CN101495567B - 具有改进的抗冲击性的基于聚乳酸和聚酰胺的复合材料、其制造方法及用途 - Google Patents
具有改进的抗冲击性的基于聚乳酸和聚酰胺的复合材料、其制造方法及用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种具有改进的抗冲击性的复合材料。根据本发明,该复合材料由包含下列聚合物的组合物获得:形成基体的聚乳酸(PLA);在PLA基体中形成分散相的至少一种聚酰胺;至少一种包含α-烯烃单元和环氧、羧酸或羧酸酐单元的官能化的聚烯烃(A);和任选的至少一种未官能化的聚烯烃(B)。
Description
本发明涉及具有改进的冲击强度的基于聚乳酸的复合聚酰胺。
基于聚乳酸(PLA)的材料目前用在纤维或膜的制造中。
尽管这种材料由于它们的可生物降解或可再生性质受到较大关注,但是由于它们相对差的内在性质特别是机械性质,它们仍然很少在许多领域中采用。
具体地说,基于聚乳酸的可商购得到的材料通过注射成型用于制造例如消费品如便携式电话或电脑部件的用途要求改善PLA的冲击强度和热机械性质。
为了改善基于聚乳酸的材料的这类性质,尤其是冲击强度,已经提出使用由包含聚乳酸(PLA)和聚酰胺的组合物获得的复合材料。然而,尽管该复合材料的冲击强度实际上通过在组合物中加入聚酰胺而得以改善,但观察到,与由不含聚酰胺的组合物制成的材料的硬度相比,该复合材料的硬度降低,而且该复合材料的热机械耐受性不足。
为了增加这种复合材料的冲击强度同时保持硬度和热机械耐受性,文献JP 2004-051835描述了一种由包含100重量份聚乳酸和1-100重量份所谓的“柔性”聚酰胺的特殊组合物获得的复合材料。
JP 2004-051835中所述组合物的“柔性”聚酰胺定义为在室温下具有小于2GPa的弹性弯曲模量的聚酰胺。
然而,对于某些应用,例如上述那些应用(消费品),已注意到文献JP 2004-051835中所述复合材料的冲击强度仍然不是完全令人满意的。
而且,JP 2004-051835所述的组合物限定了聚酰胺的特殊选择,其可能具有例如成本方面的缺陷。
因此本发明的目的是弥补上述缺陷,并提出一种具有改进的冲击强度同时仍然保持硬度和热机械耐受性的复合材料,特别是适合通过注射成型进行制造的方法的复合材料。
本发明涉及上述类型的复合材料,即由包含聚乳酸(PLA)和聚酰胺的组 合物获得的复合材料。
根据本发明,所述复合材料由下列聚合物获得:
-作为该复合材料的基体或连续相的聚乳酸(PLA);
-作为该PLA基体中的分散相的至少一种聚酰胺;
-包含α-烯烃单元和环氧、羧酸或羧酸酐单元的至少一种官能化的聚烯烃(A),
所述复合材料不含有聚甲醛(POM)。
官能化的聚烯烃起到PLA与PA之间的增容剂和成核组分的作用,从而改善PLA的热机械性质。
官能化的聚烯烃(A)可具体选自下列聚合物:
-由以下物质接枝的SBS、SIS、SEBS嵌段共聚物或EPDM:
·不饱和环氧化物,特别是(甲基)丙烯酸缩水甘油酯,
·羧酸,例如(甲基)丙烯酸,或
·不饱和羧酸的酸酐,例如马来酸酐;
-乙烯、不饱和环氧化物和任选的酯、不饱和羧酸盐或饱和羧酸的乙烯基酯的共聚物。作为实例,可提及乙烯/醋酸乙烯酯/(甲基)丙烯酸缩水甘油酯、和乙烯/(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯/(甲基)丙烯酸缩水甘油酯三元共聚物;
-乙烯、不饱和羧酸酐和任选的酯、可由金属(Zn)或碱金属(Li)部分地中和的不饱和羧酸、以及饱和羧酸的乙烯基酯的共聚物。作为实例,可提及乙烯/醋酸乙烯酯/马来酸酐、乙烯/(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯/马来酸酐、和乙烯/(甲基)丙烯酸锌或(甲基)丙烯酸锂/马来酸酐三元共聚物;和
-用任选地与单胺化的聚酰胺(或聚酰胺低聚物)缩合的不饱和羧酸酐接枝或与该不饱和羧酸酐共聚的聚乙烯、聚丙烯、乙烯/丙烯共聚物。这些化合物描述于文献US 5 342 886中。
上述(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯尤其可选自丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸正丁酯、丙烯酸异丁酯、丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、丙烯酸环己酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯和甲基丙烯酸乙酯。
在本发明的一个特别有利的方案中,复合材料由下列聚合物获得并且不包含聚甲醛(POM):
-作为该复合材料的基体的聚乳酸(PLA);
-作为该复合材料的分散相的至少一种聚酰胺;
-选自乙烯/丙烯酸酯/马来酸酐三元共聚物和乙烯/丙烯酸甲酯/甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯三元共聚物的至少一种官能化的聚烯烃(A)。
本发明人发现,将至少一种官能化的聚烯烃(A),并且特别是上述三元共聚物中的一种或两种加入到由聚乳酸和聚酰胺、或者聚乳酸和几种聚酰胺形成的共混物中(条件是在工业上可行的),赋予所获得的复合材料以卓越的冲击强度性质,并从而赋予由这种复合材料制造的制品以卓越的冲击强度性质。
这种冲击强度性质证明在任何情况下均显著优于仅基于聚乳酸和聚酰胺的现有技术复合材料的那些性质。
获得了冲击强度的改善,同时保持了硬度和热机械性质。
与文献JP 2004-051835的教导相反,对于聚酰胺的选择是没有限制的。
在本发明的范围内,聚酰胺是指由同一种单体或由各种单体通过缩聚获得并且包含至少一个酰胺官能团的任何缩聚物。
该聚酰胺尤其可通过内酰胺、氨基酸、或者二酸与二胺、以及这些化合物中的两种或多种的所有可能的组合(例如,内酰胺+二酸+二胺,几种二酸与二胺等)的缩聚获得。
没有限制地,聚酰胺(PA)可为PA-X型聚酰胺,其中X=6-12;或者称作均聚物的PA-X,Y型聚酰胺,其中X=6-25且Y=6-25,X和Y表示聚酰胺链中两个“酰胺”官能团之间存在的碳原子数。
特别有利地,该聚酰胺从与聚乳酸一样具有可再生性质的单体获得。
聚酰胺是分散相,作为聚乳酸基体或连续相中的分散聚酰胺的球状粒(nodule)。
在本发明的变型中,该复合材料由下列聚合物获得并且不包含聚甲醛(POM):
-聚乳酸(PLA);
-至少一种聚酰胺;
-包含α-烯烃单元和环氧、羧酸或羧酸酐单元的至少一种官能化的聚烯烃(A),并且更优选选自乙烯/丙烯酸酯/马来酸酐三元共聚物和乙烯/丙烯酸甲酯/甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯三元共聚物的至少一种官能化的聚烯烃;和
还有,
-至少一种未官能化的聚烯烃(B)。
未官能化的聚烯烃(B)是包含“烯烃”单元例如乙烯、丙烯和1-丁烯单元、或任何其它α-烯烃的聚合物。
未官能化的聚烯烃(B)可具体选自下列聚合物:
-聚乙烯,例如LDPE、HDPE、LLDPE和VLDPE、聚丙烯、乙烯/丙烯共聚物、或茂金属催化聚乙烯;和
-乙烯与选自不饱和羧酸的盐或酯、以及饱和羧酸的乙烯基酯的至少一种化合物的共聚物。实例可包括乙烯/醋酸乙烯酯和乙烯/(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯共聚物。
一种或多种未官能化的聚烯烃(B)与一种或多种官能化的聚烯烃(A)组合使得在仍将粘度保持为适合热塑性塑料共混工艺的值的同时,还可改善根据本发明的复合材料的冲击强度。
在本发明的一个特别有利的方案中,未官能化的聚烯烃(B)是乙烯/丙烯酸酯共聚物。
优选地,乙烯/丙烯酸酯共聚物的丙烯酸酯选自丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯和丙烯酸丁酯。
在可在本发明范围内使用的乙烯/丙烯酸酯共聚物中,可特别提及由Arkema France以商品名 出售的那些。
在本发明的另一变型中,各种聚合物的重量百分比如下:
-40-80重量%的聚乳酸(PLA);
-5-40重量%的一种或多种聚酰胺;和
-1-30重量%的一种或多种官能化的聚烯烃(A)和任选的一种或多种未官能化的聚烯烃(B)。
优选地,相对于总的组合物,官能化的聚烯烃(A)和如果存在的未官能化的聚烯烃(B)的重量百分比为5%(不包括端点)-30%。
在本发明的另一种可能性中,该组合物还可包含选自着色染料、颜料、上蓝剂、抗氧化剂和UV稳定剂的至少一种第一添加剂。
有利地,该第一添加剂或这些第一添加剂可占总组合物的最高达5重量%。优选地,这些第一添加剂占由其获得复合材料的总的组合物的小于1%。
在本发明的另一种可能性中,该组合物可含有选自纤维、阻燃剂和增塑 剂的至少一种第二添加剂。
有利地,该第二添加剂或这些第二添加剂可占总的组合物的最高达65重量%,且有利地为50重量%。优选地,该(这些)第二添加剂的重量百分比为由其获得复合材料的总的组合物的5%-40%。
加入纤维可特别改善根据本发明的复合材料的机械性质,例如挠曲模量或抗拉强度、以及刚性。
这种纤维可为天然纤维或合成纤维。这种纤维可特别为玻璃纤维。
在阻燃剂中,优选无卤素的阻燃剂。
作为无卤素的阻燃剂的实例,它们可以为磷酸铵、焦磷酸铵和多磷酸铵、三聚氰胺磷酸酯、三聚氰胺亚磷酸酯、哌嗪亚磷酸酯或哌嗪二亚磷酸酯、胍唑磷酸酯(guanazole phosphate)、三聚氰胺焦磷酸酯、哌嗪焦磷酸酯和金属次膦酸盐,特别是那些由Clariant以商品名 OP供应的那些。
还可使用例如三聚氰胺或季戊四醇氰尿酸酯的无卤素阻燃剂。
增塑剂的加入还可以精细地调节机械性质并特别地软化根据本发明的复合材料。
本发明还涉及制造如上所述的复合材料的方法。
根据本发明,该方法包括通过常规用于聚合物领域中的技术,特别是通过配混,例如借助于双螺杆挤出机将各种聚合物共混的步骤。
而且,本发明还涉及这种复合材料的用途以及由这种复合材料制造的制品。
将通过下面描述的具体示例性实施方式对本发明进行说明。应该指出,该实施例决不限制本发明的范围。
实施例(试验1-3)
在试验1-3的范围内,除了所采用的聚合物的重量比例之外,制备各复合材料的操作规程严格相同。
在试验1-3的范围内使用的聚乳酸或PLA由Natureworks以标号2002D出售。
在试验1-3的范围内使用的聚酰胺尼龙-11、或PA-11由Arkema France以标号BECN O TL出售。
在试验1和2的范围中使用的三元共聚物为Arkema France以标号 AX8900出售的乙烯(67重量%)/丙烯酸甲酯(25重量%)/甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(8重量%)三元共聚物。
在试验1-3中,将PLA、PA-11和任选的所述三元共聚物同时以粒料的形式引入到双螺杆挤出机(Werner 30)中以将其配混(生产量:15kg/h;转速:190rpm;温度:170-210℃)。
在试验1-3中引入的各聚合物的重量比例在下表1中给出。
表1
试验 | PLA (重量份) | PA-11 (重量份) | 三元共聚物 (重量份) |
1 | 65 | 20 | 15 |
2 | 68 | 25 | 7 |
3 | 70 | 30 | 0 |
在双螺杆挤出机的出口处获得的复合材料为粒料形式。
然后将这些粒料在注射成型机中在220℃的温度下注射成型以形成80×10×4mm3的棒材。
然后将获得的棒材切口,然后使用Izod(悬臂梁)方法(ASTM D 256)在各种温度下(从-40℃到+40℃)测量冲击强度。
获得的测量结果绘制于图1。
这显示,与由试验3获得的复合材料相比,试验1和2中获得的复合材料的冲击强度显著改善。
即使在存在小的重量比例的三元共聚物的情况下,该冲击强度也得以改善。
从冲击强度结果来看,在根据本发明的复合材料的应用方面的优点很多,而对于制造仅基于聚酰胺和聚乳酸(PLA/PA复合材料)的复合材料的方法没有任何显著的改变。
根据本发明的复合材料当然可用于制造制品,例如上述的消费品。非限制性的实例可提及压塑、注射成型、挤出或热成型制品的制造。这些可为膜、片材、管材等形式。
使用该复合材料获得的制品,特别是压塑、注射成型、挤出或热成型制 品与使用PLA/PA型复合材料获得的相同类型的制品相比具有相当显著改善的冲击强度。
Claims (13)
1.一种具有改进的冲击强度的复合材料,所述复合材料由下列聚合物获得:
-作为基体的聚乳酸;
-作为所述聚乳酸基体中的分散相的至少一种聚酰胺;
-包含α-烯烃单元和环氧、羧酸或羧酸酐单元的至少一种官能化的聚烯烃;和任选的
至少一种未官能化的聚烯烃,
所述材料不含有聚甲醛。
2.权利要求1的复合材料,其中至少一种官能化的聚烯烃选自:
-乙烯/丙烯酸酯/马来酸酐三元共聚物;和
-乙烯/丙烯酸甲酯/甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯三元共聚物。
3.权利要求1或2的复合材料,其中所述未官能化的聚烯烃是乙烯/丙烯酸酯共聚物。
4.权利要求3的复合材料,其中所述乙烯/丙烯酸酯共聚物的丙烯酸酯是丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯或丙烯酸丁酯。
5.权利要求1或2的复合材料,其中所述各种聚合物的重量百分比如下:
-40-80重量%的聚乳酸;
-5-40重量%的一种或多种聚酰胺;和
-1-30重量%的一种或多种官能化的聚烯烃和任选的一种或多种未官能化的聚烯烃。
6.权利要求1或2的复合材料,其特征在于所述组合物还包含选自着色染料、颜料、上蓝剂、抗氧化剂和UV稳定剂的至少一种第一添加剂。
7.权利要求1或2的复合材料,其特征在于所述组合物还包含选自纤维、阻燃剂和增塑剂的至少一种第二添加剂。
8.制造权利要求1-7中任一项的复合材料的方法,其包括通过配混将所述各种聚合物共混的步骤。
9.权利要求8的方法,其中所述配混通过双螺杆挤出机。
10.权利要求1-7中任一项的复合材料在制品的制造中的用途。
11.权利要求10的用途,其中所述制品是压塑、注射成型、挤出或热成型制品。
12.使用权利要求1-7中任一项的复合材料获得的制品。
13.权利要求12的制品,其中所述制品是压塑、注射成型、挤出或热成型制品。
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2007
- 2007-06-14 BR BRPI0713662-5A patent/BRPI0713662A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-06-14 WO PCT/FR2007/051438 patent/WO2007144543A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2007-06-14 US US12/305,141 patent/US8076406B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-06-14 AT AT07789003T patent/ATE477299T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-06-14 KR KR1020087032219A patent/KR101111368B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-06-14 JP JP2009514863A patent/JP4934196B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-06-14 CN CN2007800279431A patent/CN101495567B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-06-14 EP EP07789003A patent/EP2029669B1/fr not_active Not-in-force
- 2007-06-14 DE DE602007008408T patent/DE602007008408D1/de active Active
- 2007-06-14 CA CA002655652A patent/CA2655652A1/fr not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2005059031A1 (en) * | 2003-12-12 | 2005-06-30 | E.I. Dupont De Nemours And Company | Toughened poly(lactic acid) compositions |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
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JP特开2004-51835A 2004.02.19 |
JP特开平9-316310A 1997.12.09 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2029669B1 (fr) | 2010-08-11 |
US20100113677A1 (en) | 2010-05-06 |
KR101111368B1 (ko) | 2012-02-24 |
DE602007008408D1 (de) | 2010-09-23 |
FR2902433A1 (fr) | 2007-12-21 |
WO2007144543A1 (fr) | 2007-12-21 |
CA2655652A1 (fr) | 2007-12-21 |
BRPI0713662A2 (pt) | 2012-10-23 |
JP4934196B2 (ja) | 2012-05-16 |
US8076406B2 (en) | 2011-12-13 |
ATE477299T1 (de) | 2010-08-15 |
KR20090024758A (ko) | 2009-03-09 |
JP2009540090A (ja) | 2009-11-19 |
CN101495567A (zh) | 2009-07-29 |
EP2029669A1 (fr) | 2009-03-04 |
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