CN101765483B - 电动螺丝刀 - Google Patents
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Abstract
提出一种电动螺丝刀(10)，其具有作为驱动机构的电动机(12)、转矩给定值预设部件(52)、转矩实际值求取部件(46)、转矩梯度求取部件(48)和电动机控制器(40)，电动机控制器根据转矩梯度(dmd_Ist/dt)来控制电动机(12)。设置有转矩阈值确定部件(50)，其提供转矩阈值(Md_Lim、Md_Lim1、Md_Lim2)，该转矩阈值取决于转矩梯度(dmd_Ist/dt)且位于转矩给定值(Md_Soll)以下。如果转矩实际值(md_Ist)超过了转矩阈值(Md_Lim、Md_Lim1、Md_Lim2)，则电动机控制器(40)使得电动机(12)减小转速，或者已经完全切断电动机(12)。根据本发明设置的电动螺丝刀(10)避免了转矩超调，却能实现在尽可能短的时间内精确地达到转矩给定值(Md_Soll)。
Description
本发明涉及一种根据独立权利要求所述类型的电动螺丝刀(Kraftschrauber)。
背景技术
在DE 23 26 027 A中记载了一种靠电源电压工作的螺丝刀，其提供预定的转矩给定值。螺丝刀所施加的转矩间接地通过流经电动机的电流来检测。由于连接着电源，电动机的工作电压被认为是始终相同且恒定。只要尚未达到转矩给定值，螺丝刀就以最大可能的转速旋转，该转速取决于有待施加的转矩给定值。由于螺丝刀的旋转部件如电动机特别是传动机构的惯性，在达到转矩给定值之后，旋拧连接部件基于惯性运动(Nachlauf)还要继续旋转。
DE 103 41 975 A1考虑到了在DE 23 26 027 A1中由于在达到转矩给定值时螺丝刀的继续旋转而出现的问题。其中记载了一种用于例如在靠蓄电池工作的螺丝刀中所使用的电动机的电子的转矩限制装置。电子的转矩限制部件基于如下做法：将流经电动机的电流考虑用作转矩的量度。这种做法已表明并不精确，因为特别是在转速较高情况下，在切断电动机之后由于旋转部件的动能，会出现惯性运动，结果表明，旋拧连接部件的转矩高于预定的转矩给定值。为了避免基于传动机构的惯性或动力特性的转矩峰值，提出：根据电动机的转速来确定允许的电动机电流的最大值。根据一实施例，所确定的转矩给定值被换算成电动机电流的最大值。电动机电流的最大值被设定得越大，电动机的最大转速就越低。
在EP 0 187 353 A2中记载了一种螺丝刀，其电动机由交流电压源供电。根据一种认识，电动机在负载下在静止状态下提供最大的一定的转矩，其中该转矩取决于所提供的电压，或者取决于负载电流，负载电流相应于相应的电动机特性曲线。旋拧机构的转矩给定值在转速较小时或者甚至在螺丝刀静止时就达到了，从而避免了由于惯性运动而超过转矩给定值。
另外设有一种补偿电路，该补偿电路能够补偿电源电压的波动，以便消除对转矩实际值的影响。当供电电压下降时，触发三极管控制器的相位角增大，从而在电动机上施加较高的平均电压。
在DE 196 26 731 A1中记载了一种靠蓄电池工作的小型螺丝刀，其含有开关部件，该开关部件通过短路来切断电动机。开关部件受深度限制器(Tiefenanschlag)操纵。通过对电动机的突然制动，避免了超调
但在此需要考虑到，只有当有待输出的转矩比较小例如至多为100Nm且电动机功率较小时，才可以使得电动机如此短路，因为即使对于功率较小的电动机而言，在高速旋转的电动机被短路的情况下，也必须考虑到显著的短路电流和与此相关的电磁干扰。短路电流既会使得被实现为直流电动机的电动机的换向器(Kollktor)显著加载，又会使得用于将电动机短路的开关部件显著加载。
在DE 103 45 135 A1中记载了一种小型的靠蓄电池工作的螺丝刀，该螺丝刀为了供应能量而含有锂离子蓄电池。
DE 43 10 936 A1公开了一种电动螺丝刀，当达到转矩给定值时，其完全切断。数值——在该数值下，电动螺丝刀被切断——是可调节的且以转矩超调值而位于目标值之下。切断的目的是，使工具和紧固元件基于该超调而继续运动直至达到目标转矩。
在DE 201 13 184 U1中，例如在DE 196 47 813 A1中说明了一种被设计成手持式工具的电动地驱动的螺丝刀，其分别具有支撑臂，支撑臂用于在旋拧连接部件被拧紧或松开时提供反转矩。
这种螺丝刀称为电动螺丝刀，因为所提供的转矩最多例如可以为10,000Nm，所述转矩在没有支撑臂的情况下不可能由电动螺丝刀的操作人员施加。在旋拧过程中随着转矩的增加，支撑臂弹性地变形，由此使得支撑臂吸收能量。在旋拧过程中，支撑臂将螺丝刀夹紧在旋拧连接部件上。支撑臂通过变形不仅吸收在旋拧过程中产生的能量，而且吸收在切断电动螺丝刀之后在旋转的部件例如电动机特别是传动机构中仍然存在的旋转能量。
在DE 196 20 782 A1中说明了一种用于制造旋拧连接部件的方法，其中作为梯度来检测转矩的时间变化曲线。在第一和第二转矩上升部分之间进行区分，其中第一转矩上升部分对应于螺纹切削过程，第二转矩上升部分对应于旋拧连接部件的拧紧。如果第二转矩梯度减小，则这种情况被分析为螺纹变形，并切断螺丝刀。
本发明的目的在于，提出一种电动螺丝刀，特别是靠蓄电池工作的电动螺丝刀，其能够以最优化的方式实现达到用于旋拧连接部件的预先给定的转矩给定值，而没有转矩超调的危险。
该目的通过在独立权利要求中所述的特征得以实现。
发明内容
本发明的电动螺丝刀具有作为驱动机构的电动机、转矩给定值预设部件、转矩实际值求取部件、转矩梯度求取部件和电动机控制器，电动机控制器根据转矩梯度来控制电动机。设置有提供转矩阈值的转矩阈值确定部件，该转矩阈值取决于转矩梯度且位于转矩给定值以下。如果转矩实际值超过了转矩阈值，则电动机控制器使得电动机减小转速，或者已经完全切断电动机。
本发明的电动螺丝刀能够借助转矩梯度求取部件实现在硬的旋拧情况和软的旋拧情况之间进行区分。基于所求取的转矩梯度和调节好的转矩给定值，转矩阈值确定部件能够在转矩给定值以下目标明确地确定转矩阈值，从而能够在超过转矩阈值之后通过电动机的转速减小或完全切断来避免转矩超调。
本发明的电动螺丝刀的有利的改进和设计可由从属权利要求得到。
根据一种设计，当转矩实际值低于转矩阈值时，电动机控制器给电动机预先设定最大可能的电动机转速。因而给电动机提供了最大可能的功率，其中在给定的负载条件下调节最大可能的转速。采取该措施能够在尽可能短的时间内产生螺旋连接，而不会存在转矩超调的危险。
根据一种设计，转矩阈值确定部件根据转矩梯度来确定转矩给定值与转矩阈值之间的差。采取该措施可以考虑从软的到硬的全部旋拧情况。转矩阈值确定部件确定的差值在转矩梯度较大时要比转矩梯度较小时大，从而无论在硬的旋拧情况下还是在软的旋拧情况下，都能避免转矩超调。
根据一种设计，转矩阈值确定部件含有表格，在该表格中存储有用于确定转矩阈值的转矩梯度和转矩给定值。替代地，可以规定：转矩阈值确定部件基于所求得的转矩梯度、转矩实际值和调节好的转矩给定值来推知转矩阈值。
另一种设计规定了一种电动机电流检测器，其检测作为转矩实际值的量度的电动机电流。电动机电流检测器例如可以被实现为低欧姆的分流器，该分流器相比于电磁的电动机电流检测器可成本低廉地实现。
另一种设计规定了一种数据载体，在该数据载体中存储有旋拧连接部件的特征值，和/或该数据载体被设置用于存储有待产生的螺旋连接的检测数据。数据载体至少含有预先给定的转矩给定值。至少可以存储旋拧连接部件的实际达到的转矩实际值。数据载体还可以含有诸如电动螺丝刀校准数据的特性参数，或者被设置用于存储这种特性参数。
数据载体可以配属于电动螺丝刀。根据另一种设计，电动螺丝刀具有用于将信号传递至设置在电动螺丝刀之外的数据载体的机构。
另一种设计规定了一种电压限制电路，该电压限制电路将在电动机上产生的电动机电压限制到预先给定的限制电压。限制电压优选至少被确定为电动机的额定工作电压，由此电动机可以通过其在发电机模式下的工作有助于释放必要时在旋拧过程快结束时存储在电动螺丝刀的支撑臂中的能量，而电动机不会施加反转矩。
电压限制电路优选含有双极的限制齐纳二极管和/或变阻器。
本发明的电动螺丝刀的另一种改进规定，作为电动机的能量源，使用基于锂的蓄电池，因为其能量密度比较高。例如可以使用锂离子蓄电池(Li离子蓄电池)，或者例如可以使用锂聚合物蓄电池(Li聚合物蓄电池)。
只要供电电压由蓄电池提供，就优选设置有蓄电池电压下降补偿电路，其能够补偿下降的供电电压对达到已调节好的转矩给定值的影响，所述影响特别是当转矩实际值由电动机电流求得时产生。蓄电池电压下降补偿电路的一种简单的实现方案规定，蓄电池电压下降补偿电路在供电电压下降时要么提高已调节好的转矩给定值，要么减小所求得的转矩实际值。由此避免对电动机的功率部分的干涉。
本发明的电动螺丝刀的其它有利的设计和改进可由下述说明得到。附图中示出了本发明的电动螺丝刀的实施例，下面对这些实施例予以详细说明。
图中示出：
图1为本发明的电动螺丝刀的草图；
图2为本发明的电动螺丝刀的控制电路的方框图；
图3为关于时间的转矩变化曲线；和
图4a和4b示出了不同设计的电压限制电路。
图1为含有作为驱动机构的电动机12的电动螺丝刀10的草图，该电动机通过传动机构14驱动插接座(Stecknuss)16。电动螺丝刀10含有支撑臂18，在旋拧过程中，该支撑臂提供反转矩。在所示实施例中，电动螺丝刀10靠蓄电池工作，其含有电池部分20，在电池部分20中安装有蓄电池22。利用开关24使得电动螺丝刀10开始工作。为了控制电动机12，设置有控制电路26，该控制电路26配设有数据载体28和发送/接收装置30。
在所示实施例中，直流电动机12优选通过经脉冲宽度调制的信号来控制，该信号确定了电动机12的平均工作电压。
图2中示出了电动机控制器40，其提供经脉冲宽度调制的信号s_PWM，该信号使得开关元件32例如MOS场效应晶体管要么完全断开，要么完全闭合，其中周期持续时间和/或脉冲持续时间可以改变。
经脉冲宽度调制的信号s_PWM的占空系数反映了接通持续时间与周期持续时间的比例，该占空系数确定了平均的电动机电压u_Mot，由此实现对提供给电动机12的功率施加影响，或者对电动机12的转速施加影响。
在开关24闭合之后，电动机电流i_Mot的流动就取决于经脉冲宽度调制的信号s_PWM的占空系数、供电电压u_Batt和电动机12的负载。
电动机电流i_Mot被考虑用作由电动机12施加的转矩的量度，进而被考虑用作在插接座16上提供的转矩实际值的量度。在所示实施例中，电动机电流i_Mot使用电动机电流检测器44来检测，该电动机电流检测器被实现为例如0.01欧姆的低欧姆电阻或分流器。作为电动机电流i_Mot的量度而在分流器44上产生的电压降u_Sens在转矩实际值求取部件46中被增强，并作为转矩实际值md_Ist的量度被提供，该转矩实际值求取部件46例如含有布线成差分放大器的0pAmp。优选设置有未详细示出的信号平滑装置，其使得转矩实际值md_Ist至少没有高频干扰信号。
转矩实际值被提供给电动机控制器40、转矩梯度求取部件48以及转矩阈值确定部件50。转矩梯度求取部件48求出至少一个时间微商，从而求出转矩实际值md_Ist的梯度dmd_Ist/dt。优选微商用差商来近似。
转矩梯度求取部件48将转矩梯度dmd_Ist/dt提供给转矩阈值确定部件50，转矩阈值确定部件50利用转矩梯度dmd_Ist/dt、转矩实际值md_Ist、由转矩给定值预设部件52提供的转矩给定值Md_Soll和转矩最小值Md_Min，确定出转矩阈值Md_Lim，该转矩阈值Md_Lim被提供给电动机控制器40。
利用图3中所示的转矩时间变化曲线来详细说明在转矩阈值确定部件50中确定转矩阈值Md_Lim。图3示出第一种旋拧情况SF1，其相应于硬的旋拧情况，据此，转矩实际值md_Ist产生比较快的变化。图3示出第一种旋拧情况SF2，其相应于软的旋拧情况，据此，转矩实际值md_Ist产生比较慢的变化。
在旋拧过程开始后，转矩梯度求取部件48求出例如可以用至少一个差商来近似的转矩梯度dmd_Ist/dt。在根据图3所示的实施例中，在超过转矩最小值Md_Min之后，转矩梯度求取部件48基于时间间隔dti，求出至少一个差商。时间间隔dti采用如下方式预先给定：在希望转矩上升得尽可能快且转矩给定值Md_Soll调节得尽可能小的情况下，确保转矩阈值确定部件50能够求出和提供转矩阈值Md_Lim1、Md_Lim2。
转矩最小值Md_Min例如被确定为转矩实际值md_Ist，其略高于旋拧连接部件的所希望的接合转矩。采取该措施能够确保求出旋拧连接部件的实际的转矩梯度dmd_Ist/dt。
利用调节好的转矩给定值Md_Soll、优选预先给定的转矩最小值Md_Min、所求得的转矩实际值md_Ist，以及利用转矩梯度dmd_Ist/dt，转矩阈值确定部件50在第一种旋拧情况SF1下确定出第一转矩阈值Md_Lim1，在第二种旋拧情况SF2下确定出第二转矩阈值Md_Lim2。转矩阈值Md_Lim1、Md_Lim2分别位于转矩给定值Md_Soll之下。第一转矩阈值Md_Lim1位于转矩给定值Md_Soll之下的第一差量d1处，第二转矩阈值Md_Lim2位于转矩给定值Md_Soll之下的第二差量d2处。
转矩阈值确定部件50能够利用所存储的表格确定出阈值Md_Lim1、Md_Lim2。根据另一实施例，所述输入参数之间的函数关系存储在转矩阈值确定部件50中，从而转矩阈值Md_Lim1、Md_Lim2能够从当前的转矩实际值md_Ist推知。在最简单的情况下，该函数关系可以基于直线方程，从而所希望的转矩变化曲线完全可以用直线的斜率和点来表示。转矩阈值Md_Lim1、Md_Lim2或对于确定阈值Md_Lim1、Md_Lim2必需的函数关系优选通过实验来求得，并存储在转矩阈值确定部件50中。
在第一种旋拧情况SF1下，在第一时刻ti1达到第一转矩阈值Md_Lim1。第一转矩阈值Md_Lim1或第一差值d1符合硬的旋拧情况，该硬的旋拧情况借助所求得的转矩梯度dmd_Ist/dt来辨别。第一差值d1比较大。
在第二种旋拧情况SF2下，在第二时刻ti4达到第二转矩阈值Md_Lim2。第二转矩阈值Md_Lim2或第二差值d2符合软的旋拧情况，该软的旋拧情况借助所求得的转矩梯度dmd_Ist/dt来辨别。第二差值d2比较小。
在电动机控制器40中所含有的第一比较器54将转矩阈值Md_Lim、Md_Lim1、Md_Lim2与转矩实际值md_Ist相比较，并根据比较结果提供控制信号s_Mot。控制信号s_Mot负责实现如下情况：经脉冲宽度调制的信号s_PWM控制具有比以前小的功率的电动机12，从而为电动机12预先规定了转速减小。替代地可以规定，当出现控制信号s_Mot时将电动机12完全切断。
在达到转矩阈值Md_Lim、Md_Lim1、Md_Lim2之后转速减小或完全切断基本上防止了转矩实际值md_Ist超调，转矩实际值md_Ist超调会导致以高于转矩给定值Md_Soll的转矩将旋拧连接部件拧紧。
超调由在旋拧过程快结束时在电动机12特别是传动机构14中存在的动能而引起。就此而言，特别是硬的旋拧情况SF1比较关键，因为在比较短的时间ti内就达到了转矩给定值Md_Soll。为了说明问题，根据图3中所示的实施例，尽管在超过第一转矩阈值Md_Lim1之后电动机12减小转速或者被完全切断，转矩实际值md_Ist仍几乎直至第二时刻ti2才上升，而转矩梯度dmd_Ist/dt并不减小。因此，从第二时刻ti2起，电动机12才减小转速或者被完全切断，这种转速减小或者完全切断由控制信号s_Mot引起，且通过经脉冲宽度调制的信号s_PWM预先给定。
转矩给定值Md_Soll以减小的转矩梯度dmd_Ist/dt在第三时刻ti3达到。只要电动机12在超过第一转矩阈值Md_Lim1时尚未被完全切断，就可以在以后于第三时刻ti3切断电动机12。所述切断通过停止信号s_Stop引起，设置在电动机控制器40中的第二比较器56根据在转矩给定值Md_Soll和转矩实际值md_Ist之间的比较结果提供所述停止信号s_Stop。
与硬的旋拧情况SF1相反，在软的旋拧情况SF2下，在达到第二转矩阈值Md_Lim2之后尚有比较长的时间可供使用，直至达到转矩给定值Md_Soll。因此，第二转矩阈值Md_Lim2可以明显接近转矩给定值Md_Soll，相应于较小的差值d2。在这种情况下，在达到第二转矩阈值Md_Lim2之后，也会引起电动机12减小转速，或者引起电动机12已经被完全切断。通过由此导致的在超过第二转矩阈值Md_Lim2之后转矩梯度dmd_Ist/dt的减小，在软的旋拧情况SF2下也能防止超调，从而旋拧机构精确地以转矩给定值Md_Soll被拧紧，转矩给定值Md_Soll在第五时刻ti5达到。
在所示实施例中，为了给电动机12供应能量，设置有蓄电池22，该蓄电池22优选被实现成基于锂的蓄电池，基于锂的蓄电池的特点是能量密度高。例如可以使用锂离子蓄电池(Li离子蓄电池)，或者例如可以使用锂聚合物蓄电池(Li聚合物蓄电池)。蓄电池22提供供电电压u_Batt。蓄电池的、特别是基于锂的蓄电池的放电特性曲线尽管相对平整，但如果电动机电流i_Mot被考虑用作转矩实际值md_Ist的量度，则即使很小的电压降也会直接影响达到转矩给定值Md_Soll，因为在供电电压u_Batt下降时会产生较小的电动机电流i_Mot。
因而设置有蓄电池电压下降补偿电路60，其能够补偿下降的供电电压u_Batt对达到已调节好的转矩给定值Md_Soll的影响。
原则上，供电电压u_Batt可以被立即稳定和保持恒定，然而需要功率半导体部件，这些功率半导体部件一方面相对成本高昂，另一方面由于所希望的电流比较大例如高达100A而体积庞大，以至于不能安装在电动螺丝刀10中。
蓄电池电压下降补偿电路60因此优选以补偿信号s_Batt_Komp干预转矩给定值预设部件52或转矩实际值求取部件46，其中在供电电压u_Batt下降时，要么转矩给定值Md_Soll增大，要么转矩实际值md_Ist减小。
蓄电池电压下降补偿电路60例如可以含有基准电压源，供电电压u_Batt与该基准电压源相比较。随着基准电压和供电电压u_Batt之间的差在蓄电池22的放电过程中变小，补偿信号s_Batt_Komp持续增大，这种增大相当于电动机电流i_Mot实际上减小，以便在供电电压u_Batt下降情况下在信号评估时补偿实际减小的电动机电流i_Mot。
在电动螺丝刀10工作期间，支撑臂18提供所需要的相对于由插接座16传递到旋拧机构上的转矩的反转矩。为了准备旋拧过程，将支撑臂18固定在合适的支撑机构上。在旋拧过程中，取决于增加的转矩，支撑臂18出现相应增大的变形，这种变形相当于存储能量。在达到预先调节好的转矩给定值Md_Soll而切断螺丝刀10之后，存储在支撑臂18中的能量具有最大值。
通过支撑臂18的变形，插接座16，进而整个电动螺丝刀10，在旋拧连接部件上被夹紧。在切断电动机12之后，存储在支撑臂18中的能量引起电动机12从插接座16起，向后通过传动机构14被驱动，其中电动机12沿着与驱动方向相反的方向开始旋转。
因此，当存储在支撑臂18中的能量释放时，电动机12作为发电机工作。为了使得存储在支撑臂18中的能量快速、容易地释放，电动机12应能够自由旋转，而不会施加反转矩，该反转矩会妨碍和延长所述释放过程。因此，在该工作状态下，电动机12不应被短路或者用小电阻连接，其中在发电机电压较小时就已经产生了较大的电动机电流i_Mot，较大的电动机电流i_Mot相应于较大的反转矩。在此需要考虑到，在作为发电机工作时，由于旋转方向不同，电动机电压u_Mot极性相反，电动机电流i_Mot因而反向流动，只要提供有电流电路。
特别地，试验已表明，在作为发电机工作时，会产生显著的明显高于电动机12的额定工作电压的电动机电压u_Mot。对于额定电压例如为28伏特的电动机12而言，已表明，电压峰值高达200伏特，脉冲持续时间为几百ns。这种高能量的脉冲会导致控制电路26的部件损毁，特别是会导致开关部件42损毁。
因此设置有电压限制电路70，该电压限制电路70将作为发电机工作的与驱动方向相逆地旋转的电动机12的电动机电压u_Mot限制到预先给定的限制电压u_Lim，所述电动机电压u_Mot在存储于支撑臂18中的能量释放时在电动机12上产生。
电压限制电路70不可与空转部件(Freilauf)相比，空转部件基本上仅仅使得电动机12短路。电压限制电路70可以实现目标明确地预先给定限制电压u_Lim，从而电动机12在作为发电机工作期间，在存储于支撑臂18中的能量释放时，不产生反转矩，至少直到达到限制电压u_Lim。与通常的工作相比，在该工作状态下，只有当在发电机工作模式下电动机电压u_Mot试图超过限制电压u_Lim时，才会出现反向的电动机电流i_Mot。
但电压限制电路70可以承担空转部件的功能，其中在空转期间，电动机电流i_Mot并不换向，限制电压u_Lim作为电动机电压u_Mot产生。必要时，可以设置有未详细示出的接通的空转部件，该空转部件受经脉冲宽度调制的信号s_PWM的控制。
电压限制电路70可以采用不同的方式来实现。根据图4a中所示的实施例，电压限制电路70含有一个双极的电压限制齐纳二极管72，其也称为TVS(瞬态电压抑制器)。电压限制齐纳二极管72含有两个集成在一个唯一的部件中的齐纳二极管。根据图4b中所示的实施例，电压限制电路70含有变阻器74。
而二极管72能够实现对电压脉冲做出非常快速的反应，变阻器74能够至少短时间地吸收和释放较高的能量。因此可以根据要求组合地设置二极管72以及变阻器74。
限制电压u_Lim首先被设定成的值应使得在电动机12的正常驱动工作中不会对电动机电压u_Mot产生限制。因此对于28伏特的电动机12而言，将限制电压u_Lim设定成至少28伏特的值。因为在电动机12作为发电机工作时电动机电压u_Mot换向，所以在极性相反的情况下，电压限制电路70必须提供特别是用于电动机电压u_Mot的限制电压u_Lim，因为特别是在作为发电机工作时会产生过电压的危险。根据所示实施例，该实施例具有图2中所示的供电电压u_Batt的极性，在电动机12作为发电机工作时，在开关部件32上产生电动机电压u_Mot的正电位，而在蓄电池22上施加了负电位。
限制电压u_Lim最好如下设置：其大小至少等于电动机12的额定电压的大小。根据另一种设计，至少将在电动机12作为发电机工作时起作用的限制电压u_Lim设定成可以根据法律确定的所谓的保护特低电压(Schutz-Kleinspannung)的值。在这种意义下的保护特低电压应采用如下方式来确定：在电设备上，在当前情况下为在电动螺丝刀10上，可能被接触的带电压的部件不允许超过保护特低电压。只要情况如此，就要采取用于防止接触的特定措施。保护特低电压例如可以为42伏特。
本发明的电动螺丝刀10的另一种改进规定了一种数据载体80，该数据载体80含有用于旋拧的数据，例如至少含有转矩给定值Md_Soll，和/或被准备用于记录数据，例如实际达到的转矩实际值md_Ist，这些数据至少在旋拧过程结束时被存储。数据载体80还可以含有电动螺丝刀10的特性参数，和/或被准备用于存储电动螺丝刀10的特性参数。数据载体80优选是移动的数据载体，例如被实现为并不昂贵的可得到的RFID。
本发明的电动螺丝刀10的另一种改进规定了用于信号传递的机构82，例如发送/接收装置82，其被设计用于接收和/或发送有关旋拧机构的数据和/或有关电动螺丝刀10的特性参数的数据。发送/接收装置82优选被设计用于与未详细示出的数据载体例如移动的数据载体配合作用，所述移动的数据载体可以相应于数据载体80。只要该数据载体是前述的RFID，发送/接收装置82就具有高频发送器和/或高频接收器，其中发送/接收频率与数据载体的发送/接收频率一致。
Claims (17)
1.一种电动螺丝刀，具有作为驱动机构的电动机(12)、转矩给定值预设部件(52)、转矩实际值求取部件(46)、转矩梯度求取部件(48)和电动机控制器(40)，电动机控制器根据转矩梯度(dmd_Ist/dt)来控制电动机(12)，其特征在于，设置有转矩阈值确定部件(50)；转矩阈值确定部件(50)提供转矩阈值(Md_Lim、Md_Lim1、Md_Lim2)，该转矩阈值取决于转矩梯度(dmd_Ist/dt)且位于转矩给定值(Md_Soll)以下；如果转矩实际值(md_Ist)超过了转矩阈值(Md_Lim、Md_Lim1、Md_Lim2)，则电动机控制器(40)使得电动机(12)减小转速，并且，当转矩实际值(md_Ist)达到转矩给定值(Md_Soll)时，完全切断电动机(12)。
2.如权利要求1所述的电动螺丝刀，其特征在于，当转矩实际值(md_Ist)低于转矩阈值(Md_Lim、Md_Lim1、Md_Lim2)时，电动机控制器(40)给电动机(12)预先设定最大可能的电动机(12)的转速。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的电动螺丝刀，其特征在于，转矩阈值确定部件(50)根据转矩梯度(dmd_Ist/dt)来确定转矩给定值(Md_Soll)与转矩阈值(Md_Lim、Md_Lim1、Md_Lim2)之间的差值(d1、d2)。
4.如权利要求3所述的电动螺丝刀，其特征在于，转矩阈值确定部件(50)确定的差值(d1、d2)在转矩梯度(dmd_Ist/dt)较大时要比转矩梯度(dmd_Ist/dt)较小时大。
5.如权利要求1所述的电动螺丝刀，其特征在于，转矩阈值确定部件(50)含有表格，在该表格中存储有用于确定转矩阈值(Md_Lim、Md_Lim1、Md_Lim2)的转矩梯度(dmd_Ist/dt)和转矩给定值(Md_Soll)。
6.如权利要求1所述的电动螺丝刀，其特征在于，转矩阈值确定部件(50)基于所求得的转矩梯度(dmd_Ist/dt)、转矩实际值(md_Ist)和转矩给定值(Md_Soll)来推知转矩阈值(Md_Lim、Md_Lim1、Md_Lim2)。
7.如权利要求1所述的电动螺丝刀，其特征在于，设置有电动机电流检测器(44)，其检测作为转矩实际值(md_Ist)的量度的电动机电流(i_Mot)。
8.如权利要求1所述的电动螺丝刀，其特征在于，设置有数据载体(80)，在该数据载体中存储有旋拧连接部件的和/或电动螺丝刀(10)的特征值，和/或该数据载体被设置用于存储旋拧连接部件的检测数据或电动螺丝刀(10)的特征值。
9.如权利要求8所述的电动螺丝刀，其特征在于，电动螺丝刀(10)具有用于将信号传递至设置在电动螺丝刀(10)之外的数据载体的机构(82)。
10.如权利要求1所述的电动螺丝刀，其特征在于，设置有电压限制电路(70)，该电压限制电路将在电动机(12)上产生的电动机电压(u_Mot)限制到预先给定的限制电压(u_Lim)，该限制电压至少被确定为电动机(12)的额定工作电压。
11.如权利要求10所述的电动螺丝刀，其特征在于，电压限制电路(70)含有双极的限制齐纳二极管(72)。
12.如权利要求10所述的电动螺丝刀，其特征在于，电压限制电路(70)含有变阻器(74)。
13.如权利要求1所述的电动螺丝刀，其特征在于，设置有用于提供供电电压(u_Batt)的蓄电池(22)。
14.如权利要求13所述的电动螺丝刀，其特征在于，蓄电池(22)是基于锂的蓄电池。
15.如权利要求13所述的电动螺丝刀，其特征在于，蓄电池(22)是Li离子蓄电池或Li聚合物蓄电池。
16.如权利要求13，14或15所述的电动螺丝刀，其特征在于，设置有蓄电池电压下降补偿电路(60)，其补偿下降的供电电压(u_Batt)对达到已调节好的转矩给定值(Md_Soll)的影响。
17.如权利要求16所述的电动螺丝刀，其特征在于，蓄电池电压下降补偿电路(60)在供电电压(u_Batt)下降时要么提高已调节好的转矩给定值(Md_Soll)，要么减小所求得的转矩实际值(md_Ist)。
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| EP (1) | EP2146822B1 (zh) |
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| AR (1) | AR066256A1 (zh) |
| BR (1) | BRPI0811037A8 (zh) |
| CA (1) | CA2684786C (zh) |
| CL (1) | CL2008001169A1 (zh) |
| DE (1) | DE102007019409B3 (zh) |
| RU (1) | RU2459695C2 (zh) |
| TW (1) | TWI492824B (zh) |
| WO (1) | WO2008128523A2 (zh) |
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- 2008-04-23 BR BRPI0811037A patent/BRPI0811037A8/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2008-04-23 CN CN2008800215449A patent/CN101765483B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-04-23 RU RU2009142992/02A patent/RU2459695C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2008-04-23 CA CA2684786A patent/CA2684786C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-04-23 EP EP08757966A patent/EP2146822B1/de not_active Not-in-force
- 2008-04-23 US US12/451,013 patent/US20100116519A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2008128523A2 (de) | 2008-10-30 |
| CL2008001169A1 (es) | 2008-10-03 |
| RU2459695C2 (ru) | 2012-08-27 |
| DE102007019409B3 (de) | 2008-11-13 |
| US20100116519A1 (en) | 2010-05-13 |
| TWI492824B (zh) | 2015-07-21 |
| BRPI0811037A8 (pt) | 2019-01-15 |
| EP2146822A2 (de) | 2010-01-27 |
| AR066256A1 (es) | 2009-08-05 |
| WO2008128523A3 (de) | 2009-01-08 |
| RU2009142992A (ru) | 2011-05-27 |
| TW200846142A (en) | 2008-12-01 |
| CN101765483A (zh) | 2010-06-30 |
| EP2146822B1 (de) | 2012-08-01 |
| CA2684786A1 (en) | 2008-10-30 |
| BRPI0811037A2 (pt) | 2014-12-09 |
| CA2684786C (en) | 2015-04-07 |
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