CN101830200B - 机动车辆的动力系统 - Google Patents

机动车辆的动力系统 Download PDF

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CN101830200B
CN101830200B CN201010122241.5A CN201010122241A CN101830200B CN 101830200 B CN101830200 B CN 101830200B CN 201010122241 A CN201010122241 A CN 201010122241A CN 101830200 B CN101830200 B CN 101830200B
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storage units
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CN101830200A (zh
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全顿国
本杰明·A·塔巴托斯基-布什
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R16/00—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for
    • B60R16/02—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements
    • B60R16/03—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements for supply of electrical power to vehicle subsystems or for
    • B60R16/0315—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements for supply of electrical power to vehicle subsystems or for using multiplexing techniques
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/52—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells characterised by DC-motors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B60L58/20—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules having different nominal voltages
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B60L58/21—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules having the same nominal voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H02J7/0019—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries using switched or multiplexed charge circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/342—The other DC source being a battery actively interacting with the first one, i.e. battery to battery charging
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33576—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
    • H02M3/33584—Bidirectional converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2207/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J2207/20—Charging or discharging characterised by the power electronics converter
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/40—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle
    • H02J2310/46—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle for ICE-powered road vehicles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries

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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
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  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种机动车辆的动力系统，包括多个储能单元、与储能单元电连接的多路复用器、以及与多路复用器电连接的开关变换器。开关变换器配置用于选择性地作用为反激式开关功率变换器或正激式开关功率变换器。本发明所公开的动力系统能够修正储能单元中的电荷失衡。本发明的机动车辆动力系统可使用牵引电池组（24）的电能通过电机产生动力移动车辆，同时修正储能单元（12n）中的电荷失衡。

Description

机动车辆的动力系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种机动车辆的动力系统。
背景技术
锂离子电池通常包括正极、负极和电解质。锂离子在放电期间从阳极移动至阴极，并在充电期间从阴极移动至阳极。
石墨可用于阳极。分层的氧化物(钴酸锂)、聚阴离子(磷酸铁锂)或尖晶石(锰酸锂)可用于阴极。也可使用其它材料。取决于阳极、阴极和电解质的材料选择，锂离子电池的电压、容量和寿命可能发生改变。
发明内容
在某些实施例中，机动车辆的动力系统包括多个储能单元、与储能单元电连接的多路复用器(multiplexer)、以及与多路复用器电连接的开关变换器。开关变换器配置用于选择性地作用为反激式开关功率变换器(flybackswitchmode power converter)或正激式开关功率变换器(forward switchmodepower converter)。
尽管说明并公开了根据本发明的示例实施例，这些公开不应当被认为是对本发明的限定。可以预见到可作出多种修改和替代设计而不脱离本发明的范围。
附图说明
图1为机动车辆动力系统实施例的框图。
图2为图1的多路复用器的示意图。
图3为图1的极性反向器的示意图。
图4为图1的开关变换器的示意图。
图5为图4的开关变换器的电流、电压波形的示例图。
图6A、6B为图4的开关变换器在图5中图示状况下运转的框图。
图7为图4的开关变换器的电流、电压波形的另一示例图。
图8A、8B为图4的开关变换器在图7中图示状况下运转的框图。
图9为图4的开关变换器的电流、电压波形的再一示例图。
图10A、10B为图4的开关变换器在图9中图示状况下运转的框图。
图11为图4的开关变换器的电流、电压波形的又一示例图。
图12A、12B为图4的开关变换器在图11中图示状况下运转的框图。
具体实施方式
现在参考图1，机动车辆动力系统的一个实施例10可包括多个储能单元12n(12a-12f)(例如6个3.6V锂离子电池，当然也可使用任意合适数目的电池)、高压多路复用器14、极性反向器(polarity flipper)16和开关变换器18。动力系统10可进一步包括DC/DC功率变换器20和低压电池22(例如12V铅酸电池)。
图1的储能单元12n电串联并形成牵引电池组24。对本领域技术人员显而易见的是，来自牵引电池组24的电能可用于通过电机产生动力移动车辆。对牵引电池组24的这种使用会导致储能单元12n中电荷失衡。
储能单元12n与高压多路复用器14电连接。在图1的实施例中，高压多路复用器14包括多个开关26n(26a-26d)。每个开关26n均与至少一个储能单元12n电连接。例如，开关26a与储能单元12a、12b电连接。开关26b与储能单元12b、12c和12d电连接。每个开关26n均还与第一电力总线28、第二电力总线30和地线32电连接。
如下文更为详细地讨论的，可操作开关26n使得例如储能单元12a的正极端子与第一电力总线28电连接而储能单元12a的负极端子与第二电力总线30电连接。同样，可操作开关26n使得储能单元12b的正极端子与第二电力总线30电连接而储能单元12b的负极端子与第一电力总线28电连接等。
现在参考图2，每个开关26n均包括第一和第二开关装置34、36。对于本领域技术人员显而易见的是，每个开关装置34、36均包括以已知方式设置并运转的场效应晶体管(FET)38、双极结晶体管(BJT)40、稳压二极管42、数个电阻44、以及正温度系数(PTC)自恢复保险丝46。然而，也可使用其它合适的开关装置。
为了将储能单元12a与电力总线28、30电连接，可以已知方式向开关26a的开关装置34、36提供控制信号48。当然，这将启动其各自的FET 38和BJT40，并使储能单元12a的正极端子与第一电力总线28电连接而储能单元12a的负极端子与第二电力总线30电连接。为了将储能单元12b与电力总线28、30电连接，可以以已知方式向开关26a的开关装置36和开关26b的开关装置34提供控制信号48。这将启动其各自的FET 38和BJT 40，并使储能单元12b的正极端子与第二电力总线30电连接而储能单元12b的负极端子与第一电力总线28电连接(可类似地将其它的储能单元12c-12f与电力总线28、30电连接)。这样，与电力总线28、30相关联的极性可依据储能单元12n的哪个端子与电力总线28、30电连接而改变。
现在参考图1、3，极性反向器16与电力总线28、30电连接。在图3的实施例中，极性反向器16包括多个以已知方式设置并运转的FET 38、BJT 40和电阻44。然而，也可使用任意合适的电路配置。对本领域技术人员显而易见的是，极性反向器16可从具有某一极性的电力总线28、30接收输入并通过适当应用控制信号50来提供相反极性的输出(当然，极性反向器16还可从电力总线28、30接收输入并通过适当应用控制信号50来提供相同极性的输出)。随后可放大此输出并提供给微处理器进行处理。
现在参考图1、4，开关变换器18通过电力总线28、30与多路复用器14电连接。开关变换器18还通过第三电力总线51与DC/DC变换器20电连接。
在图4的实施例中，开关变换器18包括与电力总线28、30分别电连接的开关52、54(例如FET)。线圈56电连接在开关52、54之间。开关变换器18还包括与DC/DC变换器20电连接的开关58(例如FET)和与线圈56感应耦合的线圈60。在图4的实施例中，线圈56、60的匝数比为1∶3.33。也可使用其它合适的电路配置。通过经由控制信号62、64、66分别适当地开启开关52、54、58，开关变换器18可作用为正激变换器或反激变换器以在例如低压电池22和牵引电池组24之间传递电能。
现在参考图4、5、6A和6B，开关52、54、58可同相闭合、切断以将开关变换器18运转为正激变换器例如以来自低压电池22的电能为储能单元12a充电。当开关52、54、56闭合时，线圈60两端出现12V，其在线圈56两端产生极性相反的3.6V(由于线圈56、60的匝数比和同名端的设置)。电流(如图6A中箭头所指示的)随后在变换器18的低压电池侧顺时针流动并在变换器18的多路复用器侧逆时针流动以对储能单元12a充电。当开关52、54、58切断时，开关58两端出现12V，线圈56、60两端出现0V，且没有电流流至储能单元12a。
现在参考图4、7、8A和8B，开关52、54可相对于开关58反相打开、切断以将开关变换器18运转为反激变换器以例如来自低压电池22的电能对储能单元12b充电。当开关52、54切断，开关58闭合时，线圈60两端出现12V，其增加了线圈60中的电流。电流(如图8A中箭头所指示)随后在开关变换器18的低压电池侧顺时针流动。当开关52、54闭合时，开关58切断。线圈56两端出现3.6V，其在线圈60两端产生相反极性的12V。开关58两端出现24V。电流(如图8B中箭头所指示的)随后在开关变换器18的多路复用器侧顺时针流动以对储能单元12b充电。
现在参考图4、9、10A和10B，开关52、54、58可同相闭合、切断以将开关变换器18运转为正激变换器以例如来自储能单元12a的电能来对低压电池22充电。当开关52、54、56闭合时，线圈56两端出现3.6V，其在线圈60两端产生相反极性的12V(由于线圈56、60的匝数比和同名端的设置)。电流(如图10A中箭头所指示的)随后在开关变换器18的多路复用器侧顺时针流动并在开关变换器18的低压电池侧逆时针流动以通过第三电力总线51和图1中所示的DC/DC变换器对低压电池充电。当开关52、54、58切断时，开关58两端出现12V，线圈56、60两端出现0V，且没有电流流至低压电池22。
现在参考图4、11、12A和12B，在开关54闭合时，开关52可相对于开关58反相闭合、切断以将开关变换器18运转为反激变换器例如以来自储能单元12b的电能来对低压电池22充电。当开关52、54闭合，开关58切断时，线圈56两端出现3.6V，其增加了线圈56中的电流。开关58两端出现24V。电流(如图12A中箭头所指示)随后在开关变换器18的多路复用器侧逆时针流动。当开关52切断时，开关54、58闭合。线圈60两端出现12V，其在线圈56两端产生相反极性的3.6V。电流(如图12B中箭头所指示的)随后在开关变换器18的低压电池侧逆时针流动以对低压电池充电。
再次参考图1，可使用上述技术这样修正储能单元12n中的电荷失衡。例如，如果发现储能单元12a的荷电状态大于所需荷电状态，可参考图9、10A和10B使用上述技术将来自储能单元12a的电能释放至低压电池22。类似地，如果发现储能单元12a的荷电状态小于所需荷电状态，可参考图5、6A和6B使用上述技术将来自低压电池22的电能释放至储能单元12a。也可能是其它的充电/放电情况。
尽管已经说明并描述了本发明的实施例，其并非意味着这些实施例说明并描述了本发明的所有可能形式。本说明书中所使用的词语为描述性词语而非限定，且应理解可作出多种改变而不脱离本发明的实质和范围。

Claims (9)

1.一种机动车辆的动力系统，包含：
多个储能单元；
与所述储能单元电连接的多路复用器，
其特征在于，所述动力系统还包括：开关变换器，包括电连接在一对开关之间的第一线圈和与第三开关电连接并与第一线圈感应耦合的第二线圈，
其中，所述开关变换器与所述多路复用器电连接并配置用于选择性地作用为反激式开关功率变换器或正激式开关功率变换器，其中，当所述一对开关和第三开关以反相闭合、断开时或当所述一对开关之一闭合而所述一对开关中的另一开关和第三开关以反相闭合、断开时所述开关变换器作用为反激式开关功率变换器，并且当所述一对开关和第三开关同相闭合、断开时所述开关变换器作用为正激式开关功率变换器。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于，所述开关变换器包含双向开关变换器。
3.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于，所述开关变换器极性不固定。
4.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于，所述开关变换器配置用于接收任一种极性的电压。
5.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于，所述开关变换器配置用于产生任一种极性的电压。
6.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于，所述开关变换器能够接收具有第一极性或与所述第一极性相反的第二极性的DC电压。
7.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于，所述开关变换器能够产生具有第一极性或与所述第一极性相反的第二极性的DC电压。
8.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于，所述多路复用器为双向多路复用器。
9.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于，进一步包含与所述开关变换器电连接的电力总线，其中所述开关变换器进一步配置用于在所述储能单元和所述电力总线中所选定的一个之间传递电能。
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