CN101869514A - 药剂释放控制组合物及药剂释放性医疗器具 - Google Patents
药剂释放控制组合物及药剂释放性医疗器具 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101869514A CN101869514A CN201010204153A CN201010204153A CN101869514A CN 101869514 A CN101869514 A CN 101869514A CN 201010204153 A CN201010204153 A CN 201010204153A CN 201010204153 A CN201010204153 A CN 201010204153A CN 101869514 A CN101869514 A CN 101869514A
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Abstract
本发明的药物释放性医疗器具保持有药剂释放控制组合物,该组合物含有,100重量份的可溶于有机溶剂且非水溶性的有机高分子材料、5~60重量份的脂溶性低分子的释放助剂、和1~70重量份的药剂。若将该组合物以涂覆等的形态应用到支架、导管、器官代替用医疗器具或人造器官等,则能对该医疗器具赋予药剂释放功能。优选实施方式的治疗冠状动脉狭窄用支架,从其表面缓释阿加曲班或盐酸沙格雷酯或该两种药剂。为了表现目标时间段内的释放性,将需要缓释的上述药剂搭载于,涂覆在构成上述支架的金属表面的高分子材料中或多孔性支架基材中。该高分子材料为非晶性且生物降解性,作为释放助剂优选含有酒石酸酯、苹果酸酯、或者甘油的单酯或二酯。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及药剂释放控制组合物等,尤其涉及对医疗器具等赋予药剂释放功能的药剂释放控制组合物及保持其的药剂释放性医疗器具,特别是支架(Stent)。
背景技术
近年,为了能够有效发挥药效,不仅对新药甚至对已知药物大力开发其制剂及给药技术。例如有用特殊的覆膜对药剂进行涂覆,使其过一定的时间后才释放药效组分的制剂技术。还有以药物传递系统(DDS)概念为基础,利用以脂质体为首的纳米球(nano sphere)、微胶囊的制剂技术得以广泛的研究。并且,这些DDS所追求的功能有,释放控制性、目标导向性、摄取·给药容易性和增强效果·降低副作用等。
至今为止,作为利用于DDS的药剂缓释材料,一直被深入研究的有聚乳酸、乳酸/乙醇酸共聚物等聚合物基体(matrix)材料(专利文献1和2,非专利文献1)。但是,若仅仅向这些生物降解性聚合物中混合药剂,则在所传递处通常是无法获取期待的药剂释放速度的。因为在这种聚合物基体中,药剂扩散移动的速度非常慢并且不易从其中游离(非专利文献1)。为了解决所述问题,已研发了通过将聚合物基体制成多孔体,或制成颗粒化以增加接触面积,进而确保或增加药剂释放量的技术,并且正处于实用化的过程中。对于上述聚合物基体,极为重要的是制成多孔体时对孔径的控制,并且需要高度的条件设定,所以不可避免地导致了制造成本的上升。
另一方面,随着医工学的进步,已开发出主要以诊断和治疗为目的,通过在活体内外结合、埋入或留置一些医疗用具、器件或装置等而达到所期望的目的的技术。而对于如导管、支架、人造血管等医疗用具上直接使用如上述的聚合物基体技术,多数人基本上持否定态度。这是由于,很难通过涂覆法在这些医疗器具的表面上形成多孔体,并且在该领域中,考虑到活体排异反应,反而需要平滑平面。
适用于活体内的医疗器具之一的支架是用于治疗心脏冠状动脉闭塞症的。即留置在血管内的支架能够补充切开部分的同时,防止血管的收缩,有效降低心脏冠状动脉闭塞症患者的复发概率。
至今为止,已公开有各种关于治疗心脏冠状动脉闭塞症为首的动脉血管闭塞症用的支架的材料、形状、以及手术方法。但是,以前的材料仍然无法完全避免再狭窄、再闭塞的危险,进而导致使用支架的血管成形术的适用范围变小。因此,医疗现场非常需要一种再狭窄、再闭塞危险少的支架。
并且,将抗癌剂、免疫抑制剂、抗生剂、抗凝固剂等,与各种高分子材料进行组合而成的药剂释放型支架也一直在研发中(非专利文献2)。但是,此类药剂释放型支架中,对释放药剂的时机、其释放速度、释放量以及释放时间,根据要求进行设定,在现实上并不容易。例如,有可能出现,在留置后的初期发生猝发性的释放而无法实现持续的、缓释的释放,或者搭载药剂的方式有问题,导致从留置于体内的支架脱落的情况。
作为上述抗凝血剂,已知的有,作为抗凝血酶药的阿加曲班(Argatroban)和作为抗血小板药的盐酸沙格雷酯(Sarpogrelate Hydrochloride)。专利文献3和4所公开的导管(catheter),是通过缓释阿加曲班而具有抗血栓性的医疗器具。现状是,至今为止,还没有将抗凝血酶药的阿加曲班或盐酸沙格雷酯用于支架并对其效果进行具体验证的例子,对于该药剂可使支架表现抗凝固性的必要释放速度,则完全不为人知。
专利文献1:日本特开平9-151136号公报
专利文献2:日本特开平9-255590号公报
专利文献3:日本特开平6-292711号公报
专利文献4:日本特开平6-292718号公报
非专利文献1:【高分子加工】第45卷、第5号、222页、第6号、270页,1996年
非专利文献2:“Drug-Eluting Stent”,医学书院,2003年
发明内容
鉴于上述状况和问题,本发明人经过专心研究完成了本发明。即,发现了通过添加某种脂溶性低分子化合物,可加快药剂释放,进而完成了本发明。本发明提供可加快药剂释放且能够长期稳定地连续释放药剂的组合物,以及适用该组合物的药剂释放性医疗器具。
并且,本发明人进一步对上述的药剂的搭载形态是否也在很大程度上影响释放速度和连续释放时间,进行了专心研究。其结果发现,作为搭载该药剂的高分子材料,与药剂和高分子的相溶性对于在一定时间内缓释上述药剂具有重要的作用,优选搭载于非晶性高分子的事实,进而完成了本发明。
还发现通过将支架基材制成多孔体并将搭载了药剂的高分子材料保持在其孔内,能够使该药剂缓释一定时间。
本发明的目的为,提供一种将含有抗凝血剂的高分子材料涂覆于支架或搭载于多孔性支架基材,能够使该药剂持续地缓释一定时间的药剂缓释性支架。
本发明的药剂释放控制组合物的特征为,其含有,100重量份的可溶于有机溶剂且非水溶性的有机高分子材料、5~60重量份的脂溶性低分子释放助剂、1~70重量份的药剂。
所述有机高分子材料优选具有生物降解性或活体适合性、或同时具备两者。生物降解性材料优选为脂肪族聚酯或脂肪族聚碳酸酯。具体的有聚乳酸、乳酸/乙醇酸共聚物、聚己内酯、聚羟基酪酸等。
所述释放助剂为羧酸酯或甘油的单酯或二酯。优选为选自柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸中的有机酸的酯、或甘油的单乙酸乙酯或二乙酸乙酯。
上述药剂为医药品,优选为抗凝固剂、抗癌剂或免疫抑制剂。
上述组合物还可以含有细胞粘合性物质或医疗器具表面的内皮化促进物质。
本发明的药剂释放性医疗器具的特征为,保持上述组合物。
优选为,在其表面形成有上述组合物的层。
上述医疗器具优选为接触于活体的、或结合或被留置于活体内的医疗器具,具体的有支架、导管、线夹、器官代替用医疗器具、胶囊检测器或人造器官。
本发明的支架是用于治疗冠状动脉狭窄的支架,其特征为,从其表面缓释阿加曲班(抗凝血酶药)或盐酸沙格雷酯(抗血小板药)或上述两种药剂。
上述药剂的释放速度优选为,在留置该支架后的第21天,阿加曲班和盐酸沙格雷酯皆为1×10-3μg/mm2·h~1μg/mm2·h。
另外的特征为,涂覆在构成上述支架的金属表面的高分子材料中,或在多孔性支架基材中,搭载有缓释用的上述药剂。
涂覆于上述支架表面的高分子材料优选为非晶性。
涂覆于上述支架表面的高分子材料优选为非晶性的生物降解性高分子材料。
优选的上述高分子材料有,具有生物降解性的聚乳酸或乳酸·乙醇酸共聚物。
上述高分子材料优选还含有促进所搭载药剂的释放的助剂。
上述药剂释放的助剂优选为酒石酸酯或苹果酸酯、或者是甘油的单酯或二酯。
上述构成支架的金属表面也可以为多孔体,缓释用的上述药剂被搭载于多孔体中。其孔径优选为0.01nm~300nm。
本发明的药剂释放控制组合物因含有脂溶性低分子的释放助剂,可加快所含药剂在体内的释放。保持该组合物的医疗器具被传递或留置到规定的体内部位或体表面部位时,将释放其药剂,并且能够调整其时机、其释放速度、释放量以及释放时间。对所使用的药剂、医疗器具无特别限定。因此,本发明的药剂释放控制组合物能够对各种的医疗器具赋予药剂释放功能。
本发明的药剂释放型支架,因搭载阿加曲班、盐酸沙格雷酯的非晶性高分子材料与这些合成抗凝固药剂的相溶性良好,所以从留置于血管内的支架不易发生该药剂猝发性释放,进而能够将该药剂以所需的释放速度持续释放。
通过添加用于促进抗凝固药剂释放的释放助剂,能够提高该药剂的释放速度,从留置支架的初期开始就释放可表现抗凝固剂药效的充分量。因此,本发明的药剂释放型支架通过支架的结构和抗凝固剂两者的作用,可有效防止动脉的再狭窄、再闭塞。
另外,通过对多孔性支架的孔径进行控制,可使该药剂以所需的释放速度持续被释放。
本发明中,“医疗器具”是指包括“医疗用具”,即广义上的应用于医疗领域的器具。
“缓释性”是指,在制剂技术中,将药效组分缓慢释放的性质,是为了通过制剂设计防止药物的初期猝发,使药效长期持续。“生物降解性”是指在活体内以较快的速度被异化代谢,进而分解消失的特质。“活体适应性”是指对活体具有亲和性,不易被活体排异进而引起排除反应的、对活体无活性的倾向。
本说明书所述的“搭载”是指,在高分子基体或多孔体中,将药剂分子分散或制成纳米到亚微米的凝聚块进行分散。本说明书中,抗凝固药剂有时被记载为抗凝固剂或抗凝血剂。
药剂释放控制组合物
本发明的药剂释放控制组合物的特征为,其含有,
100重量份的可溶于有机溶剂且非水溶性的有机高分子材料、5~60重量份的脂溶性低分子释放助剂、和1~70重量份的药剂。
在此,“药剂释放控制”是指,对将药剂释放于体内规定部位的时机和其速度、释放量以及持续时间等进行的调整,并不只局限于缓释性。
下面,对本组合物所含的各组分进行说明。
·有机高分子材料
留置于活体内的规定部位,作为用于搭载传递到目的部位的药剂的载体,使用可溶于有机溶剂且非水溶性的有机高分子材料。
考虑到上述材料如后述地被使用在活体内外,从活体安全性的观点出发,这种有机高分子材料优选具有生物降解性或活体适应性,或者同时具备两者。
适合所述要求的高分子材料,尤其优选的是没有生理活性,并具有生物降解性的聚合物。生物降解性的聚合物有羟基碳酸均聚物、羟基碳酸共聚物或它们的混合物。例如,聚羟基碳酸、羟基碳酸共聚物的具体例子有聚乳酸、聚乙醇酸、乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物、聚丙交酯、聚(丙交酯-乙醇酸酯)、聚(乙二醇-丙交酯)、聚(乙醇酸-己内酯)、乳酸-乙二醇酸共聚物、聚己内酯、聚(乳酸-己内酯)、聚羟基丁酸酯、聚羟基异丁酸酯、聚戊内酯、聚γ-羟基戊酸、聚(羟基丁酸酯-羟基戊菊酯)、聚异丁基氰基丙烯酸酯、聚烷基氰基丙烯酸脂、聚丁二酸乙二醇酯等。还可以是聚乙酰氨基葡糖、壳聚糖、明胶、纤维素乙酸酯-对苯二酸酯等。
其中,作为本发明的材料尤其优选的共聚物有,脂肪族聚酯(如聚羟基脂肪酸酯)、脂肪族聚碳酸酯(如聚烯化碳酸酯)、或者聚己内酯等。具体的有乳酸/乙醇酸共聚物、聚乳酸、聚乙醇酸、聚苹果酸及它们的共聚物、乳酸-己内酯共聚物、聚羟基酪酸。这些聚合物可以是单独聚合物、也可以是共聚物、或它们的混合物、或者是其盐。本发明所使用的活体适合性高分子聚合物或生物降解性高分子聚合物比较容易获取,也可通过一般的合成法容易地合成。
上述的聚乳酸、脂肪族聚酯、脂肪族碳酸酯可溶解于芳香族类有机溶剂(苯、甲苯、二甲苯等)、或卤类有机溶剂(二氯甲烷、氯仿、四氯化碳,1,1,2-三氯乙烷等),属于非水溶性聚合物。当药剂溶解于这些溶剂中时,可以直接使用。实际上,有很多药剂都是脂溶性,可溶于有机溶剂。相对于此,使用构成盐的药剂,例如盐酸沙格雷酯、萘莫司他、阿加曲班等时,其不溶于上述有机溶剂。因此,作为代替溶剂可使用如六氟异丙醇、三氟乙醇等的氟类醇等有机溶剂。
·释放助剂
在药物传递系统中,通过向基材的高分子材料添加柠檬酸三丁酯、甘油或长链脂肪酸酯,可提高某种药剂的缓释速度(柠檬酸三丁酯、甘油的添加:Journal of Biomedical Mate rials Research,vol.13,497-507(1979),长链脂肪酸酯的添加:Journal of Controlled Release vol.58,133-141,(1999))。
若仅向作为有机高分子材料的上述聚乳酸、乳酸/乙醇酸共聚物等聚合物中混合药剂,则在所传递的部位无法得到期望的药剂释放速度。本发明的机理是通过添加某种脂溶性低分子化合物,可加快药剂从溶剂挥发而固化的组合物中释放。本发明的组合物中,这种加快药剂释放的助剂与作为单体的有机高分子材料以及药剂一同被添加,进而发挥其效果。即,本发明的药剂释放控制组合物,不仅仅是起到缓释药剂的作用,还可调整药剂在体内规定部位上被释放的时机和其速度、释放量以及持续时间等。
作为用于药剂释放控制组合物的低分子脂溶性释放助剂,优选从药剂释放效果以及安全性观点进行选择。安全性方面优选的是助剂自身对活体的毒性底,并且在活体内几乎完全被代谢,或完全不积累并且不被代谢而直接被排泄到体外的物质。适合这些要求的化合物有,脂肪族羧酸酯、或分子内具有羟基的酯化合物。例如有,分子内具有羟基的脂肪族羧酸酯、或者以甘油等多元醇为基底的酯。具体优选的有醋酸、丙酸等的碳数2~6的羧酸酯等,更优选选自柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸中的有机酸的酯、或者甘油等多元醇的二酯、单酯。
这些酯类的烷基长链优选为碳数1~12,更有选为1~6。其中甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基等因容易获取,并且与药剂和上述有机高分子材料的相溶性的观点出发优选。
优选的释放助剂例如有酒石酸二甲酯、酒石酸二乙酯、酒石酸二丙酯、酒石酸单甲酯、酒石酸单乙酯、酒石酸单丙酯等酒石酸的二酯类或酒石酸的半酯类;苹果酸二甲酯、苹果酸二乙酯、苹果酸二丙酯、苹果酸单甲酯、苹果酸单乙酯、苹果酸单丙酯等酒石酸的单酯类或苹果酸的二酯类;柠檬酸二甲酯、柠檬酸二乙酯、柠檬酸二丙酯、柠檬酸单甲酯、柠檬酸单乙酯、柠檬酸单丙酯、柠檬酸单丁酯等的柠檬酸的二酯类或柠檬酸的单酯类;或者甘油的部分醋酸酯(例如甘油单醋酸酯、甘油二醋酸酯等)。
释放助剂的添加量为,相对于上述有机高分子材料100重量份,释放助剂添加5~60重量份,更优选为10~40重量份。在上述范围时,可维持组合物的物理性质和聚合物的机械强度的同时,能够控制药剂释放速度等。例如,涂覆在医疗器具上时不发生涂覆层脱离等问题,且能够以适当的速度释放药剂。
·药剂
被含于本发明的药剂释放控制组合物当中,作为释放控制对象的药剂组分,通常是以医药品和医药部外品为首的药物。但是,根据其用途、目的,药剂除医药品之外还可以是化妆品、农药等。
对对象药剂无特别限定,对于溶解上述有机高分子材料的有机溶剂可溶解即可。因此,根据所要治疗的效果、药效而适当选择,适当的任意的生理活性药物都可以成为本发明的对象。而且,并不局限于一种药物,可以以多个药物共存的形式使用。例如,在胃溃疡、结核、感冒等的治疗中所采用的并用两种、三种或四种药物的疗法,同时使用多个药物,通过组合而确保相乘效果和相辅作用。
药物的具体例子有抗凝血剂(例如合成抗凝血剂、抗血小板药、抗凝血酶药)、止血剂、血管新生抑制剂、血管辅强剂、防止血管再狭窄的抗增生药物、抗血栓症药物或擦伤治疗药剂等。
还有抗癌剂、免疫抑制剂、解热镇痛剂、抗炎症剂、镇咳祛痰剂、抗溃疡剂、镇静剂、筋弛缓剂、抗抑郁药、抗癫痫药、抗结核剂、抗心律失常药、血管扩张剂、强心剂、抗过敏剂、降压利尿剂、糖尿病治疗剂、荷尔蒙剂、生理活性肽剂、麻药拮抗剂、骨吸收抑制剂、抗风湿药物、避孕剂、利肝剂、健胃消化剂、整肠剂、维他命剂、疫苗剂、便秘治疗剂、疮治疗剂、各种酶制剂、抗原虫剂、干扰素诱生剂、驱虫剂、外用杀菌消毒剂、寄生虫性皮肤病药、造影剂等。
更具体的可适用的药物如下所述,但本发明并不局限于这些例子。药物除了其自身之外还可以是盐或衍生物的形式。
抗凝血剂有肝素钠、柠檬酸钠等。作为低分子合成抗凝固剂,抗凝血酶药的阿加曲班、和抗血小板药的盐酸沙格雷酯表现血液适合性。作为血管新生抑制剂有烟曲霉素(Fumagillin)、烟曲霉醇衍生物、新生抑制类固醇,作为止血剂有凝血酶、促凝血酶原激酶、乙酰甲萘醌、亚硫酸氢钠甲萘醌、氨甲环酸、ε-氨基己酸、肾上腺色素单氨基胍甲基磺酸盐(adrenochromemonoaminoguanidine methane sulfonate)、卡络磺钠等。
抗肿瘤剂有甲氨蝶呤(Methotrexate)、放线菌素D、丝裂霉素C(mitomycinCMMC)、盐酸博来霉素、盐酸道诺霉素、硫硫酸长春碱、硫酸醛基长春碱、阿霉素(Adriamycin)、新制癌菌素(Neocarzinostatin)、氟尿嘧啶、阿糖胞苷、云芝多糖K(Krestin)、血性链球菌制剂(picibanil)、香菇多糖、贝他定(Bestatin)、左旋咪唑、氨甲酰氰丙啶、甘草甜素、顺泊(Cisplastin)、紫杉醇(Paclitaxel)等。
免疫抑制剂有雷帕霉素、环孢菌、他克莫司、甲氨蝶呤、硫唑嘌呤、环磷酰胺、肾上腺皮质激素(德萨美松(Dexamethasone)等)、咪唑立宾(Mizoribine)等。
抗生物质有盐酸四环素、盐酸土霉素、盐酸多西环、氢吡四环素、链霉素、新生霉素、新霉素、红霉素、黏杆菌素、洁霉素、盐霉素、尼日利亚菌素(nigericin)、卡那霉素(kanamycin)、吉他霉素(kitasamycin)、泰乐菌素、盐酸呋喃它酮、万古霉素、壮观霉素、瑞斯托霉素、Soymacin、阿米卡星、新霉素(fradiomycin)、西梭霉素、庆大霉素、卡内多霉素(kanendomycin)、盐酸地贝卡星(Dibekacin)、利维霉素、妥布霉素、氨苄青霉素、阿莫西林、替卡西林、哌拉西林、比噻孢菌素(Cefaloridine)、头孢菌素、头孢磺啶(Cefsulodin)、头孢替安(Cefotiam)、头孢甲肟、先锋美他醇(Cefmetazole)、头孢唑啉(cefazolin)、头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮、头孢唑肟、Moxolactam、磺酰胺菌素(sulfazecin)、氨曲南、Thienamycin、甲硝唑(metronidazole)、克拉霉素等。
解热镇痛消炎剂有水杨酸钠、斯尔比林、双氯芬酸钠、氟灭酸钠、吲哚美辛钠、氢氯酸吗啡、盐酸哌替啶、氧化吗啡、酒石酸左啡诺等。
镇咳祛痰剂有盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸甲基麻黄碱、盐酸那可丁、磷酸可待因、磷酸双氢可待因、盐酸氯苯达诺、Aroclamide Hydrochloride、盐酸匹考哌林、盐酸氯哌丁、异丙基肾上腺素、盐酸普罗托醇、硫酸沙丁胺醇、硫酸特布他林(terbutaline sulfate)等。
抗溃疡剂有盐酸组氨酸、甲氧氯普胺等,镇静剂有丙氯拉嗪、盐酸氯丙嗪、甲哌氟丙嗪、硫酸阿托品、溴化甲基天冬氨酸等,筋弛缓剂有溴化双哌雄双酯、氯化筒箭毒碱、甲磺酸普立地诺等,抗抑郁药有丙咪嗪、氯米帕明、诺昔替林、硫酸苯乙基肼等,抗癫痫药有盐酸氯氮卓、乙酰唑胺钠、苯妥英钠、乙琥胺等。
糖尿病治疗剂有盐酸苯乙双胍、格列嘧啶钠、格列吡嗪等,抗结核剂有对氨基水杨酸钠、盐酸乙胺丁醇、异烟肼,抗心律失常剂有盐酸普萘洛尔、盐酸阿普洛尔、盐酸布非洛尔、心得平盐酸盐(oxprenolol hydrochloride)等,血管扩张剂有盐酸硫氮卓酮、盐酸奥昔非君、盐酸妥拉唑林、克冠二胺、硫酸巴美生等,强心剂有氨茶碱、Theophyllol、盐酸依替福林、Trans-pi-oxocamphor等。抗过敏剂有马来酸氯苯那敏、盐酸甲氧那明、盐酸苯海拉明、盐酸曲吡那敏、盐酸甲地嗪、盐酸氯咪唑、盐酸甲氧那明、盐酸双苯比拉林等,降压利尿剂有五吡咯烷、六甲溴铵、盐酸美加明、盐酸乙肼莱哒嗪、盐酸可乐定等。
荷尔蒙剂有泼尼松龙磷酸钠、泼尼松琥珀酸、地塞米松硫酸钠、倍他米松磷酸钠、醋酸己烯雌酚、磷酸己烷雌酚、甲硫咪唑等。
麻药拮抗剂有盐酸烯丙吗啡、盐酸纳洛酮、酒石酸莱瓦洛芬等,骨吸收抑制剂有(含硫烷基)氨基甲烯基磺酸等。
作为生理活性肽类,只要具有生理活性则寡肽或聚肽都可以,并无特别限定。优选分子量约为200~80,000。具体例子有黄体形成荷尔蒙释放荷尔蒙或其衍生物,胰岛素、生长抑素或其衍生物,成长荷尔蒙,催乳素,肾上腺皮质刺激素,甲状腺刺激激素,黑素细胞刺激素、副甲状腺荷尔蒙、加压素(vasopressin)、催产素(Oxytocin)、降血钙素、胰高血糖素、人胃泌素、醋酸胰泌素、胆囊收缩素、促胰酶素、血管紧张素、脑啡肽、蛋白质合成刺激肽、人绒毛膜促性腺激素、人胎盘生成素、黄体生成素、促卵泡激素、各型的干扰素、白细胞介素、内啡肽、京都啡肽(kyotorphin)、血清促吞噬素(Tuftsin)、胸腺生成素、胸腺肽、胸腺刺激素(thymostimulin)、胸腺因子、肿瘤坏死因子,集落刺激因子、神经生长因子、神经肽P物质、舒血管素、胃动素、强啡肽、蛙皮素、黑蛙素、舒缓激肽、门冬酰胺酶、尿激酶、氯化溶菌酶、多粘菌素(Polymyxin B)、粘菌素、短杆菌肽、杆菌肽、红细胞生成素、血小板衍生生长因子,生长荷尔蒙的释放因子,上皮生长因子等。
造影剂有碘类X射线造影剂(碘克沙醇、碘帕醇、伊索显等)、MRI造影剂(钆化合物)、超音波造影剂(Echovist,Levovis),近红外荧光造影剂(吲哚菁绿类化合物)等。
医疗用药之外,还可以是各种化妆品(雪花膏、乳液、润肤膏、染睫毛油、护发剂、美白剂等)、农药(抗菌剂、除草剂、杀虫剂等,具体如日本专利特开平7-330629号公报)、植物生长激素、植物荷尔蒙、昆虫荷尔蒙等的药物。
药剂的释放速度是根据血中或组织中的表现药效的最低浓度设定,因此应个药分别地分析,同样地,将释放时间设定成多少也应考虑患者个人的信息、病情、治疗目的、处理内容等。因此,药剂的添加量是无法划一决定的,考虑到药效和成本,通常是相对于100重量份的上述有机高分子材料,在1~150重量份,优选为5~70重量份,更有选为10~60重量份的范围内进行添加。在上述范围内时,可将药剂的溶解性和副作用控制为最低的同时,能够表现最大的药效。
·其它添加物
本发明的药剂释放控制组合物为含有上述有机高分子材料、药剂和释放助剂,并适用于下述医疗器具的组合物。根据需要本组合物还可以含有细胞粘连性物质、或医疗器具表面的内皮化促进物质。
作为细胞粘连性物质例如有胶原蛋白、纤维粘连蛋白、玻璃粘连蛋白、层粘连蛋白等。
内皮化促进物质为,在适用于下述医疗器具尤其是使用在血管系中的后述支架上时,促进在留置后的较早阶段使内皮细胞游走、固定、增生于支架表面的物质。此类内皮化促进物质有细胞粘连性的低聚肽等。
覆盖血管内膜最内层的内皮细胞不仅具有覆盖血管内壁的作用,还发挥抗血栓、修复等血管·血流的平常性维持,血管新生、各种因子和调节物质的产生分泌等多种功能。血管内皮细胞不仅涉及对血管内壁损伤的治疗过程,还涉及所谓的血管新生,不管何种情况都经过如下过程,即发生向损伤部位的蛋白质、巨噬细胞等活体组分的移动、游走、固定,接着发生平滑肌细胞、内皮细胞的游走、固定、增生。
若注意这类内皮细胞的举动,则可以发现要想避免再狭窄、再闭塞的主要原因,即活体对支架的排异,需要在处理后较早的阶段使血管内细胞游走、固定、增生在支架表面。若发生这种内皮化,在支架上迅速形成模拟血管内壁的状态,则该支架不易被活体排异,免疫·异物排除功能将不会启动。即,不易发生引起炎症反应的单球、巨噬细胞向支架留置部位的游走。为了促进支架表面的内皮化,上述组合物也可含有内皮化促进物质。
并且,根据需要还可以含有在制剂技术上通常使用的粘接剂、可溶化剂、乳化剂、稳定剂等。用于制剂的辅助剂、添加剂的选择和其含量可根据上述有机高分子材料和药剂、适用本组合物的医疗器具而适当决定。
药剂释放性医疗器具
随着医工学的进步,已经有主要以诊断和治疗为目的,通过在活体内外结合、埋入或留置某种医疗用具、器件或装置等而达到所期望的目的的技术。本发明的药剂释放性医疗器具涉及这种技术,是保持上述组合物将其与活体接触、或结合或留置于活体内的医疗器具。对保持上述组合物的药剂释医疗器具无特别限定。适用上述组合物的器具的对象通常为在医疗领域使用的医疗器具,而在实际中是根据医疗现场的需要性而确定。
在此所述的医疗器具包括所谓的“医疗用具”。具体例子有体内-体外连接用的各种导管、点滴组,完全用于体内的支架、线夹、缝合器(stapler)、止血具、缝合线、骨折固定具、起搏器、器官代替用医疗用具(人造血管、人造气管、人造阀、人造晶体、人造骨、人造关节等)、人造器官(人造皮肤、人造乳房、人造肺、人造心脏等)等,用于体表附近的创伤包覆材料、隐形眼镜、嵌体、人造齿根、牙冠、植牙床、修复用的合成树脂、牙科用CTR材料等。还包括生物感知器(如胶囊型探知器的胶囊内视镜)、埋入型放射线放射源等。
本发明的药剂释放性医疗器具保持本发明的药剂释放控制组合物,凭此将该药剂释放于体内规定部位。即,当药剂释放性医疗器具被结合、或留置于规定的体内部为或体表面部位时,释放所保持的药剂,而其时机和释放速度、释放量和释放时间已被调节。保持的形态因医疗器具的种类、用途等而变化,例如可以是通过涂布及喷雾形成的涂覆,以及向孔内的内包、抱合、结合、粘接、固定,以及搭载本发明组合物的药物传递用薄膜或带状物的缠绕等各种适用形态,并无特别限定。最简便的方法为,在医疗器具的表面形成所述组合物的层,因其表面变成机械性表面,所以适用范围广泛。
将本发明的药剂释放控制组合物保持于目的医疗器具的方法有,进行向该组合物溶液浸泡医疗器具后去除溶剂,或将该溶液喷到医疗器具的表面之后去除溶剂,或将该溶液涂布到医疗器具之后去除溶剂等之后,将药剂释放控制组合物以层状接合、固定于医疗器具的表面。对医疗器具实施这种涂覆时,涂覆层的厚度为1~数千nm,优选数十~数百nm的范围内。越薄包层的剥离越少。若不是涂覆而是将本发明的组合物以单体埋入医疗器具时,其厚度不会有问题,还可以选择板状、球状、棒状等的任意形式。
作为本发明的药剂释放性医疗器具,根据每个医疗器具,其适用的形态不同,所以在此并不一一全部例举,作为代表例子有,包括支架在外科领域上的应用或包括嵌体(inlay)在牙科治疗中的应用。优选为支架、导管、线夹、胶囊检测器、器官替代用的医疗器具、或人造器官。
具体实施方式
作为优选适用本发明的药剂释放控制组合物的医疗器具可例举支架。因此,下面作为本发明具体应用的例子,对向支架赋予药剂缓释性方式和这种支架进行说明。
作为心肌梗塞主因之一的心脏冠状动脉闭塞症等的治疗方法,大多采用血管成形术。该方法主要是通过球囊扩张而确保血管流路,以及利用激光切除的血管成形术,已有多个良好的治疗成绩。另一方面,处理后发生血管的再狭窄、再闭塞的比率高达40~50%,这也正是该术法的问题点。
对于再狭窄、再闭塞等物理问题,已尝试了给药、重新插入和扩张球囊导管、或者激光处理等,但都不能算是根本性的解决方法,也对患者带来极大的痛苦和压力。针对于此,使用了留置血管内部的支架。支架能够补充切开部分的同时防止血管的收缩,有效降低动脉闭塞症患者的复发概率。
血管用支架是由金属材料或高分子材料构成的管状的小器件医疗器具。用其处理闭塞血管的典型的处理方法的代表例子如下:经由插入到血管内腔的球囊导管将血管用支架留置到血管闭塞部位内。接着,通过膨胀球囊将该支架的直径非可逆地扩大,或留置在动脉血管中后用磁气诱导方式加热等某种方法使支架自己扩张,进而确保血管的开通性。通过这种方法来长期维持良好的血流。
至今为止,已开发有各种关于治疗心脏冠状动脉闭塞症为首的动脉血管闭塞症用的支架的材料、形状、以及手术方法。但是,因现有的材料仍然无法完全避免再狭窄、再闭塞的危险,进而成为使用支架进行血管成形术的瓶颈。因此,医疗现场非常需要再狭窄、再闭塞的危险少的支架。作为上述药剂释放性医疗器具的优选实施方式应用于支架时,药剂可使用抗凝固剂、抗癌剂、免疫抑制剂等。向支架赋予药剂释放功能尤其是赋予药剂缓释性的方法可任选,(1)在支架表面适用(涂覆、埋入等)含药剂的组合物的方法,(2)将搭载释放或缓释用的药剂,必要时还搭载释放助剂的载体,涂覆到支架表面的方法。在(1)的方式中,优选使用含有有机高分子材料和药剂的上述药剂释放控制组合物。在(2)的方法中,覆盖支架表面的高分子材料中搭载有缓释用的药剂等。
具体的合成抗凝固剂优选为盐酸沙格雷酯和阿加曲班。含这种药剂的组合物涂覆在支架表面作为包膜层。该药剂以所需的释放速度从这种药剂释放性支架的表面向血中或血管壁持续被释放。本发明的组合物因药剂释放速度高,所以从留置支架的初期开始以能够表现抗凝固剂药效的充分量进行释放。
支架只要具有上述的特征,就可采用任意的结构、形态、材质、尺寸或状态,本发明的各种适用、应用对本领域人员来说比较容易。因此,上述支架适用于所有的以防止脉管(血管、淋巴管、胆管、尿管、气管等)的再狭窄、再闭塞为目的的场合。
本发明中的支架的特征为,从表面缓释阿加曲班(抗凝血酶药)或盐酸沙格雷酯(抗血小板药)或者上述两者的药剂。优选为向涂覆在构成该支架的金属表面的高分子材料中,或者多孔性支架基材上搭载上述缓释药剂。本发明的支架优选使用于冠状动脉狭窄的治疗。
支架
本发明的支架的材质、构造,除了实施下述的表面处理之外,事实上可以是任意设计的支架。这表明在保持各种支架的特征及功能的同时,通过本发明还可以事先防止上述再狭窄、再闭塞的发生。
支架可以是插入血管内前后不发生形状变化的,也可以是球囊扩张型、自己扩张型、及其组合。本发明的支架所使用的材料只要是具有能够实现其设计的物理性的材料,可使用任何材料。具体的有一直被使用的金属材料如不锈钢、钴/铬合金、钽、钛、钨、铂、钴及它们的合金等。
使用金属以外的材料时,如后述,使用适合本发明目的的,即该材料能够搭载抗凝固剂。适合所述要求的材料有PET(聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯)、PBT(聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯)、聚碳酸酯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚乙缩醛、聚苯乙烯等。生物降解性高分子优选为聚乳酸、聚乙醇酸、聚苹果酸及它们的聚合物、聚己内酯等的聚羟酯类。
本发明的支架优选使用金属材料,其形状可以是筒状、波纹状、具有弯曲处的结构、网状、钢丝状的固体成型物,只要留置在血管中后不发生对强度和血管壁的损伤的问题,就可以采取各种各样的形状。
抗血凝固药剂
从本发明的支架表面至少释放阿加曲班(抗凝血酶药)和盐酸沙格雷酯(抗血小板药)中的一种药剂。为此,阿加曲班或盐酸沙格雷酯或者两者的合成抗凝固药剂被搭载于,涂覆在构成该支架的金属表面的高分子材料中。
作为抑制血液凝固的药剂之一,本发明所使用的抗凝血酶药的阿加曲班为,具有下式所表示的化学结构的精氨酸衍生物类合成抗凝血酶药。阿加曲班的3支链结构通过与凝血酶的活性部位立体结合而高度抑制凝血酶的主要作用,即生成纤维朊的作用、因子XIII的活化引起的纤维朊的稳定化作用、血小板凝聚作用,从而起到抗凝血酶药作用。如上述,因直接作用于凝血酶,所以其对个人的差别比肝素(heparin)还低还确实,作用表现也迅速。并且没有天然阻止物,分子量也小,所以对结合了纤维朊的凝血酶也具有作用,可确实地阻止血栓的形成。而且,对肝素无法预防的、高剪断应力下所形成的白血栓也具有抑制作用。
【式1】
本发明所使用的另一血液凝固抑制药剂的盐酸沙格雷酯具有抑制血小板活化的作用,其作用机理推测如下:
粘接凝聚在血管内皮障碍部位上的活性化血小板所释放的5-羟色胺(Serotonin)(5-HT)具有各种药理作用,通过血小板膜上和血管平滑肌细胞膜上的5-HT2受体,增强障碍部位上血小板的凝聚,并且收缩障碍部位血管的同时,增生血管平滑肌,导致末梢循环障碍。安步乐克(Anplag)通过与5-HT2进行选择性的嵌段,而表现抑制血小板凝聚、尤其抑制由于5-羟色胺而增强的血小板凝聚的作用、以及抑制血管收缩的作用。因此盐酸沙格雷酯对包括慢性动脉闭塞症的典型在内的各种血栓典型呈有效性。
【式2】
这两种药剂尤其对初期血栓的抑制极为有效,在临床上作为抗凝固疗法以口服剂、或静脉给药的形式得到广泛应用。另一方面,在留置支架后的几个月的短期间内,预防留置部位上的血栓形成导致的冠状动脉的闭塞是一个大课题。因此,在血管中设置本发明的支架时,通过从支架缓释这些抗凝固药剂而能够预防血栓形成导致的闭塞。其结果,在留置支架的部位上,可有效抑制血管的再狭窄、再闭塞。
作为缓释阿加曲班的赋予抗血栓性的医疗器具,如上所述有特开平6-292711号公报和特开平6-292718号公报所公开的导管。前者记载了向热塑性高分子材料熔融混炼阿加曲班,成型为导管(catheter tube)的技术,后者记载了将导管浸泡在溶解有阿加曲班的有机溶剂而向该管中浸透阿加曲班的方法。这些技术中,导管基材基本上要使用具有良好机械强度和成型性的材料,可使用的优选材料有链段化尼龙、链段化聚氨酯、链段化聚酯等的晶体性热塑性弹性体材料。
·支架中的药剂搭载
本发明的药剂释放型支架搭载有上述抗血液凝固药剂,当其留置于规定的血管内部时,所搭载的药剂在一定时间内被释放。将含有该药剂的上述共聚物向支架上搭载的方法可以是各种适用形态,无特别限定,但优选采用可调整释放时机和释放速度、释放的量和时间的搭载形态。例如有,在构成支架的金属表面上利用雷射钻孔或等离子蚀刻等设置微孔并封入药剂的方法;使用多孔质金属或多孔质无机材料形成支架并向该多孔质部位封入药剂的方法;在构成支架的金属表面上形成含该药剂的高分子层的方法;直接用含药剂的高分子材料制作支架本身的方法;将搭载有药剂的药物传递用薄膜或带状物进行缠绕等方法。其中最简便的是在构成支架的金属表面上形成含该药剂的高分子层的方法。该方法因可以利用现有的支架技术,而且支架表面直接变成功能性表面,所以适用范围广泛。
当上述构成支架的金属表面为多孔体时,将缓释用的上述药剂分散于高分子中后再搭载于该多孔体的孔部分。通过控制多孔性支架基材的孔径并将搭载有药剂的高分子材料保持在该孔中,而能够以所需的释放速度持续释放该药剂。上述多孔性支架基材中的孔径优选为0.01nm~300nm,更优选为0.1nm~100nm。
用于支架涂覆的搭载用高分子材料
本发明人发现,作为搭载该药剂的高分子材料,药剂和高分子的相溶性对于在一定时间内缓释上述药剂具有重要的作用,尤其是搭载于非晶性高分子更为理想的事实。而且,优选玻璃转化点为体温37℃以下的材料。当将玻璃转化点为37℃以下的材料留置于血管内时,该高分子处于玻璃转化点以上,主链的分子运动性增大,从而促进释放药剂。使用晶体性高分子时,高分子晶体相和药剂相发生明显的相分离,引起药剂相表面偏析的现象。因此会导致药剂一次全部释放、即所谓的猝发释放,其后释放将会大幅度下降。
另一方面,本发明所用的抗凝固药剂,如其化学式所示具有碱性基团或离子性基团,所以不仅具有亲水性,而且亲油性也比较高,对水的溶解性相当低,而对醇的溶解性高。因此其与疏水性极高的聚烯烃等高分子材料的相容性低,同晶体性高分子材料一样,估计这些材料也会发生由相分离造成的猝发释放和其后溶出速度的急剧降低。例如在(甲基)丙烯酸酯类的高分子材料中,作为其酯残基优选为碳数4以下即甲酯、乙酯、丙酯、丁酯,或者具有能表现亲水性的羟基、甲氧基、环氧乙烷醚基(-(CH2CH2O)-)的烷酯。
因此作为本发明的涂覆用高分子材料,优选的非晶性高分子材料有聚甲基丙烯酸丁酯、聚甲基丙烯酸乙酯、聚甲基丙烯酸丙酯、聚甲基丙烯酸羟基乙酯等聚甲基丙烯酸烷酯、聚甲基丙烯酸(羟基烷基)酯以及它们的共聚物;聚丙烯酸丁酯、聚丙烯酸乙酯、聚丙烯酸丙酯、聚丙烯酸甲氧基乙酯等聚丙烯酸烷酯以及它们的共聚物;聚碳酸丁烯酯、聚碳酸乙烯酯等脂肪族聚碳酸酯及其共聚物;醋酸乙烯酯、乙烯基吡咯烷酮、部分皂化聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯醚等聚乙烯基化合物及其共聚物;乳酸、乙醇酸为一个组分的生物降解高分子、DL-聚乳酸、DL-乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物等,但并不局限于此。
上述非晶性高分子不同于晶体性高分子,有优良的有机溶剂溶解性,对支架进行涂覆时多个有机溶剂都能成为适用对象,从而增加了技术上的方便性。
释放助剂
如上所述,向形成DDS基体的高分子材料添加促进释放用的释放助剂(即“释放助剂”)则可提高药剂缓释速度,对于支架也不例外。因此,在本发明的支架中,应用上述药剂时,当与所述高分子材料组合也不能获得所需释放速度时,通过使用释放助剂而能够获得所希望的释放速度。尤其该高分子材料为具有比体温高的玻璃转化点时更有效,当聚乳酸、乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物等生物降解性高分子材料时,添加释放助剂则使玻璃转化点变低,因此有效。作为该助剂基本上都是脂溶性,但优选为表现一定程度的水溶性的低分子物质。其原因来自对于高分子和药剂两者的相容性。缺乏亲水性的长链脂肪族酯等因缺乏与该药剂的相容性而不优选。而如甘油的水溶性及亲油性都很低的低分子化合物因与高分子材料以及该药剂的相容性低而不优选。本发明优选的释放助剂有选自柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸中的有机酸的酯、或甘油的二酯和单酯(如单乙酸乙酯或二乙酸乙酯等)。其具体例子有如上面所示的酯。
这些添加剂可单独使用也可以组合两种以上使用。添加量可以根据药剂的释放速度适当设置,但优选是高分子材料重量的约5~60wt%,更优选10~60wt%的范围内。在该范围内可获取良好的添加效果的同时涂覆层具有充分的机械强度,且涂覆层不易从支架脱落。
含药剂涂覆层
在支架表面形成含有药剂的聚合物层,即含有药剂的上述高分子层的方法有,将包括药剂、高分子材料、必要时包括释放助剂等的其他添加剂溶解在它们可共同溶解的溶剂而获取的溶液,涂布到支架表面的涂布方法;将支架浸泡在该溶液之后取出进行干燥的浸泡方法;将该溶液喷雾到支架表面进而在支架上形成涂层的喷雾涂布法等。其中能够确实进行涂覆的方法为浸泡法,通过该方法可简单地对支架内面、外面的两方进行涂覆。尤其对与血液接触的支架内面进行确实的涂覆处理,则会获取关于赋予抗血栓性,以及降低动脉血管的再闭塞的充分的性能。
所形成的涂覆层厚度优选在0.05μm~30μm之间。在该范围内时,能够搭载足够的药剂量,可确保目标时间内的药剂释放,并且,对于伴随心跳而发生的支架变形,具有良好的追踪性,不易出现涂覆层的龟裂和脱落。
药剂搭载量
本发明中的支架的药剂搭载量是由药剂的释放速度和所需释放持续时间所决定。猝发性的短时间大量释放使药剂在多时间内枯竭,因此必须要避免这种情况的发生。从预防初期血栓形成的观点出发,释放持续时间优选为数星期~数月期间的持续释放。因此药剂的释放速度为,在将该支架留置后的3周(21天)后的时间点上,阿加曲班或盐酸沙格雷酯中的任意一种药剂的溶出速度优选是1×10-3μg/mm2·h~1μg/mm2·h,更优选为1×10-3μg/mm2·h~0.5μg/mm2·h。处于该范围内时,可长期持续抗凝固活性,因而优选。
药剂的释放速度的上限只要不超过毒性量就无特别限定,但由于搭载于支架的药剂搭载量有限,若考虑数百μg为最大量,并需要最低持续释放40天左右的情况,可以推测出实际上的最大速度约为1μg/mm2·h。例如,阿加曲班的从导管溶出的速度约为1.0×10-4~1.0×10-1μg/cm2·分钟,优选为2.5×10-4~7.0×10-3μg/cm2·分钟(人造器官,14(2)、p679~682(1985))。从阿加曲班和盐酸沙格雷酯的血中的有效药效浓度有关的临床认识和上述认识综合考虑,本发明中的阿加曲班和盐酸沙格雷酯的释放速度在上述文献“人造器官”所记载的范围内则比较适当。但是,上述公开内容是针对短期留置为前提的导管的释放速度,而本发明是永久留置,因此必须最低在留置后的3个星期中预防血栓的形成。过了该时间段后,随着内皮细胞等的再生,血栓形成的危险会大幅下降。因此维持刚刚留置后的释放速度之外,留置后3个星期左右时间后的释放速度的保持极为重要。
实施例
通过以下的实施例进一步具体说明本发明,但本发明并不局限于这些实施例。实施例所使用的材料、使用量、浓度、处理时间、处理温度等数值条件、处理方法等仅仅是本发明范围内的优选例子。
[实施例1~3、比较例1~3]
如表1所示,将90mg聚乳酸和乳酸/乙醇酸共聚物、作为释放助剂的柠檬酸三乙酯10mg、及抗血小板药的盐酸沙格雷酯10mg,溶解在1mL的六氟异丙醇中,在直径41mm的玻璃皿上流延,进行风干获取药剂载体。将其浸泡在100mL的pH7.4的磷酸缓冲液中,定期采样缓冲液,测定作为盐酸沙格雷酯的特性吸收带的270nm的吸光值(Abs),从而对该药剂的溶出量进行跟踪。溶出开始到3周后的吸光值如表1所示。
作为比较例1~3,除了不添加释放助剂之外,其他与实施例相同的条件进行了同样的溶出试验。
[表1]
聚合物(乳酸/乙醇酸摩尔比) | 释放助剂(10mg) | 释放量(Abs) | |
实施例1 | 100/0 | 有 | 0.173 |
比较例1 | 100/0 | 无 | 0.013 |
聚合物(乳酸/乙醇酸摩尔比) | 释放助剂(10mg) | 释放量(Abs) | |
实施例2 | 85/15 | 有 | 0.120 |
比较例2 | 85/15 | 无 | 0.027 |
实施例3 | 50/50 | 有 | 0.067 |
比较例3 | 50/50 | 无 | 0.002 |
[实施例4~6、比较例4]
将90mg的乳酸/乙醇酸(50/50)共聚物、作为释放助剂的烷基酒石酸二酯10mg、及抗血小板药的盐酸沙格雷酯10mg,溶解在1mL的六氟异丙醇中,在直径41mm的玻璃皿上流延,经风干获取药剂载体。将其浸泡在100mL的pH7.4的磷酸缓冲液中,定期采样缓冲液,测定作为盐酸沙格雷酯的特性吸收带的270nm的吸光值,从而对该药剂的溶出量进行跟踪。溶出开始到3周后的吸光值如表2所示。
[表2]
释放助剂 | 释放量(Abs) | |
实施例4 | 酒石酸二甲酯 | 0.033 |
实施例5 | 酒石酸二乙酯 | 0.007 |
实施例6 | 酒石酸二异丙酯 | 0.003 |
比较例4 | 无 | 0.002 |
[实施例7~10、比较例5、6]
如表3所示,将90mg聚乳酸和乳酸/乙醇酸共聚物、作为释放助剂的酒石酸二乙酯或柠檬酸三乙酯10mg、及抗凝血酶药的阿加曲班10mg,溶解在1mL的六氟异丙醇中,在直径41mm的玻璃皿上流延,经风干获取药剂载体。将其浸泡在100mL的pH7.4的磷酸缓冲液中,定期采样缓冲液,测定作为阿加曲班的特性吸收带的330nm的吸光值,从而对该药剂的溶出量进行跟踪。溶出开始到3周后的吸光值如表3所示。
作为比较例5、6,除不添加释放助剂之外,其他与实施例相同的条件进行了同样的溶出试验。
[表3]
聚合物(90mg)(乳酸/乙醇酸摩尔比) | 释放助剂(10mg) | 释放量(Abs) | |
实施例7 | 100/0 | 酒石酸二乙酯 | 0.310 |
实施例8 | 100/0 | 柠檬酸三乙酯 | 0.092 |
比较例5 | 100/0 | 无 | 0.056 |
实施例9 | 50/50 | 酒石酸二乙酯 | 0.200 |
实施例10 | 50/50 | 柠檬酸三乙酯 | 0.052 |
比较例6 | 50/50 | 无 | 0.034 |
[实施例11~16、比较例7、8]
如表4所示,将90mg聚乳酸和乳酸/乙醇酸共聚物、作为释放助剂的酒石酸二乙酯10~30mg、及抗凝血酶药的阿加曲班10mg,溶解在1mL的六氟异丙醇中,在直径18mm的SUS316L皿上流延,经风干获取药剂载体。将其浸泡在50mL的pH7.4的磷酸缓冲液中,定期采样缓冲液,测定作为阿加曲班的特性吸收带的330nm的吸光值,从而对该药剂的溶出量进行跟踪。溶出开始到7天后的吸光值如表4所示。
作为比较例7、8,除不添加释放助剂之外,其他与实施例相同的条件进行了同样的溶出试验。
[表4]
聚合物(90mg)(乳酸/乙醇酸摩尔比) | 酒石酸二乙酯(mg) | 7天后的释放量(Abs) | |
实施例11 | 100/0 | 10 | 0.0146 |
实施例12 | 100/0 | 20 | 0.030 |
实施例13 | 100/0 | 30 | 0.047 |
比较例7 | 100/0 | 无 | 0.007 |
实施例14 | 50/50 | 10 | 0.012 |
实施例15 | 50/50 | 20 | 0.017 |
实施例16 | 50/50 | 30 | 0.010 |
聚合物(90mg)(乳酸/乙醇酸摩尔比) | 酒石酸二乙酯(mg) | 7天后的释放量(Abs) | |
比较例8 | 50/50 | 无 | 0.008 |
[实施例17~19]
如表5所示,将90mg聚乳酸、作为释放助剂的酒石酸二乙酯30mg、及以表5所示的量称取抗凝血酶药的阿加曲班,溶解在1mL的六氟异丙醇中,将600μL的该溶液在直径18mm的SUS316L皿上流延,经风干获取药剂载体。将其浸泡在50mL的pH7.4的磷酸缓冲液中,定期采样缓冲液,测定作为阿加曲班的特性吸收带的330nm的吸光值,从而对该药剂的溶出量进行跟踪。溶出开始到2周后的吸光值如表5所示。
[表5]
聚合物(90mg)(乳酸/乙醇酸摩尔比) | 酒石酸二乙酯(mg) | 阿加曲班(mg) | 14天后的释放量(Abs) | |
实施例17 | 100/0 | 30 | 20 | 0.10 |
实施例18 | 100/0 | 30 | 30 | 0.19 |
实施例19 | 100/0 | 30 | 40 | 0.21 |
[实施例20、21]
将90mg聚乳酸、作为释放助剂的酒石酸二乙酯或苹果酸二乙酯30mg、及抗凝血酶药的阿加曲班30mg,溶解在1mL的六氟异丙醇中,将600μL的该溶液在直径18mm的SUS316L皿上流延,经风干获取药剂载体。将其浸泡在50mL的pH7.4的磷酸缓冲液中,定期采样缓冲液,测定作为阿加曲班的特性吸收带的330nm的吸光值,从而对该药剂的溶出量进行跟踪。溶出开始到2周后的吸光值如表6所示。
[表6]
释放助剂 | 释放量(Abs) | |
实施例20 | 酒石酸二甲酯 | 0.35 |
实施例21 | 苹果酸二乙酯 | 0.16 |
[实施例22、23]
将90mg聚乳酸、作为释放助剂甘油的单醋酸酯的甘油单醋酸酯20mg、或甘油的二醋酸酯的甘油二醋酸酯20mg、及抗凝血酶药的阿加曲班20mg,溶解在1mL的六氟异丙醇中,将600μL的该溶液在直径18mm的SUS316L皿上流延,经风干获取药剂载体。将其浸泡在50mL的pH7.4的磷酸缓冲液中,定期采样缓冲液,测定作为阿加曲班的特性吸收带的330nm的吸光值,从而对该药剂的溶出量进行跟踪。溶出开始到3周后的吸光值如表7所示。
[表7]
释放助剂 | 释放量(Abs) | |
实施例22 | 单醋酸酯 | 0.425 |
实施例23 | 二醋酸酯 | 0.198 |
以下实施例中的释放速度是这样定义的。将药剂载体在37℃下,在pH7.4的磷酸缓冲液(PBS)中持续浸泡21天,观察该期间内的PBS吸光值变化。从第20天的吸光值和第21天的吸光值的差求出该24小时中的溶剂溶出量,除以24小时和体表面积而得的值为释放速度(单位:μg/(h·mm2))。支架的表面积是通过用显微镜观察求出其厚度和形状展开图,根据这些求出面积的。
[实施例24~33]
将15mg阿加曲班或盐酸沙格雷酯、和表8所示的非晶性聚合物50mg溶解在0.6mL的甲醇,在直径16mm的SUS皿上进行展开,经风干·真空干燥而获得药剂载体。将载体浸泡在50mL的pH7.4磷酸缓冲液中,定期采样缓冲液,对阿加曲班在其特性吸收带330nm上测定吸光值,对盐酸沙格雷酯在270nm上测定吸光值,进而测定溶出量,求得释放速度。其结果如表8所示。
[表8]
PolyMEA:聚(丙烯酸-2-甲氧基乙酯);PolyHEMA:聚(甲基丙烯酸-2-羟基二乙酯);PolyEVE:聚乙基乙烯醚;Poly(MEA/HEMA):烯酸-2-甲氧基乙酯/甲基丙烯酸-2-羟基二乙酯的共聚物;PolyDnPAAm:聚(N,N-二-n-丙基丙烯酸酯)
[比较例9~14]
除了用晶体性的聚己内酯、聚羟基酪酸、聚己内酰胺代替实施例24所示的非晶性聚合物之外,其它与实施例24相同地求得了阿加曲班、盐酸沙格雷酯的释放速度。其结果如表9所示。
[表9]
[实施例34~40,比较例15~17]
向表10所示的具有非晶性的(DL)聚乳酸、和(DL)聚乳酸/乙醇酸共聚物50mg中、添加释放助剂15mg、阿加曲班或盐酸沙格雷酯15mg,溶解在0.5mL的六氟异丙醇中,在直径16mm的SUS皿上进行流延,经风干·真空干燥而获得药剂载体。将其浸泡在50mL的pH7.4磷酸缓冲液中,定期采样缓冲液,对阿加曲班在其特性吸收带330nm上测定吸光值,对盐酸沙格雷酯测定270nm处的吸光值,进而测定溶出量,求得释放速度。作为比较例,除了使用晶体性聚(L)乳酸、和(L)乳酸·乙醇酸共聚物(50∶50)之外,在与实施例34~40相同的条件下进行了同样的溶出试验。这些实施例及比较例的结果如表10所示。
[表10]
[实施例41]
(支架留置试验)
Claims (4)
1.一种支架,是用于治疗冠状动脉狭窄的支架,其特征在于,
从其表面缓释作为抗凝血酶药的阿加曲班、或抗血小板药的盐酸沙格雷酯、或该两种药剂,
涂覆在构成所述支架的金属表面上的高分子材料中,搭载有缓释用的所述药剂,所述高分子材料还含有促进所搭载药剂的释放的助剂,
所述药剂的释放速度为,在留置该支架后的第21天,阿加曲班和盐酸沙格雷酯皆为1×10-3μg/mm2·h~1μg/mm2·h。
2.如权利要求1所述的支架,涂覆于所述支架表面的高分子材料为非晶性。
3.如权利要求1所述的支架,涂覆于所述支架表面的高分子材料为,非晶性的生物降解性高分子材料。
4.如权利要求1至3中任意一项所述的支架,其特征在于,
构成所述支架的金属表面为多孔体,缓释用的所述药剂被搭载于多孔体中。
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WO2016173553A1 (zh) * | 2015-04-30 | 2016-11-03 | 微创心脉医疗科技(上海)有限公司 | 一种支架及药物输送装置 |
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CN104001222A (zh) * | 2014-06-04 | 2014-08-27 | 江苏省中医院 | 预防输尿管狭窄的支架及制备方法 |
WO2016173553A1 (zh) * | 2015-04-30 | 2016-11-03 | 微创心脉医疗科技(上海)有限公司 | 一种支架及药物输送装置 |
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