CN101838474A - 一种有机染料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
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- KQWWVLVLVYYYDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 3-oxohexanoate Chemical compound CCCC(=O)CC(=O)OCC KQWWVLVLVYYYDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明特别涉及一种有机染料。特别涉及一种D-N=N-π-A新型有机染料,D是推电子结构单元、N=N为偶氮结构单元、π为香豆素共轭结构单元、A是绕丹宁电子受体结构单元,目的在于找到一种分子设计剪裁性高、光谱响应范围宽、合成成本较低、能吸收大部分可见光的功能性有机染料,可应用于酸性染料、荧光染料、有机电致发光材料和染料敏化纳米TiO2太阳能电池等领域。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种有机染料,特别涉及一种由推电子基团-偶氮-香豆素-绕丹宁结构单元组成的有机染料。属于精细化工领域。
技术背景
近二十年来,染料敏化纳米TiO2太阳能电池(dye-sensitized solar cells,DSSCs)作为新能源的研究、应用和商业开发已成为世界发达国家注目的焦点。对比于单晶硅或多晶硅太阳能电池,此类太阳能电池具有生产原料来源广泛、制造工艺成本低等特点。用在DSSCs上有机染料的作用就是吸收太阳光,有机染料分子吸收光子受激由基态转变到激发态产生电子和空穴,电子和空穴转移到纳米TiO2半导体的导带上。因此,这种有机染料必须具备几个基本条件:(1)在纳米TiO2表面具有快速的单层分子吸附性,且不易脱附;(2)在可见光区域要有较强较宽的吸收带;(3)其氧化态和激发态要有较高的稳定性;(4)激发态寿命足够长,且有很高的电荷传输效率;(5)具有足够负的激发态氧化还原电势以保证染料激发态电子注入TiO2导带;(6)在氧化还原过程中,要有相对低的势垒以便在初级和次级电子转移中的自由能损耗最小。
迄今为止,人们已经合成了干余种染料用在DSSCs上,都具有不同成效的光电转换作用,其中钌吡啶有机金属配合物的光电转换效率最高已达11%以上。由于钌系列染料制备过程比较繁琐,光谱响应范围不够宽,再加上钌为贵金属,成本较高,所以人们积极开发纯有机染料。但是单一有机染料敏化受到染料吸收光谱的限制,很难与太阳的发射光谱相匹配,由此,人们设计了不同结构的染料配合使用,相互弥补各自吸收光谱不够宽的缺点,取得了一定的效果。
目前文献报道光电转换效果较好的是D-π-A型有机染料(D为推电子结构单元、π为共轭结构单元、A为电子受体单元,并作为有机染料分子牢固吸附在纳米TiO2表面上的“锚”),其分子结构中的推拉电子基团能有效地增强有机染料的分子极化,其分子的激发态更有效地形成电荷分离态。同时D-π-A型有机染料分子的电子推拉能力拓宽了其光谱响应范围,有利于电池性能的提高。
众所周知,偶氮化合物是一类电子高度离域的共轭型化合物,在偶合组分中引入推电子基团,可降低共扼发色体系的共振能,最大吸收波长将向长波方向移动,其最大吸收波长可以达到700nm以上。
基于以上研究成果和化学原理,本发明提供一种D-N=N-π-A新型有机染料,目的在于找到一种分子设计剪裁性高、光谱响应范围宽、合成成本较低、能吸收大部分可见光的功能性有机染料,可应用于酸性染料、荧光染料、有机电致发光材料和染料敏化纳米TiO2太阳能电池等领域。
发明内容
本发明提供一种D-N=N-π-A型有机染料(D是推电子结构单元、N=N为偶氮结构单元、π为香豆素共轭结构单元、A是绕丹宁电子受体结构单元),具有通式(Ⅰ)所示结构:
其中通式(Ⅰ)R1选自H、C1~C20烷基、C1~C20烷氧基、C2~C40双烷基氨基或C12~C60双芳胺基中的一种;R2选自H或C1~C20烷基中的一种;Ar选自取代或未取代的苯基或萘基中的一种。
本发明提供的通式(Ⅰ)所示结构的D-N=N-π-A型有机染料是依据以下合成路线和合成步骤实现的:
在本发明所述的合成路线中,R1选自H、C1~C20烷基、C1~C20烷氧基、C2~C40双烷基氨基或C12~C60双芳胺基中的一种;R2选自H或C1~C20烷基中的一种;Ar选自取代或未取代的苯基或萘基中的一种。
具体合成操作如下:
合成步骤1在装有搅拌器的四口烧瓶中,用质量百分浓度为30~50%的溴化氢冰乙酸10~200毫升溶解0.02~0.5摩尔芳胺,控温0~8℃,分批次加入0.021~0.55摩尔亚硝酸钠,发生重氮反应1~2小时后,制得重氮液。将制得的重氮液倾入10~200毫升质量百分浓度为1.5~30%4-R1-水杨醛冰乙酸溶液中,进行偶氮反应,将完成偶氮反应的产物体系倾入100~500毫升水中,收集沉淀,滤饼用100~500毫升N,N-二甲基甲酰胺/乙醇(体积比=1∶1)重结晶,真空干燥可制得4-R1-5-芳偶氮基水杨醛。
合成步骤2取0.02~0.5摩尔4-R1-5-芳偶氮水杨醛和0.021~0.55摩尔脂肪酰基乙酸乙酯溶解在100~500毫升脂肪醇中,0.001~1毫升六氢吡啶作为催化剂,回流反应2~48小时;将反应产物体系倾入100~500毫升水中,收集沉淀,滤饼使用100~500毫升N,N-二甲基甲酰胺/乙醇(体积比=1∶1)重结晶,真空干燥,可制得7-R1-6-芳偶氮基-3-脂肪酰基香豆素。
合成步骤3取0.02~0.5摩尔7-R1-6-芳偶氮基-3-脂肪酰基香豆素和0.02~0.5摩尔绕丹宁-3-乙酸溶解在100~500毫升脂肪醇中,0.001~1毫升六氢吡啶作为催化剂,回流反应2~12小时。将反应产物体系倾入100~500毫升水中,收集沉淀,滤饼使用质量百分浓度为1~30%烧碱乙醇水溶液溶解,过滤去除不溶物,而后使用质量百分浓度为1~30%盐酸调节pH=4~6,再次收集沉淀,滤饼使用100~500毫升N,N-二甲基甲酰胺/水(体积比=3∶1)重结晶,真空干燥,制得通式(Ⅰ)所示结构的有机染料。
本发明所述的芳胺选自取代或未取代的苯基或萘基中的一种。
本发明所述的脂肪醇选自甲醇、乙醇、丙醇或异丙醇中的一种。
本发明所述的脂肪酰基乙酸乙酯选自通式(Ⅱ)所示结构:
其中通式(Ⅱ)中的R2选自H或C1~C20烷基中的一种。
本发明提供的通式(Ⅰ)所示的D-N=N-π-A型有机染料,其制备原料来源于现有化工商品。例如典型的制备原料包括水杨醛、4-二甲氨基水杨醛、4-二乙氨基水杨醛、苯胺、4-二苯氨基苯胺、4-二乙氨基苯胺、1-萘胺、4-二甲氨基苯胺、乙酸乙酯、乙酰乙酸乙酯、丁酰乙酸乙酯、绕丹宁-3-乙酸等等都是现生产其它香料、医药、荧光增白剂、荧光染料、杀虫剂的商业原料。
本发明提供的通式(Ⅰ)所示的D-N=N-π-A型有机染料,具有下述特征:
①本发明提供的通式(Ⅰ)所示的D-N=N-π-A型有机染料制备方法均采用经典的有机合成反应,制备操作简便易行,产物收率和纯度高,原料商业化程度高。
②本发明提供的通式(Ⅰ)所示的D-N=N-π-A型有机染料,其分子共轭结构可通过改变R1、R2等取代基进行调整,进而调整分子偶极特性、分子内电荷转移特性和太阳光谱响应范围。
③本发明提供的通式(Ⅰ)所示的D-N=N-π-A型有机染料,其分子三维空间结构可通过改变R1和R2取代基进行调整,进而调整通式(Ⅰ)有机染料在纳米TiO2表面上的单分子层密堆积。
具体实施例
通过下面实施例对本发明提供的通式(Ⅰ)所示的D-N=N-π-A型有机染料以及制备方法进一步说明,其目的在于更好地理解本发明的内容。因此,实施例中未列出的通式(Ⅰ)所示的其它D-N=N-π-A型有机染料以及制备方法和应用,不应视为对本发明保护范围的限制。
实施例1 有机染料(Ⅰ-1)的制备
步骤1在装有搅拌器的四口烧瓶中,用130毫升溴化氢冰乙酸溶液升温30~40℃溶解0.02摩尔4-二苯胺基苯胺,而后控温0~8℃分批次加入1.4克亚硝酸钠发生重氮反应。1小时后,将重氮液倾入水杨醛的冰乙酸溶液中,进行偶氮反应。将偶氮反应产物体系倾入100毫升水中,收集沉淀。滤饼用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺/乙醇(体积比=1∶1)重结晶,真空干燥,制得黄色粉末状5-(4-二苯胺基苯偶氮)水杨醛6.2克,产率79%。熔点166-167℃。
H1-NMR(DMSO-d6,δ):5.32(1H),6.65~8.18(m,17H),10.03(s,1H)。
元素分析:C25H19N3O2实测值(计算值):C76.18(76.32),H4.83(4.87),N10.57(10.68)。
5-(4-二苯胺基苯偶氮)水杨醛在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶液中的UV-可见光吸收特征峰λmax=322nm。
步骤2称取5-(4-二苯氨基苯偶氮)水杨醛6.2克和乙酰乙酸乙酯2.3克,在无水乙醇中回流反应12小时,数滴六氢吡啶作为催化剂。将反应产物体系倾入200毫升水中,收集沉淀。滤饼使用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺/乙醇(体积比=1∶1)重结晶,真空干燥,制得橘黄色粉末6-(4-二苯胺基苯偶氮)-3-乙酰香豆素6.6克,产率90%。熔点201-203℃。
H1-NMR(DMSO-d6,δ):2.35(s,3H),6.65~8.58(m,18H)。
元素分析:C29H21N3O3实测值(计算值):C75.63(75.80),H4.58(4.61),N9.13(9.14)。
6-(4-二苯胺基苯偶氮)-3-乙酰香豆素在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶液中的UV-可见光吸收特征峰λmax=358nm。
步骤3称取6.6克6-(4-二苯氨基苯偶氮)-3-乙酰香豆素和3克绕丹宁-3-乙酸,在无水乙醇中回流反应4小时,数滴六氢吡啶作为催化剂。将反应产物体系倾入200毫升水中,收集沉淀。滤饼使用5%烧碱乙醇溶液溶解,过滤去除不溶物,而后使用稀盐酸调节pH=5.5,再次收集沉淀,滤饼使用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺/水(体积比=3∶1)重结晶,真空干燥,制得红褐色有机染料(Ⅰ-1)7.6克,产率83%。熔点283-286℃。
H1-NMR(DMSO-d6,δ):1.75(s,3H),4.06(s,2H),6.65~8.18(m,18H),8.35(s,1H)。
元素分析:C34H24N4O5S2实测值(计算值):C64.32(64.54),H3.78(3.82),N8.84(8.86),S10.21(10.14)。
有机染料(Ⅰ-1)在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶液中的UV-可见光吸收特征峰λmax=553nm。
实施例2 有机染料(Ⅰ-2)的制备
依照实施例1的制备方法和步骤,将实施例中步骤1的4-二苯胺基苯胺改换为苯胺,即制备亮橘红色有机染料(Ⅰ-2),熔点237-239℃。
有机染料(Ⅰ-2)在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶液中的UV-可见光吸收特征峰λmax=474nm,荧光发射光谱特征峰λmax=547nm。
实施例3有机染料(Ⅰ-3)的制备
依照实施例1的制备方法和步骤,将实施例中步骤1的4-二苯胺基苯胺改换为4-二甲氨基苯胺,即制备亮枣红色有机染料(Ⅰ-3),熔点251-252℃。
有机染料(Ⅰ-3)在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶液中的UV-可见光吸收特征峰λmax=551nm,荧光发射光谱特征峰λmax=634nm。
实施例4有机染料(Ⅰ-4)的制备
依照实施例1的制备方法和步骤,将实施例中步骤1的4-二苯胺基苯胺改换为4-二甲氨基苯胺和水杨醛改换为4-二乙氨基水杨醛即制备亮紫红色有机染料(Ⅰ-4),熔点227-229℃。
有机染料(Ⅰ-4)在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶液中的UV-可见光吸收特征峰λmax=556nm,荧光发射光谱特征峰λmax=638nm。
实施例5(Ⅰ-1~4)有机染料的溶解情况
由于有机染料(Ⅰ-1~4)分子中含有酸基或碱基,所以有机染料(Ⅰ-1~4)在有机溶剂和酸碱水溶液中具有不同的溶解性能,见表1。
表1 有机染料(Ⅰ-1~4)的溶解情况
实施例6(Ⅰ-1~4)有机染料在不同溶液中的颜色变化
由于有机染料(Ⅰ-1~4)分子中含有酸基或碱基,造成有机染料(Ⅰ-1~4)在酸碱溶液中的颜色发生变化,见表2。
表2 有机染料(Ⅰ-1~4)在不同溶液中的颜色变化
实施例7有机染料(Ⅰ-3)在染料敏化纳米TiO2太阳能电池中的应用
依照Acta Physico_Chimica Sinica 2008,24(11):1950-1956公开的染料敏化纳米TiO2太阳能电池器件的制作方法和操作步骤,以本发明提供的有机染料(Ⅰ-3)作为光敏化剂,制作组装有机染料(Ⅰ-3)敏化纳米TiO2太阳能电池器件,在500W氙气灯光源照射下,测定其开路电压为0.57V,短路电流7.24mA·cm-2,填充因子为0.65,光电转换效率1.73%。
本发明的有益效果是有机染料(Ⅰ-1~4)具有不同的荧光特性;在酸碱溶液中又可显示出不同的色泽;通过调整通式(Ⅰ)中的R1和R2,可以制得不同颜色的有机染料;有机染料(Ⅰ-1~4)分子结构中含有牢固吸附在纳米TiO2表面上的“锚”,由有机染料(Ⅰ-3)敏化纳米TiO2太阳能电池器件的光电转换效率达1.73%。综上所述,本发明提供的通式(Ⅰ)所示的D-N=N-π-A型有机染料可用作酸性染料、荧光染料,或应用于有机光电发光材料和染料敏化纳米TiO2太阳能电池等领域。
Claims (2)
1.一种有机染料,其特征在于具有通式(Ⅰ)所示结构:
其中通式(Ⅰ)中R1选自H、C1~C20烷基、C1~C20烷氧基、C2~C40双烷基氨基或C12~C60双芳胺基中的一种;R2选自H或C1~C20烷基中的一种;Ar选自取代或未取代的苯基或萘基中的一种。
2.依照权利要求1所述的有机染料的制备方法,其特征在于是依据以下合成路线和合成步骤实现的:
在本发明所述的合成路线中,R1选自H、C1~C20烷基、C1~C20烷氧基、C2~C40双烷基氨基或C12~C60双芳胺基中的一种;R2选自H或C1~C20烷基中的一种;Ar选自取代或未取代的苯基或萘基中的一种;
合成步骤1在装有搅拌器的四口烧瓶中,用质量百分浓度为30~50%的溴化氢冰乙酸10~200毫升溶解0.02~0.5摩尔芳胺,控温0~8℃,分批次加入0.021~0.55摩尔亚硝酸钠,发生重氮反应1~2小时后,制得重氮液;将制得的重氮液倾入10~200毫升质量百分浓度为1.5~30%的4-R1-水杨醛冰乙酸溶液中,进行偶氮反应,将完成偶氮反应的产物体系倾入100~500毫升水中,收集沉淀,滤饼用100~500毫升N,N-二甲基甲酰胺/乙醇(体积比=1∶1)重结晶,真空干燥,制得4-R1-5-芳偶氮基水杨醛;
合成步骤2取0.02~0.5摩尔4-R1-5-芳偶氮水杨醛和0.021~0.55摩尔脂肪酰基乙酸乙酯溶解在100~500毫升脂肪醇中,0.001~1毫升六氢吡啶作为催化剂,回流反应2~48小时;将反应产物体系倾入100~500毫升水中,收集沉淀,滤饼使用100~500毫升N,N-二甲基甲酰胺/乙醇(体积比=1∶1)重结晶,真空干燥,可制得7-R1-6-芳偶氮基-3-脂肪酰基香豆素;
合成步骤3取0.02~0.5摩尔7-R1-6-芳偶氮基-3-脂肪酰基香豆素和0.02~0.5摩尔绕丹宁-3-乙酸溶解在100~500毫升脂肪醇中,0.001~1毫升六氢吡啶作为催化剂,回流反应2~12小时;将反应产物体系倾入100~500毫升水中,收集沉淀,滤饼使用质量百分浓度为1~30%烧碱乙醇溶液溶解,过滤去除不溶物,而后使用质量百分浓度为1~30%盐酸调节pH=4~6,再次收集沉淀,滤饼使用100~500毫升N,N-二甲基甲酰胺/水(体积比=3∶1)重结晶,真空干燥,制得通式(Ⅰ)所示结构的有机染料;
其中所述的芳胺选自取代或未取代的苯基或萘基中的一种;所述的脂肪醇选自甲醇、乙醇、丙醇或异丙醇中的一种;所述的脂肪酰基乙酸乙酯选自通式(Ⅱ)所示结构:
其中通式(Ⅱ)中的R3选自H或C1~C20烷基中的一种。
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