CN101969958B - 维生素d组合物以及给人类施用的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
在中等链长的三酸甘油酯中的维生素D组合物及其送递营养量或治疗量的维生素D至人、尤其至婴幼儿的用途。该组合物施加至物体,如皮肤,或在婴幼儿的情况下施加至妇女乳头或奶嘴,其中该婴幼儿从所述的妇女乳头或奶嘴中吸取该组合物。本方法提供为人供给维生素D的更合适、更安全和更有效方式。该组合物还包含游离脂肪酸和/或单酰甘油、氧化防腐剂和其它任选的维生素。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及在中等链长的三酸甘油酯介质中包含维生素D的组合物及其对于人类、尤其是母乳喂养的婴幼儿的应用。
发明背景
均衡水平的维生素D早已被认为对健康重要。维生素D似乎提高小肠吸收钙的效率并且在需要时也从骨骼组织中动员钙。维生素D缺乏导致佝偻病(一种致虚弱的骨病),而过度摄入维生素D是有毒的。
皮肤是胆固醇生成的主要部位,并且人们通过紫外光对皮肤的天然作用而获得维生素D。对紫外光不稳定的7-脱氢胆固醇通常是胆固醇的前体。然而,紫外光断开7-脱氢胆固醇分子的B-环以产生经几小时或几天自发异构化成维生素D3的维生素原D3(也称为胆钙化醇)。来自于皮肤的未知比例的维生素D被吸收至循环内。维生素D3不溶于水,并且在循环中,存在特异性结合并运载维生素D及其代谢物的蛋白质。紫外光照射的优点在于它是天然的,并且没有与维生素D相关的维生素D毒性。其缺点在于紫外光的可用性是不可靠的,并且过多紫外光造成晒伤或皮肤癌。在北半球,往往不存在足够的户外紫外光强度来产生维生素原D。
就生物学活性而言,维生素D必须经历两个代谢步骤。维生素D由肝脏代谢成25-羟维生素D[25(OH)D],这在血清中加以测量以反映维生素D营养状况。25-羟维生素D本身几乎没有生物学活性。肾脏将25-羟维生素D代谢成活性激素,即影响钙跨细胞膜运送的1,25-二羟维生素D。根据其矿物质需求,身体仔细地调节1,25-二羟维生素D的生成和分解以调节血浆钙浓度。极少数的食品天然地含有维生素D。Mellanby,J Physiol(London)第52卷:1iii(1919)中创立这样的概念,即人工补充物-鱼肝油含有预防佝偻病的物质。该物质已知为维生素D。我们食物中的大部分维生素D是补充性的合成物质,这种合成物质或是维生素D3形式,即在动物中天然生成的形式,或它可以是从植物类固醇衍生的维生素D2。术语“维生素D”指维生素D2或维生素D3形式。
加拿大和美国的儿科协会目前大力鼓励从出生起开始补充维生素D(加拿大卫生部:用于母乳喂养婴幼儿的维生素D补充物(Health Canada,Vitamin D supplementation for breastfed infants)。与喂养配方食品的婴幼儿相比,母乳喂养导致在第一年生活期间的较少感染和较少过敏。母乳为新生儿提供几乎最佳的营养,不过,母乳几乎不提供维生素D。维生素D对骨骼具有公认的影响,不过除此之外,婴幼儿期较好的维生素D营养与生活中稍后发生的其它疾病的较小风险相关。这些疾病的减少包括青少年糖尿病及精神分裂症的较小风险(Hypponen,E.,Laara,E.,Reunanen,A.,Jarvelin,M.R.和Virtanen,S.M.(2001)Lancet 358,1500-1503)(McGrath,J.,Saari,K.,Hakko,H.,Jokelainen,J.,Jones,P.,Jarvelin,M.R.,Chant,D.和Isohanni,M.(2004)Schizophr.Res.67,237-245)。然而,由于维生素D通常通过晒太阳而非口服获得,故它是母乳中最常见缺乏的一种营养(疾病控制中心(Centersfor Disease Control),维生素D专家团会议,October 11-12,2001 Atlanta,Georgia Final Report)。
在2005年,美国儿科学会发表关于母乳喂养的一项新政策声明(American Academy Of Pediatrics Policy Statement 2005;Pediatrics115;496-506)。一个主要变化是从出生的最初2个月内开始,母乳喂养的全部婴幼儿每日应当得到200IU(5mcg)的口服维生素D滴剂。较前建议维生素D应当在出生的大约2个月期间开始补充。与加拿大卫生部已建议的内容一致,美国儿科学会最新推荐:维生素D的补充应当从出生开始,每日400IU(10mcg)维生素D((Pediatrics 2005;115;496-506)。此外,加拿大卫生部建议在北部的婴幼儿应当每日给予800IU(20mcg)维生素D。
需要在较早年龄提供维生素D致使得提供维生素D营养的问题更复杂。较小的婴幼儿更难以照顾。此外,实行母乳喂养的母亲可能不愿意给予婴幼儿外来液体或化合物,其中所述的外来液体或化合物对婴幼儿摄取而言是非天然的。问题更糟糕的是来自儿科学会和政府机构的建议没有提供准确地如何向母乳喂养的婴幼儿给予维生素D的详细信息或任何方法。他们只是建议父母应当给予维生素D。
在加拿大和美国批准的用于婴幼儿维生素D营养目的的现有产品需要使用0.5-1毫升去垢剂增溶的水质液态乳液。该种液体直接置于口中,或混入牛奶或婴幼儿消费的其它食品。施用维生素D滴剂的方法一般包括将含有液体产品的滴管直接插入婴幼儿口中。
婴幼儿的父母对为婴幼儿供给维生素D的现有产品及方法表示非常失望,尤其是对其口味和婴幼儿往往吐出至少某些液体的事实。直接施用液体维生素D制剂通常用滴管进行,并且婴幼儿仰卧。与直接施用维生素D溶液至口中相关的一个风险是婴幼儿可能作呕或吸入某些液体。
维生素D液态滴剂通常也含有其它维生素。1毫升这些产品含有400IU(10mcg)维生素D。一旦开瓶,则维生素D水质滴剂仅有50天货架期。它们含有对于婴幼儿营养为外来的成分,并且对口味存在许多投诉。一个主要的问题是婴幼儿会吐出这1毫升液态维生素滴剂。这造成脏乱并且送递至该婴幼儿的剂量是不可靠的。对于任何治疗方法而言,施用不方便、有风险和困难造成较低的顺应率,低劣顺应性造成给药不足和无效治疗。这些因素也减弱用维生素D进行营养补充。
在美国,存在可在油中获得的维生素D滴剂,每滴400IU(naturalhealthsupply.com)。这种滴剂的维生素D溶解在橄榄油和/或玉米油和/或芝麻油或亚麻籽油中。伴随这些滴剂的问题是这些油包含有在反复开启容器时会酸败的长链不饱和脂肪酸三酸甘油酯,它们有异味,并且它们在奶嘴(pacifier)上赋予油腻感。此外,未以任何方式建议、主张、使用类似于此的产品用于营养母乳喂养的婴幼儿。
一种处方产品含有在未详细说明的油中的维生素D(每毫升油20000IU(500mcg))。使用方法包括将两滴产品混入两滴牛奶或麦芽汁(mash)。这不是为小于两月龄的母乳喂养婴幼儿提供维生素D的可行方法,因为该方法假定营养由非哺乳方式提供。此外,这种方法与北美地区用每天1ml液态维生素滴剂所作那样没有差异,其中所述的液态维生素滴剂通过相同方法混入牛奶或食物中来给婴幼儿施用。
1996年7月2日对Vieth,Reinhold W颁发的美国专利号5,532,229以及2006年10月10日对Vieth,Reinhold W.颁发的加拿大专利号2,122,431描述通过局部施用至哺乳动物皮肤而向哺乳动物血液送递维生素D的方法,其中所述的维生素D处于溶液中。原则上,这种方法可以用来通过皮肤向婴幼儿提供维生素D,其中该方法对于这种营养素来说是安全和天然的进入途径。例如,含维生素D的皮肤洗液随时间通过婴幼儿皮肤被吸收。例如,中等链长的三酸甘油酯适用于皮肤洗液,并且同时它们可以作为送递维生素D的溶剂。然而,此方法的维生素D送递效率存疑,因为在维生素D可以吸收到身体中之前,可以容易地从皮肤上擦除它。
1981年2月3日对Ikushima等颁发的美国专利号4,248,867描述用于制造油性制品的方法,其中所述方法包括使用波长大于290nm的光照射中等链长的饱和脂肪酸的三酸甘油酯。这种方法将油变成这样的溶剂,其中处理的三酸甘油酯中的一部分1-α-羟基-维生素D类可以溶解在所述溶剂中并保持稳定。这些1-羟基维生素D是与维生素D2和维生素D3根本不同的二醇或三醇化合物。
尽管以上讲述了现有技术,然而仍然需要对人、尤其哺乳婴幼儿施用营养量或治疗量的维生素D的安全、方便和有效的方法。还存在针对成人的应用,以能够通过从表面吮吸维生素补充物而有效送递维生素D剂量,而非直接放将该补充物置入口中。
发明简述
在本说明书和权利要求书中,化合物“维生素D”意指(5Z-7E)-(3S)-9,10-开环-5,7,10(19)-胆甾三烯-3-醇,其还有俗名:胆钙化醇或维生素(D3)和麦角钙化固醇(D2)。
本发明的一个目的是提供将营养有效量或治疗有效量的维生素D供给至人、尤其哺乳婴幼儿的改良、适用、更安全且有效的方法。
又一个目的是提供用于所述方法中的维生素D组合物。
已经开发这样的组合物及方法,其包括将维生素D组合物从对象的表面施加给人,其中所述的方法是给人施用所需量的维生素D的适宜且有效的方法。
所述的人可以是成人或婴幼儿。术语“婴幼儿”在本说明书中包括婴幼儿和幼童,并且术语“成人”包括非幼童。
在给婴幼儿施用本发明的组合物的情况下,所述方法在婴幼儿的情况下包括优选地将一滴在合适的生物学可接受性油载体中的维生素D溶液施加到母亲的乳头或奶嘴上,并将乳头或奶嘴置于婴幼儿口中持续优选地至少30秒,以便将该维生素D组合物从乳头或奶嘴上吸吮下来,从而摄取维生素D。在成人的情况下,一个或多个液滴可以施加至成人手臂或手掌指节的皮肤上,其中所述的成人然后从皮肤上舔取或吸吮该组合物。
我们发现可以通过将一滴(约33微升)体积的中等链长三酸甘油酯油中的维生素D施加到奶嘴或乳头上并施加至哺乳婴幼儿口内的方法克服了与前述向婴幼儿提供维生素D的既往方法相伴的困难。这种乳头或奶嘴施加法不再需要为获取体内维生素D而使婴幼儿遭受过度暴露于紫外光的风险,此外,这种乳头或奶嘴施加法不再需要用滴管、或以婴幼儿通常吐出或作呕或者必须与食物一起摄入的较大量将维生素D直接施用至口中。
本发明的方法可以促进家长顺应政府及医学建议来向其婴幼儿补充维生素D。实施本发明以改善维生素D补充可以降低婴幼儿的疾病风险,这应当在更广大的规模上有益于公众健康。
极希望中等链长的三酸甘油酯是母乳的一种天然成分,因为这种油的使用不把外来化合物引入母乳喂养,尽管这不是根本性考虑。此外,中等链长的三酸甘油酯在乳脂中天然存在并且由婴幼儿唾液中存在的脂肪酶水解。由婴幼儿唾液中的脂肪酶作用而释放的中等链长游离脂肪酸和单酸甘油酯提供了抗微生物作用的额外益处,并且在传染病抵抗力中发挥作用(M.K.M.Nair 2005J.Dairy Sci.88:3488-3495)(CQ Sun 2002 Chemico-BiologicalInteractions 140:185-198)(AC Pedersen,A Bardow,SB Jensen,B Nauntofte2002.Oral Diseases 8:117-129)。
因此,在一个优选的方面,本发明的组合物还可以包含所述游离脂肪酸,尤其C6-12碳链化合物,以提供抗微生物效果。
我们已经发现与维生素D直接置于口中相比,间接施加维生素D至奶嘴或乳头或指关节的本发明方法可以用吮吸法送递维生素D的效率向人提供维生素D营养,其中所述的效率处在补充产品标示剂量的可接受精确度范围内,约4%损失为乳头或奶嘴上剩余的残留维生素D。
用在本发明中的维生素D组合物还可以包含抗氧化剂,其作为维生素的防腐剂或提供额外营养。这类脂溶性营养素的实例是维生素E、维生素A、维生素K或胡萝卜素。
可以容易地将维生素D在本发明实施内所用组合物中的量选择为这样的量,其对25-羟维生素D的循环浓度产生适当影响。例如,在乳头或奶嘴上的每日单次剂量可以含有每滴2-300mcg(等同于60mcg/ml至9000mcg/ml油)、优选每滴5-20mcg(150mcg/ml至600mcg/ml)。较强的组合物对儿科医生有用,其中所述的儿科医生可以使用所述较强组合物在每次逐月新生儿随访时提供作为单次滴加剂量的维生素D。因而,母亲本人无需处理维生素D施加。
因此在一个方面,本发明提供包含在液态6-12碳链长度的三酸甘油酯介质中的维生素D的组合物,其中所述的组合物用于从对象表面将营养量或治疗量的所述维生素D送递至人,其中所述的对象在其表面上具有供该人从该表面上吸吮的所述组合物。
优选地,所述组合物包含9-9,000mcg/ml维生素D,并且更优选150-450mcg/ml维生素D。
用在实施本发明中的中等链长的三酸甘油酯具有6-12碳链长度,并且优选地,该组合物介质包含至少95%的选自8-10碳链长度的三酸甘油酯。
中等链长的三酸甘油酯可以从可可椰子(Cocos nucifera L.)胚乳的坚硬及干燥部分或从油棕(Elaeis guineensis Jacq)的干燥胚乳中提取的油内获得。它们是由饱和脂肪酸的三酸甘油酯的混合物组成,其中所述的饱和脂肪酸主要是辛酸(C8H16O2)和癸酸(C10H20O2)。它们含有不少于95%的具有8-10个碳原子的饱和脂肪酸。这种物质是清亮溶液。
在最重要的实施方案中,本发明提供如上文定义的组合物,用于将营养量或治疗量的所述维生素D从对象的表面直接送递至婴幼儿口中,其中所述的对象在其表面上具有由该婴幼儿从此表面上吸吮的所述组合物。
脂肪酸组成-中等链长的三酸甘油酯的脂肪酸部分显示如下组成,如在章节“脂肪酸组成”中所确定。忽略面积小于0.05%总面积的任何峰。
为用在本发明的实施中,含维生素D的介质需要满足众多前述指标。我们意外发现所述中等链长的三酸甘油酯满足这些指标。
在优选的实施方案中,本发明提供如上文定义的组合物,其还包含选自游离脂肪酸和单酸甘油酯的化合物,优选地,提供这样的组合物,其中所述化合物选自以下物质组成的组:在选自0.1-20%(w/w)介质、优选1-10%(w/w)介质的浓度上的辛酸、单辛酸甘油酯(caprylic monoglyceride)和辛酸单甘油酯(monocaprylin)。
在进一步优选的实施方案中,本发明提供氧化防腐剂和/或营养有效量的脂溶性维生素,其选自α-生育酚(维生素E)、维生素A、维生素K和B-胡萝卜素组成的组。
在又一方面,本发明提供如上文定义的组合物的用途,用于直接从对象表面送递营养量或治疗量的维生素D,其中所述的对象在其表面上具有由人、尤其婴幼儿从该表面上舔食或吸吮的所述组合物。
在具体方面,本发明提供使用如上文定义的组合物的方法,该方法包括(i)将所述组合物施加至对象的表面;以及(ii)将该对象插入婴幼儿口中,从而使得所述婴幼儿从该对象表面吸吮所述组合物。
最为优选地,在婴幼儿的情况下,所述对象是妇女乳头或奶嘴。
优选实施方案的详述
为了可以更好地理解本发明,现在仅通过举例方式描述优选的实施方案。
实施例1
在本发明使用的中等链长的三酸甘油酯是足够粘稠的液体,从而一滴液体不会从进入婴幼儿口中的乳头或奶嘴的部分上立即滴下或者滚移开。该液体不涂覆或粘着于奶嘴,从而不阻止通过吸吮从乳头或奶嘴上有效移动维生素D。该液体具有最低感官效应,即它具有最低的嗅觉、味觉或质地,即无油腻感。该液体在母乳喂养的环境下是生物上天然的,并且安全用于婴幼儿食用。该液体本身在超过组合物的货架期时不发生酸败或氧化。此外,它是这样的介质,在其中维生素D不会降解,从而使维生素D具有长久货架期。
本实验包括研究众多液体以确定它们在实施本发明中的实效。
施加每种液体一滴至乳头以确定该液滴是否相当充分地粘着,从而在10秒的时间范围内无液滴的部分滴落。在表1中显示这些实验观察的结果,以及涉及本发明想要的参数的其它考虑事项。
表1对适用于乳头维生素D的潜在液体的实验观察
*直接实验观测。
*源自Mead-Johnson发布的D-vi-sol的稳定性声明。
水基制品以及酒精不粘附于乳头。油质载体均相当充分地粘附于乳头,从而使它们适合用于母乳喂养期间处置或用于奶嘴。然而,奶嘴上的残余油腻感被解释为从奶嘴上不完全摄取剂量液滴的标志。我们发现中等链长的三酸甘油酯油是特别可取的。
实施例2
本实验旨在确定在所述方法和组合物中由吸吮经过口并进入身体摄取维生素D的效率。
需要解决的另一个问题是溶解于液态载体中的维生素D是否由吸吮作用移动并且以有效方式进入人体中。为此,根据本发明,将在中等链长的三酸甘油酯溶液中的维生素D施加至奶嘴。将约33微升体积的一个液滴施加至奶嘴上[Gerber NukTM尺寸1(小号,用于新生儿)和尺寸3(较大婴幼儿)]。作为100%回收率的措施,将33微升在中等链长的三酸甘油酯(60000IU/33微升)中的维生素D直接地添加到50毫升乙醇中,或放置到置于乙醇中的奶嘴上。为估计移动维生素D的效率,人吸吮奶嘴30秒,并且随后将该奶嘴完全置入含有50毫升乙醇的80毫升烧杯以提取剩余维生素D。着重指出的是从奶嘴上提取剩余维生素D至乙醇中不是瞬间进行的。对奶嘴提取30分钟,否则将低估剩余维生素D测量结果,而高估送递至口内的效率。用吸光度在265nm上的高压液相色谱法检测来自7个此类实验中每个实验的100微升乙醇提取物表明,在奶嘴上剩余的维生素D包含对奶嘴所施加维生素D的4%平均值+/-2%SD。因此,送递施加至奶嘴或乳头并且施用在半分种内摄入口内的维生素D是完全可重复和彻底的,从而认定在维生素补充物产品的标签上印刷的剂量如所宣称那样精确。政府规定强制要求用于人的维生素补充物必须提供标90%-120%的标示剂量。在这个可接受的范围内包括伴随本发明方法的剂量损失,从而该标签声称在一滴产品内存在的剂量是对人所送递剂量的适宜度量。
实施例3
本实验表明若本发明确实如意图那样发挥作用,则血清25-羟维生素D[25(OH)D]应当随摄取本发明的维生素D而增加。
添加维生素D3至中等链长的三酸甘油酯油至浓度每10毫升0.4克。这种溶液一滴具有33微升体积,并且含有1500mcg维生素D3。这是用来引起快速25(OH)D响应的相对高剂量,其中所述的快速25(OH)D响应不可能归因于其它因素。在先前月份期间中未服用维生素D补充物的三个人分别在奶嘴(Gerber NukTM,品牌奶嘴)上吸吮30秒,其中对所述的奶嘴施加一个滴在中等链长的三酸甘油酯油中的维生素D3溶液。血样已经在实验前抽取,并且在服用本发明维生素D的剂量后48小时再次抽取。在无维生素D时,不可能在48小时的短时间范围内存在血清25(OH)D浓度的可检测变化。我们发现血清25(OH)D在每个人中均增加。在这三个人中,距离基线的平均升高是12nmol/L(血清25(OH)D升高分别是为5nmol/L、10nmol/L和20nmol/L)。该结果与从奶嘴摄取维生素D至人体相符。本实验证实本发明方法的效果。
实施例4
将结晶维生素D3(胆钙化醇,美国药典级)溶解至中等链长的三酸甘油酯(美国药典级)的油内,以根据本发明制备每1毫升油含有300mcg维生素D的溶液。将该组合物瓶装于用Eurodropper帽封闭的玻璃容器内,其中所述的玻璃容器具有设计成每1毫升油分出30滴的开口。喂母乳的母亲施加一滴所述溶液至乳头,随即把该乳头给婴幼儿吸吮。婴幼儿吸吮30秒以确保完全送递该剂量。
实施例5
将结晶维生素D3(胆钙化醇,美国药典级)溶解至中等链长的三酸甘油酯(美国药典级)的油内,以根据本发明制备每1毫升油含有300mcg维生素D的溶液。将该组合物瓶装于塑料容器内,其中所述的塑料容器具有分配一滴油的滴管型开口。母亲施加一滴所述溶液至奶嘴或婴幼儿瓶乳头,随即将其放入婴幼儿口内以吸吮。婴幼儿吸吮30秒以确保完全送递该剂量。
实施例6
将结晶维生素D3(胆钙化醇,美国药典级)溶解至中等链长的三酸甘油酯(美国药典级)的油内,以根据本发明制备每1毫升油含有300mcg维生素D的溶液。将该溶液瓶装于用Eurodropper帽封闭的玻璃容器中,其中所述的玻璃容器具有设计成每1毫升油分出30滴的开口。人施加一滴所述溶液至手掌的指节上,从所述指节将维生素D吸吮至口内。此人吸吮30秒以确保完全送递该剂量。
虽然本公开已经描述并说明本发明某些优选的实施方案,应当理解本发明不限于这些具体实施方案。相反,本发明包括作为已经描述并说明的具体实施方案的功能性或机理性等效物的全部实施方案。
Claims (6)
1.一种组合物,其由在液态6-12碳链长度的三酸甘油酯介质中的维生素D组成,所述组合物用于施用至对象的表面,以给从所述对象的表面上直接吸吮所述组合物的人提供营养量或治疗量的维生素D,所述维生素D含量为150-600mcg/ml。
2.如权利要求1的组合物,其中所述维生素D含量为150-450mcg/ml。
3.如权利要求1的组合物,其中所述组合物以单滴施加到所述对象。
4.如权利要求1的组合物,其中所述对象是所述人的皮肤。
5.如权利要求1的组合物,其中所述对象是奶嘴或女性乳头。
6.一种制备由在液态6-12碳链长度的三酸甘油酯介质中的维生素D组成的组合物的方法,所述组合物用于从对象的表面将营养量或治疗量的维生素D送递至人,所述的对象在所述表面上具有供该人从该表面上吸吮的所述组合物,其特征在于所述维生素D与所述6-12碳链长度的三酸甘油酯混合,且所述维生素D含量为150-600mcg/ml。
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CA002558202A CA2558202A1 (en) | 2006-09-14 | 2006-09-14 | Vitamin d compositions and method of administration to infants |
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CA2,578,881 | 2007-02-16 | ||
CA002578881A CA2578881C (en) | 2006-09-14 | 2007-02-16 | Vitamin d compositions and method of administration to a human being |
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CA2745267C (en) | 2011-07-05 | 2019-09-24 | Reinhold Vieth | Iron supplement composition |
US9008389B2 (en) * | 2012-09-28 | 2015-04-14 | Robert D. Williams | System and method for determining the amount of vitamin D generated by a user |
PL2950823T3 (pl) * | 2013-02-01 | 2021-02-08 | Ddrops Company | Ciekłe kompozycje mentolu |
EP2942050B1 (en) * | 2014-05-06 | 2022-09-07 | S.I.I.T. S.r.l.-Servizio Internazionale Imballaggi Termosaldanti | A sprayable oily composition based on liposoluble vitamins of the group d and use thereof |
CN105105149B (zh) * | 2015-10-08 | 2018-05-25 | 辽宁美天佳生物科技有限公司 | 一种强化补充维生素d的固体冲剂 |
WO2017115316A1 (en) | 2015-12-29 | 2017-07-06 | Noivita S.R.L.S. | Lipophilic formulations |
WO2018169497A1 (en) * | 2017-03-17 | 2018-09-20 | İlko Ilaç Sanayi Ve Ticaret Anonim Şirketi | Spray formulation comprising cholecalciferol (vitamin d3) with improved stability |
CN114009786B (zh) * | 2021-11-22 | 2023-04-07 | 江南大学 | 一种用于维生素d递送的营养油脂组合物、制备方法及应用 |
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CA2578881C (en) | 2008-11-04 |
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PL2068885T3 (pl) | 2015-04-30 |
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KR20140097412A (ko) | 2014-08-06 |
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