸2-丙基庚酯、丙烯酸癸酯、丙烯酸十二烷基酯、丙烯酸十八烷基酯、甲基丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、甲基丙烯酸2-丙基庚酯、甲基丙烯酸癸酯、甲基丙烯酸十二烷基酯和甲基丙烯酸十八烷基酯;
-上述烯属不饱和单-和二羧酸,特别是丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸的单-和二C1-C20烷基酰胺,例如N-叔丁基丙烯酰胺和N-叔丁基甲基丙烯酰胺;
-C3-C50烯烃如丙烯、1-丁烯、异丁烯、2-甲基丁烯、1-戊烯、2-甲基戊烯、1-己烯、2-甲基己烯、1-辛烯、异辛烯、2,4,4-三甲基戊烯(二异丁烯)、和具有12-32个碳原子的烯属不饱和低聚丁烯以及具有12-32个碳原子的烯属不饱和低聚异丁烯。
优选的单体B是乙烯基芳族单体,特别是苯乙烯和C3-C50烯烃。
合适的单体C优选为单烯属不饱和单体。特别合适的是在水中具有高于80g/l溶解度(在25℃和1巴下)的中性单体C。这类单体的实例是上述烯属不饱和单羧酸的酰胺如丙烯酰胺和甲基丙烯酰胺,N-乙烯基内酰胺如N-乙烯吡咯烷酮和N-乙烯基己内酰胺,上述单烯属不饱和羧酸的羟烷基酯如丙烯酸羟乙酯、丙烯酸羟丙酯、丙烯酸羟丁酯、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸羟丙酯、甲基丙烯酸羟丁酯以及丙烯酸或甲基丙烯酸与具有2-200低聚度的低聚环氧烷如低聚环氧乙烷或低聚环氧丙烷的酯。
已观察到一般而言高于20 000的分子量是有利的,优选Mw>80 000。然而,高分子量可降低多羧酸或其盐的溶解度,以致于观察到壁形成的减缓。
当然地,并非聚合物中所有的酸基团必须以中和的形式存在。通常,聚合物中存在的所有酸基团的50%中和度就足够了。特别地,中和度为80-100%。合适的抗衡离子是钠离子、钾离子和铵离子。
根据一种优选的变化形式,使用高分子量多羧酸,如果合适以与一种或多种二羧酸的混合物作为组分(II)。优选地,使用基于二-和多羧酸的总量为10-90重量%,特别是30-70重量%的高分子量多羧酸。
由于它们在水中的差溶解度,高分子量多羧酸通常作为盐,或者作为酸或上述胺,优选烷基胺的盐的混合物使用。一般而言,由于合成,高分子量多羧酸经常已经部分以其盐的形式存在。
根据本发明要使用的低聚碳二亚胺的量和二-和/或多羧酸或其盐的量在常用于界面加聚方法中的范围内变化。
碳二亚胺的通常用量基于胶囊芯和胶囊壁的总和为2-40重量%,优选5-25重量%。
形成壁所需二-和/或多羧酸或其盐的理论量由碳二亚胺基团的含量和微胶囊芯周围所需的聚合物壳的总质量计算出。
存在于油相中的所有碳二亚胺基团的反应要求至少理论当量数的酸基团。因此,有利的是以其当量重量比使用低聚碳二亚胺与二-和/或多羧酸或其盐。然而,同样可使用化学计量计算的二-和/或多羧酸或其盐的过量或不足的二-和/或多羧酸或其盐。
因此,特别地,二-和/或多羧酸或其盐的用量为理论计算量的100-1000重量%。优选地,该量基于理论计算量为100-300重量%。
为获得稳定的乳液,通常需要表面活性物质如聚合物保护胶体。通常,使用与亲水相混合的表面活性物质。
通常,微胶囊在至少一种有机保护胶体存在下制备。这些保护胶体可以是离子的或中性的。此处可单独或者以两种或更多种带相同或不同电荷的保护胶体的混合物使用保护胶体。
优选使用有机中性保护胶体。有机保护胶体优选为水溶性聚合物,其确保了密封胶囊壁的形成,以及形成具有0.5-50μm,优选0.5-30μm,特别是0.5-10μm的优选粒度的微胶囊。
有机中性保护胶体例如是纤维素衍生物如羟乙基纤维素、甲基羟乙基纤维素、甲基纤维素和羧甲基纤维素,聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮,乙烯基吡咯烷酮的共聚物,明胶,阿拉伯树胶,黄原胶,酪蛋白,聚乙二醇、聚乙烯醇和部分水解的聚乙酸乙烯酯以及甲基羟丙基纤维素。优选的有机中性保护胶体为聚乙烯醇和部分水解的聚乙酸乙烯酯以及甲基羟丙基纤维素,优选它们的组合。
聚乙烯醇可通过如果合适在共聚单体存在下使乙酸乙烯酯聚合,将聚乙酸乙烯酯水解同时消除乙酰基形成羟基而获得。聚合物的水解度例如可为1-100%,优选50-100%,特别是65-95%。在本申请上下文中,部分水解的聚乙酸乙烯酯理解为指水解度<50%,聚乙烯醇理解为指水解度≥50%至100%。乙酸乙烯酯的均聚物和共聚物的制备以及将这些聚合物水解形成含有乙烯醇单元的聚合物通常是已知的。含有乙烯醇单元的聚合物例如由Kuraray Specialities Europe(KSE)以级售出。
优选4重量%浓度的水溶液在20℃下根据DIN 53015粘度为3-56mPa·s,优选14-45mPa·s的聚乙烯醇或部分水解的聚乙酸乙烯酯。优选水解度≥65%,优选≥70%,特别是≥75%的聚乙烯醇。
由Hercules GmbH,Düsseldorf以级售出的羟丙基纤维素同样是有利的。优选2重量%浓度的溶液在20℃下粘度为25-16000mPas,优选40-600mPas,特别优选90-125mPas(根据Brookfield RVT的粘度)的羟丙基纤维素。
一般而言,聚乙烯醇或部分水解的聚乙酸乙烯酯或这些与羟丙基纤维素的混合物以基于微胶囊(不包括保护胶体)为至少3重量%,优选3.5-8重量%的总量使用。此处,除优选量的聚乙烯醇或部分水解的聚乙酸乙烯酯或羟丙基纤维素外还可加入其它上述保护胶体。优选地,仅用聚乙烯醇和/或部分水解的聚乙酸乙烯酯和/或羟丙基纤维素而没有加入其它保护胶体来制备微胶囊。
一般而言,保护胶体的用量基于水相为0.1-15重量%,优选0.5-10重量%。对于无机保护胶体,优选选择基于水相为0.5-15重量%的用量。有机保护胶体的用量优选基于乳液的水相为0.1-10重量%。
此外,为了共稳定,可加入表面活性剂,优选非离子表面活性剂。合适的表面活性剂可以参见“工业表面活性剂手册(Handbook of IndustrialSurfactants)”,对其内容明确加以参考。表面活性剂的用量基于乳液的水相可以为0.01-10重量%。
借助于保护胶体,搅拌下在水中制备芯材料和低聚碳二亚胺的稳定乳液。此时,稳定意味着在1小时内没有导致平均液滴尺寸加倍。
通常,乳液在水相的中性pH下形成,但是取决于芯材料还可以是酸性或碱性。
优选以本身已知的方式选择制备稳定水包油乳液的分散条件,从而使油滴具有所需微胶囊的尺寸。小胶囊,特别是如果尺寸小于50μm,则需要均化或分散机器,此时这些仪器可提供有或不具有强制流动装置。
均化也可使用超声(例如Branson Sonifier II 450)进行。对于通过超声均化,例如GB 2250930和US 5,108,654中描述的装置是合适的。
胶囊尺寸可经由分散装置/均化装置的旋转速率和/或借助于保护胶体的浓度或经由其分子量,即经由连续水相的粘度而控制在一定限度内。此处,随着旋转速率增加到极限旋转速率,分散液滴的尺寸降低。
在这方面,重要的是在初始形成胶囊时使用分散装置。在具有强制流动的连续操作装置的情况下,有利的是将乳液多次送过剪切场。
为了分散高度粘性热稳定的介质,乳液的制备在30-130℃,优选在40-100℃的温度范围内进行。
根据一种优选变化形式,将二-和/或多羧酸,优选高分子量多羧酸和/或其盐加入到芯材料和低聚碳二亚胺在水中的乳液中。通常,由于该加入,开始界面聚合并随其形成壁。此处可在没有稀释剂的情况下或也可作为水溶液将二-和/或多羧酸和/或其盐计量加入。通常,选择25-40重量%浓度,优选5-20重量%浓度的水溶液。
取决于碳二亚胺的反应性,可以是其它方法变化形式。根据这种变化形式,对于较小反应性的碳二亚胺,可通过提高温度使二-和/或低聚羧酸和/或其盐共乳化且开始反应。
例如可以在-3℃至+98℃的温度下进行界面聚合,优选在10-95℃下进行。如果芯材料不以溶液或悬浮液存在,则分散和聚合温度当然应该高于芯材料的熔化温度。
通常,在20-100℃,优选在40-95℃下进行聚合。取决于所需芯材料,水包油乳液将在芯材料为液体/油状的温度下形成。
通常在20-120分钟内加入二-和/或多羧酸和/或其盐。
组分(II)的加入可连续或不连续进行。
在加入组分(II)之后,合理的是将反应混合物在40-100℃的温度范围内保持另外1-8个小时,以如果合适完成反应。
通过加入羧酸或羧酸盐并由于它们与碳二亚胺的反应,反应期间pH改变。水包油乳液的水相的起始pH通常是中性的。二羧酸水溶液通常具有3-6的pH。相反,多羧酸溶液或部分盐通常具有4-6的pH。二-和/或多羧酸的盐的溶液通常具有>7的pH。目前已观察到在弱酸性至中性或碱性pH范围中,壁形成反应进行相对缓慢,有利的是用无机酸另外酸化反应混合物。
根据一种优选变化形式,制备微胶囊的方法包括以下工艺步骤:
a)制备具有分散相、连续水相和保护胶体的水包油乳液,所述分散相包含芯材料和低聚碳二亚胺;
b)以其盐的形式将高分子量多羧酸的水溶液加入到a)所制备的乳液中;和
c)用无机酸酸化所述混合物,优选至3-1的pH。
已发现根据该方法,获得特征在于改善的稳定性的胶囊。
合适的无机酸为盐酸、硝酸、磷酸以及特别为硫酸。
可通过在加入期间连续测量pH选择无机酸的量使得获得1-3的最终pH。
此外,组分(II)和无机酸的加入顺序并非特别不重要。可在一段时间内将组分(II)加入到乳液中或计量加入。同样可在一段时间内将无机酸全部加入或将其计量加入。
根据一种优选变化形式,在至多40℃的反应混合物温度下,首先加入组分(II)的总量,然后加入无机酸的总量。
在高于40℃的反应混合物温度下,优选加入组分(II)的总量,然后优选在2-120分钟内计量加入无机酸。
由此可制备平均粒度为0.5-100μm的微胶囊,其中可以本身已知的方式通过剪切力、搅拌速度、保护胶体及其浓度来调节粒度。优选平均粒度为0.5-50μm,优选0.5-30μm(通过光散射的离散平均值)的微胶囊。根据本发明的方法,可制备微胶囊含量为5-50重量%的微胶囊分散体。微胶囊是单独的胶囊。
平均粒径是通过Fraunhofer衍射测定的重均粒径。
根据本发明的微胶囊优选可直接作为水分散体进行加工。一般可以喷雾干燥获得微胶囊粉末,但是必须温和地进行。
根据一个实施方案,具有催化剂和/或抑制剂作为芯材料的根据本发明的微胶囊适合于化学合成或聚合。
取决于芯材料,根据本发明的微胶囊适合于复印纸,化妆品,包封粘合剂、粘合剂组分、催化剂或作物保护或通常适合于包封生物杀伤剂。具有来自组p)的芯材料的微胶囊适合在粘合剂、油漆、涂料、纸张涂覆浆料或其它涂覆或浸渍组合物中作为交联剂。根据本发明的微胶囊特别适用于作物保护。
此外,具有来自组a)-h)的胶囊芯材料的根据本发明的微胶囊,条件是其在-20℃至100℃内通过固/液相变(PCM材料),则适合作为潜热存储介质。微胶囊化相变材料的使用领域通常是已知的。因此,根据本发明的微胶囊可有利地用于将纤维和纺织品如织物和无纺布(例如棉胎)等改性。此处提及的应用形式特别是微胶囊涂料、含有微胶囊的泡沫和微胶囊改性的织物纤维。例如在WO 95/34609(对其明确加以参考)中描述了微胶囊涂料的制备。如DE 981576T和US 5,955,188中所述,以类似方式进行包含微胶囊的泡沫的改性。如在US 2002/0054964中所述,其他加工选择为例如通过从熔体或水分散体中纺丝而将织物纤维自身改性。
其它宽泛的应用领域是利用无机粘合剂、硅酸盐粘合剂或聚合物粘合剂粘合建筑材料。此处对模制品和涂料组合物加以区分。
此处无机模制品理解为指由无机粘合剂、水、集料以及如果合适助剂的混合物在由于无机粘合剂/水混合物随时间如果合适在升高温度的作用下成型后形成的模制品。无机粘合剂通常是已知的。这些为细碎的无机物质如石灰、石膏、粘土、壤土和/或水泥,通过与水搅拌将其转化为其即用形式,当将其自身置于空气中或水下如果合适在升高温度的作用下,后者随着时间以岩石状方式固化。
集料通常由颗粒状或纤维状天然或合成岩石(砂砾、沙子、玻璃纤维或矿物纤维)组成,在特殊情况下也由金属或有机集料或所述集料的混合物组成,所述集料具有以本身已知的方式适应于特定用途的粒度或纤维长度。
合适的助剂特别是加速或延迟固化或影响固结无机模制品的弹性或多孔性的那些物质。
根据本发明的微胶囊适合于将包含无机粘合剂的无机粘合建筑材料(砂浆样制剂)改性,其中所述无机粘合剂由70-100重量%水泥和0-30重量%石膏组成。如果水泥是唯一的无机粘合剂情况尤其如此,其中效果与水泥类型无关。关于进一步的细节,可以参考DE-A 19 623 413。通常,基于无机粘合剂的量,无机粘合建筑材料的干组合物包含0.1-20重量%微胶囊。此外,根据本发明的微胶囊可在无机涂料组合物如内部或外部灰泥中用作添加剂。用于内部区域的这种灰泥通常包含石膏作为粘合剂。用于外部区域如外立面或潮湿房屋的涂料可以包含作为粘合剂的水泥(水泥灰泥)、石灰或水玻璃(无机或硅酸盐灰泥)或塑料分散体(合成树脂灰泥)以及填料和如果合适用于给予颜色的颜料。
此外,具有PCM材料的根据本发明的微胶囊适合于使石膏建筑板改性。具有微胶囊化潜热存储材料(PCM)的石膏建筑板的制备通常是已知的且描述于EP-A 1 421 243中,对其明确加以参考。在这方面,代替基于纤维素的卡纸板,可使用替代纤维结构,优选玻璃纤维作为“石膏建筑板”两面的覆盖物。可以替代材料用作织造物及和所谓的“无纺布”,即作为网状结构体。这种类型的建筑板例如由US 4,810,569、US 4,195,110和US 4,394,411已知。
此外,具有PCM材料的根据本发明的微胶囊适于在聚合物或含木质纤维素的模制品如粗纸板中用作添加剂,或适用于聚合物涂料组合物。
此外,具有PCM材料的根据本发明的微胶囊分散体适用作传热流体。
取决于使用领域,可将其它助剂或在多组分粘合剂情况下的常规组分(如果合适也是包封形式)加入到根据本发明的微胶囊分散体中。助剂例如可以是滑爽剂、增粘剂、流动剂、成膜助剂、阻燃剂、腐蚀抑制剂、蜡、干燥剂、消光剂、脱气剂、增稠剂和水溶性生物杀伤剂。涂有这类微胶囊分散体的基材储存稳定,即甚至在几个星期的储存期后,涂覆的基材可具有几乎良好结果地进行加工。
本发明还涉及包含根据本发明的微胶囊的农用化学品配制剂。根据本发明的农用化学品配制剂通常包含配制剂助剂,其中助剂的选择通常由具体应用形式和/或农用化学品活性成分决定。合适的配制剂助剂的实例为额外溶剂、表面活性剂和其它表面活性物质(例如增溶剂、保护胶体、润湿剂和粘合剂)、辅料、有机和无机增稠剂、杀菌剂、防冻剂、消泡剂、染料和粘着剂(例如用于种子处理)。
还可以存在于农用化学品配制剂中的合适其它溶剂是有机溶剂如中沸点至高沸点的矿物油馏分如煤油和柴油及煤焦油,以及植物或动物来源的油,脂族、环状和芳族烃如石蜡、四氢化萘、烷基化萘及其衍生物、烷基化苯及其衍生物,醇如甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、丁醇、苄醇和环己醇,二醇,酮如环己酮,γ-丁内酯,二甲基脂肪酸酰胺,脂肪酸和脂肪酸酯以及强极性溶剂如胺,例如N-甲基吡咯烷酮。优选醇,例如苄醇。原则上,还可使用溶剂混合物。
表面活性剂可以单独或以混合物使用。表面活性剂是降低水的表面张力的化合物。表面活性剂的实例为离子(阴离子或阳离子)和非离子表面活性剂。
除上述表面活性剂外,合适的表面活性物质(辅料、润湿剂、粘合剂、分散剂或乳化剂)还为以下物质的碱金属、碱土金属、铵盐:芳族磺酸如木素磺酸(级,Borregaard,挪威)、苯酚磺酸、萘磺酸(级,Akzo Nobel)和二丁基萘磺酸(级,BASF)以及脂肪酸,烷基-和烷基芳基磺酸盐,烷基、十二烷基醚和脂肪醇硫酸盐,以及硫酸化十六烷醇、十七烷醇和十八烷醇的盐,以及脂肪醇乙二醇醚,磺化萘及其衍生物与甲醛的缩合产物,萘或萘磺酸与苯酚和甲醛的缩合产物,聚氧乙烯辛基苯酚醚,乙氧化异辛基-、辛基-或壬基苯酚,烷基苯基、三丁基苯基聚乙二醇醚,烷基芳基聚醚醇,异十三烷醇,脂肪醇环氧乙烷缩合物,乙氧化蓖麻油,聚氧乙烯或聚氧丙烯烷基醚,十二烷基醇聚乙二醇醚乙酸酯,山梨醇酯,木素亚硫酸盐废液,以及蛋白质,变性蛋白质,多糖(例如甲基纤维素),疏水改性淀粉,聚乙烯醇(级,Clariant),聚羧酸盐(级,BASF),聚烷氧化物,聚乙烯胺(级,BASF),聚乙烯亚胺(级,BASF),聚乙烯吡咯烷酮及其共聚物。
辅料的实例是有机改性聚硅氧烷,例如BreakThruS醇烷氧化物,例如245、MBA 1303、LF和ON;EO-PO嵌段聚合物,例如RPE 2035和B;醇乙氧化物,例如XP 80;和磺基琥珀酸二辛酯钠,例如RA。
增稠剂(即赋予组合物改善的流动行为的化合物,即在静止状态中的高粘度和在搅动状态中的低粘度)的实例是多糖,以及有机和无机片状矿物如黄原胶(CP Kelco)、23(Rhodia)或(R.T.Vanderbilt)或(Engelhard Corp.)。
为了稳定化,可将杀菌剂加入到组合物中。杀菌剂的实例是基于二氯芬和苄醇半缩甲醛的那些(来自ICI的或来自Thor Chemie的RS和来自Rohm&Haas的MK),以及异噻唑啉酮衍生物如烷基异噻唑啉酮和苯并异噻唑啉酮(来自Thor Chemie的MBS)。
合适防冻剂的实例是乙二醇、丙二醇、脲和甘油。
根据本发明的农用化学品配制剂在大多数情况下在使用之前进行稀释以便产生所谓的桶混合料。适用于稀释的是中沸点至高沸点的矿物油馏分如煤油或柴油及煤焦油,以及植物或动物来源的油,脂族、环状和芳族烃如甲苯、二甲苯、石蜡、四氢化萘、烷基化萘或其衍生物,甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、丁醇、环己醇、环己酮、异佛尔酮,强极性溶剂如二甲亚砜,N-甲基吡咯烷酮或水。优选使用水。通常通过喷雾或雾化施加经稀释的组合物。可在施用之前将各种类型的油、润湿剂、辅料、除草剂、杀菌剂、杀真菌剂直接加入到桶混合料中(桶混合)。可将这些试剂以1∶100-100∶1,优选1∶10-10∶1的重量比混合到根据本发明的组合物中。桶混合料中的杀虫剂浓度可在相对大的范围内变动。一般而言,它们为0.0001-10%,优选0.01-1%。当用于作物保护时,取决于所需效果的性质,施用率为每公顷0.01-2.0kg活性成分。
本发明还涉及根据本发明的农用化学品配制剂在控制植物病原性真菌和/或不需要的植物生长和/或不需要的昆虫或螨侵袭和/或调节植物生长中的用途,其中使所述组合物作用于特定害虫、其生长环境或待保护以免遭受特定害虫的植物、土壤和/或作用于不需要的植物和/或有用的植物和/或其生长环境。
特别是与由油相中的异氰酸酯和水相中的胺以水分散体制备的常规聚氨酯胶囊相比时,本发明具有各种优势:根据本发明的方法不使用任何有毒的异氰酸酯;不会由于水敏感性异氰酸酯与分散体的水相反应产生不需要的副产物;尽管在工业规模上以连续法由异氰酸酯制备聚氨酯胶囊,但利用本发明方法,更简单和成本低的分批法目前也是可以的。
以下实施例用于更详细地阐述本发明。在实施例中,除非另有说明,否则百分数为重量百分数。
实施例
A)制备碳二亚胺
将300g根据DE-A14318979的实施例的教导制备的NCO含量为7.2重量%的基于TMXDI的碳二亚胺加热到100℃并使其与67g(0.514mol)的2-乙基己醇反应直到NCO含量降至<0.01%。这获得计算NCN含量为12.3重量%的浅黄色油。
实施例1
水相
200g 软化水
145g 5重量%浓度的甲基羟丙基纤维素(Culminal MHPC 100)溶液
289g 二异丙基萘,异构体混合物
32.1g 由实施例A)获得的碳二亚胺
1gRed I 6B(成色剂的无色母体,Ciba SpecialtyChemicals)
物料
167.3g 10.4重量%浓度的丙二酸在软化水中的溶液
程序:
在室温下将上述水相作为初始加料引入。加入油相后,使用高速溶解搅拌器将所述混合物在40℃和4500rpm下分散10分钟。这获得直径为2-12μm粒度的稳定乳液。将该乳液加热到80℃,同时使用锚式搅拌器搅拌,然后在40分钟内加入所述物料。将该混合物在80℃下保持另外4小时并然后将其冷却至室温。
这获得平均粒度为5.2μm(通过Fraunhofer衍射测定)的微胶囊分散体。
在将微胶囊分散体铺展到硅胶板上后,仅可见轻微的红色着色。轻微的红色着色是非常密封胶囊的标志。在非密封胶囊的情况下,无色母体能够溢出。该板的酸性硅胶然后使无色母体质子化,结果呈现出红色阴影。通过使用金属刮刀进行刮擦,可通过参考强烈红色着色表明可机械破坏所述胶囊且在机械应力下释放出成色剂。
实施例2
水相
200g 软化水
145g 5重量%浓度的甲基羟丙基纤维素(Culminal MHPC 100)溶液
289g 二异丙基萘,异构体混合物
32.1g 由实施例A)获得的碳二亚胺
物料
167.3g 10.4重量%浓度的平均分子量为3000g/mol的聚丙烯酸在软化水中的溶液
程序:
在室温下将上述水相作为初始加料引入。加入油相后,使用高速溶解搅拌器将所述混合物在40℃和4500rpm下分散10分钟。这获得直径为2-12μm粒度的稳定乳液。将该乳液加热到80℃,同时使用锚式搅拌器搅拌,然后在40分钟内加入所述物料。将该混合物在80℃下保持另外4小时并然后将其冷却至室温。
这获得平均粒度为4.5μm(通过Fraunhofer衍射测定)的微胶囊分散体。
对于密封性的热测定,在室温下干燥胶囊分散体,然后将其加热到130℃并在该温度下保持1小时。由于加热,测得17.6%(基于干重)的重量损失。
实施例3
程序与实施例2类似,不同之处在于使用平均分子量为100000g/mol的聚丙烯酸。
热密封性测定导致仅7.5%的重量损失。
实施例4
重复实施例2,但是使用平均分子量为200000g/mol的聚丙烯酸。
热密封性测定导致仅2.2%的重量损失。然而,在二氧化硅板上的测试(见实施例1)显示出清晰可见的红色着色。
实施例5
200g 软化水
145g 5重量%浓度的甲基羟丙基纤维素(Culminal MHPC 100)溶液
289g 二异丙基萘,异构体混合物
32.1g 由实施例A)获得的碳二亚胺
物料1
200g 17.5g平均分子量为200000g/mol的聚丙烯酸的水溶液
30g 三乙醇胺
物料2
119g 16.5%浓度的硫酸水溶液
程序:
在室温下将上述水相作为初始加料引入。加入油相后,使用高速溶解搅拌器将所述混合物在40℃和4500rpm下分散10分钟。这获得直径为2-12μm粒度的稳定乳液。加入物料1并将该乳液加热到80℃,同时使用锚式搅拌器搅拌,然后在120分钟内加入物料2。将该混合物在80℃下保持另外2小时,然后将其冷却至室温并用氢氧化钠水溶液中和。
这获得平均粒度为11.7μm(通过Fraunhofer衍射测定)的微胶囊分散体。
在将该微胶囊分散体铺展到硅胶板上后,仅可见轻微的红色着色。
热密封性测定导致5.3%的重量损失。
Claims (15)
1.一种制备具有胶囊壁和胶囊芯的微胶囊的方法,该方法包括以下工艺步骤:
a)制备具有分散相、连续水相和保护胶体的水包油乳液,所述分散相包含芯材料和低聚碳二亚胺,和
b)随后使一种或多种二-和/或多羧酸和/或其水溶性盐与低聚碳二亚胺反应。
2.一种制备具有胶囊壁和胶囊芯的微胶囊的方法,该方法包括以下工艺步骤:
a)制备具有分散相、连续水相和保护胶体的水包油乳液,所述分散相包含芯材料和低聚碳二亚胺;和
b)将一种或多种二-和/或多羧酸和/或其水溶性盐加入到a)中所制备的乳液中。
3.根据权利要求1或2的制备微胶囊的方法,其中芯材料在水中的溶解度<25g/l。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项的制备微胶囊的方法,其中至少一种芯材料选自脂族和芳族烃化合物,饱和或不饱和C6-C30脂肪酸,脂肪醇,C6-C30脂肪胺,C4-C30单-、C4-C30二-和C4-C30聚酯,伯、仲或叔C4-C30羧酰胺,脂肪酸酯,天然和合成蜡,卤代烃,天然油,C3-C20酮,C3-C20醛,交联剂,粘合树脂和增粘树脂,香料和芳香物质,活性成分,染料,成色剂,催化剂和抑制剂。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项的制备微胶囊的方法,其中至少一种芯材料是农用化学品活性成分。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项的制备微胶囊的方法,其中低聚碳二亚胺含有平均2-20个碳二亚胺基团。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的制备微胶囊的方法,其中低聚碳二亚胺的数均分子量Mn为100-40000。
8.根据权利要求1-7中任一项的制备微胶囊的方法,其中低聚碳二亚胺的异氰酸酯基团的残余含量<1重量%。
9.根据权利要求1-8中任一项的制备微胶囊的方法,其中低聚碳二亚胺由芳族、脂族和环脂族和/或芳脂族异氰酸酯及其混合物形成。
10.根据权利要求1-9中任一项的制备微胶囊的方法,其中在b)中加入饱和、脂环族、不饱和和/或芳族二羧酸和/或其盐。
11.根据权利要求1-10中任一项的制备微胶囊的方法,其中在b)中加入高分子量多羧酸和/或其盐。
12.根据权利要求11的制备微胶囊的方法,其中所用高分子量多羧酸是丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸的一种或多种均聚物。
13.一种通过权利要求1-12中任一项获得的微胶囊。
14.一种农用化学品配制剂,该农用化学品配制剂包含根据权利要求1-12中任一项获得的微胶囊。
15.根据权利要求14的农用化学品配制剂在控制植物病原性真菌和/或不需要的植物生长和/或不需要的昆虫或螨侵袭和/或调节植物生长中的用途,其中使微胶囊或配制剂作用于特定害虫、其生长环境或待保护以免遭受特定害虫侵袭的植物、土壤和/或作用于不需要的植物和/或有用植物和/或其生长环境。
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CN105080443A (zh) * | 2015-08-14 | 2015-11-25 | 佛山市功能高分子材料与精细化学品专业中心 | 一种包覆有机二元羧酸的微胶囊材料及其制备方法和应用 |
CN105188367A (zh) * | 2013-01-14 | 2015-12-23 | 时尚化工有限责任两合公司 | 微胶囊化的挥发性驱虫剂和/或杀虫剂及其制备方法和应用 |
CN107787184A (zh) * | 2015-06-19 | 2018-03-09 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 由四甲基苯二亚甲基二异氰酸酯、脂环族二异氰酸酯和脂族二胺制备的壳的农药微胶囊 |
CN112423875A (zh) * | 2018-05-25 | 2021-02-26 | 国际香料和香精公司 | 表面改性的微胶囊 |
CN113601660A (zh) * | 2021-06-30 | 2021-11-05 | 万华化学集团股份有限公司 | 一种水玻璃均质的异氰酸酯及其制备的无醛镂铣纤维板 |
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EP2998331A1 (en) | 2014-09-17 | 2016-03-23 | Construction Research & Technology GmbH | A curable organic polymer comprising at least one acylurea unit, its preparation and use |
AU2016279767A1 (en) | 2015-06-19 | 2017-12-14 | Basf Se | Pendimethanlin microcapsules with a shell made of tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate and a polyamine with at least three amine groups |
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WO2017029302A1 (en) * | 2015-08-18 | 2017-02-23 | Basf Se | Agrochemical microcapsules with a shell of polyvinylalcohol and polyoxazoline |
KR101666401B1 (ko) | 2015-09-25 | 2016-10-14 | 한국과학기술연구원 | 이중 코팅된 열에너지 저장 캡슐 및 이의 제조방법 |
WO2018100075A1 (de) * | 2016-12-01 | 2018-06-07 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Zwei-phasen-kühlung für ein elektrisches antriebssystem |
AU2021329912A1 (en) * | 2020-08-20 | 2023-03-02 | Monsanto Technology Llc | Microcapsule with acetamides and diflufenican |
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Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN105188367A (zh) * | 2013-01-14 | 2015-12-23 | 时尚化工有限责任两合公司 | 微胶囊化的挥发性驱虫剂和/或杀虫剂及其制备方法和应用 |
CN107787184A (zh) * | 2015-06-19 | 2018-03-09 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 由四甲基苯二亚甲基二异氰酸酯、脂环族二异氰酸酯和脂族二胺制备的壳的农药微胶囊 |
CN107787184B (zh) * | 2015-06-19 | 2021-08-10 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 由四甲基苯二亚甲基二异氰酸酯、脂环族二异氰酸酯和脂族二胺制备的壳的农药微胶囊 |
CN105080443A (zh) * | 2015-08-14 | 2015-11-25 | 佛山市功能高分子材料与精细化学品专业中心 | 一种包覆有机二元羧酸的微胶囊材料及其制备方法和应用 |
CN112423875A (zh) * | 2018-05-25 | 2021-02-26 | 国际香料和香精公司 | 表面改性的微胶囊 |
CN113601660A (zh) * | 2021-06-30 | 2021-11-05 | 万华化学集团股份有限公司 | 一种水玻璃均质的异氰酸酯及其制备的无醛镂铣纤维板 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BRPI0909354A2 (pt) | 2019-09-24 |
CN101970097B (zh) | 2013-07-17 |
EP2254694A1 (de) | 2010-12-01 |
WO2009112467A1 (de) | 2009-09-17 |
IL207692A0 (en) | 2011-08-01 |
CA2716917A1 (en) | 2009-09-17 |
JP2011514841A (ja) | 2011-05-12 |
JP5508291B2 (ja) | 2014-05-28 |
US20110015072A1 (en) | 2011-01-20 |
EP2628530A1 (de) | 2013-08-21 |
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