CN101855748B - 具有优异散热性能的电池模块和换热构件 - Google Patents

具有优异散热性能的电池模块和换热构件 Download PDF

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CN101855748B
CN101855748B CN2008801153420A CN200880115342A CN101855748B CN 101855748 B CN101855748 B CN 101855748B CN 2008801153420 A CN2008801153420 A CN 2008801153420A CN 200880115342 A CN200880115342 A CN 200880115342A CN 101855748 B CN101855748 B CN 101855748B
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battery
battery unit
heat exchange
heat
battery module
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CN101855748A (zh
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尹熙琇
地主伸一
李珍圭
姜达模
尹种文
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LG Energy Solution Ltd
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种电池模块，其包含顺序堆叠的两个以上板形电池单元，其中所述板形电池单元中各自以如下结构构造，其中将阴极/隔膜/阳极结构的电极组件安装在由包含树脂层和金属层的层压片形成的电池壳中，且将换热构件安装在所述电池单元堆叠体一侧，以除去在所述电池单元的充放电期间由电池单元所产生的热，所述换热构件包含多个换热板和连接至所述换热板的框架。

Description

具有优异散热性能的电池模块和换热构件
技术领域
本发明涉及具有优异散热性能的电池模块和换热构件，更具体地，涉及包含顺序堆叠的两个以上板形电池单元(battery cell)的电池模块(battery module)，其中所述板形电池单元各自以如下结构构造，其中将阴极/隔膜/阳极结构的电极组件安装在由包含树脂层和金属层的层压片形成的电池壳中，且将换热构件安装到所述电池单元的堆叠体的一侧，以除去在电池单元的充放电期间由电池单元所产生的热，所述换热构件包含多个换热板和连接至所述换热板的框架。
背景技术
随着越来越多地开发了移动装置，且这种移动装置的需求增加，二次电池的需求也急剧增加。具有高能量密度和工作电压及优异的储存和使用寿命特性的锂二次电池就是其中的一种，所述锂二次电池已经广泛用作各种电子产品以及移动装置的能源。
根据二次电池的外部和内部结构，通常将它们分成圆柱形电池、棱柱形电池和袋形电池。特别地，能够以高集成方式堆叠且具有小的宽长比的棱柱形电池和袋形电池已经引起了极大关注。
此外，作为电动车辆和混合电动车辆的能源，二次电池已经引起了极大关注，已经开发了二次电池来解决由使用化石燃料的现有汽油和柴油车辆所引起的诸如大气污染的问题。结果，由于二次电池的优点而增加了使用二次电池的应用种类，其后，期望将二次电池应用于比现在更多的用途和产品中。
随着二次电池可应用的用途和产品种类增多，电池的种类也增多，使得电池能够提供相应于各种用途和产品的功率和容量。此外，强烈需要降低应用于相应用途和产品中的电池的尺寸和重量。
例如，小型移动装置如移动电话、个人数字助理(PDA)、数字照相机和膝上型计算机，根据相应产品的尺寸和重量减少，每种装置使用一个或几个小型、轻质的电池单元。另一方面，中型或大型装置如电动车辆和混合电动车辆，使用具有多个相互电连接的电池单元的中型或大型电池模块(可以将其称作“电池包(battery pack)”)，这是因为中型和大型装置需要高功率和大容量。电池模块的尺寸和重量与相应中型和大型装置的接收空间和功率直接相关。基于这种原因，制造商试图制造小型、轻质的电池模块。
同时，由于在对电池单元进行堆叠的同时，将电池单元相互连接以增大电池模块的容量，所以电池单元的散热问题变得严重。在锂二次电池的充放电期间，由锂二次电池产生热。如果未有效地将所述热移除，则热在各个锂二次电池中聚集，从而导致二次电池劣化，且所述二次电池的安全性大大下降。特别地，对于如在电动车辆和混合电动车辆的电源中需要具有高速充放电特性的电池来说，在电池瞬间提供高功率的时候，由电池产生大量热。
此外，广泛用于电池模块中的袋形电池单元的层压型电池壳涂有显示低热导率的聚合物材料，从而难以有效降低电池的总体温度。
与此相关，例如日本专利申请公布2001-297741号公开了一种以如下结构构造的电池包，在所述结构中显示高热导率的金属集热板置于各个电池之间，并将连接至各个集热板的热管连接至散热元件，所述散热元件安装在电池包壳的外部，由此将热释放到电池包外部。然而，所公开的电池包的问题在于，在热管和散热元件之间的连接区域的截面积小，因此不可能有效地将电池包壳中的热传递至散热元件。
因此，迫切需要一种能够根本解决上述问题的技术。
发明内容
技术问题
因此，完成了本发明以解决上述问题和尚未解决的其它技术问题。
作为对切割框架进行的各种广泛和深入的研究和实验的结果，本发明的发明人发现，当包含多个相互连接的换热板的换热构件位于构成电池模块的电池单元堆叠体的一侧时，可以有效控制电池单元的温度，而不会增加电池模块的厚度或使得电池模块的厚度的增大最小化。根据这些发现，完成了本发明。
技术方案
根据本发明的一个方面，通过提供如下电池模块能够完成上述和其它目的，所述电池模块包含顺序堆叠的两个以上板形电池单元，其中所述板形电池单元中各自以如下结构构造，在所述结构中将阴极/隔膜/阳极结构的电极组件安装在由包含树脂层和金属层的层压片形成的电池壳中，且将换热构件安装在电池单元的堆叠体的一侧，以除去在电池单元的充放电期间由电池单元所产生的热，所述换热构件包含多个换热板和连接至所述换热板的框架。
通常，常规的电池模块以如下结构构造，其中将多个电池单元堆叠，使得电池单元以预定间隔隔开，从而形成换热介质通道。空气流过换热介质通道，从而防止电池单元过热(“空气冷却型结构”)；然而，这种结构不可能获得足够的散热效果。另一方面，本发明的电池模块以如下结构构造，其中将包含多个换热板和框架的换热构件安装到电池单元堆叠体的一侧，从而可以以比上述空气冷却型结构更高的效率冷却电池单元堆叠体，而不需要在各个电池单元之间提供空间，或者甚至不需要在各个电池单元之间提供非常小的空间，由此将电池模块的散热效率最大化。
即，本发明的电池模块以如下结构构造，其中将换热构件安装到电池单元堆叠体的一侧，从而在电池单元的充放电期间由于在阴极活性材料和阳极活性材料之间所发生的离子吸留/脱吸反应(ionocclusion/deocclusion reaction)而由电池单元所产生的热被换热构件吸收，然后，通过换热构件将吸收的热有效释放至电池模块外部。
根据本发明，未对构成电池模块的各种电池单元进行特殊限制，只要所述电池单元为能够进行充放电的二次电池即可。例如，可以使用锂二次电池、镍-金属氢化物(Ni-MH)二次电池或镍-镉(Ni-Cd)二次电池作为电池单元。优选地，将所述锂二次电池用作电池单元，这是因为所述锂二次电池提供了高的功率/重量比。
根据其形状，可以将锂二次电池分成圆柱形电池、棱柱形电池或袋形电池。将本发明的电池单元应用于在外圆周端部区域热焊接有密封部的电池。在优选实施方案中，本发明的电池单元为以如下结构构造的轻质袋形电池，其中将电极组件安装在电池壳中，所述电池壳由包含内部树脂层、隔离金属层和显示优异耐久性的外部树脂层的层压片形成，所述内部树脂层可热焊接。
在优选实施方案中，换热板至少部分地分别置于堆叠的电池单元之间。即，在所述换热板与相应的电池单元紧密接触的同时，换热板至少部分地分别置于堆叠的电池单元之间。因此，通过换热板吸收由电池单元产生的热，然后通过换热构件将所吸收的热有效地释放至电池模块外部。
当各个换热板的尺寸太大时，电池模块的重量或体积增大。另一方面，当各个换热板的尺寸太小时，散热效果下降。因此，优选地，各个换热板的尺寸有效吸收和释放由相应电池单元产生的热。例如，在换热板至少部分地分别置于堆叠的电池单元之间的结构中，各个换热板的宽度等于各个电池单元的宽度50～100％，由此可以在不增加电池模块的尺寸的同时获得所需冷却。
优选地，所述框架设有一个以上供换热介质流过的换热介质通道。例如，所述框架可以设有供液体换热介质如水流过的换热介质通道，由此可以获得优异的冷却效果，且比先前描述的空气冷却型结构具有更高的可靠性。
根据情况，各个电池单元在不形成电极端子的电池壳处形成的密封部的至少一部分可以延伸，使得密封部的至少一部分比其余密封部长，且换热构件可以位于所述延伸的密封部上。
当所述电池模块以电池单元相互紧密接触的结构或以电池单元相互相邻的结构而堆叠以构造电池单元时，由于电池单元相互接近的结构，因此难以将由电池单元主体产生的热散至外部。然而，即使在堆叠结构中，各个电池单元的密封部也不会相互接近。因此，如上所述，在具有延伸密封部的结构中或者在将换热构件连接至密封部的结构中，可以通过各个电池单元的密封部和换热构件有效地将由电池单元主体产生的热散至外部。
为了实现上述结构，优选所述换热构件的框架进一步设有狭缝，通过所述狭缝插入相应的电池单元的延伸密封部。在这种结构中，根据需要，所述换热构件的换热板可以置于相应的电池单元之间或位于与所述电池单元堆叠体相反的方向上。
即，在优选实施方案中，通过换热构件的对应狭缝插入相应的电池单元的延伸密封部，且所述换热构件的换热板置于相应的电池单元之间，由此容易地吸收由堆叠的电池单元所产生的热。
在另一个优选实施方案中，通过换热构件的对应狭缝插入相应的电池单元的延伸密封部，且所述换热构件的换热板位于与电池单元堆叠体相反的方向上。
在上述结构中，可以使所述换热板与相应的延伸密封部接触，以进一步加快电池单元的散热。即，由于换热板与相应的延伸密封部接触，所以将从电池单元主体传递至延伸密封部的热传导至换热板，并将传导至换热板的热容易地释放至电池模块外部。
未对换热构件进行特殊限制，只要所述换热构件由显示优异热导率的材料制成。优选地，所述换热构件由显示比其它材料更高的热导率和机械强度的金属或碳材料制成。
根据本发明的另一个方面，提供了一种换热构件，其用于对包含多个板形电池单元的电池模块进行散热，所述换热构件包含(a)两个以上换热板和(b)连接至各个所述换热板的一侧的框架，所述框架具有狭缝，通过所述狭缝插入相应的电池单元的密封部，所述狭缝位于相应的换热板连接区域之间，所述框架具有一个以上供换热介质流过的换热介质通道。
所述换热构件是一种新型元件，其在本发明所涉及领域是未知的。如前所述，可以以各种方式将换热构件安装到所述模组上，由此提供了高冷却效率，而不增加电池模块的厚度或使得所述电池模块的厚度的增加最小化。
同时，中型或大型电池包以如下结构构造，其中将多个电池模块堆叠以提供高功率和大容量。要求构成电池包的电池模块显示更高的散热效率，这是确保各个电池模块的安全性必需的。
因此，根据本发明的另一个方面，提供了一种中型和大型电池包，其根据所需的功率和容量通过组合电池模块而制造。所述中型或大型电池包可以用作需要高功率和大容量电力且能够可靠地长期使用，并且被施加外力如振动和冲击的装置的电源。优选地，将所述中型或大型电池包用作电动车辆或混合电动车辆的电源。
所述中型或大型电池包的结构和制造所述中型或大型电池包的方法在本发明所涉及领域内是众所周知的，因此，不给出其详细说明。
附图说明
结合附图，通过下列详细说明，将更加清晰地理解本发明的上述和其它目的、特征和其它优点，其中：
图1为显示板形电池单元的典型图；
图2为显示板形电池单元的典型图，所述电池单元的一侧密封部延伸出来；
图3为显示如下结构的典型图，在所述结构中，将换热构件安装在本发明优选实施方案的电池模块的一侧；
图4为图3的典型俯视图；
图5为显示如下结构的典型图，其中将换热构件安装在本发明另一个优选实施方案的电池模块的一侧；
图6为图5的典型俯视图；
图7为显示图6修改的典型俯视图；和
图8为图5换热构件的典型放大图。
具体实施方式
现在，参考附图对本发明的优选实施方案进行详细描述。然而，应当注意，本发明的范围不限于所示实施方案。
图1为显示板形电池单元的典型图。
参考图1，板形电池单元100包含安装在电池壳110内的阴极/隔膜/阳极结构的电极组件(未示出)，及分别电连接至电池壳110上端和下端的阴极端子120和阳极端子130，所述电池壳110由包含树脂层和金属层的层压片形成，同时阴极端子120和阴极端子130延伸到所述电池壳110外部。
图2为显示板形电池单元的典型图，所述电池单元一侧密封部延伸出来。
参考图2，在板形电池单元200的密封部中，板形电池单元200的未形成电极端子120和130的一侧密封部140从电池壳110延伸出来，使得一侧密封部140比另一侧密封部(图中为了简化而未示出)长。如图3中所示，将延伸密封部140插入并固定在框架420的狭缝422中。
图3显示如下结构的典型图，在所述结构中将换热构件安装在本发明优选实施方案的电池模块的一侧，图4为图3的典型俯视图。
参考这些图，以将换热构件400安装在电池单元堆叠体300一侧的结构而构造电池模块500，所述电池单元堆叠体300包含顺序堆叠的多个电池单元200。
所述换热构件400包含多个换热板410和框架420，将各个换热板410的一侧连接至所述框架420上。相应的电池单元200的延伸密封部140通过在框架420中形成的狭缝422向外延伸。
换热板410置于相应的电池单元200之间，同时各个换热板410的宽度w小于各个电池单元200的宽度W。然而，换热板410与相应的电池单元200的主体紧密接触，因此，将由相应的电池单元200的主体所产生的热传导至换热板410，由此实现了高散热效果。尽管各个电池单元200之间所限定的空间310非常小，但是空间310可以用作空气流动通道，所述空间310不包含放置换热板410的区域。
此外，框架420设有供液体换热介质如水流过的换热介质通道424。将换热介质通道424布置在框架420的相应的狭缝422之间，由此可以以高可靠性和优异冷却效率将从换热板410传递的热移除。
图5为显示如下结构的典型图，在所述结构中将换热构件安装在本发明另一个优选实施方案的电池模块的一侧，图6为图5的典型俯视图。
参考这些图，各个电池单元200的延伸密封部140通过框架420的对应狭缝422向外延伸，且从框架420来看，所述换热构件400的换热板410位于与电池单元堆叠体300相反的方向(即位于向外的方向)。在这种结构中，将构成电池模块502的电池单元200进行堆叠，同时以预定间隔D隔开电池单元200，使得空气能够在各个电池单元200之间流动。
在作为显示图6修改的典型俯视图的图7中，显示了以换热构件400的换热板410与电池单元200的相应的延伸密封部140相接触的结构而构造的电池模块503。
由于延伸密封部140与相应的换热板410接触，所以将从电池单元200的主体传递至延伸密封部140的热直接传导至换热板410，因此，可以以高热导率更容易地将热释放至外部。
图8为图5的换热构件的典型放大图。
参考图8，换热构件400包含多个换热板410和连接至相应换热板410的一侧的框架420。此外，将框架420的狭缝422成形为长方体形，使得狭缝422具有与框架420相同的高度H，通过所述狭缝422插入图5的延伸密封部140。在框架420的纵向L，在各个狭缝422之间形成供水流过的换热介质通道424。
尽管出于示例性目的而公开了本发明的优选实施方案，但是本领域技术人员应当理解，各种修改、添加和代替是可能的，而不背离所附的权利要求书中所公开的本发明的范围和主旨。
工业实用性
从上述说明显而易见，本发明的电池模块以如下结构构造，其中将加速来自电池单元的热的散失的换热构件安装在电池单元堆叠体的一侧，并将电池单元的延伸密封部连接至换热构件。因此，可以有效地将由电池单元所产生的热释放至外部。
此外，在框架中形成换热介质通道，使得通过水冷却法进一步将热移除，由此进一步加速了电池单元的散热。由于提高了散热效率，可以均匀控制电池单元的内部温度，由此大大提高了电池单元的使用寿命和安全性。

Claims (12)

1.一种电池模块，其包含顺序堆叠的两个以上板形电池单元，其中所述板形电池单元各自以如下结构构造，其中
阴极/隔膜/阳极结构的电极组件安装在由包含树脂层和金属层的层压片形成的电池壳中，
换热构件安装在所述电池单元的堆叠体的一侧，用于除去在所述电池单元的充放电期间由所述电池单元产生的热，所述换热构件包含多个换热板和连接至所述换热板的框架，
其中在各个所述电池单元的电池壳的未形成电极端子处形成的密封部的至少一部分延伸，使得所述密封部的至少一部分比其余密封部长，且所述换热构件位于所述延伸的密封部上。
2.如权利要求1所述的电池模块，其中所述层压片包含内部树脂层、隔离金属层和外部树脂层，所述内部树脂层是可热焊接的，所述外部树脂层具有优异的耐久性。
3.如权利要求1所述的电池模块，其中所述换热板至少部分地分别置于所述堆叠的电池单元之间。
4.如权利要求1所述的电池模块，其中各个所述换热板的宽度等于各个所述电池单元的宽度的50～100％。
5.如权利要求1所述的电池模块，其中所述框架设有一个以上供换热介质流过的换热介质通道。
6.如权利要求1所述的电池模块，其中所述换热构件的框架设有狭缝，通过所述狭缝插入相应的电池单元的延伸密封部。
7.如权利要求6所述的电池模块，其中所述相应的电池单元的延伸密封部通过所述换热构件的对应狭缝插入，且所述换热构件的换热板置于所述相应的电池单元之间。
8.如权利要求6所述的电池模块，其中所述相应的电池单元的延伸密封部通过所述换热构件的对应狭缝插入，且所述换热构件的换热板位于与所述电池单元堆叠体相反的方向上。
9.如权利要求8所述的电池模块，其中所述换热板与相应的延伸密封部接触。
10.如权利要求1所述的电池模块，其中所述换热构件由金属材料或碳材料制成。
11.一种用于电池模块散热的换热构件，所述电池模块包含多个板形电池单元，所述换热构件包含：
(a)两个以上换热板；和
(b)连接至各个所述换热板的一侧的框架，所述框架具有狭缝，通过所述狭缝插入相应的电池单元的密封部，所述狭缝位于相应的换热板连接区域之间，所述框架具有一个以上供换热介质流过的换热介质通道。
12.一种中型或大型电池包，其根据所需功率和容量通过将权利要求1～10中任一项的电池模块组合而制得，其中将所述电池包用作电动车辆或混合电动车辆的电源。
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