CN101541581B - 具有阀关闭的混合动力驱动装置 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提出一种可燃混合气混合动力驱动装置(110),尤其是用于驱动机动车,包括具有至少两个气缸(212)的至少一个内燃机(112;210)以及具有至少一个电动机功能(124)和至少一个发电机功能(126)的至少一个电机(116),其中所述混合动力驱动装置(110)用于在满负荷运行中使所述至少一个内燃机(112;210)的所有气缸(212)运行,并且用于在至少一个部分负荷运行中使所述至少两个气缸(212)中的至少一个气缸关闭,其中所述至少一个内燃机(112;210)的至少两个气缸(212)中的另外至少一个气缸运行。在所述至少一个部分负荷运行中,给所述至少一个被关闭的气缸(212)加载压力,尤其是通过最后燃烧的可燃混合气加载超压。
Description
技术领域
由现有技术已知具有混合动力驱动装置的不同种类的机动车。这种类型的混合动力驱动装置通常具有至少一个内燃机和至少一个电机。所述至少一个电机能够在运行时单独地接通和关闭。另外设置附加的储能器,在此通常涉及一个或者多个电池和/或蓄电池。由所述储能器向电机提供电能。反过来能够由所述电机再生电能,并且例如在所谓的制动能再生中又存储在储能器中。
背景技术
在将所述至少一个内燃机与所述至少一个电机连接起来时的问题在于,通常在所述两种驱动单元之间必须设置分离离合器和/或费事的变速器,以便能够相互独立地驱动不同的发动机。然而这种类型的分离离合器和/或变速器较为费事、笨重并且包括更高的结构空间需求。因此理想的是,能够在内燃机的运行状态中“分级”地驱动所述内燃机。这种类型的″分级″运行模式在单纯的内燃机领域中已经从现有技术已知,并且基于阀关闭原理。因此已经从市场上得到这种内燃机,其能够处于部分负荷运行,即不是所有存在的气缸全都运行。通常在这种情况下只有半数气缸运行。因此例如在V型发动机中已知这样的运行模式,其中通过一个汽缸组关闭来运行,因为在此一个整个气缸组在部分负荷运行中被关闭。通常在点火顺序中每隔一个气缸被关闭,因此通常也称为半发动机运行(HMB(Halbmotorbetrieb))。由现有技术已知将气缸关闭应用到混合动力驱动装置的组件。因此US 2005/0257967A1描述了用于混合动力驱动装置的传动系。该混合动力驱动装置具有带有多个气缸的内燃机,这些气缸分别具有多个能够关闭的进气阀和排气阀。借助于控制装置能够关闭所述阀。因此混合动力驱动装置的电机的转子能够连续运行地与内燃机的曲轴相连,因此就无需相应的离合器。
在US 2005/0257967A1中所示出的装置然而在实践中具有严重的缺点,级在关闭单个气缸时,燃油从曲轴箱吸入到燃烧室中。由此在重新起动之前已关闭的气缸时,会使尤其是害物质排放增加,并且效率短时地大大变差。
发明内容
根据本发明提出一种混合动力驱动装置和用于控制混合动力驱动装置的方法以及相应的计算机程序,借助于它们能够避免所述由现有技术已知的装置的缺点。
所提出的混合动力驱动装置具有至少一个带有至少两个气缸的内燃机。另外,至少一个电机具有至少一个电动机功能以及至少一个发电机功能。根据所述混合动力驱动装置(例如并联混合动力驱动装置、混联混合动力驱动装置)的构造,所述至少一个电动机功能和所述至少一个发电机功能能够设置在分开的部件中,或者也能够设置在一个且同一个部件中。
所述混合动力驱动装置用于在满负荷运行中运行,在此所述至少一个内燃机的所有气缸都运行。另外,规定至少一个部分负荷运行,在此所述至少一个内燃机的所述至少两个气缸中的至少一个气缸关闭,而其中所述至少两个气缸中的另外至少一个气缸运行。在所述至少一个部分负荷运行中,所述至少一个被关闭的气缸被加载压力,尤其是通过最后燃烧的可燃混合气被加载超压。所述压力加载尤其能够由此实现,即在关闭时,给所述至少一个要关闭的气缸充入可燃混合气,并且接着开始点火过程,其中所述至少一个气缸的阀被关闭,因此所述至少一个气缸通过燃烧气体被加载超压。
有利地设置至少一个负荷调节器和/或至少一个发动机控制器,它们用于确定所述至少一个内燃机的额定功率和/或额定转速和/或额定转矩,并且相应于所确定的特征值来选择所述满负荷运行和/或部分负荷运行选择为最合适的运行模式。
有利地能够去掉在所述至少一个内燃机和所述至少一个电机之间的离合元件和/或分动器。然而如果决定要设置离合元件和/或分动器,那么可以设置例如二级或多级变速器,该变速器具有至少一个配属于所述满负荷运行的第一级和另外至少一个配置于所述至少一个部分负荷运行的另外的级。替代地或者附加地,也能够在所述至少一个部分负荷运行中,使其余未关闭的(也就是说点燃的)气缸完全地或者部分地以更高的负荷(也就是说例如更大地打开节气门)运行,因此泵损失和节气损失在总体上得以减少。因此在部分负荷范围中也得到更高的效率。
原理上根据本发明的技术方案使得在所述至少一个内燃机和所述至少一个电机之间的分离变得多余,这一事实带来多种优点。因此如上所述可以明显节省重量、费用以及结构空间地放弃分离离合器。另外能够放弃对于所述分离离合器的费事的控制,即放弃了快速地、即无冲击地在不同的运行模式之间转换。
因为所述至少一个内燃机在关闭的情况下通常也一起带动,所以相比在从静止开始的起动,起动和/或再次转换阶段到满负荷运行中就能更短暂地完成。这也使得在不同的运行模式之间的转换得以改善以及简化,并且改善了废气特性。
另一个优点在于,因为内燃机能够构造成始终被一起带动,所以相应于现有技术的通常的辅助设备(例如与内燃机相连的空调压缩机)对于所述至少一个内燃机能够得以保留。
对于使用者来说,所述至少一个电机和所述至少一个带有所述至少一个能关闭的气缸的内燃机的组合设备就如同普通的内燃机那样。因此也能够使用常用的自动和/或手动变速器。
所提出的对所述被关闭的气缸的压力加载能够以所描述的方式利用后续的点火和/或也通过外部气体的压力加载或者以其它方式(例如通过活塞部分冲程)来实现,这种压力加载促使所提出的混合动力驱动装置大大减少废物排放。尤其是起动阶段和/或再次转换阶段到满负荷运行中时,所提出的结构以及运行方式比通常的系统反映明显更快,并且消耗更小。
总体上来讲,所提出的混合动力驱动装置与当前的内燃机结构能良好地兼容,并且以已知的技术为基础。所述对于已知技术的适配能够大大减少用于适配已存在系统的开发或者修改费用。
附图说明
本发明的实施例在附图中示出并且在接着的描述中予以详细说明。
附图示出:
图1A至1D已知的混合动力驱动装置构思的实施例;
图2根据本发明的混合动力驱动装置的实施例和用于驱动该混合动力驱动装置的方法;以及
图3A和3B用于关闭单个气缸的两个技术上可行方案的实施例。
具体实施方式
在图1A至1D中示出混合动力驱动装置110的不同的实施例,它们在原理上由现有技术已知。在这种情况下,所述在图1A和1B中的实施例示出并联混合系统,在图1C中的实施例示出串联的并联混合系统,而在图1D中的实施例示出混联混合动力系统。
对于所有的混合动力系统共同的是内燃机112,该内燃机由油箱114供应燃料。另外设置电机116,根据各个实施例,该电机能够不同地构造,并且还设置呈电池118形式的储能器和电变换器120。
在图1A所示出的并联混合实施例中,内燃机112的输出端通过第一离合元件122可分离地与所述电机116连接。在根据图1A的实施例中,所述电机116集成了用于驱动机动车的电动机124的功能以及用于通过所述电变换器120给电池118充电的发电机功能126。根据混合动力驱动装置110的运行模式,或者所述电动机功能124由电池118提供电能,或者在发电机运行时,发电机功能126(例如在制动能再生时)通过电变换器120给电池118充电。
所述电机116通过第二离合元件128与变速器130相连。在这种情况下,该变速器例如可以是无级变速器(英文为“continuous variabletransmission”,CVT)或者是电无级变速器(英文为“electric CVT”,ECVT)。在输出侧,所述变速器130通过轴变速器132最终与至少一个驱动轮134相连。
在图1B中与此相反示出所谓的“柔和”混合动力驱动装置110,其中与根据图1A的实施方式相反,放弃了在内燃机112和电机116之间的所述第一离合元件122。相应地,内燃机112与电机116永久地相互连接。所述电机116尤其是在起动和停止时用于支持驱动以及用于支持制动能再生。混合动力驱动装置110的负荷点变动在有限的范围内是可以的。
在图1C中示出混合动力驱动装置110的另一实施方式,该实施方式又示出根据图1B的混合动力驱动装置110的变型方案。在这里,在所述第二离合元件128和所述变速器130之间加入了另一个电机116,该电机也具有电动机功能124和发电机功能126。所述内燃机侧的电机116通过所述第二离合元件128能够与变速器130分离,而所述变速器侧的电机116即使是在脱耦运行时也与变速器130相连,因此该变速器侧的电机能够例如尤其有利地用于制动能再生。在图1C中所示出的混合动力驱动装置110也称为″强化″混合动力驱动装置,因此也是一种变型方案,该变型方案不只是能在起动或者停止机动车时使用,而且也使得电行驶成为可能。负荷点变动也是可以的。
在图1D中最后示出混联混合动力驱动装置110的实施例。在这种实施例中,所述电机116的两种功能,也就是所述电动机功能124和所述发电机功能126,是分开设计的。在这种情况下,内燃机112以其输出端与行星齿轮变速器136相连,该行星齿轮变速器又与电动机功能124的输入端相连。电动机功能124本身以其输出端与轴变速器132相连。
另外,所述行星齿轮变速器136与发电机功能126的输入端相连,因此通过所述发电机功能126和电变换器120能够给电池118充电。除了根据图1C的结构提供的运行方案之外,根据在图1D中的实施例的混合动力驱动装置110附加地提供了转速改变的可能性,因为转速能够通过行星齿轮变速器136调节。
在附图1A至1D中所示出的实现混合动力驱动装置110的方案只是一部分技术可行方案,并且具有不同的实施费用以及由此形成的节省燃料的运行可能性。人们认识到,在所有的实施例中通过(至少)一个离合元件122、128或者一个分动器(在这里例如是行星齿轮变速器136的形式)实现电机116和内燃机112的转矩产生的分配以及转换。所述离合元件122、128或者分动器也是必需的,以便使所述电机116不但在电动机功能124中而且在发电机功能126中运行,以便在超速运行和制动运行时将能量再生并存储在所示的电池118中。
在图2中示出一种混合动力驱动装置110的根据本发明的构造,该混合动力驱动装置具有内燃机210,该内燃机具有可开关的气缸212。除了内燃机210的单个气缸212能够打开或者关闭(例如单独地和/或作为组)外,根据图2的混合动力驱动装置110的结构与在根据图1B的实施例中的上述实施例相当,因此对于部件的相互作用可参见上述实施例。
另外,所述在根据图2的实施例中的混合动力驱动装置110具有负荷调节器214和发动机控制器216。所述负荷调节器用于相应于需求(例如实际的速度、转速和/或加速度愿望)来保证将电机116最佳地作为电动机功能124或者发电机功能126来使用。所述发动机控制器216又用来相应于功率需求来控制所述内燃机210。负荷调节器214和发动机控制器216能够构造成分开的模块,或者构造成一个且同一个模块的不同功能。所述分开例如能够通过不同的计算机程序模块在微控制器中(例如在植入系统中)实现。所述将内燃机210的单个气缸212打开以及关闭能够通过所述负荷调节器214或者优选通过所述发动机控制器216来实现。
根据本发明的构造的原理构思在于,将所述具有(优选单独地)可开关的气缸212的内燃机210与电机116在已知的混合动力驱动装置构造中组合起来。因此可以设想至少两种运行模式,也就是满负荷运行,其中所有气缸212都运行,以及至少一个部分负荷运行,其中至少一个气缸212被关闭。也可以设想最小负荷运行,其中所述内燃机210完全地被关闭,因此转矩产生就完全地由电机116来承担。在这种情况下,于是电机116能够承担在HMB模式(半发动机运行,参见上述内容)下运行的内燃机210的未被关闭的汽缸组的角色。在其余的行驶状态下,电机116能够电动机式支持地运行,用于内燃机的负荷点变动,或者发电机式地在超速运行和/或制动运行中运行,用于能量再生和保障车载电网。因此得到如同在上面所示出的并联混合动力那样类似的可能性,其区别是,原则上不需要分离离合器(图1A中的122)。
在实现具有可开关的气缸212的内燃机210时,得到不同的可能性,其中又很大程度上能够依赖于由现有技术已知的系统。这种类型的内燃机210的示例在附图3A和3B中示出。
在图3A里所示出的实施例中,凸轮轴310通过锁止活塞312、主杆314以及次杆316与(在图3A中没有完全示出)气缸212的阀318相连。所述锁止活塞312具有不同的直径,因此在沿着图3A中示意地用附图标记320表示的开关方向移动锁止活塞312时,在一个位置中将力从凸轮轴310传递到阀318上,而在另一个开关位置中不进行传力。以这种方式,两个阀组322、324中的单个的阀能够有针对性地打开或者关闭。锁止活塞312在这种实施例中也作为执行机构326起作用,用来打开以及关闭气缸212。
在图3B中以截面图示出具有可开关的气缸212的内燃机210的第二实施例。在图3B中所示出的实施例涉及V型发动机,它具有曲轴328和两个气缸组330、332,它们的气缸活塞334分别通过连杆336与所述曲轴328连接。
另外在根据图3B的内燃机210中又设置凸轮轴310,该凸轮轴通过液压的连杆连接机构338对所述两个气缸组330、332的阀318进行控制。
与所述在根据图3A中的实施例里的设置为锁止活塞312的执行机构326不同,在根据图3B中的实施例中,执行机构326设置为电液的执行机构340,该执行机构尤其包括螺线管阀,用来给连杆连接机构338卸压。以这种方式,例如所述连杆连接机构338的单个液压的压力冲杆可以被卸压,因此没有力从凸轮轴310传递到阀318上。混合动力驱动装置110有利地尤其是通过负荷调节器214和/或发动机控制器216的相应构造来驱动,使得在关闭单个气缸212时,燃烧室342被加载超压。以这种方式阻止燃油由包围着曲轴328的曲轴箱进入到燃烧室342中。为此目的,有利地在关闭过程之前,燃烧室342再次被充入可燃混合气,并且在封闭阀318(压缩冲程)的情况下,开始点火过程。在此形成的燃烧气体以超压加载要关闭的气缸212(作功冲程)。接着借助于已经描述过的执行机构326将相应气缸212(或者一组气缸212)关闭,并且与凸轮轴310分开,因此不排出燃烧气体(排气冲程)。所述燃烧气体因此保留在燃烧室342中,直至所述至少一个气缸212由于转矩需求(例如由于驾驶员愿望和/或通过发动机控制器216和/或负荷调节器214的要求)又被需要。
除了在附图3A和3B所描述的执行机构326之外,所述执行机构的其它构思也是可能的,以便有目的地打开或者关闭在凸轮轴310和气缸212之间的力传递。
Claims (16)
1.混合动力驱动装置(110),包括具有至少两个气缸(212)的至少一个内燃机(112;210)以及具有至少一个电动机功能(124)和至少一个发电机功能(126)的至少一个电机(116),其中所述混合动力驱动装置(110)用于在满负荷运行中使所述至少一个内燃机(112;210)的所有气缸(212)运行,并且用于在至少一个部分负荷运行中使所述至少两个气缸(212)中的至少一个气缸关闭,其中所述至少一个内燃机(112;210)的至少两个气缸(212)中的另外至少一个气缸运行,其特征在于,在所述至少一个部分负荷运行中,给所述至少一个被关闭的气缸(212)加载压力。
2.根据权利要求1所述的混合动力驱动装置(110),其特征在于,设置至少一个负荷调节器(214)和/或至少一个发动机控制器(216),其中所述至少一个负荷调节器(214)和/或所述至少一个发动机控制器(216)用于确定所述至少一个内燃机(112;210)的额定功率和/或额定转速和/或额定转矩,并且根据上述确定结果来选择满负荷运行和/或部分负荷运行。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的混合动力驱动装置(110),其特征在于,所述至少一个内燃机(112;210)能直接地与所述至少一个电机(116)相连。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的混合动力驱动装置(110),其特征在于,在所述至少一个内燃机(112;210)和所述至少一个电机(116)之间设置至少一个至少两级的变速器,其中所述至少一个至少两级的变速器具有至少一个配属于所述满负荷运行的第一级和另外至少一个配属于所述至少一个部分负荷运行的另外的级。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的混合动力驱动装置(110),其特征在于,所述混合动力驱动装置(110)用于在所述至少一个部分负荷运行中使至少一个未被关闭的气缸(212)以比在满负荷运行中更高的负荷运行。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的混合动力驱动装置(110),其特征在于,设有至少一个配属于所述至少一个内燃机(112;210)的执行机构(326),该执行机构使所述至少一个内燃机(112;210)的至少一个气缸(212)关闭。
7.根据权利要求6所述的混合动力驱动装置(110),其特征在于,所述至少一个执行机构(326)用于将在所述至少一个内燃机(112;210)的至少一个凸轮轴(310)和所述至少一个内燃机(112;210)的至少一个阀(318)之间的至少一个力传递中断。
8.根据权利要求6所述的混合动力驱动装置(110),其特征在于,所述至少一个执行机构(326)具有至少一个锁止活塞(312)和/或至少一个机电转换器。
9.根据权利要求1所述的混合动力驱动装置(110),其特征在于,所述混合动力驱动装置(110)设置用于驱动机动车。
10.根据权利要求1所述的混合动力驱动装置(110),其特征在于,在所述至少一个部分负荷运行中,给所述至少一个被关闭的气缸(212)通过最后燃烧的可燃混合气加载超压。
11.根据权利要求3所述的混合动力驱动装置(110),其特征在于,所述混合动力驱动装置(110)构造成并联混合动力系统。
12.根据权利要求3所述的混合动力驱动装置(110),其特征在于,所述至少一个内燃机(112;210)能直接地、无需中间连接离合元件(122)或者分动器(136)地与所述至少一个电机(116)相连。
13.根据权利要求8所述的混合动力驱动装置(110),其特征在于,所述至少一个机电转换器是下列转换器:液压执行机构和电磁执行机构中的至少一个。
14.根据权利要求13所述的混合动力驱动装置(110),其特征在于,所述至少一个机电转换器是电液执行机构(340)。
15.用于控制混合动力驱动装置(110)的方法,其中所述混合动力驱动装置(110)包括具有至少两个气缸(212)的至少一个内燃机(112;210)以及具有至少一个电动机功能(124)和至少一个发电机功能(126)的至少一个电机(116),其中设置至少一个部分负荷级和至少一个满负荷级,其中在所述至少一个满负荷级中,所述至少一个内燃机(112;210)的所有气缸(212)都运行,并且在所述至少一个部分负荷级中,所述至少一个内燃机(112;210)的至少一个气缸(212)被关闭,并且其中另外至少一个气缸(212)运行,其特征在于,在关闭所述至少一个气缸(212)的情况下,所述至少一个被关闭的气缸(212)被加载压力。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其特征在于,在关闭的情况下,所述至少一个关闭的气缸(212)被充入可燃混合气,并且接着开始点火过程,其中所述至少一个关闭的气缸(212)的阀(318)保持关闭,从而所述至少一个关闭的气缸(212)通过燃烧气体被加载超压。
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DE102006055800.6 | 2006-11-27 | ||
DE102006055800A DE102006055800A1 (de) | 2006-11-27 | 2006-11-27 | Hybridantrieb mit Ventilabschaltung |
PCT/EP2007/061255 WO2008064961A1 (de) | 2006-11-27 | 2007-10-22 | Hybridantrieb mit ventilabschaltung |
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US (1) | US8521397B2 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP2097282B1 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR101431294B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN101541581B (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE516980T1 (zh) |
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WO2013014797A1 (ja) * | 2011-07-28 | 2013-01-31 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | ハイブリッド車両のエンジン停止制御装置 |
DE102012006983A1 (de) * | 2012-04-05 | 2013-10-10 | Kolbenschmidt Pierburg Innovations Gmbh | Mechanisch steuerbare Ventiltriebanordnung, Brennkraftmaschine sowie ein Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Brennkraftmaschine |
KR20140025718A (ko) * | 2012-08-22 | 2014-03-05 | 현대중공업 주식회사 | 풍력발전기 냉각시스템 |
US9677479B2 (en) * | 2014-07-29 | 2017-06-13 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Variable displacement engine control |
DE102015224342B4 (de) | 2015-02-25 | 2022-08-11 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Hybridantriebs eines Fahrzeugs |
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US8521397B2 (en) | 2013-08-27 |
DE102006055800A1 (de) | 2008-05-29 |
KR20090083406A (ko) | 2009-08-03 |
EP2097282B1 (de) | 2011-07-20 |
KR101431294B1 (ko) | 2014-08-20 |
EP2097282A1 (de) | 2009-09-09 |
US20100121554A1 (en) | 2010-05-13 |
CN101541581A (zh) | 2009-09-23 |
ATE516980T1 (de) | 2011-08-15 |
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