CN101454332A - 用作抗病毒剂的2′-氟核苷膦酸酯 - Google Patents
用作抗病毒剂的2′-氟核苷膦酸酯 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101454332A CN101454332A CNA2007800189774A CN200780018977A CN101454332A CN 101454332 A CN101454332 A CN 101454332A CN A2007800189774 A CNA2007800189774 A CN A2007800189774A CN 200780018977 A CN200780018977 A CN 200780018977A CN 101454332 A CN101454332 A CN 101454332A
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- fluorine
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Classifications
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
- C07F9/38—Phosphonic acids [RP(=O)(OH)2]; Thiophosphonic acids ; [RP(=X1)(X2H)2(X1, X2 are each independently O, S or Se)]
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
- C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
- C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
- C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
- A61K31/662—Phosphorus acids or esters thereof having P—C bonds, e.g. foscarnet, trichlorfon
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/12—Antivirals
- A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
- A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
- C07F9/6558—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom containing at least two different or differently substituted hetero rings neither condensed among themselves nor condensed with a common carbocyclic ring or ring system
- C07F9/65586—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom containing at least two different or differently substituted hetero rings neither condensed among themselves nor condensed with a common carbocyclic ring or ring system at least one of the hetero rings does not contain nitrogen as ring hetero atom
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
- C07F9/6561—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom containing systems of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring or ring system, with or without other non-condensed hetero rings
- C07F9/65616—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom containing systems of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring or ring system, with or without other non-condensed hetero rings containing the ring system having three or more than three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members, e.g. purine or analogs
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
- C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
- C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
- C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
- C07H19/06—Pyrimidine radicals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
- C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
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Abstract
本发明包括-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯的化合物和组合物,以及治疗HIV、HBV1、HCV或异常的细胞增殖的方法,所述方法包括给药该化合物或组合物。这些化合物由以上式(I)、(II)、(III)、(IV)所代表。
Description
发明领域
本发明属于药物化学领域,并且尤其是描述了2′-氟核苷膦酸酯及其制备方法和用途。
发明背景
合成核苷如5-碘尿嘧啶和5-氟尿嘧啶已经用于治疗癌症多年。自从二十世纪八十年代起,合成核苷也已经成为治疗HIV及肝炎的研究焦点。
1981年,获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)被确定为严重危害人类免疫系统的疾病,其几乎毫无例外地导致死亡。1983年,AIDS的病因被确定为人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)。1985年,报道了合成核苷3′-叠氮基-3′-脱氧胸苷(AZT)抑制人免疫缺陷症病毒的复制。此后,大量的其他合成核苷,包括2′,3′-双脱氧肌苷(DDI)、2′,3′-双脱氧胞苷(DDC)和2′,3′-双脱氧-2′,3′-双脱氢胸苷(D4T)被证实为有效地抗HIV。在被细胞激酶细胞磷酸化成5′-三磷酸盐后,这些合成核苷被引入到病毒DNA生长链中,由于3′-羟基的缺失而导致链终止。它们还能抑制病毒酶逆转录酶。
各种合成核苷在抑制HIV在体内或体外复制的成功,促使大量的研究人员设计和测试用杂原子取代其3′-位碳原子的核苷。属于BioChem Pharma公司的欧洲专利公开号0337713和美国专利号5,041,449中,公开了显示抗病毒活性的2-取代的-4-取代的-1,3-二氧戊环(dioxolanes)。同样属于BioChem Pharma公司的美国专利号5,047,407和欧洲专利公开号0382526中,公开了大量具有抗病毒活性的2-取代-5取代-1,3-氧硫杂环戊烷(oxathiolane),并且特别报道了2-羟甲基-5-(胞嘧啶-1-基)-1,3-氧硫杂环戊烷(以下称为BCH-189)具有与AZT近似相同的抗HIV活性,毒性小。
也已经公开了顺式-2-羟甲基-5-(5-氟胞嘧啶-1-基)-1,3-氧硫杂环戊烷(“FTC”)具有有效的HIV活性。Schinazi等,“Selective Inhibition ofHuman Immunodeficiency viruses by Racemates and Enantiomers ofcis-5-Fluoro-1-[2-(Hydroxymethyl)-1,3-Oxathiolane-5-yl]-Cytosine”Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy,1992年11月,第2423-2431也。还参见美国专利号5,210,085、5,814,639和5,914,331。
另一种造成严重的人类健康问题的病毒是乙型肝炎病毒(以下称为“HBV”)。HBV是仅次于烟草的人类致癌病因。HBV诱发癌症的机理未知。推测其可能直接引发肿瘤发生发展或者通过慢性炎症、肝硬化以及感染有关的细胞再生,间接地引发肿瘤发生发展。
在宿主不能察觉感染的2-6个月潜伏期之后,HBV感染可能会导致急性肝炎和肝损伤,引起腹痛、黄疸和某些酶的血液浓度升高。HBV可以引起暴发性肝炎——一种损害大部分肝的急进性,常常是致命形式的疾病。
急性肝炎病人通常能恢复。然而,病毒抗原在有些病人血液中延期或无限期高水平的持续存在,引起慢性感染。慢性感染可以导致慢性迁延性肝炎。受慢性迁延性HBV感染的病人在发展中国家最为常见。至1991年中期,仅在亚洲就有大约2.25亿慢性HBV携带者,而全世界大概有3亿携带者。慢性迁延性肝炎可以造成疲劳、肝硬化以及肝细胞癌——一种原发性肝癌。
在西方工业国家,HBV感染的高危群体包括那些接触到HBV携带者或其血样的人。HBV的流行病学非常类似于获得性免疫缺陷综合征的流行病学,其是为何HBV感染在患有AIDS或AIDS相关综合征的患者中常见的原因。然而,HBV比HIV更具有传染性。
FTC和3TC均显示出抗HBV的活性。Furman等人,“The Anti-HepatitisB Virus Activities,Cytotoxicities,and Anabolic Profiles of the(-)and(+)Enantiomers of cis-5-Fluoro-1-[2-(Hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolane-5-yl]-Cytosine”Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy,1992年11月,第2686-2692页;以及Cheng等人,Journal of BiologicalChemistry,第267卷第20期,第13938-13942页(1992)。其他显示出抗人类HBV活性的化合物包括克来夫定(Clevudine)或CLV(L-FMAU)(Pharmasset公司,经佐治亚大学研究基金会和耶鲁大学许可)、L-dT和L-dC(Idenix制药公司)。
HCV是输血后偶发的非甲型、非乙型肝炎的主要病原体(Alter,H.J.(1990)J.Gastro.Hepatol.1:78-94;Dienstag,J.L.(1983)Gastro85:439-462)。尽管改进了筛查,在很多国家中,HCV仍然是造成至少25%的急性病毒肝炎的原因(Alter,H.J.(1990)supra;Dienstag,J.L.(1983)supra;Alter,M.J.等人,(1990a)J.A.M.A.264:2231-2235;Alter,M.J.等人,(1992)N.Engl.J.Med.327:1899-1905;Alter,M.J.等人,(1990b)N.Engl.J.Med.321:1494-1500)。HCV感染高比例地潜伏于慢性感染(且有传染性)携带者中,可能多年都不会表现出临床症状。急性感染高比率的发展成慢性感染(70-100%)和肝病(>50%),其全球范围的分布及疫苗的缺乏使HCV成为导致发病和死亡的重要原因。目前,有三种类型的干扰素以及干扰素和利巴韦林(ribavirin)的组合用于治疗丙肝。用作治疗的患者的选择可以通过生物化学、病毒学以及必要时的肝活体组织检测结果而不是是否出现症状来确定。
干扰素是通过注射给药的,并且可能具有包括感冒样症状在内的大量副作用,包括头痛、发烧、疲劳、食欲不振、恶心、呕吐、抑郁和脱发。通过抑制骨髓,干扰素还可能影响白细胞和血小板的产生。需要进行定期血液检查来监测血细胞和血小板。利巴韦林能够引起突发性的重度贫血和出生缺陷,因此妇女在服用期间以及治疗后6个月内应当避孕。副作用的严重程度和类型因个体而有所差异。对患有HCV的儿童治疗目前尚未批准但是正在研究。尽管有50-60%的患者应答初始治疗,但仅有约10-40%的患者发生病毒的持续清除。可以延长治疗,并给予初始治疗后复发的病人二次治疗。仅用生物工程认可的干扰素再治疗一年,结果58%的患者体内的病毒消除。出现副作用但药物治疗通常是较好耐受性的。联合治疗(干扰素和利巴韦林)表明,治疗6个月后,47%的患者体内的病毒消除。两种药物的副作用都可能是突出的。
肿瘤是一种细胞生长失控的紊乱性的增殖。如果一种肿瘤具有侵袭性和转移性,该肿瘤是恶性的,即癌性的。侵袭性是指肿瘤进入周围组织,突破限定组织边界的基底膜,通常由此进入身体循环系统的趋势。转移性是指肿瘤离开初始出现位点而移动到身体的其他部位并建立增殖区域的趋势。
在美国,癌症是目前的第二大致死原因。美国已确诊患有癌症的人数超过8,000,000人,1994年预期将有1,208,000人被新诊断出患有癌症。在美国,每年有超过500,000人死于癌症。
癌症尚未在分子水平被完全了解。已知的是细胞暴露于致癌原如某些病毒、某些化学物质或辐射,会导致“抑制”基因失活或是“癌基因”活化的DNA改变。抑制基因是生长调控基因,其一旦突变,则不能再控制细胞的生长。癌基因最初是正常的基因(称为原癌基因),其通过突变或改变表达环境而变成转化基因。转化基因的产物造成细胞的不当生长。超过二十种的不同正常细胞基因能够通过遗传变异而变成癌基因。转化的细胞在很多方面不同于正常细胞,包括细胞形态学、细胞与细胞之间的相互作用、膜内含物、细胞骨架结构、蛋白质分泌、基因表达和死亡率(转化的细胞可以无限生长)。
身体所有不同的细胞类型均可以转化为良性或恶性肿瘤细胞。最常见的肿瘤位点是肺,其次是结肠直肠、乳房、前列腺、膀胱、胰腺,并且再次是卵巢。其他常见的癌症类型包括白血病、中枢神经系统癌症包括脑癌、黑色素瘤、淋巴瘤、红白血病、子宫癌以及头颈癌。
目前癌症主要是通过以下三种方式疗法之一或其组合来治疗:外科手术、放射治疗和化疗。外科手术涉及患病组织的大量切除。虽然外科手术有时对于切除位于某些部位如乳房、结肠和皮肤上的肿瘤是有效的,但是其不能用于治疗位于其他区域如脊柱上的肿瘤,或是用于治疗弥散性瘤病症如白血病。
化疗涉及细胞复制或细胞代谢的破坏。其最常用于治疗白血病以及乳腺癌、肺癌和睾丸癌。
目前主要有五类化学治疗性的药物用于治疗癌症:天然产物及其衍生物、蒽环类药物、烷化剂、抗增殖剂(又称为抗代谢药物)和激素药物。化学治疗性药物常常被称为抗肿瘤药物。
烷化剂被相信是通过烷化和交联DNA中的鸟嘌呤和其可能的他碱基,阻止细胞分裂来起作用的。代表性的烷化剂包括氮芥、吖丙啶化合物、烷基硫酸盐、顺铂和各种亚硝基脲。使用这些化合物的缺点是它们不仅附着于恶性细胞,还附着于其他自然分裂的细胞,如骨髓、皮肤、胃肠粘膜和胎儿组织的细胞。
抗代谢药通常是可逆的或不可逆的酶抑制剂,或是以别的方式影响核酸的复制、翻译或转录的化合物。
已经确定若干合成核苷显示出抗癌活性。一种众所周知的具有强抗癌活性的核苷衍生物是5-氟尿嘧啶。5-氟尿嘧啶已经在临床上用于治疗恶性肿瘤,包括例如癌症(carcinomas)、肉瘤、皮肤癌、消化器官癌和乳腺癌。然而,5-氟尿嘧啶引起严重的不良反应,如恶心、脱发、腹泻、口炎、白细胞血小板减少、食欲减退、色素沉着和水肿。具有抗癌活性的5-氟尿嘧啶衍生物已经在以下专利文献中描述:美国专利号4,336,381和日本专利公告号50-50383、50-50384、50-64281、51-146482和53-84981。
美国专利号4,000,137公开了使用甲醇或乙醇来过氧化肌苷、腺苷或胞苷的氧化产物,具有抗淋巴细胞性白血病的活性。
阿糖胞嘧啶(又称为阿糖胞苷、araC和赛德萨Cytosar)是一种在1950年首次合成并于1963年引入临床药物治疗的脱氧胞苷的核苷类似物。它是当前治疗急性髓系白血病的重要药物。它还有抗急性淋巴细胞性白血病活性,并且在较小的程度上,用于慢性髓细胞性白血病和非何杰金氏(non-Hodgkin′s)淋巴瘤。araC的主要作用是抑制核DNA的合成。Handschumacher,R.和Cheng,Y.,“Purine and PyrimidineAtimetabolites”Cancer Medicine,第XV-I章,第三版,J.Holland等人编辑,Lea and Febigol出版。
5-氮杂胞苷是胞苷类似物,其主要用于治疗急性髓细胞性白血病和骨髓增生异常综合征。
2-氟腺苷-5′-磷酸盐(福达华[Fludara],又称为FaraA)是治疗慢性淋巴细胞性白血病的最有效的药物之一。该化合物通过抑制DNA的合成而起作用。使用F-araA治疗细胞与细胞在G1/S期交界处和S期内的积聚有关;因此,其是细胞周期S期特异性的药物。结合活性代谢物,F-araATP阻止DNA链的延长。F-araA还是核糖核苷酸还原酶——形成dATP的关键酶的有效抑制剂。
2-氯脱氧腺苷对于治疗低级B-细胞肿瘤如慢性淋巴细胞性白血病、非何杰金氏淋巴瘤和毛细胞白血病是有用的。
在设计新的核苷中,已经大量尝试把氟取代基引入核苷的糖环上。建议以氟作为取代基,是因为C-F键长(1.35)类似于C-O键长(1.43A),其可以作为羟基等极的和等排的模拟物,而且是因为氟是氢键受体。氟能够在具有最小空间扰动的分子中产生显著的电子改变。氟取代分子中的另一个基团会引起底物代谢的改变,因为C-F键的键能高(116kcal/mol vs.C-H=100kcal/mol)。
大量的文献已经报道了2′-阿糖氟核苷(2′-arabinofluoro-nucleosides)(即2′-氟基位于“向上”-构型的核苷)的合成和用途。已经有几个报道表明2-氟-β-D-阿拉伯呋喃糖基核苷具有抗乙型肝炎和疱疹活性。例如,参见Fox等的美国专利号4,666,892;Lopez等的美国专利号4,211,773;Su等,Nucleosides.136.Synthesis and Antiviral Effectsof Several 1-(2-Deoxy’-2-fluoro-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-alkyluracils.Some Structure-ActivityRelationships,J.Med.Chem.,1986,29,151-154;Borthwick等,Synthesis and Enzymatic Resolution of Carbocyclic2′-Ara-fluoro-Guanosine:A Potent New Anti-Herpetic Agent,J.Chem.Soc,Chem.Commun,1988年;Wantanabe等,Synthesis and Anti-HIVActivity of T-"Up"-Fluoro Analogues of Active Anti-Aids Nucleosides3′-Azido-3′-deoxythymidine(AZT)and2′,3′-deoxythymidine(AZT)and2′,3′-dideoxycytidine(DDC),J.Med.Chem.1990,33,2145-2150;Martin等,Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of Monofluoro and DifluoroAnalogues of Pyrimidine Deoxyribonucleosides against HumanImmunodeficiency Virus(HTV-I),J.Med.Chem.1990,33,2137-2145;Sterzycki等,Synthesis and Anti-HIV Activity of Several2′-Fluoro-Containing Pyrimidine Nucleosides,J.Med.Chem.1990年,以及Sterzycki等的EPA 0 316 017;还有Montgomery等,9-(2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)-guanine:AMetabolically Stable Cytotoxic Analogue of 2′-Deoxyguanosine。美国专利号5,246,924公开了治疗肝炎感染的方法,包括给药1-(2′-脱氧-2′-氟-β-D-阿拉伯呋喃糖基)-3-乙基尿嘧啶),又称为“FEAU”。美国专利号5,034,518公开了2-氟-9-(2-脱氧-2-氟-β-D-阿拉伯呋喃糖基)腺嘌呤核苷,通过降低用作腺苷底物的化合物能力而改变腺嘌呤核苷的代谢而表现出抗癌活性。EPA 0 292 023公开了某些有抗病毒感染活性的β-D-2′-氟阿拉伯糖核苷。
美国专利号5,128,458公开了β-D-2′,3′-双脱氧-4′-硫代核糖核苷作为抗病毒剂。美国专利号5,446,029公开了具有抗肝炎活性的2′,3′-双脱氧-3′-氟-核苷。
欧洲专利公开号0 409 227 A2公开了某些用于治疗乙型肝炎的3′-取代的β-D-嘧啶和嘌呤核苷。
它还已经公开了L-FMAU(2′-氟-5-甲基-β-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖基尿嘧啶)是有效的抗-HBV和抗-EBV剂。参见Chu等,Use of 2′-fluoro-5-methyl-β-1-arabinofuranosyluracil as a Novel Antiviral Agent for HepatitisB and Epstein-Barr Virus;Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy,1995年4月,979-981;Balakrishna等,Inhibition of Hepatitis B by a NovelL-Nucleoside,2′-Fluoro-5-methyl-β-1-arabinofuranosyl Uracil,Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy,1996年2月,380-356;美国专利号5,587,362、5,567,688和5,565,438。
美国专利号5,426,183和5,424,416公开了2′-脱氧-2′,2′-二氟核苷和2′-脱氧-2′-氟核苷的制备方法。还可参见Kinetic Studies of2′,2′-difluorodeoxycytidine(Gemcitabine)with Purified HumanDeoxycytidine Kinase and Cytidine Deaminase,BioChemicalPharmacology,45(9)4857-4861,1993年。
Eriksson等的美国专利号5,446,029公开了某些具有乙型肝炎活性的2′,3′-双脱氧-3′-氟核苷。美国专利号5,128,458公开了某些2′,3′-双脱氧-4′-硫代核糖核苷,其中3′-取代基是H、氮化物或氟。WO 94/14831公开了某些3′-氟-二氢嘧啶核苷。WO 92/08727公开了用于治疗单纯疱疹1和2的β-L-2′-脱氧-3′-氟-5-取代的尿苷核苷。
欧洲专利公开号0 352 248公开了的多种治疗HIV、疱疹和肝炎的L-呋喃核糖基嘌呤核苷。虽然某些2′-氟化的嘌呤核苷落入此范围内,但是在申请文件中没有给出如何制备这些化合物的信息,而且并未在申请文件或其中的核苷优选列表中具体公开。申请文件公开了如何制备3′-呋喃核糖基氟化的核苷。在Aktiebolaget Astra提交的WO 88/09001中发现类似申请文件。
欧洲专利公开号0 357 571公开了多种治疗AIDS的β-D和<-D嘧啶核苷,此范围一般包括可以在2′或3′-位用氟基取代的核苷。然而在此范围内中,没有具体公开2′-氟化的核苷或者其制备方法。
欧洲专利公开号0 463 470公开了制备(5S)-3-氟-四氢-5-[(羟基)甲基]-2-(3H)-呋喃酮的方法,已知其是制备2′-氟-2′,3′-双脱氧核苷如2′-氟-2′,3′-双脱氧胞苷的中间体。
美国专利号5,817,799和5,336,764公开了β-D-2′-氟阿拉伯呋喃糖基核苷及其生产方法,其是合成2′,3′-双脱氧-2′-氟阿拉伯糖基核苷的中间体。
美国专利号4,625,020公开了用1,3,5-三-O-乙酰基-呋喃核糖生成含有保护酯基的1-卤代-2-脱氧-2-氟阿拉伯呋喃糖基衍生物的方法。
美国专利号6,348,587和国际公开号WO 99/43691公开了某些2′-氟核苷,包括某些2′-氟-2′,3′-双脱氧-2′,3′-双脱氢-4′-((S、CH2或CHF))-核苷以及其用于治疗HIV、肝炎(乙肝或丙肝)或增殖病症的用途。
国际公开号WO 01/90121和WO 01/92282分别公开了治疗HCV和黄病毒及瘟病毒的多种核苷,包括某些2′-卤代-2′,3′-双脱氧-2′,3′-双脱氢-4′-(O、S、SO2或CH2)-核苷。
国际公开号WO 04/02422、WO 04/02999和WO 04/03000公开了治疗HCV和黄病毒及瘟病毒的2′-C-甲基核糖核苷。
国际公开号WO 05/003147公开了分别治疗HCV和黄毒及瘟病毒的2′-脱氧-2′-氟-2′-甲基核糖核苷。
核苷5′-膦酸酯实质上是核苷一磷酸盐的类似物。然而,膦酸酯具有优于其相对应磷酸盐的代谢稳定,因为其磷-碳键不易受磷酸酶水解影响。更重要地,5′-膦酸酯的存在跳过了激活核苷所需的第一步磷酸化步骤,因此绕过了转化成5′-三磷酸盐的低效且常常成为限速的步骤。与核苷一磷酸盐类似,核苷膦酸酯能进一步被细胞核苷激酶磷酸化。已经采用核苷膦酸酯的概念设计抗-HIV化学疗法的链终止剂并经证明是有效的。9-(2-膦酰基甲氧丙基)腺嘌呤(PMPA)和9-(2-膦酰基甲氧乙基)腺嘌呤(PMEA)是两种有效和有力的HIV逆转录酶(RT)的核苷膦酸酯链终止剂。参见De Clercq等,A novelselective broad-spectrum anti-DNA virus agent,Nature 1986,323,464-467;Balzarini等,Marked in vivo anti-retro vi rus activity of9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)-adenine,a selective anti-humanimmunodeficiency agent,Proc.Natl.Acad.ScL U.S.A.1989,86,332-336;Balzarini等,Differential anti-herpes virus andanti-retrovirus effects of the(S)and(R)enantiomers of acyclicnucleoside phosphonates:Potent and selective in vitro and in vivoanti-retrovirus activities of(R)-9-(2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine,Antimicrob.Agents Chemother.1993,37,332-338。
欧洲专利号398,231、美国专利号5,886,179和国际公开号WO 04/096233公开了各种核苷膦酸酯及其作为抗肿瘤剂和抗病毒剂的用途。
美国专利公开号05/2155513、04/023921和国际公开号WO 04/096286、WO 04/096235公开了多种核苷膦酸酯及其用于治疗HIV、肝炎(丙肝或乙肝)或增殖增殖病症的用途。
欧洲专利公开号0369409公开了某些环状核苷膦酸酯,包括核、脱氧核和卤素(不包括氟)取代的环状核苷膦酸酯及其用于治疗肿瘤和病毒感染的用途。
鉴于获得性免疫缺陷综合征、AIDS-相关综合征、乙型肝炎病毒和丙型肝炎病毒已经达到世界范围的流行水平,并且对于感染者具有灾难性结果的事实,对治疗这些疾病提供新的对宿主具有低毒性的新的有效药物仍有强烈需求。此外,需要提供新的抗增殖药物。
因此,本发明的一个目的是提供治疗受HIV感染的人类患者或其他宿主动物的方法和组合物。
本发明的另一个目的是提供治疗受乙肝或丙肝感染的人类患者的方法和组合物。
本发明的又一个目的是提供新的抗增殖药物。
本发明的再一个目的是提供用于制备本发明的2′-氟核苷膦酸酯的新方法。
发明概述
本发明包括β-D和β-L-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯、包含该化合物的药物组合物以及治疗或预防HIV感染、HBV感染或细胞异常增殖的方法,所述包括给予所述化合物或组合物。此外,本发明包括用于制备所述化合物以及相关的β-D和β-L-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯的方法。
在一个实施方案中,本发明的化合物是以下通式(I)-(IV)的2′-氟核苷膦酸酯:
或其药学上可接受的盐或其前药,其中:
(a)X是O、S、SO2或CH2;
(b)Z是O、S或NH;
(c)n是1或2;
(d)R1是H或CH3;
(e)R2和R3独立地是氢、卤素(F、Cl、Br、I)、OH、OR′、SH、SR′、N3、NH2、NHR′、CN、OCOR′、OCOOR′、C1-C6的低级烷基、C1-C6的低级卤代(F、Cl、Br、I)烷基如CF3和CH2CH2F、C2-C6的低级烯基如CH=CH2、C2-C6的低级卤代(F、Cl、Br、I)烯基如CH=CHCl、CH=CHBr和CH=CHI、C2-C6的低级炔基如C≡CH、C2-C6的低级卤代(F、Cl、Br、I)炔基、C1-C6的低级烷氧基如CH2OH和CH2CH2OH、C2-C6的低级烷基酸如CH2COOH和CH2CH2COOH、C2-C6的低级烷基酸酯如CH2COOR′和CH2CH2COOR′;
(f)R4和R5独立地是氢、磷酸酯、二磷酸酯或者是优先在肝细胞中脱除以生成相应OH基的基团。本文所用的术语“优先在肝细胞中脱除”是指所述基团至少部分在肝细胞中的脱除速率高于相同基团在非肝脏细胞(例如,成纤细胞或淋巴细胞)中的脱除速率。因此,预期的可脱除基团包括所有能通过还原酶、酯酶、细胞色素P450或任何其他特异性的肝酶脱除的药学上可接受的基团。预期的选择性的基团还可以包括未必优先在肝细胞中脱除但是至少具有某些积聚和/或特异性递送至肝细胞的作用的基团,(例如,带有选定的氨基酸的酯,所述选定的氨基酸包括缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸或聚精氨酸或聚天冬氨酸);
(g)碱是至少含有一个氮的杂环,所述杂环优选是如下通式(V)-(VI)的嘧啶碱或嘌呤碱:
或其药学上可接受的盐或其前药,其中:
(i)W、y和V独立地是N、CH或CR10;
(ii)R6是氢、卤素(F、Cl、Br、I)、OH、OR′、SH、SR′、NH2、NHR′、NR′2、COOH、COOR′、CONH2、CONHR′、CONR′2、CH=CHCO2H、CH=CHCO2R′、C1-C6的低级烷基、C1-C6的低级卤代(F、Cl、Br、I)烷基如CF3和CH2CH2F、C2-C6的低级烯基如CH=CH2、C2-C6的低级卤代(F、Cl、Br、I)烯基如CH=CHCl、CH=CHBr和CH=CHI、C2-C6的低级炔基如C≡CH、C2-C6的低级卤代(F、Cl、Br、I)炔基、C1-C6的低级烷氧基如CH2OH和CH2CH2OH、C2-C6的低级烷基酸如CH2COOH和CH2CH2COOH、C2-C6的低级烷基酸酯如CH2COOR′和CH2CH2COOR′;
(III)R7、R8和R9独立地是氢、卤素(F、Cl、Br、I)、OH、OR′、SH、SR′、NH2、NHR′、NR′2、OCOR′、OCOOR′、NHCOR′、NHCOOR′;
(iv)R10是卤素、烷基、芳基、酰基;
(h)每一R′独立地是氢、C1-C6的低级烷基或C1-C6的低级烷氧基;
在本发明的一个具体实施方案中,下式的β-D2′-氟核苷膦酸酯:
其β-L对映体、或者其药学上可接受的盐或其前药,提供用于治疗或预防病毒感染包括HIV、HBV和HCV,或与细胞异常增殖有关的疾病,并且尤其是恶性肿瘤。
在本发明的另一个具体实施方案中,下式的β-D 2′-氟核苷膦酸酯:
其β-L对映体、或其药学上可接受的盐或其前药,提供用于治疗或预防病毒感染包括HIV、HBV和HCV,或与细胞异常增殖相关的疾病,并且尤其是恶性肿瘤。
在本发明的又一个具体实施方案中,下式的β-D 2′-氟核苷膦酸酯:
其β-L对映体、或其药学上可接受的盐或其前药,提供用于治疗或预防病毒性感染包括HIV、HBV和HCV,或与细胞异常增殖相关的疾病,并且尤其是恶性肿瘤。
在本发明的又一个具体实施方案中,下式的β-D 2′-氟核苷膦酸酯:
其β-L对映体、或其药学上可接受的盐或其前药,提供用于治疗或预防病毒性感染包括HIV、HBV和HCV,或与细胞异常增殖相关的疾病,并且尤其是恶性肿瘤。
而在本发明的又一个具体实施方案中,下式的β-D 2′-氟核苷膦酸酯:
其β-L对映体、或其药学上可接受的盐或其前药,提供用于治疗或预防病毒性感染包括HIV、HBV和HCV,或与细胞异常增殖相关的疾病,并且尤其是恶性肿瘤。
在本发明的又一个具体实施方案中,下式的β-D 2′-氟核苷膦酸酯:
其β-L对映体、或其药学上可接受的盐或其前药,提供用于治疗或预防病毒性感染包括HIV、HBV和HCV,或与细胞异常增殖相关的疾病,并且尤其是恶性肿瘤。
在本发明的另一个具体实施方案中,下式的β-D 2′-氟核苷膦酸酯:
其β-L对映体、或其药学上可接受的盐或其前药,提供用于治疗或预防病毒性感染包括HIV、HBV和HCV,或与细胞异常增殖相关的疾病,并且尤其是恶性肿瘤。
在本发明的另一个具体实施方案中,下式的β-D 2′-氟核苷膦酸酯:
其β-L对映体、或其药学上可接受的盐或其前药,提供用于治疗或预防病毒性感染包括HIV、HBV和HCV,或与细胞异常增殖相关的疾病,并且尤其是恶性肿瘤。
在本发明的另一个具体实施方案中,下式的β-D 2′-氟核苷膦酸酯:
其β-L对映体、或其药学上可接受的盐或其前药,提供用于治疗或预防病毒性感染包括HIV、HBV和HCV,或与细胞异常增殖相关的疾病,并且尤其是恶性肿瘤。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,本发明的2′-氟核苷膦酸酯是经分离的β-D或β-L异构体。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,所述2′-氟核苷膦酸酯是对映体富集的。而在本发明的又一个实施方案中,所述2′-氟核苷膦酸酯是对映体的混合物,其中至少有95%、98%或99%的所期望的对映体中不含其对映体。
在另一个实施方案中,当以适宜的细胞基础测定法来检测,所述2′-氟核苷膦酸酯的EC50(达到50%抑制率的有效浓度)低于15微摩尔,并且更加具体地,低于10或5微摩尔。在一个优选的实施方案中,所述核苷是对映体富集的。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,式(I)-(IV)的化合物是β-D构型。在本发明一个选择性的实施方案中,式(I)-(IV)的化合物是β-L构型。
上述的2′-氟核苷膦酸酯是β-D构型,然而,应当理解所述2′-氟核苷膦酸酯可以是β-L或β-D构型。
本发明的2′-氟核苷是对于治疗或预防病毒感染,尤其是人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)和/或乙肝病毒(HBV)感染有用的生物活性分子。所述化合物对于治疗细胞异常增殖包括肿瘤和癌症也是有用的。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,任何所述活性化合物在HCV治疗都是有用的。通过本文所述的或其它确定的测定法来评估所述化合物,能够容易地确定活性谱。
例如,在一个实施方案中,根据在此更加具体阐述的方法,通过在体外减少50%的病毒斑块数量所需的化合物浓度(即化合物的EC50)来测定所述抗病毒化合物的功效。在优选的实施方案中,所述化合物显示出低于15微摩尔的体外EC50,或者更优选地,低于10微摩尔。
在另一个实施方案中,为治疗或预防宿主体内病毒感染,尤其是HIV或HBV感染,所述活性化合物或其衍生物或盐可以与其它抗病毒药物如抗HIV药物或抗肝炎药物联合或者交替给药,所述的其它抗病毒药物包括上述化学式中的那些化合物。选择性地,为治疗宿主体内的细胞异常增殖如肿瘤和癌症,所述活性化合物或其衍生物或盐可以与其它抗增殖药物如抗瘤药物联合或交替给药,所述的其它抗增殖药物包括上述化学式中的那些化合物。通常地,在联合治疗中,将有效剂量的两种或更多种药物一起给药;反之,在交替治疗中,将有效剂量的各个药物顺序给药。所述剂量将取决于所述药物的吸收、失活和排泄的速率以及所属领域技术人员已知的其他因素。应当注意的是,所述剂量值还随着需缓解病症的严重程度而改变。应当进一步理解的是,根据个体需要以及管理或监督给药组合物人员的专业判断,特定受体的具体剂量用药方案和时间表应当随时间变化而进行调整。
可与本文公开的化合物组合使用的抗病毒药物的非限制性实例包括:2-羟甲基-5-(5-氟胞嘧啶-1-基)-1,3-氧硫杂环戊烷(FTC);2-羟甲基-5(胞嘧啶-1-基)-1,3-氧硫杂环戊烷(3TC)的(-)-对映体;卡波佛(carbovir)、阿昔洛维(acyclovir)、干扰素、泛昔洛韦(famciclovir)、喷昔洛韦(penciclovir)、AZT、DDI、DDC、D4T、阿巴卡韦(abacayir)、L-(-)-FMAU、L-dT、β-D-2′-C-甲基胞苷、L-DDA磷酸酯前药和β-D-二氧戊环核苷如β-D-二氧戊环基-鸟嘌呤(DG)、β-D-二氧戊环基-2,6-二氨基嘌呤(DAPD)和β-D-二氧戊环基-6-氯嘌呤(ACP)、非核苷室温抑制剂如奈韦拉平(neyirapine)、MKC-442、DMP-266(sustiva)以及蛋白酶抑制剂如茚地那韦(indinavir)、沙奎那韦(saquinayir)、DMP-450及其他。
所述化合物还可以用于治疗马传染性贫血病毒(EIAV)、猫免疫缺陷病毒和猴免疫缺陷病毒(Wang,S.,Montelaro,R.,Schinazi,RF.,Jagerski,B.,和Mellors,J.W.:“Activity of nucleoside and non-nucleosidereverse transcriptase inhibitors(NNRTI)agains tequine infectiousanemia virus(EIAV)”.First National Conference on Human Retro virusesand Related Infections,Washington,DC,Dec.12-16,1993;Sellon D.C.,“Equine Infectious Anemia”,Vet.Clin.North Am.Equine Pract.UnitedStates,9:第321-336页,1993;Philpott,M.S.,Ebner,J.P.,Hoover,E.A.,“Evaluation of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine therapy forfeline immunodeficiency virus using a quantitative polymerase chainreaction”,Vet.Immunol.Immunopathol.35:155166,1992)。
本发明还提供了治疗和/或预防宿主中的病毒感染,尤其是HBV或HIV感染的药物组合物,所述宿主优选是人,所述药物组合物包含有效量的本发明的活性化合物,任选地,所述活性化合物处于药学上可接受的载体中。
本发明还提供了治疗和/或预防宿主中的细胞异常增殖如肿瘤和癌症的药物组合物,所述宿主优选是人,所述药物组合物中包含有效量的本发明的活性化合物,任选地,所述活性化合物处于药学上可接受的载体中。
本发明还提供了治疗和/或预防宿主中的病毒感染、且尤其是HBV或HIV感染的药物组合物,所述宿主优选是人,所述药物组合物中包含有效量的本发明的活性化合物,所述活性化合物与一种或多种其他有效的抗病毒药物尤其是抗HBV药物或抗HIV药物组合,任选地,所述活性化合物与一种或多种其他有效的抗病毒药物的组合处于药学上可接受的载体中。
本发明还提供了治疗和/或预防宿主中的细胞异常增殖如肿瘤和癌症的药物组合物,所述宿主优选是人,所述药物组合物中包含有效量的本发明的活性化合物,所述活性化合物与一种或多种其他有效的抗增殖药物如抗肿瘤药物组合,任选地,所述活性化合物与一种或多种其他有效的抗病毒药物的组合处于药学上可接受的任选载体中。
本发明还提供了治疗和/或预防宿主中的病毒感染、且尤其是HBV或HIV感染的方法,所述方法包括给予所述宿主以有效量的本发明的活性化合物,所述宿主优选是人,任选地,所述活性化合物处于药学上可接受的载体中。
本发明还提供了治疗和/或预防宿主中的细胞异常增殖如肿瘤和癌症的方法,所述方法包括给予所述宿主以有效量的本发明的活性化合物,所述宿主优选是人,任选地,所述活性化合物处于药学上可接受的载体中。
本发明还提供了治疗和/或预防宿主中的病毒感染、且尤其是HBV或HIV感染的方法,所述方法包括将有效量的的本发明活性化合物与一种或多种其他有效的抗病毒药物尤其是抗HBV药物或抗HIV药物联合和/或交替给予所述宿主,所述宿主优选是人;任选地,所述活性化合物与一种或多种其他有效的抗病毒药物处于药学上可接受的载体中。
本发明还提供了治疗和/或预防宿主中的细胞异常增殖如肿瘤和癌症的方法,所述方法包括将有效量的本发明的活性化合物与一种或多种其他有效的抗增殖药物如抗肿瘤药物联合和/或交替给予所述宿主,所述宿主优选是人;任选地,所述活性化合物与一种或多种其他有效的抗增殖药物处于药学上可接受的载体中。
本发明还提供了本发明活性化合物的用途,任选地,所述活性化合物处于药学上可接受的载体中,所述用途为治疗和/或预防宿主中的病毒感染、且尤其是HBV或HIV感染,所述宿主优选是人。
本发明还提供了本发明活性化合物的用途,任选地,所述活性化合物处于药学上可接受的任选载体中,所述用途为治疗和/或预防宿主中的细胞异常增殖如肿瘤和癌症,所述宿主优选是人。
本发明还提供了与一种或多种其他有效的抗病毒药物联合和/或交替使用的本发明活性化合物的用途,所述其他有效的抗病毒尤其是抗HBV药物或抗HIV药物,任选地,所述活性化合物与一种或多种其他有效的抗病毒处于药学上可接受的载体中,所述用途为治疗和/或预防宿主中的病毒感染,尤其是HBV或HIV感染,所述宿主优选是人。
本发明还提供了与一种或多种其他有效的抗增殖药物联合和/或交替使用的本发明的活性化合物的用途,所述其他有效的抗增殖药物如抗肿瘤药物,任选地,所述活性化合物与一种或多种其他有效的抗增殖药物处于药学上可接受的载体中,所述用途为治疗和/或预防宿主中的异常细胞增殖如肿瘤和癌症,所述宿主优选是人。
本发明还提供了本发明活性化合物在制备用于治疗和/或预防宿主中的病毒感染尤其是HBV或HIV感染的药物中的应用,任选地,所述活性化合物处于药学上可接受的载体中,所述宿主优选是人。
本发明还提供了本发明活性化合物在制备用于治疗和/或预防宿主中的细胞异常增殖如肿瘤和癌症的药物中的应用,任选地,所述活性化合物处于药学上可接受的载体中,所述宿主优选是人。
本发明还提供了与一种或多种其他有效的抗病毒药物联合和/或交替使用的本发明活性化合物在制备用于治疗和/或预防宿主中的病毒感染尤其是HBV或HIV感染的药物中的应用,所述其他有效的抗病毒药物尤其是抗HBV药物或抗HIV药物,任选地,所述活性化合物与一种或多种其他有效的抗病毒药物处于药学上可接受的载体中,所述宿主优选是人。
本发明还提供了与一种或多种其他有效的抗病毒药物联合和/或交替使用的本发明活性化合物在制备用于治疗和/或预防宿主中的病毒感染尤其是HCV感染的药物中的应用,所述抗病毒药物尤其是抗HCV药物,任选地,所述活性化合物与一种或多种其他有效的抗病毒药物处于药学上可接受的载体中,所述宿主优选是人。
本发明还提供与一种或多种其他有效的抗增殖药物联合和/或交替使用的本发明活性化合物在制备用于治疗和/或预防宿主中的细胞异常增殖如肿瘤和癌症的药物中的应用,所述其他有效的抗增殖药物如抗肿瘤药,任选地,活性化合物与一种或多种其他有效的抗增殖药物处于药学上可接受的载体中,所述宿主优选是人。
本发明还提供了用于制备本发明化合物的合成方法,以及本文公开的用于制备本发明化合物的中间体。
图式的简要说明
图式1是合成本发明的2′-脱氧-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯II(R1=H,X=O、S)的非限制性说明实例。
图式2是合成本发明的环状2′-氟核苷膦酸酯II(R1=H,X=CH2)的非限制性说明实例。
图式3是合成本发明的2′,3′-双脱氢-2′,3′-双脱氧-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯IV(X=O、S)的非限制性说明实例。
图式4是合成本发明的环状2′,3′-双脱氧-2′,3′-双脱氢-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯IV(X=CH2)的非限制性说明实例。
图式5是合成本发明的2′-脱氧-2′-甲基-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯II(R1=CH3,X=O、S)的非限制性说明实例。
图式6是合成本发明的环状2′-脱氧-2′-甲基-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯II(X=CH2,R1=CH3)的非限制性说明实例。
图式7是合成本发明的2′-脱氧-2′-甲基-2′-氟-嘧啶核苷膦酸酯II的非限制性说明实例。
图式8是合成本发明的5′-脱氧-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯I和III(n=1)的非限制性说明实例。
图式9是合成本发明的5′-亚甲基-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯I和III(n=2)的非限制性说明实例。
发明详述
在此公开的本发明是用于治疗人或其他宿主动物中的HIV、乙型或丙型肝炎、或细胞异常增殖的方法和组合物,其包括给予有效量的β-D-或β-L-的2′-氟核苷膦酸酯;药学上可接受的衍生物,所述药学上可接受的衍生物包括在糖或膦酸酯部分上或是在嘌呤或嘧啶上烷基化或酰化的化合物;或其药学上可接受的盐;任选地,所述β-D-或β-L-的2′-氟核苷膦酸酯、药学上可接受的衍生物或其药学上可接受的盐处于药学上可接受的载体中。本发明的化合物或者具有抗病毒(即,抗HIV-1、抗HIV-2、抗乙型/丙型肝炎病毒)活性或抗增殖活性,或者代谢生成具有该活性的化合物。在此公开的本发明还包括制备所述β-D-或β-L-的2′-氟核苷膦酸酯的方法。
总之,本发明包括以下特征:
(a)本文所述的β-L和β-D-的2′-氟核苷膦酸酯(I)-(IV)及其药学上可接受的衍生物和盐;
(b)本文所述的β-L和β-D-的2′-氟核苷膦酸酯(I)-(IV)及其药学上可接受的衍生物和盐的合成方法;
(c)本文所述的β-L和β-D-的2′-氟核苷膦酸酯(I)-(IV)及其药学上可接受的衍生物和盐在药物治疗中的应用,例如用于治疗或预防HIV、乙型(或丙型)肝炎病毒感染或用于治疗细胞异常增殖;
(d)药物制剂,含有β-D或β-L-的2′-氟核苷膦酸酯(I)-(IV),或其药学上可接受的衍生物或盐,连同药学上可接受的载体或稀释剂;
(e)药物制剂,含有β-D或β-L-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯(I)-(IV),或者其药学上可接受的衍生物或盐,连同另外的活性成分如另外的抗病毒药物或抗增殖药物;
(f)治疗患有HIV感染、乙型肝炎病毒感染或细胞异常增殖的宿主的方法,所述方法包括给予有效量的β-D或β-L-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯(I)-(IV)或其药学上可接受的衍生物或盐;
(g)治疗患有HIV感染、乙型肝炎病毒感染或细胞异常增殖的宿主的方法,所述方法包括将有效量的β-D或β-L-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯(I)-(IV)或其药学上可接受的衍生物或盐,和另一种活性成分如另一种抗病毒药物或抗增殖药物联合或交替给药;
(h)β-D或β-L-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯(I)-(IV)或其药学上可接受的衍生物或盐在药物治疗中的应用,例如用于治疗或预防HIV感染、乙型肝炎病毒感染或细胞异常增殖;
(f)β-D或β-L-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯(I)-(IV)或其药学上可接受的衍生物或盐作为抗病毒药物的用途;
(g)β-D或β-L-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯(I)-(IV)或其药学上可接受的衍生物或盐作为抗增殖药物的用途;
(h)与另一种活性成分如另一种抗病毒药物或抗增殖药物组合或交替使用的β-D或β-L-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯(I)-(IV)或其药学上可接受的衍生物或盐在药物治疗中的应用,例如用于治疗或预防HIV感染、乙型肝炎病毒感染或细胞异常增殖;
(i)β-D或β-L-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯(I)-(IV)或其药学上可接受的衍生物或盐用于治疗或预防HIV感染、乙型肝炎病毒感染或细胞异常增殖的用途;
(j)β-D或β-L-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯(I)-(IV)或其药学上可接受的衍生物或盐在制备用于治疗或预防HIV感染、乙型肝炎病毒感染或细胞异常增殖的药物中的应用;以及
(k)β-L和β-D-2′-卤代-4′-硫代核苷的制备方法,以下进行更为详细的描述。
I.活性化合物
在一个实施方案中,本发明的化合物为以下通式(I)-(IV)的2′-氟核苷膦酸酯:
或其药学上可接受的盐或前药,其中:
(i)X是O、S、SO2或CH2;
(j)Z是O、S或NH;
(k)n是1或2;
(l)R1是H或CH3;
(m)R2和R3独立地是氢、卤素(F、Cl、Br、I)、OH、OR′、SH、SR′、N3、NH2、NHR′、CN、OCOR′、OCOOR′、C1-C6的低级烷基、C1-C6的低级卤代(F、Cl、Br、I)烷基如CF3和CH2CH2F、C2-C6的低级烯基如CH=CH2、C2-C6的低级卤代(F、Cl、Br、I)烯基如CH=CHCl、CHI=CHBr和CH=CHI、C2-C6的低级炔基如C≡CH、C2-C6的低级卤代(F、Cl、Br、I)炔基、C1-C6的低级烷氧基如CH2OH和CH2CH2OH、C2-C6的低级烷基酸如CH2COOH和CH2CH2COOH、C2-C6的低级烷基酸酯如CH2COOR′和CH2CH2COOR′;
(n)R4和R5独立地是氢、磷酸酯、二磷酸酯或者优先在肝细胞中脱除以获得相应OH基的基团。本文所用的术语“优先在肝细胞中脱除”是指所述基团至少部分在肝细胞中的脱除速率高于相同基团在非肝脏细胞(例如,成纤维细胞或淋巴细胞)中的脱除速率。因此,预期可脱除的基团包括所有可以通过还原酶、酯酶、细胞色素P450或任何其他特异性肝酶脱除的药学上可接受的基团。选择性的预期基团还可以包括未必优先在肝细胞中脱除但至少具有某些积聚在和/或特异性递送至肝细胞的效应的基团(例如,带有选定的氨基酸的酯类,所述选定的氨基酸包括缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸或聚精氨酸或聚天门冬氨酸);
(o)碱是含有至少一个氮的杂环,所述杂环优选以下通式(V)-(VI)的嘧啶碱或嘌呤碱:
或其药学上可接受的盐或前药,其中:
(v)W、Y和V独立地是N、CH或CR10;
(vi)R6是氢、卤素(F、Cl、Br、I)、OH、OR′、SH、SR′、NH2、NHR′、NR′2、COOH、COOR′、CONH2、CONHR′、CONR′2、CH=CHCO2H、CH=CHCO2R′、C1-C6的低级烷基、C1-C6的低级卤代(F、Cl、Br、I)烷基如CF3和CH2CH2F、C2-C6的低级烯基如CH=CH2、C2-C6的低级卤代(F、Cl、Br、I)烯基如CH=CHCl、CH=CHBr和CH=CHI、C2-C6的低级炔基如C≡CH、C2-C6的低级卤代(F、Cl、Br、I)炔基、C1-C6的低级烷氧基如CH2OH和CH2CH2OH、C2-C6的低级烷基酸如CH2COOH和CH2CH2COOH、C2-C6的低级烷基酸酯如CH2COOR′和CH2CH2COOR′;
(vii)R7、R8和R9独立地是氢、卤素(F、Cl、Br、I)、OH、OR′、SH、SR′、NH2、NHR′、NR′2、OCOR′、OCOOR′、NHCOR′、NHCOOR′;
(viii)R10是卤素、烷基、芳基、酰基;
(p)各个R′独立地是氢、C1-C6的低级烷基或C1-C6的低级烷氧基;
在本发明一个具体的实施方案中,提供下式的β-D2′-氟核苷膦酸酯:
,其β-L对映体、或其药学上可接受的盐或其前药,用于治疗或预防病毒性感染,所述病毒性感染包括HIV、HBV和HCV,或与细胞异常增殖有关的疾病,且所述细胞异常增殖尤其是恶性肿瘤。
在本发明的另一个具体实施方案中,提供下式的β-D2′-氟核苷膦酸酯:
,其β-L对映体、或其药学上可接受的盐或前药,用于治疗或预防病毒性感染,且所述病毒性感染包括HIV、HBV和HCV;或与细胞异常增殖有关的疾病,且尤其是恶性肿瘤。
而在本发明的又一个具体实施方案中,提供下式的β-D2′-氟核苷膦酸酯:
,其β-L对映体、或其药学上可接受的盐或前药,用于治疗或预防病毒性感染,所述病毒性感染包括HIV、HBV和HCV;或与细胞异常增殖有关的疾病,且尤其是恶性肿瘤。
在本发明的再一个具体实施方案中,提供下式的β-D2′-氟核苷膦酸酯:
,其β-L对映体、或其药学上可接受的盐或前药,用于治疗或预防病毒性感染,所述病毒性感染包括HIV、HBV和HCV;或与细胞异常增殖有关的疾病,且尤其是恶性肿瘤。
在本发明的又一个具体实施方案中,提供下式的β-D2′-氟核苷膦酸酯:
,其β-L对映体、或其药学上可接受的盐或前药,用于治疗或预防病毒性感染,所述病毒性感染包括HIV、HBV和IHCV;或与细胞异常增殖有关的疾病,且尤其是恶性肿瘤。
而在本发明的又一个具体实施方案中,提供下式的β-D2′-氟核苷膦酸酯:
,其β-L对映体、或其药学上可接受的盐或前药,用于治疗或预防病毒性感染,所述病毒性感染包括HIV、HBV和HCV,或与细胞异常增殖有关的疾病,且尤其是恶性肿瘤。
在本发明的又一个具体实施方案中,提供下式的β-D2′-氟核苷膦酸酯
,其β-L对映体、或其药学上可接受的盐或前药,用于治疗或预防病毒性感染,所述病毒性感染包括HIV、HBV和HCV,或与细胞异常增殖有关的疾病,且尤其是恶性肿瘤。
在本发明的又一个具体实施方案中,提供下式的β-D2′-氟核苷膦酸酯
,其β-L对映体、或其药学上可接受的盐或前药,用于治疗或预防病毒性感染,所述病毒性感染包括HIV、HBV和HCV,或与细胞异常增殖有关的疾病,且尤其是恶性肿瘤。
在本发明又一个具体实施方案中,提供下式的β-D2′-氟核苷膦酸酯
,其β-L对映体、或其药学上可接受的盐或前药,用于治疗或预防病毒性感染,所述病毒性感染包括HIV、HBV和HCV,或与细胞异常增殖有关的疾病,且尤其是恶性肿瘤。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,本发明的2′-氟核苷膦酸酯是经分离的β-D或β-L异构体。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,所述2′-氟核苷膦酸酯是对映体富集的。在本发明的又一个实施方案中,所述2′-氟核苷膦酸酯是对映体的混合物,其中至少有95%、98%或99%所期望的对映体不含其对映异构体。
在另一个实施方案中,当在适宜的细胞试验中检测时,所述2′-氟核苷膦酸酯小于15微摩尔的EC50(达到50%抑制率的有效浓度),并且更具体地,该EC50小于10或5微摩尔。在一个优选的实施方案中,所述核苷是对映体富集的。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,通式(I)-(IV)的化合物是β-D构型的。在本发明的一个选择性实施方案中,通式(I)-(IV)的化合物是β-L构型的。
如上所述的2′-氟核苷膦酸酯是β-D构型的,然而,应当理解的是,所述2′-氟核苷膦酸酯可以是β-L或β-D构型的。
II.立体异构和多晶型
本发明的化合物可以具有不对称中心,并且以外消旋物、外消旋混合物、单独的非对映体或对映体存在,所有同分异构形式都包括在本发明之内。本发明的化合物具有的手性中心能够以光学活性及外消旋的形式存在或分离。有些化合物可能显示出多晶现象。本发明的化合物包括外消旋、光学活性、多晶型或立体异构的形式,或其混合物,它们具有本文所述的有用特性。例如,所述光学活性形式可以通过以下方法制备:通过重结晶技术拆分外消旋形式、通过光学活性原料合成、通过手性合成或通过手性固定相色谱分离或通过酶法拆分来制备。
所述化合物的光学活性形式可以使用本领域已知的任何方法来制备,所述方法包括但不限于:通过重结晶技术拆分消旋形式、通过光学活性原料合成、通过手性合成或通过手性固定相色谱分离来制备。
获得光学活性物质的方法实例包括至少以下方法:
i)晶体的物理分离:一种通过人工分离肉眼可见的单一对映体晶体的技术。如果有分离的对映体的结晶体存在,即所述物质是凝聚成团并且所述晶体是清楚可见的,可以使用这种技术;
ii)同时结晶:一种通过将单一对映体从外消旋物溶液中结晶分离的技术,该技术仅在后者固态凝聚成团时是可能的;
iii)酶法拆分:一种通过所述对映体与酶的不同反应速率,从而部分或完全分离外消旋物的技术;
iv)酶法不对称合成:一种在合成中至少有一步使用酶促反应来获得对映体纯的或所期望对映体富集的合成前体的合成技术;
v)化学不对称合成:一种合成技术,其中所期望的对映体是由非手性前体在生成不对称(即手性)产物的条件下合成的,其可以使用手性催化剂或手性助剂来实现;
vi)非对映体分离:一种使外消旋化合物与对映体纯的试剂(手性助剂)反应的技术,所述对映体纯的试剂将单一对映体转化成非对映体。由于此时结构差异更为显著,得到的非对映体再通过色谱法或结晶发来分离,稍后除去手性助剂以获得所期望的对映体;
vii)一级和二级不对称转化:一种技术,其中来自外消旋物平衡的非对映体在来自所期望对映体的非对映体溶液中获得优势,或者来自所期望对映体的所述非对映体的优先结晶扰乱平衡,以致于最终全部物质原则上转化成来自所期望对映体的晶态的非对映体。再从所述非对映体中释放出所期望的对映体;
viii)动力学拆分:该技术是指由于所述对映体与手性、非外消旋试剂或催化剂在动力学条件下的反应速率不同,从而获得外消旋物的部分或全部拆分(或部分溶解的化合物的进一步拆分);
ix)从非外消旋前体的对映体特异性合成:一种合成技术,其中所期望的对映体是由非手性的原料获得的,并且在所述合成过程中没有或者仅仅是最低限度地破坏立体化学完整性;
x)手性液相色谱:一种技术,其中由于外消旋物的对映体与固定相具有不同的相互作用而在液体流动相中被分离(包括但不限于通过手性HPLC分离)。所述固定相可以由手性物质制备或所述流动相可以包含其他的手性物质从而导致不同的相互作用;
xi)手性气相色谱:一种技术,通过将所述外消旋物挥发,并且在气体流动相中对映体与含有非外消旋手性吸附剂固定相的柱子具有不同的相互作用而分离;
xii)手性溶剂萃取:一种通过某一对映体优先溶解于特定的手性溶剂来分离所述对映体的技术;
xiii)通过手性膜转运:一种技术,通过放置外消旋物使其与薄膜屏障接触。所述屏障通常分离两种易混溶的流体,一种包含所述外消旋物,并且例如不同浓度或压力的驱动力导致穿过所述膜屏障的优先转运。由于所述膜的非外消旋手性性质,即仅允许所述外消旋物的一种对映体穿过,从而发生分离。
被用于一个实施方案中的手性色谱法包括但不限于模拟移动床色谱。各种不同的手性固定相均可商购获得。
III.定义
除非另外指出,本文所使用的术语烷基,是指C1-C10的饱和直链、支链或环状的伯、仲或叔烃,且具体包括甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、环丙基、丁基、异丁基、叔丁基、戊基、环戊基、异戊基、新戊基、己基、异己基、环己基、环己基甲基、3-甲基戊基、2,2-二甲基丁基和2,3-二甲基丁基。所述烷基可以任选地被选自如下的一个或多个部分所取代:羟基、氨基、烷基氨基、芳基氨基、烷氧基、芳氧基、硝基、氰基、磺酸、硫酸盐、磷酸、磷酸盐或膦酸酯,所述的一个或多个部分为未受保护的或需要时受保护的,如本领域技术人员已知的,在例如Greene等人,Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis.John Wiley and Sons,第二版,(1991)中所教导的,该文献在此引入作为参考。
除非另外指出,本文所使用的术语低级烷基,是指C1-C4的饱和直链、支链或适宜的环烷基(例如环丙基)。
术语烷基氨基或芳基氨基分别是指具有一或两个烷基或芳基取代基的氨基。
除非另外指出,本文所使用的术语“受保护的”,是指加成到氧、氮或磷原子上以阻止其进一步反应或者用于其他目的的基团。氧和氮的各种保护基团对于有机合成领域的技术人员来说是已知的。除非另外指出,本文所使用的术语芳基,是指苯基、二苯基或萘基,且优选苯基。所述芳基可以任选地被选自如下的一个或多个部分所取代:羟基、氨基、烷基氨基、芳基氨基、烷氧基、芳氧基、硝基、氰基、磺酸、硫酸盐、磷酸、磷酸盐或膦酸酯的,所述的一个或多个部分为未受保护的或需要时受保护的,如本领域技术人员已知的,在例如Greene等,Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis.JohnWiley and Sons,第二版,(1991)年中所教导的。
术语烷芳基或烷基芳基是指带有芳基取代基的烷基。术语芳烷基或芳基烷基是指带有烷基取代基的芳基。
本文所用的术语卤代,包括氯代、溴代、碘代和氟代。
术语嘌呤或嘧啶碱包括但不限于:腺嘌呤、N6-烷基嘌呤、N6-酰基嘌呤(其中酰基是C(O)(烷基、芳基、烷基芳基或芳基烷基)、N6-苄基嘌呤、N6-卤代嘌呤、N6-乙烯基嘌呤、N6-炔基嘌呤、N6-酰基嘌呤、N6-羟基烷基嘌呤、N6-硫代烷基嘌呤、N2-烷基嘌呤、N2-烷基-6-硫代嘌呤、胸腺嘧啶、胞嘧啶、5-氟胞嘧啶、5-甲基胞嘧啶、包括6-氮杂胞嘧啶的6-氮杂嘧啶、2-和/或4-巯基嘧啶、尿嘧啶、包括5-氟尿嘧啶的5-卤代尿嘧啶、C5-烷基嘧啶、C5-苄基嘧啶、C5-卤代嘧啶、C5-乙烯基嘧啶、C5-乙炔基嘧啶、C5-酰基嘧啶、C5-羟烷基嘌呤、C5-氨基嘧啶(amidopyrimidine)、C5-氰基嘧啶、C5-硝基嘧啶、C5-氨基嘧啶、N2-烷基嘌呤、N2-烷基-6-硫代嘌呤、5-氮杂胞苷基(5-azacytidinyl)、5-氮杂尿嘧啶基(5-azauracilyl)、三唑并吡啶基(triazolopyridinyl)、咪唑并吡啶基(imidazolopyridinyl)、吡咯并嘧啶基(pyrrolopyrimidinyl)和吡唑并嘧啶基(pyrazolopyrimidinyl)。嘌呤碱包括但不限于:鸟嘌呤、腺嘌呤、次黄嘌呤、2,6-二氨基嘌呤、2-氯-2-氨基嘌呤、肌苷和6-氯嘌呤。在需要或期望时可以将碱基上的氧和氮官能团保护。适宜的保护基团对于本领域技术人员来说是公知的,且所述保护基团包括三甲基硅烷基、二甲基己基硅烷基、叔丁基二甲基硅烷基以及叔丁基二苯基硅烷基、三苯甲基、烷基、酰基如乙酰基和丙酰基、甲磺酰基和对甲苯磺酰基。
术语酰基是指羧酸酯,其中所述酯基的非羰基部分选自直链、支链烷基或环烷基或低级烷基、烷氧基烷基包括甲氧基甲基、芳烷基包括苄基、芳氧基烷基如苯氧甲基、芳基包括用卤素、C1-C4烷基或C1-C4烷氧基任意取代的苯基、磺酸酯如烷基或芳烷基磺酰包括甲磺酰、一、二或三磷酸酯、三苯甲基或单甲氧基三苯甲基、取代的苄基、三烷基硅烷基(例如二甲基叔丁基硅烷基)或二苯基甲基硅烷基。酯中的芳基最佳包含苯基。酰基还可以包括天然或合成的氨基酸部分。
本文所用的术语“基本上不含”或“基本上不存在”是指核苷组分包含的核苷指定对映体至少为95%-98%,或更优选为99%-100%。
类似地,术语“单独的”是指核苷组分包含的核苷至少为85或90%重量,优选为95%-98%重量,甚至更优选为99%-100%重量,其余组分包含其他化学物种或对映体。
本文所使用的术语“宿主”是指病毒可以在其中复制的单细胞或多细胞的生物体,包括细胞系和动物,并且优选是人;或在其中可以模仿细胞异常增殖症状的单细胞或多细胞生物体。例如,在HIV、HBV或HCV的情况下,所述宿主是任何可以携带部分病毒基因组的单细胞或多细胞的生物体,该病毒基因组的复制或功能是可以被本发明的化合物改变。术语宿主具体是指受感染的细胞、全部或部分病毒基因组转染的细胞以及动物,特别是灵长类(包括猩猩)和人。本发明应用最多的动物宿主是人类患者。然而,本发明明确预期应用于兽医(如猩猩)的某些适应症中。
贯穿本申请文件,术语“药学上可接受的盐或前药”用于描述核苷化合物的任何药学上可接受的形式(如酯、磷酸酯、酯盐、酰化或烷基化产物或相关衍生物),根据对患者的给药,其提供了所述核苷化合物。药学上可接受的盐包括那些衍生自药学上可接受的无机或有机碱和酸的盐。适宜的盐包括那些衍生自碱金属如钾和钠、碱土金属如钙和镁、药学领域公知的大量的其他酸中的盐。药学上可接受的前药是指在宿主体内代谢如水解或氧化而形成本发明化合物的化合物。前药的典型实例包括在活性化合物的功能部分上具有生物学上易变的保护基团的化合物。前药包括可以通过氧化、还原、氨化、脱氨、羟基化、脱羟基、水解、脱水、烷基化、脱烷基、酰化、脱酰基、磷酸化、脱磷酸来产生活性化合物的化合物。本发明的化合物具有抗黄病毒或瘟病毒的抗病毒活性,或者是代谢出表现该活性的化合物。
IV.药学上可接受的衍生物
根据给药的接受者,可以将所述活性化合物以任何衍生物的形式给药,所述衍生物能够直接或间接地提供母体化合物。进而,所述修饰能够影响所述化合物的生物学活性,在某些情况下其所增加的活性超过母体化合物。这可以通过根据本文所述的方法或者本领域技术人员已知的其他方法制备衍生物并测试其抗病毒活性而容易地评估。
在化合物具有足够碱性或酸性以形成稳定无毒的酸式盐或碱式盐的情况下,化合物以药学上可接受的盐的形式给药也是合适的。药学上可接受的盐的实例是与酸形成的有机酸加成盐,其形成生理学上可接受的阴离子,例甲苯磺酸盐、甲磺酸盐、乙酸盐、柠檬酸盐、丙二酸盐、酒石酸盐、琥珀酸盐、苯甲酸盐、抗坏血酸盐、<-酮戊二酸盐和<-甘油磷酸盐。还可以形成适宜的无机盐,包括硫酸盐、硝酸盐、碳酸氢盐和碳酸盐。
药学上可接受的盐可以使用本领域熟知的标准方法获得,例如通过足够碱性化合物如胺与提供生理学上可接受的阴离子的适合的酸反应。还可以制得碱金属(例如钠、钾或锂)或碱土金属(例如,钙)的羧酸盐。
本文所述的任何核苷可以给药为核苷酸前药以增加活性、生物利用率、稳定性或相反改变核苷的性质。已知大量核苷酸前药配体。通常,烷基化、酰化或其他亲脂修饰核苷的一、二或三磷酸盐将增加核苷酸的稳定性。可以取代磷酸盐部分上的一个或多个氢的取代基团实例是烷基、芳基、甾族化合物、碳水化合物包括糖、1,2-二酰基甘油和醇。在R.Jones和N.Bischofberger,Antiviral Research,27(1995)1-17中有很多描述。所述任何一种都可以用于与公开的核苷组合以获得期望的效果。
活性核苷还可以提供为5′-磷酸醚类脂(5′-phosphoether lipid)或5′-醚类脂(ether lipid),如以下参考文献中所公开的,该文献在此引入作为参考:Kucera,L.S.,N.Iyer,E.Leake,A.Raben,Modest E.K.,D.L.W.和C.Piantadosi.1990.“Novel membrane-interactive ether lipidanalogs that inhibit infectious HIV-I production and induce defectivevirus formation”.AIDS Res.Hum.Retro Viruses,6:第491-501页;Piantadosi,C,J.Marasco C.J.,S.L.Morris-Natschke,K.L.Meyer,F.Gumus,J.R.Surles,K.S.Ishaq,L.S.Kucera,N.Iyer,CA.Wallen,S.Piantadosi和E.J.Modest.1991.“Synthesis and evaluation of novelether lipid nucleoside conjugates for anti-HIV activity”.J.Med.Chem.34:1408.1414;Hosteller,K.Y.,D.D.Richman,D.A.Carson,L.M.Stuhmiller,G.M.T.van Wijk,和H.van den Bosch.1992.“Greatlyenhanced inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1replication in CEM and HT4-6C cells by 3′-deoxythymidine diphosphatedimyristoylglycerol,a lipid prodrug of 3,-deoxythymidine”.Antimicrob.Agents Chemother.36:2025.2029;Hosetler,K.Y.,L.M.Stuhmiller,H.B.Lenting,H.van den Bosch和D.D.Richman,1990.“Synthesis and antiretroviral activity of phospholipid analogs ofazidothymidine and other antiviral nucleosides”.J.Biol.Chem.265:61127。
美国专利的非限制性实例公开了可以共价引入到核苷的适合的亲脂取代基,优选在核苷或亲脂制剂的5′-OH位,包括美国专利号5,149,794(1992年9月22日,Yatvin等)、5,194,654(1993年3月16日,Hostetler等)、5,223,263(1993年6月29,Hostetler等)、5,256,641(1993年10月26日,Yatvin等)、5,411,947(1995年5月2日,Hostetler等)、5,463,092(1995年10月31日,Hostetler等)、5,543,389(1996年8月6日,Yatvin等)、5,543,390(1996年8月6日,Yatvin等)、5,543,391(1996年8月6日,Yatvin等)和5,554,728(1996年9月10日,Basava等),所有内容在此引入作为参考。公开了可以连接到本发明的核苷的亲脂取代基或者亲脂制剂的外国专利出版物,包括WO 89/02733、WO 90/00555、WO 91/16920、WO 91/18914、WO 93/00910、WO 94/26273、WO 96/15132、EP 0 350 287、EP 93917054.4和WO 91/19721。
在以下的参考文献中描述了核苷酸前药的非限制性实例:
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V.HIV、HBV或HCV的联合和交替治疗
已经认识到,在用抗病毒药物延长治疗之后会出现HIV、HBV和HCV的抗药性变体。抗药性的出现通常是由于用于病毒复制的酶的编码基因突变,并且对于HIV来说,最典型的为逆转录酶、蛋白酶或DNA聚合酶,对于HBV来说,最典型的为DNA聚合酶。近来已经证实,通过将所述化合物与第二种和可能的第三种抗病毒化合物联合或交替给药,能够延长、增强或者恢复抗HIV感染的药物的疗效,所述第二种和可能的第三种抗病毒化合物引起的突变不同于原药所造成的突变。选择性地,可以通过这种联合或交替治疗改变药物的药物代谢动力学、生物分布或其他参数。通常地,联合治疗一般优选于交替治疗,因为其引起病毒的多重同时应激。
在一个实施方案中,治疗HIV的第二种抗病毒药物可以是逆转录酶抑制剂(“RTI”),其可以是合成核苷(“NRTI”)或非核苷化合物(“NNRTI”)。在一个选择性的实施方案中,对于HIV来说,第二种(或第三种)抗病毒药物可以是蛋白酶抑制剂。在其他实施方案中,第二种(或第三种)化合物可以是焦磷酸盐类似物或融合结合抑制剂。汇编大量抗病毒化合物体外和体内的抗药性数据列表参见Schinazi等人,Mutations m retroviral genesassociated with drug resistance,International Antiviral News,1997。
优选的用于治疗HBV的联合或交替疗法的化合物包括3TC、FTC、L-FMAU、干扰素、阿德福韦二匹伏酯(adefovir dipivoxil)、恩替卡韦(entecavir)、替比夫定(telbivudine,L-dT)、维托西达定(valtorcitabine,3′-valinylL-dC)、β-D-二氧戊环基-鸟嘌呤(DXG)、β-D-二氧戊环基-2,6-二氨基嘌呤(DAPD)和β-D-二氧戊环基-6-氯嘌呤(ACP)、泛昔洛韦(famciclovir)、喷昔洛韦(penciclovir)、洛布卡韦(lobucavir)、更昔洛韦(ganciclovir)和利巴韦林(ribavarin)。
用于HIV治疗的可与本文公开的化合物联合或交替使用的抗病毒药物的优选实例,包括顺式-2-羟甲基-5-(5-氟胞嘧啶-1-基)-1,3-氧硫杂环戊烷(FTC)、2-羟甲基-5-(胞嘧啶-1-基)-1,3-氧硫杂环戊烷(3TC)的(-)-对映体;赛进(ziagen,阿巴卡韦[abacavir])、恩曲他滨(emtriva)、viread(替诺福韦tenofovir DF)、卡波佛(carboyir)、阿昔洛维(acyclovir)、膦甲酸(foscarnet)、干扰素、AZT、DDI、D4T、CS-87(3′-叠氮基-2′,3′-双脱氧尿苷)和β-D-二氧戊环核苷如β-D-二氧戊环基-鸟嘌呤(DXG)、β-D-二氧戊环基-2,6-二氨基嘌呤(DAPD)和β-D-二氧戊环基-6-氯嘌呤(ACP)以及整合酶抑制剂如MK-0518。
优选的蛋白酶抑制剂(PIs)包括佳息患(crixivan,茚地那韦[indinavir])、奈非那韦(viracept,那非那韦[nelfinavir])、诺韦(norvir,利托那韦[ritonavir])、invirase(沙奎那韦[saquinavir])、aptivus(替拉那韦[tipranavir])、kaletra、lexiva(膦沙那韦,fosamprenavir)、reyataz(阿扎那韦[atazanavir])和TMC-114。
优选的非核苷逆转录酶抑制剂(NNRTIs)包括rescripton(地拉韦啶[delavirdine])、sustiva(依法韦仑[efavirenz])、viramune(奈韦拉平[nevirapine])和TMC-125。
优选的侵入抑制剂包括fuzeon(T-20)、PRO-542、TNX-355、vicriviroc、aplaviroc和马拉韦罗(maraviroc)。
可与任何公开的核苷联合或交替给药的更全面的列表化合物,包括(1S,4R)-4-[2-氨基-6-环丙基-氨基)-9H-嘌呤-9-基]-2-环戊烯-1-甲醇琥珀酸酯(“1592”、卡波佛类似物;GlaxoWellcome公司);3TC:(-)-β-L-2′,3′-双脱氧-3′-硫代胞苷(GlaxoWellcome公司);a-APA R18893:a-硝基-苯胺基-苯乙酰胺;A-77003;基于C2对称的蛋白酶抑制剂(Abbott公司);A-75925:基于C2对称的蛋白酶抑制剂(Abbott公司);AAP-BHAP:二异芳基哌嗪(bishetero-arylpiperazine)类似物(Upjohn公司);ABT-538:基于C2对称的蛋白酶抑制剂(Abbott公司);AzddU:3′-叠氮基-2′,3′-双脱氧尿苷;AZT:3′-叠氮基-3′-脱氧胸苷(GlaxoWellcome公司);AZT-p-ddI:3′-叠氮基-3′-脱氧胸苷基-(5′,5′)-2′,3′-双脱氧肌苷酸(Ivax公司);BHAP:二杂芳基哌嗪;BILA 1906:N-{1S-[[[3-[2S-{(1,1-二甲基乙基)氨基]羰基}-4R]-3-吡啶基甲基)硫]-1-哌啶基]-2R-羟基-1S-(苯基甲基)-丙基]氨基]-羰基]-2-甲基丙基}-2-喹啉甲酰胺(Bio Mega/Boehringer-Ingelheim公司);BILA 2185:N-(1,1-二甲基乙基)-1-[2S-[[2-2,6-二甲基苯氧基)-1-氧乙基]氨基]-2R-羟基-4-苯基丁基]4R-吡啶基硫基)-2-哌啶甲酰胺(BioMega/Boehringer-Ingelheim公司);BM+51.0836:噻唑并-异-吲哚酮衍生物;BMS 186,318:氨基二醇衍生物HIV-1蛋白酶抑制剂(Bristol-Myers-Squibb公司);d4API:9-[2,5-二氢-5-(膦酰基甲氧基)-2-呋喃基]腺嘌呤(Gilead公司);d4C:2′,3′-双脱氢-2′,3′-双脱氧胞苷;d4T:2′,3′-双脱氢-3′-脱氧胸苷(Bristol-Myers-Squibb公司);ddC;2′,3′-双脱氧胞苷(Roche公司);ddI:2′,3′-双脱氧肌苷(Bristol-Myers-Squibb公司);DMP-266:a1,4-二氢-2H-3,1-苯并噁嗪-2-酮;DMP-450:
{[4R-(4-a,5-a,6-b,7-b)]-六氢-5,6-二(羟基)-1,3-二(3-氨基)苯基]-甲基)-4,7-二-(苯基甲基)-2H-1,3-二氮杂-2-酮}-二甲磺酸(Gilead公司);DXG:(-)-β-D-二氧戊环-鸟嘌呤(Gilead公司);EBU-dM:5-乙基-1-乙氧甲基-6-(3,5-二甲基苄基)-尿嘧啶;E-EBU:5-乙基-1-乙氧甲基-6-苄基尿嘧啶;DS:硫酸葡聚糖;E-EPSeU:1-(乙氧甲基)-(6-苯基硒基)-5-乙基尿嘧啶;E-EPU:1-(乙氧甲基)-(6-苯基硫基)-5-乙基尿嘧啶;FTC:β-2′,3′-双脱氧-5-氟-3′-硫代胞苷(Gilead公司);HBY097:S-4-异丙氧基-羰基-6-甲氧基-3-(甲基硫基-甲基)-3,4-二氢喹噁啉-2(1H)-硫酮;HEPT:1-[(2-羟基乙氧基)甲基]-6-(苯基硫基)胸腺嘧啶;HIV-I:人免疫缺陷病毒1型;JM2763:1,1′-[1,3-丙烷二基]-二-1,4,8,11-四氮杂-环十四烷(Johnson Matthey公司);JM3100:1,1′-[1,4-亚苯基二-(亚甲基)]-二-1,4,8,11-四氮杂环十四烷(Johnson Matthey公司);KNI-272:含有(2S,3S)-3-氨基-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸的三肽;L-697,593;5-乙基-6-甲基-3-(2-苯二酰亚氨基-乙基)吡啶-2(1H)-酮;L-735,524:羟基-氨基-戊烷酰胺HIV-1蛋白酶抑制剂(Merck公司);L-697,661;3-{[(-4,7-二氯-1,3-苯噁唑-2-基)甲基]氨基}-5-乙基-6-甲基吡啶-2(1H)-酮;L-FDDC:(-)-β-1-5-氟-2′,3′-双脱氧胞苷;L-FDOC:(-)-β-L-5-氟-二氧戊环胞嘧啶;MKC442:6-苄基-1-乙氧甲基-5-异丙基尿嘧啶(I-EBU;Mitsubishi公司);奈韦拉平:11-环-丙基-5,11-二氢-4-甲基-6H-二吡啶酚-[3,2-b:2′,3′-e]-二氮杂-6-酮(Boehringer-Ingelheim公司);NSC648400:1-苄基氧甲基-5-乙基-6-(α-吡啶基硫基)尿嘧啶(E-BPTU);P9941:[2-吡啶基乙酰基-IlePheAla-y(CHOH)]2(Dupont Merck公司);PFA:膦甲酸盐(膦甲酸;Astra公司);PMEA:9-(2-膦酰甲氧乙基)腺嘌呤(Gilead公司);PMPA:(R)-9-(2-膦酰甲氧丙基)腺嘌呤(Gilead公司);Ro 31-8959:羟基乙胺衍生物HIV-I蛋白酶抑制剂(Roche公司);RPI-312:肽基蛋白酶抑制剂、1-[(3s)-3-(n-α-苄氧羰基)-1-天冬酰基)-氨基-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酰]-n-叔丁基-1-脯氨酰胺;2720:6-氯-3,3-二甲基-4-(异丙烯基氧羰基)-3,4-二氢-喹噁啉-2-(1H)-硫酮;SC-52151:羟基-乙脲电子等排物蛋白酶抑制剂(Searle公司);SC-55389A:羟基乙基-脲电子等排物蛋白酶抑制剂(Searle公司);TIBOR82150:(+)-(5S)-4,5,6,7-四氢-5-甲基-6-(3-甲基-2-丁烯基)-咪唑并[4,5,1-jk][1,4]-苯并二氮杂-2(1H)-硫酮(Janssen公司);TIBO 82913:(+)-(5S)-4,5,6,7,-四氢-9-氯-5-甲基-6-(3-甲基-2-丁烯基)咪唑并[4;,5,1jk]-[1,4]苯并二氮杂-2(1H)-硫酮(Janssen公司);TSAO-m3T:[2′,5′-二-O-(叔丁基-二甲基硅烷基)-3′-螺-5′-(4′-氨基-1′,2′-噁硫醇-2′,2′-二氧化物)]-β-D-戊-呋喃糖基-N3-甲基胸腺嘧啶;U90152:1-[3-[(1-甲基乙基)-氨基]-2-吡啶基]-4-[[5-[(甲磺酰基)-氨基]-1H-吲哚-2基]羰基]哌嗪;UC:硫代甲酰苯胺(thiocarboxanilide)衍生物(Uniroyal公司);UC-781:N-[4-氯-3-(3-甲基-2-丁烯基氧)苯基]-2-甲基-3-呋喃硫代酰胺;UC-82:N-[4-氯-3-(3-甲基-2-丁烯基氧)苯基]-2-甲基-3-噻吩硫代酰胺;VB 11,328:羟乙基-磺酰胺蛋白酶抑制剂(Vertex公司);VX-478:羟乙基磺酰胺蛋白酶抑制剂(Vertex公司);XM323:环脲蛋白酶抑制剂(Dupont Merck公司)。
所述活性化合物还可以与利巴韦林、干扰素、白细胞介素或它们的稳定化的前药联合或交替给药。更广泛地描述,所述化合物可以与以下列出的任何抗HCV药物联合或交替给药。
目前临床开发的抗丙型肝炎化合物列表
药名 药物类别 制药公司
PEGASYS 长效干扰素 Roche
聚乙二醇化的干扰素α
-2a
INFERGEN 干扰素,长效干扰素 InterMune
干扰素alfacon-1
OMNIFERON 干扰素,长效干扰素 Viragen
天然干扰素
ALBUFERON 长效干扰素 Human Genome Sciences
REBIF 干扰素 Ares-Serono
干扰素β-1a
ω干扰素 干扰素 BioMedicine
口服干扰素α 口服干扰素 Amarillo Biosciences
干扰素γ-1b 抗纤维化药物 InterMune
IP-501 抗纤维化药物 Interneuron
Merimebodib VX-497 IMPDH抑制剂 Vertex
(肌苷一磷酸脱氢酶)
AMANTADINE 广谱抗病毒药物 Endo Labs
(金刚烷胺) Solvay
IDN-6556 细胞凋亡调节剂 Idun Pharma
XTL-002 单克隆抗体 XTL
HCV/MF59 疫苗 Chiron
CIVACIR 多克隆抗体 NABI
治疗性疫苗 Innogenetics
VTRAMIDINE 核苷类似物 ICN
ZADAXIN(胸腺素α-1) 免疫调节剂 Sci Clone
CEPLENE 免疫调节剂 Maxim
组胺二盐酸盐
VX950/LY 570310 蛋白酶抑制剂 Vertex/Eli Lilly
ISIS 14803 反义药物 Isis Pharmaceutical/Elan
IDN-6556 半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂 Idun Pharmaceuticals,Inc.
http://www.idun.com
JTK003 聚合酶抑制剂 AKROS Pharma
Tarvacin 抗磷脂治疗 Peregrine
HCV-796 聚合酶抑制剂 VioPharma/Wye
CH-6 丝氨酸蛋白酶 Schering
ANA971 艾沙托立宾 ANADYS
(Isatoribine)
ANA245 艾沙托立宾 ANADYS
(Isatoribine)
CPG 10101 免疫调节剂 Coley
激动剂(Actilon)
Rituximab 抗-CD20单克隆抗体 Genetech/IDEC
利妥昔(Rituxam)
NM283 聚合酶抑制剂 Idenix Pharmaceuticals
(Valopicitabine)
HepXTM-C 单克隆抗体 XTL
IC41 治疗性疫苗 Intercell
美杜沙(Medusa)干扰 长效干扰素 Flamel Technologies
素
E-1 治疗性疫苗 Innogenetics
Multiferon 长效干扰素 Viragen
BILN 2061 丝氨酸蛋白酶 Boehringer-Ingelheim
干扰素β-1a(利比, 干扰素 Ares-Serono
REBIF)
VI.用于治疗增殖性病症的联合治疗
在另一个实施方案中,当将所述化合物用作抗增殖剂时,可以与另一种能增加疗效的化合物联合给药,所述另一种能增加疗效的化合物包括但不限于抗叶酸药物、5-氟嘧啶(包括5-氟尿嘧啶)、胞苷类似物如β-L-1,3-二氧戊环基胞苷或β-L-1,3-二氧戊环基-5-氟胞苷、抗代谢药物(包括嘌呤抗代谢药物、阿糖胞苷、氟达拉滨[fudarabine]、氟尿苷、6-巯基嘌呤、甲氨喋呤和6-硫代鸟嘌呤)、羟基脲、有丝分裂抑制剂(包括CPT-11、依托泊苷(Etoposide)(VP-21)、紫杉醇(taxol)和长春花生物碱类如长春新碱和长春花碱、烷化剂(包括但不限于白消安[busulfan]、瘤可宁[chlorambucil]、环磷酰胺、异环磷酰胺[ifofamide]、氮芥、美法仑[melphalan]和塞替派[thiotepa])、非经典的烷化剂、含铂化合物、博来霉素[bleomycin]、抗肿瘤抗生素、蒽环类药物如阿霉素(doxorubicin)和柔红霉素(dannomycin)、蒽二酮、拓扑异构酶II抑制剂、激素药物(包括但不限于皮质甾类(地塞米松[dexamethasone]、泼尼松[prednisone]和甲基强的松[methylprednisone])、雄性激素如氟甲睾酮和甲睾酮、雌性激素如己烯雌酚、抗雌激素药如他莫昔芬(tamoxifen)、LHRH类似物如亮丙瑞林(leuprolide)、抗雄激素药如氟他胺(flutamide)、氨格鲁米特(aminoglutethimide)、醋酸甲地孕酮(megestrol)和安宫黄体酮(medroxyprogesterone))、天冬酰胺酶、卡莫司汀(carmustine)、洛莫司汀(lomustine)、六甲三聚氰胺、达卡巴嗪(dacarbazine)、米托坦(mitotane)、链佐星(streptozoncin)、顺铂、卡铂(carboplatin)、左旋咪唑(levamasole)和甲酰四氢叶酸。本发明的化合物还可以与酶治疗剂和免疫系统调节剂如干扰素、白细胞介素、肿瘤坏死因子、巨噬细胞集落刺激因子和集落刺激因子联合使用。
VII.制备活性化合物的方法
以下合成方法和图式提供本发明的方法的理解。这些图式是以说明为目的,而不意味着限制本发明的范围。在不背离合成方法的一般范围内,可以用等同、类似或适宜的溶剂、试剂或反应条件来替换本文所述的那些具体溶剂、试剂或反应条件。
2′-脱氧-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯II(R1=H,X=O,S)通过采用Kim的方法(参见Kim等人,J.Org.Chem.1991,56,2642)来合成。关键中间体呋喃型烯糖(furanoid glycals)3是由2′-脱氧核苷1使用Horwitz方法(参见Zemlicka等人,J.Am.Chem.Soc.1972,94,3213)来制得。从烯糖3起,(二甲基膦酰基)甲氧基官能团或者通过在高氯酸银存在下苯基氯化硒加成后用二甲基(羟甲基)膦酸酯取代而引入,或者直接借助于N-(苯基硒基)邻苯二甲酰亚胺或溴化碘而引入。苯基氢硒基或含碘基团的脱除导致形成双键产物5,当其氧化时生成核糖核苷6。化合物6的2′-下羟基通过3′-羟基的选择性保护后经氧化还原步骤转化成阿糖(arabinol)核苷8(参见Nguyen-Trung等人,J.Org.Chem.2003,68,第2038-2041页)。选择性地,如果所述碱是嘧啶,通过2,2′-脱水后形成水解来实现转化。通过氟化的方式,包括那些涉及2′-磺酸盐中间体或使用DAST或脱氧氟(Deoxyfluoro)直接氟化的方法,将2′-阿糖核苷8转化成2′-脱氧-2′-氟化合物9。9的最后去保护得到2′-氟核苷膦酸酯II,如图式1所示。
图式1:2′-脱氧-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯II(R1=H,X=O,S)的合成。试剂和条件:X=O,S;B=受保护或未受保护的嘌呤和嘧啶碱;(a)Pt,pH9或CrO3、Py或KMnO4;(b)DMF,二甲基甲酰胺二新戊基乙缩醛,80-90℃;(c)i)PhSeCl,-70℃;ii)AgClO4,(MeO)2P(=O)CH2OH;或N-(苯基硒基)邻苯二甲酰亚胺、(MeO)2P(=O)CH2OH;(d)NaIO4;(e)OsO4;(f)BzCl、Py;(g)B=嘧啶:i)MsCl,Py;ii)NH4OH;B=嘌呤:i)CrO3、Ac2O、Py;ii)NaBH4;(h)DAST,CH2Cl2;(i)i)NH3-MeOH;ii)TMSBr。
因为4′-羟基环状核苷的稳定性,环状核苷11是由环戊烯醇酯10通过Trost反应而直接制得的。通过采用如图式1中所述的类似方法,将2′-氟官能团引入环状核苷。用(EtO)(OH)P(=O)CH2OTs取代17后去保护,生成环状2′-氟核苷膦酸酯II(R1=H,X=CH2),如图式2中所示。
图式2:环状2′-氟核苷膦酸酯II(R1=H,X=CH2)的合成。试剂和条件:(a)Pd(PPh3)4、PPh3、NaH、碱;(b)i)CH2(OMe)2、CH2Cl2、TfOH;ii)OsO4;(c)BzCl、Py;(d)CrO3;(e)NaBH4;(f)DAST;(g)CF3COOH、CH2Cl2;(h)(EtO)(HO)P(=O)CH2OTs、NaH;(i)i)NH3、MeOH;ii)TMSBr。
将引入二甲基(羟甲基)膦酸酯(Kim的方法)的策略用于2′-氟-2′,3′-双脱氢-2′,3′-双脱氧-核苷膦酸酯IV(X=O,S)的合成。因此,2′-脱氧-2′-氟核苷19通过氧化和脱除转化成烯糖21。二甲基(羟甲基)膦酸酯加成后脱除和去保护生成2′-氟-d4核苷膦酸酯IV(X=O,S)(图式3)。
图式3:2′,3′-双脱氢-2′,3′-双脱氧-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯IV(X=O,S)的合成。试剂和条件:X=O,S;B=受保护或未受保护的嘌呤和嘧啶碱;(a)Pt,pH9或CrO3、Py或KMnO4;(b)DMF,二甲基甲酰胺二新戊基缩醛,80-90℃;(c)i)PhSeCl,-70℃;ii)AgClO4、(MeO)2P(=O)CH2OH;或N-(苯基硒基)邻苯二甲酰亚胺,(MeO)2P(=O)CH2OH;(d)i)NaIO4;ii)TMSBr。
环状2′-氟-2′,3′-双脱氢-2′,3′-双脱氧核苷膦酸酯IV(X=CH2)是由2-氟-环戊烯二醇31合成。从环戊烯二醇23起,在丙酮化、环氧化、开环和氧化之后,制得酮28。用DAST氟化后脱除并去保护,形成2-氟-环戊烯二醇(cyclopentendiol)31。乙酰化之后,Trost反应,用(EtO)2P(=O)CH2OTs取代,并去保护,得到环状2′-氟-d4核苷膦酸酯IV(X=CH2)(图式4)。
图式4:环状2′,3′-双脱氧-2′,3′-双脱氢-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯IV(X=CH2)的合成。试剂和条件:B=受保护或未受保护的嘌呤和嘧啶碱;(a)丙酮、H2SO4、CuSO4;(b)m-CPBA;(c)LiAlH4;(d)CrO3、Ac2O、CH2Cl2、Py;(e)DAST;(f)t-BuOK;(g)CF3COOH;(h)Ac2O、Py;(i)Pd(PPh3)4、PPh3、NaH、碱;(j)(EtO)2P(=O)CH2OTs、NaH;(k)TMSBr。
为了合成2′-脱氧-2′-氟-2′-甲基-核苷膦酸酯II(R1=CH3),将核糖核苷膦酸酯7氧化成酮35。酮35加成MeLi或MeMgI后用DAST氟化,制得2′-氟-2′-甲基化合物37。一旦去保护,获得2′-脱氧-2′-氟-2′-甲基-核苷膦酸酯II(R1=CH3)(图式5)。
图式5:2′-脱氧-2′-甲基-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯II(R1=CH3,X=O,S)的合成。试剂和条件:X=O,S;B=受保护或未受保护的嘌呤和嘧啶碱;(a)CrO3、Ac2O、CH2Cl2、Py;(b)MeLi、THF;(c)DAST、CH2Cl2;(d)i)NH3-MeOH;ii)TMSBr。
使用如图式5中所示的类似策略,将2′-氟-2′-甲基官能团引入到环状核苷II(X=CH2,R1=CH3),即向酮14中加入MeLi后DAST氟化,形成39。去保护39得到40,其经甲苯(EtO)(OH)P(=O)CH2OTs缩合,得到41。去保护41之后,获得环状类似物II(X=CH2,R1=CH3)(图式6)。
图式6:环状2′-脱氧-2′-甲基-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯II(X=CH2,R1=CH3)的合成。试剂和条件:B=受保护或未受保护的嘌呤和嘧啶碱;(a)MeLi、THF;(b)DAST、CH2Cl2;(c)CF3COOH、CH2Cl2;(d)(EtO)2P(=O)CH2OTs、NaH;(e)i)NH3、MeOH;ii)TMSBr。
选择性地,Cook的方法还用于2′-脱氧-2′-氟-2′-甲基-嘧啶核苷膦酸酯II(B=嘧啶)的制备。因此,在尿苷类似物42的5′-位上甲硅烷基化。苯甲酰化和N-保护后,去甲硅烷基化产生44,氧化并用乙酰氧基取代,生成46。二乙基(羟甲基)膦酸酯加成后去保护将46转化成尿苷类似物48。通过氨基化和去保护,制得胞苷类似物II(X=O,S)(图式7)。
图式7:2′-脱氧-2′-氟-2′-甲基-嘧啶核苷膦酸酯II的合成。试剂和条件:X=O,S;(a)TBDPSCl、DMF、咪唑;(b)i)BOMCl、(i-Pr)2NEt、CH2Cl2;ii)BzCl、Py;iii)TBAF、THF;(c)i)CrO3、Ac2O、Py、CH2Cl2、T-BuOH、DMF;ii)CF3COOH;(d)Pb(OAc)4、Py、DMF;(e)(EtO)2P(=O)CH2OH、TMSOTf、CH2Cl2;(f)H2、Pd(OH)2、MeOH、丙酮;(g)i)(i-Pr)3C6H2SO2Cl、THF;ii)NH4OH;iii)TMSBr。
5′-脱氧核苷膦酸酯I和III分别由5′-碘代化合物51和55合成,所述5′-碘代化合物51和55由相应的核苷49和53通过甲苯磺酰化和碘化制得或者用三苯基膦和碘直接碘化制得。碘代化合物51和55用三乙基磷酸盐取代后去保护,获得2′-氟核苷膦酸酯I和III(图式8)。该方法已经广泛用于合成5′-脱氧核苷膦酸酯(参见Holy等人,Tetrahedron Lett.1967,881-884)。
图式8:5′-脱氧-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯I和III(n=1)的合成。试剂和条件:X=O、S、CH2;R1=H或CH3;B=受保护或未受保护的嘌呤或嘧啶;(a).TsCl、Py;(b).NaI、EtCOMe;(c)(EtO)3P;(d)NH3、MeOH;(e)TMSBr。
5′-亚甲基膦酸酯I是通过采用已公开的方法由核苷49来合成的(参见Koh等人,J.Med.Chem.2005,48,2867-2875),所述方法包括氧化、Wittig反应和还原。d4类似物III是通过碘代化合物59与二乙基甲基锂(lithiomethane)膦酸酯缩合后去保护来合成的,是Wolff-Kugel和Halazy所用的方法(Wolff-Kungel,Halazy,Tetrahedron Lett.1991,32,6341-6344)。这些方法如图式9中所示。
图式9:5′-亚甲基-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯I和III(n=2)的合成。试剂和条件:X=O、S、CH2;B=受保护或未受保护的嘌呤或嘧啶;(a)DCC、DMSO、TFA、Py、(PhO)2P(=O)CHPPh3;(b)H、Pd-C、MeOH;(c)NH3、MeOH;(d)i)TsCl、Py;ii)NaI、EtC(=O)Me;(e)LiCH2P(O)(OEt)2;(f)TMSBr。
上述的β-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯是β-D构型,然而,应当理解的是,β-2′-氟核苷膦酸酯可以是β-L或β-D构型。β-L类似物可以使用上述合成β-D化合物的策略从对应的β-L核苷或者适宜的对映体开始而类似地合成。
图式10
2-氟-2-脱氧-膦酰基胞苷的合成。
试剂和反应条件:a)i.TBDPSC1、DMAP、Et3N、DMF、50-60℃;ii.BzCl、嘧啶(pridine),室温,12小时;b)TBAF、THF,室温,6小时;c)PPh3、CBr4、CH2Cl2、室温,48小时;d)(EtO)3P,140℃,24小时;e)i.TMSBr、CH3CN、0℃→室温,12小时;ii.NH3/MeOH,30℃,12小时。
合成(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-(4-苯甲酰氨基-2-氧嘧啶-1(2H)-基)-2-((叔丁基二苯基硅烷基氧)甲基)-4-氟-四氢呋喃-3-基苯甲酸酯(2)
于0℃在氮保护气氛下,向5.0mL含有2-脱氧-2-氟胞苷(0.32g,1.32mmol)和DMAP(0.32g,2.60mmol)的无水DMF溶液中加入Et3N(0.27mL,1.95mmol)和TBDPSC1(0.50mL,1.96mmol)。将得到的溶液在50℃下搅拌12小时,并在室温下用MeOH(0.5mL)处理。再次搅拌溶液之后,减压除去溶剂。将残留物在高真空下室温干燥24小时。粗产物于0℃在氮保护气氛下溶解于10mL无水吡啶。向所述溶液中加入苯甲酰氯(0.4mL,3.40mmol)。在室温下搅拌溶液12小时之后,在室温下用MeOH(1.0mL)处理该溶液。所述溶液在真空下浓缩,并且将残留物通过硅胶柱层析(己烷:EtOAc=2:1-1:2v/v)纯化,获得化合物2(0.64g,0.92mmol),收率82%。1HNMR(CDCl3,400MHz)δ 9.31(br,1H),8.45(d,J=8.0,1H),7.96(m,4H),7.66-7.37(m,15H),7.18(m,2H),6.26(d,J=16.0,1H),5.50(m,1H),5.48(d,J=3.5,0.5H),5.34(d,J=3.5,0.5H),4.52(d,J=8.8,1H),4.28(dd,J=12.0,1.6,1H),3.87(dd,J=12.0,1.6,1H),1.10(s,9H);计算C39H38FN3O6Si的MS m/z 692.3(M+H)+为692.4。
合成(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-(4-苯甲酰氨基-2-氧嘧啶-1(2H)-基)-4-氟-2-(羟甲基)-四氢呋喃-3-基苯甲酸酯(3)
在0℃下,向化合物2(0.64 g5 0.92mmol)的10.0mL无水THF溶液中加入TBAF(1.20mL,1.0M于THF中)。所得的溶液在室温下搅拌6小时。减压除去溶剂,并且将残留物通过硅胶柱层析(己烷:EtOAc=4:1-1:1v/v)纯化,得到化合物3(0.39g,0.85mmol),收率93%。1H NMR(CD3OD,400MHz)δ 8.58(d,J=7.6,1H),8.00(m,4H),7.63(m,3H),7.51(m,4H),6.16(dd,J=17.6,1.6,1H),5.55(dd,J=4.4,1.6,0.5H),5.47(m,1H),5.42(dd,J=4.4,1.6,0.5H),4.51(m,1H),4.06(dd,J=12.8,2.4,1H),3.86(dd,J=12.8,3.2,1H);计算C23H20FN3O6的MS m/z 454.1(M+H)+为454.2。
合成(2S,3R,4S,5R)-5-(4-苯甲酰氨基-2-氧嘧啶-1(2H)-基)-2-(溴甲基)-4-氟-四氢呋喃-3-基苯甲酸酯(4)
于0℃在氮保护气氛下,向化合物3(0.12g,0.27mmol)和CBr4(0.11g,0.33mmol)的5.0mL无水CH2Cl2溶液中加入PPh3(0.12g,0.41mmol)。将得到的溶液在室温下搅拌48小时。减压除去溶剂,残留物通过硅胶柱层析(己烷:EtOAc=1:2-1:4v/v)纯化,得到化合物4(0.08g,0.16mmol),收率60%。1H NMR(CDCl3,400MHz)δ 8.95(br,1H),8.14(d,J=7.6,1H),8.05(d,J=7.2,2H),7.92(d,J=7.2,2H),7.62(m,3H),7.52(d,J=7.6,1H),7.48(m,3H),6.06(dd,J=15.2,1.2,1H),5.63(dd,J=4.8,1.2,0.5H),5.50(dd,J=4.8,1.2,0.5H),5.44(m,1H),4.68(m,1H),3.92(dd,J=12.0,4.0,1H),3.77(dd,J=12.0,4.8,1H);计算C23H19BrFN3O5的MS m/z 516.1(M+H)+为518.3。
合成(2S,3R,4S,5R)-5-(4-苯甲酰氨基-2-氧嘧啶-1(2H)-基)-2-((二乙氧基磷酰基)甲基)-4-氟-四氢呋喃-3-基苯甲酸酯(5)
将化合物4(0.08g,0.16mmol)的10mL(EtO)3P溶液在140℃下搅拌24小时,并且减压蒸发溶剂。将所述残留物溶解于10mL的MeOH中,并且吸附在硅胶上,然后通过硅胶柱层析(己烷:EtOAc=1:2-1:4v/v)纯化,得到化合物5(0.04g,0.07mmol),收率44%。1H NMR(CDCl3,400MHz)δ8.97(br,1H),8.08(d,J=7.2,2H),8.04(d,J=7.6,1H),7.92(d,J=7.2,2H),7.60(m,3H),7.50(m,4H),5.98(d,J=18.4,1H),5.65(d,J=4.8,0.5H),5.52(d,J=4.8,0.5H),5.45(m,1H),4,76(m,1H),4.11(m,4H),2.42(m,2H),1.32(m,6H);计算C27H29FN3O8P的MS m/z 574.2(M+H)+为574.3。
合成(2S,3R,4S,5R)-5-(4-氨基-2-氧嘧啶-1(2H)-基)-4-氟-3-羟基-四氢呋喃-2-基)甲基磷酸(6)
于0℃在氮保护气氛下,用TMSBr(0.02g,0.13mmol)处理无水CH3CN中的化合物5(0.03g,0.05mmol)。将得到的溶液在室温下搅拌3小时。减压除去挥发物,并且然后将所述残留物溶解于50mL的甲醇氨水溶液,并在钢制反应釜中于30℃下加热12小时。将溶液减压浓缩,残留物通过反相C18液相色谱(H2O至CH3CN,梯度)纯化,得到化合物(0.01g,0.032mmol),收率60%。1HNMR(CD3OD 400MHz)δ8.00(d,J=8.0,2H),6.05(d,J=8.0,1H),5.83(d,J=19.2,1H),5.11(dd,J=12.8,4.0,1H),4.20(m,1H),4.01(m,1H),2.24(m,1H)5,2.13(m,1H);计算C9H13FN3O6P的MS m/z 310.1(M+H)+为310.1。
VIII.生物学活性
抗-HIV(PBM细胞内)试验
采用如前所述的方法,在人外周血单核(PBM)细胞中测定所述化合物的抗-HIV-1活性(Schinazi R.F.,McMillan A.,Cannon D.,Mathis R.,LloydR.M.Jr.,Peck A.,Sommadossi J.-P.,St.Clair M.,Wilson J.,FurmanP.A,Painter G.,Choi W.-B.,LiottaD.C.Antimicrob.Agents Chemother.1992,36,2423;Schinazi R.F.,Sommadossi J.-P.,Saalmann V.,CannonD.,Xie M.-Y.,Hart G.,Smith G.Hahn E.Antimicrob.Agents Chemother.1990,34,1061)。在无菌DMSO中配制所述化合物的原液(20-40mM),并且随后在生长培养基中稀释为所期望的浓度。用HIV-ILAI原型以0.01的感染复数来感染细胞。通过使用(rA)n·(dT)12-18作为模板引物测定逆转录酶对在感染之后第6天从细胞上清液中获得的病毒来定量。稀释溶液中存在的DMSO(<0.1%)对病毒产率没有影响。包括的AZT作为阳性对照。使用如前所述的半数有效方法(median effective method)的浓度-应答曲线获得所述病毒的EC50和EC90(Chou T.-C.和Talalay P.Adv.Enzyme Regul.1984,22,第27-55页;Belen′kii M.S.和Schinazi R.F.Antiviral Res.1994,25,第1-11页)。
抗-HBV试验
以四环素作为对照,通过处理携带野生型HBV的AD-38细胞系测定化合物的抗-HBV活性(Ladner S.K.,Otto M.J.,Barker CS.,Zaifert K.,WangG.H.,Guo J.T.,Seeger C.和King RW.Antimicrob.Agents Chemother.1997,41,1715-1720)。从培养基[Tet(-)]中除去四环素导致HBV的产生。以所述化合物处理的HBV在培养上清液中的水平,与未经处理的对照进行对比。还维持带有四环素[Tet(+)]的对照培养物以确定HBV表达的基础水平。包括的3TC作为阳性对照。
抗-HCV试验
将所述化合物溶解于DMSO并以1-100μM的终浓度加入到培养基。孵育4天使得HCV RNA复制子的剂量依赖性减少。因为3.3Ct值等同于RNA复制子的1-log减少,计算出EC90值。进一步分析细胞DNA水平(核糖体DNA)或细胞RNA水平(核糖体RNA)的降低,得到表示该化合物对宿主DNA和RNA聚合酶抑制能力的ΔCt。从抗病毒ΔCt值中减去这些细胞的ΔCt值,得到治疗指数ΔΔCt值。基于这些计算,获得校正细胞毒性的平均EC90值。
HCV聚合酶表达和纯化
从基因型1A、克隆、p134/pBRTM2029-3011(ΔAvr II)扩增出HCV NS5B基因。所用的引物将蛋氨酸和丙氨酸添加至N末端并切除C末端的21个氨基酸,用六聚组氨酸标记取代它们,使大肠杆菌中增加的可溶性产物以及金属亲和力纯化。在Ncol和BamH1位点上将所述PCR产物克隆至pET32a表达结构(Novagen公司)中,并采用标准方法由Stanford PAN设备对产生的质粒(pRSK1)测序。用pRSK1转化BL1(DE3)pLysS细胞(Novagen公司),并在37℃下生长至0.1的光密度,此时将所述细胞转移到室温。在0.3-0.5的光密度下,加入异丙基-β-D-硫代吡喃半乳糖苷至终浓度0.5mM,6小时后收获所述细胞。冷冻细胞团,解冻并再悬浮于缓冲液中,该缓冲液含有50mM磷酸钠pH7.0、10%甘油、0.3M NaCl、2mM β-巯基乙醇、0.5% β-辛基-葡糖苷。超声波处理所述细胞提取物,并且离心除去细胞碎片。所述提取物用Talon金属亲合树脂(Clontech)分批孵育,用上述缓冲液充分清洗,且然后灌入柱子进行分级咪唑洗脱。所述聚合酶,称为NS5Bt,用70mM-250mM的咪唑特异性洗脱,为~90%纯度。
HCV聚合酶抑制试验
RdRp试验是Kao等试验(Kao,C,C;Yang,X.;Kline,A.;Wang,Q.M.;Barket,D.;Heinz,B.A.(2000)J.Virol.74,11 121-11128)的改进。所使用的模板允许从头合成,并用嘌呤霉素阻断其3′端,所述嘌呤霉素大大地阻止形成高分子量产物并允许检测主要的24和25个核苷酸产物。每一反应均含有50mM Hepes-NaOH pH8.0、0.65uM模板、0.1μM上述纯化的NS5Bt、250μM GTP、5μM UTP、0.6μM CTP和1μM[α P32]ATP、0.5mM MnCl2、7mM MgCl2、18mM DTT以及给定浓度的所述类似物。在27℃下孵育反应混合物45分钟。通过加入1/5体积的5X蛋白酶K mix(250μg蛋白酶K/ml[Sigma公司,St Louis,MO]、375mM Hepes-NaOH pH8、0.5%SDS、25mM EDTA)终止反应,并在37℃下孵育10分钟。然后使用异丙醇沉淀反应,并以糖原为载体,用70%乙醇清洗两次脱盐。将所述RNA重悬于甲酰胺上样缓冲液中,加热至65℃ 3分钟,且上样于20%丙烯酰胺/7M脲/TBE变性凝胶,并在50℃下电泳分离。使用磷光影像仪(Phosphoimager)分析进行条带的定量。
BVDV抑制测定
瘟病毒属的最具有特征性的成员之一是BVDV。BVDV和HCV有至少三种共同特征,为:(1)它们均进行IRES-介导的翻译;(2)NS4A辅因子是它们的NS3丝氨酸蛋白酶所必需的;和(3)在非结构区内,特别是在NS5A和NS5B结合位点,它们进行相似的多聚蛋白加工。因此,将所述BVDV复制系统用于抗黄病毒科化合物的发现。本文所述化合物是活性抗瘟病毒、丙型肝炎病毒和/或黄病毒。
在37℃、增湿、5% CO2的培养箱中,将Maldin-Darby牛肾(MDBK)细胞生长和保持在添加油10%的加热失活马血清的改进伊格尔(eagle)培养基(DMEM/F12;GibcoBRL公司)中。在这些细胞受感染之后,牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV),NADL菌株导致细胞病变效应(CPE)。
将生长于DMEM/F12<10%马血清(HS)中的MDBK细胞,用使用胰蛋白酶-EDTA的标准技术分离。将细胞以5 x 104细胞/孔的量接种于96-孔板,加入试验化合物(20微摩尔(μM)浓度)至总体积100微升(μL)。1小时后,除去所述培养基,并且在50μL的总体积中以0.02或0.002的感染复数(MOI)感染所述细胞45分钟。此后,除去所述病毒,用100μL的试验培养基清洗细胞两次。最后,将感染的细胞在总体积为100μL的含有40或100μM浓度的试验化合物中孵育。22小时之后,通过低速离心分离除去细胞碎片,收集细胞上清液,并且随后以定量方式检测病毒的存在。
细胞毒性测定
如前所述,在Vero、人PBM、CEM(人的类淋巴母细胞)、MT-2和HepG2细胞中评估所述化合物的细胞毒性(Schinazi R.F.,Sommadossi J.-P.,Saalmann V.,Cannon D.L.,Xie M.-Y.,Hart G.C.,Smith G.A.和Hahn E.F.Antimicrob Agents Chemother.1990,34,第1061-1067页)。将所包含的放线菌酮作为阳性细胞毒素对照,并且将所包含的暴露于溶剂的未处理细胞作为阴性对照。通过使用如前所述的半数有效方法的浓度-应答曲线获得细胞毒性IC50(Chou T.-C.和Talalay P.Adv.Enzyme Regul.1984,22,第27-55页;Belen′k ii M.S.和Schinazi R.F.Antiviral Res.1994,25,第1-11页)。
本发明已经描述了作为参考的优选实施方案。通过以上对本发明的详细描述,本发明的变化和改进对于所属领域技术人员将是显而易见的。所有这些变化和改进都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (16)
1、式(I)化合物或者其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂化物或水合物,其中:
a)X是O、S、SO2或CH2;
b)Z是O、S或NH;
c)n是1或2;
d)R1是H或CH3;
e)R2和R3独立地是氢、卤素(F、Cl、Br、I)、OH、OR′、SH、SR′、N3、NH2、NHR′、CN、OCOR′、OCOOR′、C1-C6的低级烷基、C1-C6的低级卤代(F、Cl、Br、I)烷基如CF3和CH2CH2F、C2-C6的低级烯基如CH=CH2、C2-C6的低级卤代(F、Cl、Br、I)烯基如CH=CHCl、CH=CHBr和CH=CHI、C2-C6的低级炔基如C≡CH、C2-C6的低级卤代(F、Cl、Br、I)炔基、C1-C6的低级烷氧基如CH2OH和CH2CH2OH、C2-C6的低级烷基酸如CH2COOH和CH2CH2COOH、C2-C6的低级烷基酸酯如CH2COOR′和CH2CH2COOR′;
f)R4和R5独立地是氢、磷酸酯、二磷酸酯或者是优选为在肝细胞中脱除以生成相应的OH基。本文所用的术语“优选为在肝细胞中脱除”是指所述基团至少部分在肝细胞中的脱除速率高于相同基团在非肝脏细胞(例如,成纤细胞或淋巴细胞)中的脱除速率。因此,预期的可脱除基团包括所有能够通过还原酶、酯酶、细胞色素P450或任何其他特异性肝酶脱除的药学上可接受的基团。预期的选择性基团还可以包括未必是优先在肝细胞中脱除的基团,但是至少有某些积聚和/或特异性递送至肝细胞的效应(例如,带有选定氨基酸的酯,所述选定氨基酸包括缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸或聚精氨酸或聚天冬氨酸);
g)碱是含有至少一个氮的杂环。
2、式(II)化合物或者其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂化物或水合物,其中:
a)X是O、S、SO2或CH2;
b)Z是O、S或NH;
c)R1是H或CH3;
d)R2和R3独立地是氢、卤素(F、Cl、Br、I)、OH、OR′、SH、SR′、N3、NH2、NHR′、CN、OCOR′、OCOOR′、C1-C6的低级烷基、C1-C6的低级卤代(F、Cl、Br、I)烷基如CF3和CH2CH2F、C2-C6的低级烯基如CH=CH2、C2-C6的低级卤代(F、Cl、Br、I)烯基如CH=CHCl、CH=CHBr和CH=CHI、C2-C6的低级炔基如C≡CH、C2-C6的低级卤代(F、Cl、Br、I)炔基、C1-C6的低级烷氧基如CH2OH和CH2CH2OH、C2-C6的低级烷基酸如CH2COOH和CH2CH2COOH、C2-C6的低级烷基酸酯如CH2COOR′和CH2CH2COOR′;
e)R4和R5独立地是氢、磷酸酯、二磷酸酯或是在肝细胞中优先脱除以生成相应OH基的基团;
f)碱是含有至少一个氮的杂环。
3、式(III)化合物或者其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂化物或水合物,其中:
a)X是O、S、SO2或CH2;
b)n是1或2;
c)R4和R5独立地是氢、磷酸酯、二磷酸酯或是在肝细胞中优先脱除以生成相应OH基的基团;
d)碱是含有至少一个氮的杂环。
4、式(IV)化合物或者其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂化物或水合物,其中:
a)X是O、S、SO2或CH2;
b)Z是O、S或NH;
c)R4和R5独立地是氢、磷酸酯、二磷酸酯或是在肝细胞中优先脱除以生成相应OH基的基团。
13、权利要求3所述的化合物,所述化合物包括下式的2′-氟核苷膦酸酯:
、其药学上可接受的盐或其前药。
14、一种药物组合物,所述药物组合物包含权利要求1、2、3或4的化合物以及药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂、媒介物或赋形剂。
15、权利要求14所述的药物组合物,所述药物组合物进一步包含选自如下的化合物:细胞因子、蛋白酶抑制剂、抗病毒剂、蛋白酶、半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂、抗体和蛋白酶抑制剂。
16、一种在有需要的受试者中预防或治疗异常的细胞增殖、病毒感染、自身免疫性疾病或其症状的方法,所述方法包括向所述受试者给予有效量的权利要求14所述的组合物。
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2007
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- 2007-03-23 EP EP07753894A patent/EP2004661A2/en not_active Withdrawn
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- 2007-03-23 CA CA002645859A patent/CA2645859A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-03-23 KR KR1020087025993A patent/KR20090007569A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
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KR20090007569A (ko) | 2009-01-19 |
MX2008011880A (es) | 2009-01-30 |
BRPI0709127A2 (pt) | 2011-06-28 |
WO2007112028A3 (en) | 2008-03-06 |
US20070225249A1 (en) | 2007-09-27 |
EP2004661A2 (en) | 2008-12-24 |
IL193948A0 (en) | 2009-09-22 |
WO2007112028A2 (en) | 2007-10-04 |
CA2645859A1 (en) | 2007-10-04 |
US8895531B2 (en) | 2014-11-25 |
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