CN101448870A - 含有高官能度的、高支化或超支化的聚碳酸酯的粉末涂漆 - Google Patents
含有高官能度的、高支化或超支化的聚碳酸酯的粉末涂漆 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101448870A CN101448870A CNA2007800182667A CN200780018266A CN101448870A CN 101448870 A CN101448870 A CN 101448870A CN A2007800182667 A CNA2007800182667 A CN A2007800182667A CN 200780018266 A CN200780018266 A CN 200780018266A CN 101448870 A CN101448870 A CN 101448870A
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- 239000012463 white pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003739 xylenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000811 xylitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-SCDXWVJYSA-N xylitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-SCDXWVJYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010447 xylitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960002675 xylitol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014692 zinc oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UQMZPFKLYHOJDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;cadmium(2+);disulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[S-2].[Zn+2].[Cd+2] UQMZPFKLYHOJDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CHJMFFKHPHCQIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;octanoate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCC([O-])=O CHJMFFKHPHCQIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- DGVVWUTYPXICAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N β‐Mercaptoethanol Chemical compound OCCS DGVVWUTYPXICAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
粉末涂漆,其包含基于二烷基碳酸酯或二芳基碳酸酯或光气、双光气或三光气和脂肪族、脂肪族/芳香族或芳香族二醇或多元醇的高官能度的、高支化的或超支化聚碳酸酯。
Description
本发明涉及粉末涂漆,其包含基于二烷基碳酸酯或二芳基碳酸酯或光气、双光气或三光气与脂肪族、脂肪族/芳香族或芳香族二元醇或多元醇的高官能度的、高支化或超支化的聚碳酸酯。
聚碳酸酯通常由醇类或酚类与光气的反应或由醇类或酚类与二烷基碳酸酯或二芳基碳酸酯的酯交换而获得。工业上重要的是芳香族聚碳酸酯,其例如由双酚制备;从市场容量来看,迄今为止脂肪族聚碳酸酯起着次要的作用。为此还参见Becker/Braun,Kunststoff-Handbuch第3/1卷,Polycarbonate,Polyacetale,Polyester,Celluloseester,Carl-Hanser-Verlag,München 1992,第118-119页,和“Ullmann′s Encyclopedia of IndustrialChemistry”,第6版,2000 Electronic Release,Verlag Wiley-VCH。
在文献中所述的芳香族或脂肪族聚碳酸酯通常是直链的或只具有低支化度地构建。
例如US 3,305,605描述了具有超过15000Da的摩尔质量的固态直链脂肪族聚碳酸酯作为用于聚乙烯基聚合物的增塑剂的用途。
US 4,255,301描述了作为用于聚酯的光稳定剂的直链环脂族聚碳酸酯。
直链脂肪族聚碳酸酯此外优选用来制备热塑性塑料,例如用于聚酯或用于聚氨酯弹性体或聚脲聚氨酯弹性体,为此还参见EP 364052、EP 292772、EP 1018504或DE 10130882。这些直链聚碳酸酯的特征通常为高特性粘度。
EP-A 896 013公开了交联的聚碳酸酯,其可通过二元醇和具有至少3个OH基的多元醇的混合物与有机碳酸酯、光气或其衍生物反应获得。优选使用至少40%的二醇。所述文献根本不含有如下启示,即,由所谓的起始物开始还可以如何制备未交联的超支化的聚碳酸酯。
所述结构的、高官能度的聚碳酸酯为人熟知才很短的时间。
在WO 2006/089940中描述了超支化、高支化或超支化的聚碳酸酯以及通常的其在粉末涂漆中的应用。
然而那里没有描述特定的粉末涂漆。
S.P.Rannard和N.J.Davis,J.Am.Chem.Soc.2000,122,11729描述了通过羰基二咪唑作为类似光气的化合物与二-羟基乙基氨基-2-丙醇反应制备完美支化的树枝体聚碳酸酯。
合成完美的树枝体是多步骤的,因此成本高并因此不适合于转化为工业规模。
D.H.Bolton和K.L.Wooley,Macromolecules 1997,30,1890描述了通过1,1,1-三(4′-羟基苯基)乙烷与羰基二咪唑反应制备高分子量的、非常刚性的超支化芳香族聚碳酸酯。
超支化聚碳酸酯也可以根据WO 98/50453制备。根据这里所述的方法,三元醇再与羰基二咪唑反应。这首先产生咪唑,其然后再经分子间反应产生聚碳酸酯。根据以上所述的方法,聚碳酸酯作为无色或淡黄色的类似橡胶的产物而产生。
Scheel和Mitarbeiter,Macromol.Symp.2004,120,101,描述了基于三乙醇胺和羰基二咪唑制备聚碳酸酯,然而这导致热不稳定的产物。
所述的产生高支化或超支化的聚碳酸酯合成方法具有以下缺点:
a)超支化的产物或者是高熔点的、类似橡胶的或者是热不稳定的,由此显著限制了后来的加工性。
b)必须将在反应期间释放的咪唑高费用地从反应混合物中除去。
c)反应产物经常包含末端咪唑基。该基团不稳定并必须通过随后的步骤例如转化为羟基。
d)羰基二咪唑是比较昂贵的化学品,这显著提高了原料成本。
本发明的目的在于制备粉末涂漆,其具有改善的流动特性和/或改善的外观。
所述目的可以通过包含至少一种高官能度的、高支化或超支化的、未交联的碳酸酯的粉末涂漆实现。
为此使用的高官能度的、高支化或超支化的聚碳酸酯在室温下(23℃)为液态或固态,通常具有-70至50℃,优选-70至20℃和特别优选-50至+10℃的玻璃化转变温度。
玻璃化转变温度Tg采用DSC-法(差示扫描量热法)根据ASTM3418/82测定,加热速率优选为10℃/min。
根据DIN 53240,第2部分的OH-值为至少100mg KOH/g或更多,优选150mg KOH/g或更多。
根据ISO 3219在175℃下的熔融聚碳酸酯的粘度为在0和20000mPa.s之间,优选0-15000mPa.s之间。
重均分子量Mw多数为在1,000和150,000之间,优选从2000至120,000g/mol,数均分子量Mn为在500和50,000之间,优选在500和40,000g/mol之间。
在本发明的粉末涂漆中聚碳酸酯特别是作为用来改善流变性的流动助剂显示了优点。
超支化聚碳酸酯在本发明范畴内是指具有羟基和碳酸酯基或氨基甲酰氯基的未交联的大分子,其结构和分子都不均匀。一方面它们可以类似于树枝体由中心分子开始构建,然而具有不均匀链长的树枝。另一方面它们也可以直链构建,采用官能的、支化侧基构建或者作为两种极端情况的组合,具有直链和支化的分子部分。对于树枝体和超支化聚合物的定义还参见PJ.Flory,J.Am.Chem.Soc.1952,74,2718和H.Frey等人,Chem.Eur.J.2000,6,No.14,2499。
“高支化”和”超支化”在本发明上下文中是指支化度(支化的程度,DB),也就是说每个分子的树枝体结点的平均数加上端基的平均数除以树枝体结点的平均数、直链结点的平均数和端基的平均数之和,再乘以100,该值为10-99.9%,优选20-99%,特别优选20-95%。
“树枝体”在本发明上下文中是指,支化度为99.9-100%。对于“支化程度”的定义参见H.Frey等人,Acta Polym.1997,48,30。
聚碳酸酯的重要特征在于其未交联。“未交联”在本文范畴内是指交联度小于15重量%,优选地小于10重量%,其通过聚合物未溶解份额来测定。
聚合物未溶解的份额通过采用与用于凝胶渗透色谱法相同的那些溶剂,即选自四氢呋喃、二甲基乙酰胺和六氟异丙醇四小时萃取,且根据聚合物可更好地溶解于哪种溶剂而定,并在Soxhlet-装置中和在将残余物干燥至恒重后将剩下的残余物称重来测定。
优选高官能度的高支化或超支化的未交联的聚碳酸酯通过包括以下步骤的方法获得:
a)制备一种或更多种缩合产物(K),其通过a1)或a2)制得,
a1)使通式RO[(CO)O]nR的至少一种有机碳酸酯(A)与至少一种具有至少3个OH-基团的脂肪族、脂肪族/芳香族或芳香族醇类(B1)反应并消去醇ROH,其中R每种情况下彼此独立的是具有1至20个碳原子的直链或分支的脂肪族、芳香族/脂肪族或芳香族烃基,且其中残基R可以彼此连接形成环,优选可以形成五元至六元环且n为1至5的整数
或
a2)使光气、双光气或三光气与所述的脂肪族、脂肪族/芳香族或芳香族醇类(B1)反应,同时释放氯化氢,
和
b)使缩合产物(K)分子间反应产生高官能度的、高支化或超支化的聚碳酸酯,
其中在反应混合物中OH-基团对光气或碳酸酯的用量比这样选择,使得缩合产物(K)平均具有或者一个碳酸酯基团或氨基甲酰氯基团和多于一个OH-基团,或者一个OH基团和多于一个碳酸酯基团或氨基甲酰氯基团。
以下将详细实施所述方法:
可以使用光气、双光气或三光气作为原料,其中优选光气,然而优选采用有机碳酸酯(A)。
用作原料的通式RO[(CO)O]nR的有机碳酸酯(A)的残基R每种情况下彼此独立地是指具有1至20个碳原子的直链或分支的脂肪族、芳香族/脂肪族(芳脂族)或芳香族烃残基。两个残基R也可以彼此连接形成环。两个残基R可以相同或不同,优选它们相同。优选它们是脂肪族烃残基和特别优选地是具有1至5个碳原子的直链或分支的烷残基或是取代或未取代的苯残基。
这里R表示直链或分支的,优选直链的、(环)脂肪族、芳香族/脂肪族或芳香族烃基,优选地(环)脂肪族或芳香族烃基,特别优选地具有1至20个碳原子,优选1至12个碳原子,特别优选1至6个碳原子和极其优选1至4个碳原子的脂肪族烃残基。
为此的实例为甲基、乙基、异丙基、正丙基、正丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、正己基、正庚基、正辛基、正癸基、正十二烷基、正十四烷基、正十六烷基、正十八烷基、正二十烷基、2-乙基己基、环戊基、环己基、环辛基、环十二烷基、苯基、邻-或对-甲苯基或萘基。优选的是甲基、乙基、正丁基和苯基。
这里残基R可以相同或不同,优选相同。
残基R也可以彼此连接形成环。这种双键的残基R为1,2-亚乙基,1,2-亚丙基和1,3-亚丙基。
通常n为1至5,优选为1至3,特别优选为1至2的整数。
碳酸酯可以优选为通式RO(CO)OR的简单碳酸酯,即在这种情况下n代表1。
二烷基碳酸酯或二芳基碳酸酯可以例如由脂肪族、芳脂族或芳香族醇类,优选一元醇与光气反应制备。此外其也可以通过借助CO在稀有金属、氧气或NOx的存在下氧化羰基化醇类或酚类而制备。二芳基碳酸酯或二烷基碳酸酯的制备方法还参见”Ullmann′s Encyclopediaof Industrial Chemistry”,第6版,2000 Electronic Release,Verlag Wiley-VCH。
根据本发明以何种方式制备碳酸酯并不十分重要。
适合的碳酸酯的实例包括脂肪族、芳香族/脂肪族或芳香族碳酸酯如亚乙基碳酸酯,1,2-或1,3-亚丙基碳酸酯、二苯基碳酸酯、二甲苯基碳酸酯、二二甲苯基碳酸酯、二萘基碳酸酯、乙基苯基碳酸酯、二苄基碳酸酯、二甲基碳酸酯、二乙基碳酸酯、二正丙基碳酸酯、二正丁基碳酸酯、二异丁基碳酸酯、二戊基碳酸酯、二己基碳酸酯、二环己基碳酸酯、二庚基碳酸酯、二辛基碳酸酯、二癸基碳酸酯或双十二烷基碳酸酯。
对于其中n大于1的碳酸酯的实例,包括二烷基二碳酸酯,如二(叔丁基)二碳酸酯或二烷基三碳酸酯如二(叔丁基)三碳酸酯。
优选使用脂肪族碳酸酯,特别是其中所述残基包含1至5个碳原子的那些,如二甲基碳酸酯、二乙基碳酸酯、二正丙基碳酸酯、二正丁基碳酸酯或二异丁基碳酸酯。优选的芳香族碳酸酯为二苯基碳酸酯。
将有机碳酸酯与至少一种具有至少3个OH-基团的脂肪族或芳香族醇(B1)反应,或与两种或更多种不同的醇的混合物反应。
醇(B1)可以是支化的或非支化的,取代或未取代的并具有3至26个碳原子。优选其为(环)脂肪族的,特别优选为脂肪族醇。
对于包含至少三个OH-基团的化合物的实例包括甘油、三羟甲基甲烷、三羟甲基乙烷、三羟甲基丙烷、三羟甲基丁烷、1,2,4-丁三醇、三(羟基-甲基)胺、三(羟基乙基)胺、三(羟基丙基)胺、季戊四醇、二甘油、三甘油、聚甘油、二(三羟甲基丙烷)、三(羟基甲基)异氰尿酸酯、三(羟基乙基)异氰尿酸酯、间苯三酚、三羟基甲苯、三羟基二甲基苯、2,3′,4,5′,6-五羟基联苯(Phloroglucide)、六羟基苯、1,3,5-三羟甲基苯、1,1,1-三(4′-羟基苯基)甲烷、1,1,1-三(4′-羟基苯基)乙烷、糖如葡萄糖,糖衍生物如山梨醇、甘露醇、双甘油、苏糖醇、赤藓醇、阿东糖醇(核糖醇)、阿拉伯醇(lyxit)、木糖醇、卫矛醇(半乳糖醇)、麦芽糖醇、异麦芽酚、基于三官能或更高官能度的醇和氧化乙烯、氧化丙烯或氧化丁烯或其混合物的三官能或更高官能度的聚醚醇、或聚酯醇。
所提及的具有至少三个OH基团的醇也可以任选被烷氧基化,即每个羟基基团与1-30、优选1-20、特别优选1-10和极其优选1-5分子的氧化乙烯和/或氧化丙烯和/或氧化异丁烯反应。
这里特别优选甘油、三羟甲基乙烷、三羟甲基丙烷、1,2,4-丁三醇、季戊四醇,以及其基于氧化乙烯和/或氧化丙烯的聚醚醇。
所述的更高官能度的醇类也可以以与二官能的醇(B2)的混合物使用,条件是,所有使用的醇的平均OH-官能度大于2。包含两个OH-基团的适合的化合物的实例包括乙二醇、二乙二醇、三乙二醇、1,2-和1,3-丙二醇、二丙二醇、三丙二醇、新戊二醇、1,2-,1,3-和1,4-丁二醇、1,2-,1,3-和1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、1,2-或1,3-环戊二醇、1,2-,1,3-或1,4-环己二醇、1,1-,1,2-,1,3-或1,4-环己烷二甲醇、二(4-羟基环己基)甲烷、二(4-羟基环己基)乙烷、2,2-二(4-四羟基环己基)丙烷、1,1′-二(4-羟基苯基)-3,3-5-三甲基环己烷、间苯二酚、氢醌、4,4′-二羟基联苯、二-(4-羟基苯基)硫化物、二(4-羟基苯基)砜、二(羟基甲基)苯、二(羟基甲基)甲苯、二(对-羟基苯基)甲烷、二(对-羟基苯基)乙烷、2,2-二(对-羟基苯基)丙烷、1,1-二(对-羟基苯基)环己烷、二羟基二苯甲酮、基于氧化乙烯、氧化丙烯、氧化丁烯或其混合物的二官能的聚醚多元醇、具有162至2000的分子量的聚四氢呋喃、聚己内酯或基于二醇和二羧酸的聚酯醇。
所述二醇用于精调聚碳酸酯的特性。如果使用二官能的醇,那么二官能的醇(B2)对至少三官能的醇(B1)的比例由本领域的技术人员根据希望的聚碳酸酯的特性来确定。在通常情况下,醇(B2)的量基于所有醇(B1)和(B2)的总量为0至39.9mol%。用量优选为0至35mol%,特别优选0至25mol%和极其优选地0至10mol%。
这里,醇(B1)和(B2)一起称为(B)。
光气、双光气或三光气与醇或醇混合物的反应通常在消去氯化氢的情况下进行,碳酸酯与醇或醇混合物产生高官能度的、高支化的聚碳酸酯的反应在从碳酸酯分子中消去单官能的醇或酚的情况下进行。
根据所述方法形成的高官能度的、高支化的聚碳酸酯在反应后,即无需进一步改性地,被羟基和碳酸酯基团或氨基甲酰氯基团封端。它们很好地溶解于不同的溶剂中。
这种溶剂的实例为芳香族和/或(环)脂肪族的烃和其混合物、卤代烃、酮、酯和醚。
优选芳香族烃、(环)脂肪族烃、链烷酸烷基酯、酮、烷氧基化链烷酸烷基酯和它们的混合物。
特别优选一重或更多重烷基化的苯和萘、酮、链烷酸烷基酯和烷氧基化链烷酸烷基酯以及它们的混合物。
作为芳香族烃混合物,优选可以主要包含芳香族C7-至C14-烃并且可以具有从110至300℃的沸点范围的那些,特别优选甲苯,邻-、间-或对-二甲苯,三甲基苯异构体,四甲基苯异构体,乙苯,异丙基苯,四氢萘和包含这些的混合物。
为此的实例为ExxonMobil Chemical公司的-牌号,特别是100(CAS登记号64742-95-6,主要是C9和C10-芳香烃,沸点范围约154-178℃)、150(沸点范围约182-207℃)和200(CAS登记号64742-94-5)以及Shell公司的-牌号。由石蜡、环烷烃和芳香烃组成的烃混合物可以名称结晶油(例如结晶油30,沸点范围约158-198℃或结晶油60:CAS登记号64742-82-1)、石油溶剂油(Testbenzin)(例如同样的CAS登记号64742-82-1)或溶剂石脑油(轻:沸点范围约155-180℃,重:沸点范围约225-300℃,)商购得。这种烃混合物的芳香烃含量通常为多于90重量%,优选多于95,特别优选多于98并极其优选多于99重量%。可能有意义的是,使用萘含量特别低的烃混合物。
脂肪族烃的含量通常为少于5,优选少于2.5并特别优选少于1重量%。
卤代烃为例如氯苯和二氯苯或其异构体的混合物。
酯为例如乙酸正丁酯、乙酸乙酯,1-甲氧基丙-2-基乙酸酯和2-甲氧基乙基乙酸酯。
醚为例如THF、二噁烷以及乙二醇、二乙二醇、三乙二醇、丙二醇、二丙二醇或三丙二醇的二甲醚、二乙醚或二正丁醚。
酮例如是丙酮、2-丁酮、2-戊酮、3-戊酮、己酮、异丁基甲基酮、庚酮、环戊酮、环己酮或环庚酮。
(环)脂族烃例如是十氢萘,烷基化十氢萘以及,直链或分支的烷烃和/或环烷烃的异构体混合物。
此外优选乙酸正丁酯、乙酸乙酯、1-甲氧基丙-2-基乙酸酯、2-甲氧基乙基乙酸酯、2-丁酮、异丁基甲基酮以及它们的混合物,特别是与以上提及的芳香族烃的混合物。
这种混合物可以以5:1至1:5的体积比制备,优选地以4:1至1:4的体积比,特别优选地以3:1至1:3的体积比和极其优选地以2:1至1:2的体积比制备。
此外适合于碳酸酯的可以例如是水,醇如甲醇、乙醇、丁醇,醇/水混合物,丙酮,2-丁酮,二甲基甲酰胺,二甲基乙酰胺,N-甲基吡咯烷酮,N-乙基吡咯烷酮,亚乙基碳酸酯或亚丙基碳酸酯。
高官能度的聚碳酸酯在本发明范畴内是指除了形成聚合物主链的碳酸酯基以外,末端或侧端另外包含至少三个,优选至少六个,更优选至少十个官能团的产品。所述官能团为碳酸酯基团或氨基甲酰氯基团和/或OH-基团。末端的或侧端的官能团数目原则上无上限限制,然而具有非常高数目的官能团的产品具有不希望的特性,如粘度高或溶解性差。高官能的聚碳酸酯具有最多不多于500个末端或侧端的官能团,优选不超过100个末端或侧端的官能团。
在制备高官能度的聚碳酸酯期间必要的是,这样调整包含OH-基团的化合物对光气或碳酸酯(A)的比例,使得得到的最简单的缩合产物(以下称为缩合产物(K))平均包含一个碳酸酯基团或氨基甲酰氯基团和多于一个OH-基团,或者包含一个OH-基团和多于一个碳酸酯基团或氨基甲酰氯基团,优选平均包含一个碳酸酯基团或氨基甲酰氯基团和至少两个OH-基团,或者包含一个OH基团和至少两个碳酸酯基团或氨基甲酰氯基团。
此外可能有意义的是,为了精调聚碳酸酯的特性使用至少一种二价的羰基反应性化合物(Al)。对于这种化合物是指具有两个碳酸酯基团和/或羧基基团的那些化合物。
这里羧基基团可以是羧酸、碳酰氯、羧酸酐或羧酸酯,优选羧酸酐或羧酸酯和特别优选羧酸酯。
如果使用这种二价化合物(Al),那么本领域的技术人员根据聚碳酸酯希望的特性来确定(Al)对碳酸酯或光气(A)的比例。通常,二价化合物(Al)的用量基于全部碳酸酯/光气(A)和化合物(Al)的总量计为0至40mol%。优选该量为0至35mol%,特别优选0至25mol%和极其优选0至10mol%。
化合物(Al)的实例为如下物质的二碳酸酯或二氨基甲酰氯,即二醇例如乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,1-二甲基乙烷-1,2-二醇、2-丁基-2-乙基-1,3-丙二醇、2-乙基-1,3-丙二醇、2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇、新戊二醇、羟基新戊酸新戊二醇酯、1,2-,1,3-或1,4-丁二醇、1,6-己二醇、1,10-癸二醇、二-(4-羟基环己烷)异亚丙基、四甲基环丁二醇、1,2-,1,3-或1,4-环己烷二醇、环辛二醇、降冰片二醇、蒎二醇(Pinandiol)、十氢萘二醇、2-乙基-1,3-己二醇、2,4-二乙基-辛烷-1,3-二醇、氢醌、双酚A、双酚F、双酚B、双酚S、2,2-二(4-羟基环己基)丙烷、1,1-,1,2-,1,3-和1,4-环己烷二甲醇、1,2-,1,3-或1,4-环己二醇。
这些可以例如通过所述二醇与过量的例如以上提及的碳酸酯RO(CO)OR或氯碳酸酯反应制备,使得如此获得的二碳酸酯两侧都被基团RO(CO)-取代。另一种可能性在于,二醇首先与光气反应产生二醇的相应的氯碳酸酯并随后与醇反应。
其他化合物(Al)为二羧酸,二羧酸的酯,优选甲酯、乙酯、异丙基酯、正丙基酯、正丁基酯、异丁基酯、仲丁基酯或叔丁基酯,特别优选甲酯、乙酯或正丁基酯。
这种二羧酸的实例为乙二酸、马来酸、富马酸、琥珀酸、戊二酸、己二酸、癸二酸、十二烷二酸、邻苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸、对苯二甲酸、壬二酸、1,4-环己烷二羧酸或四氢邻苯二甲酸、软木酸、邻苯二甲酸酐、四氢邻苯二甲酸酐、六氢邻苯二甲酸酐、四氯代邻苯二甲酸酐、桥亚甲基四氢邻苯二甲酸酐、戊二酸酐、二聚脂肪酸、它们的异构体和氢化产物。
在碳酸酯(A)与二元醇或多元醇(B)反应的实例中描述的缩合产物(K)的最简单结构在此是XYm或YmX构造,其中X为碳酸酯基团或氨基甲酰基团,Y为羟基和m通常为大于1至6的整数,优选大于1至4的整数,特别优选大于1至3的整数。这里获得的作为单独的基团的反应性基团,以下通称为“焦点基”。
例如在由碳酸酯和二元醇制备最简单的缩合产物(K)的情况下摩尔反应比为1:1时,这样平均获得XY型的分子,通过通式(I)阐释如下。
在由碳酸酯和三元醇制备缩合产物(K)的情况下摩尔反应比为1:1时,这样平均获得XY2型分子,通过通式(II)阐释如下。这里焦点基是碳酸酯基团。
在由碳酸酯和四元醇制备缩合产物(K)的情况下摩尔反应比同样为1:1时,这样平均获得XY3型分子,通过通式(III)阐释如下。这里焦点基是碳酸酯基团。
在式(I)至(III)中R具有开头说明的含义且R1代表脂肪族或芳香族残基。
此外也可以例如由碳酸酯和三元醇如通过通式(IV)阐释地制备缩合产物(K),其中摩尔反应比为2:1。这样平均获得X2Y型分子,这里焦点基是OH-基团。在式(IV)中R和R1具有如上在式(I)至(III)中相同的含义。
如果除所述组分以外还添加二官能的化合物,例如二碳酸酯或二醇,那么这导致链增长,如在通式(V)中所阐释的那样。这样平均获得XY2型分子,焦点基是碳酸酯基团。
在式(V)中R2表示脂肪族或芳香族的残基,R和R1如上所述地定义。
还可以使用更多的缩合产物(K)用于合成。这里一方面可以使用更多种醇或更多种碳酸酯。此外,可以通过选择使用的醇和碳酸酯或光气的比例获得不同结构的不同缩合产物的混合物。这在碳酸酯与三元醇反应的实例中举例说明了。如果起始物以1:1的比例使用,如在(II)中所述的那样,那么获得分子XY2。如果起始物以2:1的比例使用,如在(IV)中所述的那样,那么获得分子X2Y。在1:1和2:1之间的比例下,获得分子XY2和X2Y的混合物。
(A)与(B)反应产生缩合产物(K)的典型反应条件描述如下:
组分(A)与(B)的化学计量通常这样选择,使得获得的缩合产物(K)平均含有一个碳酸酯基团或氨基甲酰氯基团和多于一个OH-基团,或者含有一个OH-基团和多于一个碳酸酯基团或氨基甲酰氯基团。在第一种情况下这通过1mol碳酸酯基:>2mol的OH-基团的化学计量比,例如1:2.1至8,优选1:2.2至6,特别优选1:2.5至4和极其优选1:2.8至3.5的化学计量而实现。
在第二种情况下这通过多于1mol的碳酸酯基团:<1mol的OH-基团,例如1:0.1至0.48,优选1:0.15至0.45,特别优选1:0.25至0.4和极其优选1:0.28至0.35的化学计量而实现。
温度应该足够于醇与相应的羰基组分的反应。通常,对于与光气的反应,温度为-20℃至120℃,优选0至100和特别优选20至80℃。在使用碳酸酯的情况下,温度应该为60至180℃,优选80至160℃,特别优选100至160和极其优选120至140℃。
可考虑以上已经提及的溶剂作为溶剂。无溶剂的情况下实施的反应为优选的实施方案。
各种组分的添加顺序至多起次要作用。通常有意义的是,先添加两种配对反应物中的过量组分并向其中添加不足量组分。或者,同样可能的是,在反应开始前将两种组分彼此混合并将该混合物随后加热到要求的反应温度。
在化学式(I)至(V)中举例描述的简单缩合产物(K)优选经分子间反应形成高官能度的缩聚产物,以下称为缩聚产物(P)。产生缩合产物(K)和产生缩聚产物(P)的反应通常在0至300℃,优选地0至250℃,特别优选在60至200℃并极其优选在60至160℃的温度下,以本体进行或在溶剂中进行。这里通常可以采用对各种原料(Edukt)惰性的任何溶剂。优选采用有机溶剂,例如上述溶剂和特别优选癸烷、十二烷、苯、甲苯、氯苯、二甲苯、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺或溶剂石脑油。
在优选的实施方案中,缩合反应以本体进行。可以将在反应期间释放的单官能的醇或酚ROH从反应平衡中除去来加速反应,例如通过蒸馏,任选在减压下蒸馏。
也可以通过通入在反应条件下基本惰性的气流(汽提)如氮气、水蒸汽、二氧化碳或其它含氧气体如空气或贫气(Magerluft)来支持醇或酚的分离除去。
如果计划蒸馏除去,通常建议,使用在反应期间释放在现有压力下沸点低于140℃的醇或酚ROH的碳酸酯。
为了加速反应也可以添加催化剂或催化剂混合物。适合的催化剂为催化酯化反应或酯交换反应的化合物,例如优选钠、钾或铯的碱金属氢氧化物、碱金属碳酸盐、碱金属碳酸氢盐,叔胺,胍,铵化合物,鏻化合物,铝-、锡-、锌-、钛-、锆-或铋-有机化合物,还有所谓的双金属氰化物(DMC)催化剂,如在DE 10138216或在DE 10147712中所述的那些。
优选使用氢氧化钾,碳酸钾,碳酸氢钾,二氮杂二环辛烷(DABCO),二氮杂二环壬烷(DBN),二氮杂二环十一烷(DBU),咪唑类如咪唑、1-甲基咪唑或1,2-二甲基咪唑,四丁氧基钛,四异丙氧基钛,氧化二丁基锡、二月桂酸二丁基锡、二辛酸锡、乙酰丙酮酸锆或其混合物。
催化剂通常以基于使用的醇或醇混合物计为50至10000,优选100至5000重量ppm的量进行添加。
此外,还可能的是,既通过添加适合的催化剂,又通过选择适合的温度来控制分子间缩聚反应。此外,通过起始组分的组成和通过停留时间调整聚合物(P)的平均分子量。
在升高的温度下制备的缩合产物(K)或缩聚产物(P),通常在室温下是长期,例如至少6周稳定的,无显示浑浊、沉淀和/或粘度升高。
由于缩合产物(K)的特性,可能的是,由缩合反应可以产生具有不同结构的、具有支链但无交联的缩聚产物(P)。此外缩聚产物(P)在理想的情况下包含作为焦点基的一个碳酸酯基团或氨基甲酰氯基团和多于两个OH-基团,或者包含作为焦点基的一个OH-基团和多于两个碳酸酯基团或氨基甲酰氯基团。这里,反应性基团的数目由使用的缩合产物(K)的特性和缩聚度得到。
例如根据通式(II)的缩合产物(K)可以通过三次分子间缩合作用而反应产生两种不同的缩聚产物(P),其描述于通式(VI)和(VII)中。
在式(VI)和(VII)中R和R1如上定义。
存在不同的可能的途径来中断分子间的缩聚反应。例如可以将温度降低到使得反应处于停滞状态且产物(K)或缩聚产物(P)是储存稳定的的范围内。通常在低于60℃,优选低于50℃,更优选低于40℃和特别优选在室温下即是这种情况。
此外,可以在碱性催化剂的情况下例如通过添加酸性组分,例如路易斯酸或有机或无机的质子酸使催化剂失活。
此外可能的是,通过采用预先冷却的溶剂稀释来终止反应。特别优选的是,必须通过添加溶剂来调整反应混合物的粘度。
在另一个实施方案中,只要由于缩合产物(K)的分子间反应存在了具有希望的缩聚度的缩合产物(P),就向产物(P)中添加具有对(P)的焦点基反应性的基团的产品来中断反应。
例如,在碳酸酯基团或氨基甲酰基团作为焦点基的情况下可以添加例如单胺、二胺或多胺。
在羟基作为焦点基的情况下可以向产物(P)中添加例如单异氰酸酯、二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯、含有环氧基的化合物或与OH-基反应性的酸衍生物。
高官能度的聚碳酸酯大多数在0.1mbar至20bar,优选在1mbar至5bar的压力范围内,在间歇操作、半间歇或连续操作的反应器或级联反应器中制备。
通过前述的调整反应条件和任选通过选择适合的溶剂,使产物可以在制备后不经纯化进一步加工。
如果必要,可以使反应混合物历经脱色,例如通过采用活性炭或金属氧化物,如氧化铝、氧化硅、氧化镁、氧化锆、氧化硼或其混合物,以例如0.1重量%-50重量%,优选0.5重量%至25重量%,特别优选1重量%-10重量%的用量,在例如10至100℃,优选20至80℃,特别优选30至60℃的温度下处理。
任选也可以将反应混合物过滤来除去可能存在的沉淀。
在另一个优选的实施方案中,将产物气提,也就是说,除去低分子量的、挥发性化合物。为此,在达到期望的转化度之后,任选使催化剂失活并将低分子量的挥发性成分,例如一元醇、苯酚、碳酸酯、氯化氢或易挥发的低聚物或环状化合物,任选在引入气体,优选氮气、二氧化碳或空气的情况下,任选在减压下蒸馏除去。
在另一个优选的实施方案中,聚碳酸酯除了已经通过所述反应获得的官能团以外,还可以得到其它官能团。这里,功能化过程可以在构建分子量期间或也可以在随后,即在实际的缩聚作用结束之后进行。
如果在构建分子量之前或期间,添加除了羟基或碳酸酯基团以外还具有其它官能团或功能元素(Elemente)的组分,那么获得统计学分布的、不同于碳酸酯基团或氨基甲酰氯基团和羟基的官能度的聚碳酸酯聚合物。
这种效果可以例如通过在缩聚作用期间添加除了羟基、碳酸酯基或氨基甲酰氯基以外,还带有其它官能团或功能元素,如巯基,伯、仲或叔氨基,醚基,羧酸基或其衍生物,磺酸基或其衍生物,磷酸基或其衍生物,硅烷基,硅氧烷基,芳残基或长链烷残基的化合物来实现。
为了借助氨基甲酸酯基改性,可以例如使用乙醇胺、丙醇胺、异丙醇胺、2-(丁基氨基)乙醇、2-(环己基氨基)乙醇、2-氨基-1-丁醇、2-(2′-氨基乙氧基)乙醇或氨的高级烷氧基化产物、4-羟基哌啶、1-羟基乙基哌嗪、二乙醇胺、二丙醇胺、二异丙醇胺、三(羟基甲基)氨基甲烷、三(羟基乙基)氨基甲烷、乙二胺、丙二胺、六亚甲基二胺或异佛尔酮二胺。
对于采用巯基改性,可以例如使用巯基乙醇。叔氨基可以例如通过引入(Einbau)三乙醇胺、三丙醇胺、N-甲基二乙醇胺、N-甲基二丙醇胺或N,N-二甲基乙醇胺来产生。醚基可以例如通过二官能的或更高官能的聚醚醇的缩合来产生。通过添加二羧酸、三羧酸、二羧酸酯,例如对苯二甲酸二甲酯或三羧酸酯,可以产生酯基。通过与长链链烷醇或链烷二醇反应可以引入长链烷残基。与烷基二异氰酸酯或芳基二异氰酸酯反应产生具有烷基、芳基和氨基甲酸酯基团的聚碳酸酯,添加伯胺或仲胺导致引入氨基甲酸酯基或脲基。
随后的官能化可以通过获得的高官能度的、高支化或超支化的聚碳酸酯在附加的方法步骤(步骤c))中与适合的官能化试剂反应而获得,其中所述官能化试剂与聚碳酸酯的OH-基团和/或碳酸酯基团或氨基甲酰氯基团反应。
含有羟基的高官能度的、高支化的或超支化的聚碳酸酯可以例如通过添加含有酸基或异氰酸酯基团的分子而改性。例如可以通过与含有酸酐基团的化合物反应获得含有酸基的聚碳酸酯。
此外,含有羟基的高官能度的聚碳酸酯也可以通过与氧化烯烃,例如氧化乙烯、氧化丙烯或氧化丁烯反应,转化为高官能度的聚碳酸酯-聚醚多元醇。
例如对于提高水溶性或对于导致水可乳化性,这可能是有意义的。为此,将羟基与至少一种氧化烯烃,例如氧化乙烯、氧化丙烯、氧化异丁烯和/或苯乙烯氧化物,优选氧化乙烯和/或氧化丙烯和特别优选氧化乙烯反应。为此,对于每个羟基使用1至200个,优选2至200个,特别优选5至100个,极其优选10至100个和特别是20至50个氧化烯烃。
本发明优选的实施方案为,使聚碳酸酯至少部分地与至少一种单官能的聚氧化亚烷基聚醚醇反应。由此导致改善的水可乳化性。
单官能的聚氧化亚烷基聚醚醇是适合的起始分子与聚氧化烯烃的反应产物。
用于制备一元聚氧化亚烷基聚醚醇的起始分子为硫醇化合物、通式R5-O-H的单羟基化合物或通式R6R7N-H的仲单胺,
其中R5、R6和R7彼此独立地分别表示C1-C18烷基,任选被一个或更多个氧和/或硫原子和/或一个或更多个取代或未取代的亚氨基阻断的C2-C18烷基、C6-C12芳基、C5-C12环烷基,或五元至六元的包含氧、氮和/或硫原子的杂环,或R6和R7一起形成不饱和、饱和或芳香族和任选被一个或更多个氧原子和/或硫原子和/或一个或更多个取代或未取代的亚氨基阻断的环,其中所提及的残基每种情况下可以被官能团、芳基、烷基、芳氧基、烷氧基、卤素、杂原子和/或杂环取代。
R5、R6和R7优选彼此独立地为C1-C4烷基,即甲基、乙基、异丙基、正丙基、正丁基、异丁基、仲丁基或叔丁基,特别优选地R5、R6和R7为甲基。
例如,适合的一元起始分子可以是饱和一元醇如甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇、异丁醇、仲丁醇、异构的戊醇、己醇、辛醇和壬醇、正癸醇、正十二烷醇、正十四烷醇、正十六烷醇、正十八烷醇、环己醇、环戊醇、异构的甲基环己醇或羟基甲基环己烷、3-乙基-3-羟基-甲基环氧丙烷或四氢糠基醇;不饱和醇如烯丙基醇、1,1-二甲基烯丙基醇或油醇,芳香族醇如苯酚、异构的苯甲酚或甲氧基苯酚、芳脂族醇如苄醇、茴香醇或肉桂醇;仲单胺如二甲胺、二乙胺、二丙胺、二异丙胺、二正丁胺、二异丁胺、二(2-乙基己基)胺、N-甲基环己基胺和N-乙基环己基胺或二环己基胺,杂环仲胺如吗啉、吡咯烷、吡啶或1H-吡唑以及氨基醇如2-二甲基氨基乙醇、2-二乙基氨基乙醇、2-二异丙基氨基乙醇、2-二丁基氨基乙醇、3-(二甲基氨基)-1-丙醇或1-(二甲基氨基)-2-丙醇。
制备自胺的聚醚的实例为所谓的M-系列,其为甲基封端的具有氨基官能团的聚氧化烯烃如M-600(XTJ-505),其中氧化丙烯(PO)/氧化乙烯(EO)的比例为约9:1和摩尔质量约为600,M-1000(XTJ-506):PO/EO比3:19,摩尔质量约为1000,M-2005(XTJ-507):PO/EO比29:6,摩尔质量约为2000或M-2070:PO/EO比10:31,摩尔质量约为2000。
适合于烷氧基化反应的氧化烯烃为氧化乙烯、氧化丙烯、氧化异丁烯、乙烯基环氧乙烷和/或苯乙烯氧化物,它们可以以任何顺序或也可以以混合物的形式用于烷氧基化反应中。
优选的氧化烯烃是氧化乙烯、氧化丙烯和它们的混合物,特别优选是氧化乙烯。
优选的聚醚醇为基于聚氧化亚烷基聚醚醇的这些,在其制备期间,使用以上提及的种类的饱和脂肪族醇或环脂族醇作为起始分子。极其优选的是基于聚氧化亚烷基聚醚醇的这些,其采用在烷残基中具有1-4个碳原子的饱和脂肪族醇制备。特别优选的是始自甲醇的聚氧化亚烷基聚醚醇。
一元聚氧化亚烷基聚醚醇统计学平均地通常包含每个分子至少2个氧化烯烃单元,优选5个氧化乙烯单元,特别优选至少7个,极其优选至少10个和特别是至少15个。
一元聚氧化亚烷基聚醚醇统计学平均地通常包含每个分子最多50个氧化烯烃单元,优选氧化乙烯单元,优选最多45个,特别优选最多40个和极其优选地最多30个。
一元聚氧化亚烷基聚醚醇的摩尔质量优选不超过4000,特别优选不超过2000g/mol,极其优选不低于500和特别是1000±200g/mol。
优选的聚醚醇因此为式R5-O-[-Xi-]k-H的化合物,
其中
R5具有以上提及的含义,
k 代表5至40的整数,优选7至45的整数和特别优选10至40的整数且每个Xi(i=1-k)彼此独立地选自以下一组:-CH2-CH2-O-,-CH2-CH(CH3)-O-、-CH(CH3)-CH2-O-、-CH2-C(CH3)2-O-、-C(CH3)2-CH2-O-、-CH2-CHVin-O-、-CHVin-CH2-O-、-CH2-CHPh-O-和-CHPh-CH2-O-,优选选自-CH2-CH2-O-、-CH2-CH(CH3)-O-和-CH(CH3)-CH2-O-一组和特别优选-CH2-CH2-O-,其中Ph代表苯基和Vin代表乙烯基。
为了实施聚碳酸酯的反应,将聚碳酸酯(K)和/或(P)在40至180℃,优选地50至150℃的温度下,保持碳酸酯或氨基甲酰氯/OH-当量比为1:1至100:1,优选1:1至50:1,更优选1.5:1至20:1彼此反应。
所述方法的较大的优点在于其经济性。不仅产生缩合产物(K)或产生缩聚产物(P)的反应而且(K)或(P)产生具有其它官能团或功能元素的聚碳酸酯的反应都可以在一个反应装置中进行,这在技术上和经济上都是有利的。
根据所述方法形成的高官能度的高支化的聚碳酸酯在反应后,即不经进一步改性,采用羟基和/或采用碳酸酯基团或氨基甲酰氯基团封端。它们很好地溶解于不同的溶剂中,例如溶于水,醇如甲醇、乙醇、丁醇,醇/水混合物,丙酮,2-丁酮,乙酸酯,乙酸丁酯,甲氧基丙基乙酸酯、甲氧基乙基乙酸酯、四氢呋喃、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、亚乙基碳酸酯或亚丙基碳酸酯。
本发明的粉末涂漆除了超支化聚碳酸酯以外还包含至少一种粘结剂(O)和至少一种交联剂(V)。此外,任选地,粉末涂漆还包含其它添加剂(F),如特别是颜料。
作为粘结剂组分(O)可考虑例如(任选与其它具有羟基或氨基的粘结剂结合),羟基(甲基)丙烯酸酯、羟基苯乙烯基(甲基)丙烯酸酯、直链或分支的聚酯、聚醚、聚碳酸酯、三聚氰胺树脂或脲-甲醛树脂,并与对羧基和/或羟基官能团反应性的交联性化合物,例如与异氰酸酯、封端异氰酸酯、环氧化物和/或氨基塑料一起,优选与异氰酸酯、环氧化物或氨基塑料一起,特别优选与异氰酸酯或环氧化物一起和极其优选地与异氰酸酯一起。
此外本发明涉及可固化的粉末涂漆用于汽车喷漆,内外区域建筑物的涂漆,门、窗户和庭院家具的涂漆、工业涂漆,包括卷材涂覆、集装箱涂覆和浸渍和/或涂布电气元件,以及白色家电包括家用电器、热水器和散热器的涂漆的用途。
以下将可固化的粉末涂漆简称为“粉末涂漆”。
粉末涂漆是热塑性或热固性的塑料可固化的前体,其以粉末状施加到优选的金属基材上。为此通常应用粉末涂布装置,如在以上提及的公司手册中所描述的那些。本文中说明了粉末涂漆的两个基本优点,其完全或很大程度上不含有机溶剂并且易于将过量喷洒的粉末涂漆再循环到涂布过程中。
不论使用的是何种粉末涂布装置和方法,都将粉末涂漆以薄层施加到基材上并熔化,从而形成封闭的粉末涂漆层,然后将获得的涂层冷却。固化在粉末漆层熔化期间或熔化后进行。优选地用于固化的最低温度高于粉末涂漆的熔程,以便熔化和固化彼此分开进行。这具有的优点为,粉末涂漆的熔体由于其粘度比较低在开始固化前就能很好地流动。
可固化的粉末涂漆除了聚碳酸酯以外还包含至少一种粉末涂漆的功能成分(F)。此外,粉末涂漆还包含至少一种低聚物和/或高聚物成分(O)作为粘结剂和至少一种交联剂(V)。
作为功能成分(F)可考虑粉末涂漆的任何典型成分,除了在(O)或(V)的情况下所提及的物质以及超支化聚碳酸酯以外。
粉末涂漆的典型成分(F)的适合的实例为着色颜料和/或效应颜料、荧光颜料、导电颜料和/或磁场屏蔽颜料,金属粉,溶解性有机染料,有机和无机、透明或不透明的填料和/或纳米微粒和/或助剂和/或添加剂如UV吸收剂、光稳定剂、自由基捕捉剂、脱气剂、增滑剂、聚合作用抑制剂、交联催化剂、热不稳定的自由基引发剂、光引发剂、热可固化的反应性稀释剂、借助光化辐射可固化的反应性稀释剂、粘附促进剂、流平剂、成膜助剂、阻燃剂、腐蚀抑制剂、流动助剂、蜡和/或消光剂。所述成分(F)可以单独使用或作为混合物使用。
本发明范畴内,光化辐射是指电磁辐射如近红外、可见光、UV辐射或X-射线辐射,特别是UV辐射,或粒子辐射如电子束。
适合的效应颜料的实例为金属小薄片颜料如商业上通用的铝青铜(Aluminiumbronzen),根据DE 36 36 183 A1铬酸盐化的铝青铜和商业上通用的不锈钢青铜以及非金属的效应颜料,例如珠光颜料或干涉颜料、基于具有粉红色至棕红色色调的氧化铁的小片形效应颜料或液晶效应颜料。详情参考 Lexikon Lacke und Druckfarben,Georg Thieme Verlag,1998,176页,“Effect pigments”和380与381页“metal oxide-mica pigments”至“metal pigments”,和参考专利申请与专利DE 36 36 156 A1,DE 37 18 446 A1,DE 37 19804 A1,DE 39 30 601 A1,EP 0 068 311 A1,EP 0 264 843 A1,EP0 265 820 A1,EP 0 283 852 A1,EP 0 293 746 A1,EP 0 417 567A1,US 4,828,826 A或US 5,244,649 A。
适合的无机着色颜料的实例为白色颜料如二氧化钛、锌白、硫化锌或锌钡白;黑色颜料如炭黑、铁-锰-黑或铝镁尖晶石黑;彩色颜料如氧化铬、水合氧化铬绿、钴绿或深绿、钴蓝、群青或锰蓝、群青紫或钴紫和锰紫、氧化铁红、硫硒化镉、钼红或群青红;氧化铁棕、混合棕、铝镁尖晶石相和刚玉相或铬橙;或氧化铁黄、镍钛黄、铬钛黄、硫化镉、硫化锌镉、铬黄或钒酸铋。
适合的有机着色颜料的实例为单偶氮颜料、二偶氮颜料、蒽醌颜料、苯并咪唑颜料、喹吖啶酮颜料、喹酞酮颜料、二酮吡咯并吡咯(Diketopyrrolopyrrol)颜料、二噁嗪颜料、阴丹酮颜料、异吲哚啉颜料、异吲哚啉酮颜料、甲亚胺颜料、硫靛颜料、金属络合物颜料、紫环酮颜料、苝系颜料、酞菁颜料或苯胺黑。
详情参考 Lexikon Lacke und Druckfarben,Georg ThiemeVerlag,1998,180和181页,“Iron blue pigments”至“Black ironoxide”,451至453页“Pigments”至“Pigment volume concentration”,563页“Thioindigo pigments”,567页“Titanium dioxide pigments”,400和467页,“Naturally occurring pigments”,459页“Polycyclicpigments”,52页,“Azomethine pigments”,“Azo pigments”,和379页,“Metal complex pigments”.
荧光颜料的实例(日光荧光颜料)为二(甲亚胺)颜料。
适合的导电颜料的实例为氧化钛/氧化锡颜料。
适合的磁场屏蔽颜料为基于氧化铁或二氧化铬的颜料。
适合的金属粉末的实例为由铝、锌、铜、青铜或黄铜的金属和金属合金形成的粉末。
适合的溶解性有机染料为具有很小的或不存在从粉末涂漆和由其制备的涂层中迁移的倾向的耐光有机染料。该迁移倾向可以由本领域的技术人员根据他们的专业常识来评估和/或借助简单的指导性预试验例如根据染色试验来测定。
适合的有机和无机填料的实例为白垩,硫酸钙,硫酸钡,硅酸盐如滑石粉、云母或高岭土,二氧化硅,氧化物如氢氧化铝或氢氧化镁,或有机填料如塑料粉,特别是由聚酰胺或聚丙烯腈形成的粉末。其它详情参考 Lexikon Lacke und Druckfarben,Georg ThiemeVerlag,1998,第250页及以下几页,”Füllstoffe”。
如果想要改善由粉末涂漆制备的涂层的耐摩擦性,优选采用云母和滑石粉。
此外有利的是,采用小片形无机填料如滑石粉或云母和非小片形的无机填料如白垩、白云石、硫酸钙或硫酸钡的混合物,因为由此可以很好地调整粘度和流变特性。
适合的透明填料的实例是基于二氧化硅、氧化铝或氧化锆的那些,然而特别是基于这些的纳米微粒。
此外作为成分(F)可以考虑助剂和/或添加剂如UV吸收剂、光稳定剂、自由基捕捉剂、脱气剂、增滑剂、聚合作用抑制剂、交联催化剂、热不稳定的自由基引发剂、光引发剂、热可固化的反应性稀释剂、借助光化辐射可固化的反应性稀释剂、粘附促进剂、流平剂、成膜助剂、阻燃剂、腐蚀抑制剂、流动助剂、蜡和/或消光剂,这些可以单独使用或作为混合物使用。
适合的热可固化的反应性稀释剂为位置异构的二乙基辛二醇或含有羟基的超支化化合物或树枝体,如在专利申请DE 198 09 643 A1、DE 198 40 605 A1或DE 198 05 421 A1中所述的那些。
借助光化辐射可固化的反应性稀释剂的实例为在 LexikonLacke und Druckfarben,Georg Thieme Verlag,Stuttgart,New York,1998,第491页在开头“Reactive diluents”中所述的那些。
适合的热不稳定的自由基引发剂的实例为有机过氧化物、有机偶氮化合物或C-C-裂解性引发剂如二烷基过氧化物、过羧酸、过二碳酸酯、过氧化酯、过氧化氢、过氧化酮、偶氮二腈或苯频哪醇甲硅烷基醚。
适合的交联催化剂的实例为乳酸铋、柠檬酸铋、乙基己酸铋或二羟甲基丙酸铋,二月桂酸二丁基锡,癸酸锂或辛酸锌,胺封端的有机磺酸,季铵化合物,胺,咪唑和咪唑衍生物如2-苯乙烯基咪唑、1-苄基-2-甲基咪唑、2-甲基咪唑和2-丁基咪唑、如在比利时专利756,693中描述的那些,或鏻催化剂如乙基三苯基碘化鏻、乙基三苯基氯化鏻、乙基三苯基鏻硫氰酸盐、乙基三苯基鏻-乙酸盐-乙酸络合物、四丁基碘化鏻、四丁基溴化鏻和四丁基鏻-乙酸盐-乙酸络合物如例如在US专利US 3,477,990 A或US 3,341,580 A中描述的那些。
适合的光引发剂的实例在 Chemie Lexikon,扩充和修订的第9版,Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart,Vol.4,1991,或在Lexikon Lacke und Druckfarben,Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart,1998,444至446页中描述。
适合的抗氧化剂的实例为肼和磷化合物。
适合的光稳定剂的实例为HALS化合物、苯并三唑或草酰苯胺。
适合的自由基捕捉剂和聚合作用抑制剂的实例为有机亚磷酸酯或2,6-叔丁基苯酚-衍生物。
适合的脱气剂的实例为二氮杂二环十一烷或二苯乙醇酮;
对于以上提及的功能成分(F)以及对于其它功能成分(F)的其它实例在教科书Johan Bieleman的”Lackadditive”,Wiley-VCH,Weinheim,New York,1998中描述。
优选的适合的交联剂(V)为多异氰酸酯。
所述多异氰酸酯统计学平均地包含每个分子至少2.0个,优选多于2.0个和特别是多于3.0个异氰酸酯基。异氰酸酯基的数目原则上不受上限限制;然而根据本发明有利的是,数目不超过15,优选不超过12,特别优选地不超过10,极其优选地8.0和特别是不超过6.0。
适合的多异氰酸酯的实例为含有异氰酸酯基的聚氨酯预聚物,其可以通过多元醇与过量的二异氰酸酯反应制备和优选是低粘度的。
适合的二异氰酸酯的实例为异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(即5-异氰酸基-1-异氰酸基甲基-1,3,3-三甲基环己烷)、5-异氰酸基-1-(2-异氰酸基乙-1-基)-1,3,3-三甲基环己烷、5-异氰酸基-1-(3-异氰酸基丙-1-基)-1,3,3-三甲基-环己烷、5-异氰酸基-(4-异氰酸基丁-1-基)-1,3,3-三甲基环己烷、1-异氰酸基-2-(3-异氰酸基丙-1-基)环己烷、1-异氰酸基-2-(3-异氰酸基乙-1-基)环己烷、1-异氰酸基-2-(4-异氰酸基丁-1-基)环己烷、1,2-二异氰酸基-环丁烷、1,3-二异氰酸基环丁烷、1,2-二异氰酸基环戊烷、1,3-二异氰酸基环戊烷、1,2-二异氰酸基环己烷、1,3-二异氰酸基环己烷、1,4-二异氰酸基环己烷、二环己基甲烷-2,4′-二异氰酸酯、三亚甲基二异氰酸酯、四亚甲基二异氰酸酯、五亚甲基二异氰酸酯、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(HDI)、乙基亚乙基二异氰酸酯、三甲基己烷二异氰酸酯、七亚甲基二异氰酸酯,或衍生自二聚脂肪酸的二异氰酸酯,如由Henkel公司以商品名DDI1410销售的并在专利WO 97/49745和WO 97/49747中描述的那些,特别是2-庚基-3,4-二(9-异氰酸基壬基)-1-戊基-环己烷或1,2-、1,4-或1,3-二(异氰酸基甲基)环己烷、1,2-、1,4-或1,3-二(2-异氰酸基乙-1-基)环己烷、1,3-二(3-异氰酸基丙-1-基)环己烷、1,2-、1,4-或1,3-二(4-异氰酸基丁-1-基)环己烷或反/反含量最多30重量%,优选25重量%和特别是20重量%的液态二(4-异氰酸基环己基)甲烷,如在专利申请DE 44 14 032 A1,GB 1220717 A1,DE16 18 795 A1或DE 17 93 785 A1中所述的那些,优选异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯、5-异氰酸基-1-(2-异氰酸基乙-1-基)-1,3,3-三甲基环己烷、5-异氰酸基-1-(3-异氰酸基丙-1-基)-1,3,3-三甲基环己烷、5-异氰酸基-(4-异氰酸基丁-1-基)-1,3,3-三甲基环己烷、1-异氰酸基-2-(3-异氰酸基丙-1-基)环己烷、1-异氰酸基-2-(3-异氰酸基乙-1-基)环己烷、1-异氰酸基-2-(4-异氰酸基丁-1-基)环己烷或HDI,特别是HDI。
也可以采用具有异氰尿酸酯基、缩二脲基、脲基甲酸酯基、亚氨基噁二嗪二酮基、氨基甲酸酯基、脲基、碳化二亚胺基和/或二聚异氰酸酯基的多异氰酸酯,其以常用的和已知的方式由以上所述的二异氰酸酯制备。适合的制备方法和多异氰酸酯的实例例如从专利CA2,163,591 A、US-A-4,419,513、US 4,454,317 A、EP 0 646 608 A、US 4,801,675 A、EP 0 183 976 A1、DE 40 15 155 A1、EP 0 303 150A1、EP 0 496 208 A1、EP 0 524 500 A1、EP 0 566 037 A1、US 5,258,482A1、US 5,290,902 A1、EP 0 649 806 A1、DE 42 29 183 A1或EP 0531 820 A1中得知。
适合的交联剂的其它实例为封端多异氰酸酯。
对于制备封端多异氰酸酯适合的封闭剂的实例为从US-专利US4,444,954 A或US 5,972,189 A得知的封闭剂,例如
i)酚类如苯酚、甲酚、二甲苯酚、硝基苯酚、氯代苯酚、乙基苯酚、叔丁基苯酚、羟基苯甲酸、这些酸的酯或2,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基甲苯;
ii)内酰胺,如ε-己内酰胺、δ-戊内酰胺、γ-丁内酰胺或β-丙内酰胺;
iii)活性亚甲基化合物,如丙二酸二乙酯、丙二酸二甲酯、乙酰乙酸乙酯、或乙酰乙酸甲酯或乙酰丙酮;
iv)醇类如甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇、异丁醇、叔丁醇、正戊醇、叔戊醇、月桂醇、乙二醇单甲醚、乙二醇单乙醚、乙二醇单丙醚、乙二醇单丁醚、二乙二醇单甲醚、二乙二醇单乙醚、二乙二醇单丙醚、二乙二醇单丁醚、丙二醇单甲醚、甲氧基甲醇、2-(-羟基-乙氧基)苯酚、2-(羟基丙氧基)苯酚、乙醇酸、乙醇酸酯、乳酸、乳酸酯、羟甲基脲、羟甲基三聚氰胺、双丙酮醇、2-氯乙醇、2-溴乙醇、1,3-二氯-2-丙醇、1,4-环己基二甲醇或乙酰基氰醇;
v)硫醇如丁硫醇、己硫醇、叔丁基硫醇、叔十二烷基硫醇、2-巯基苯并噻唑、苯硫酚、甲硫酚或乙硫酚。
vi)酰胺如乙酰苯胺、乙酰基甲氧基苯胺、丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰胺、乙酰胺、硬酯酰胺或苯甲酰胺;
vii)亚酰胺如琥珀酰亚胺、邻苯二甲酰亚胺或马来酰亚胺;
viii)胺如二苯胺、苯基萘胺、二甲苯胺、N-苯基二甲苯胺、咔唑、苯胺、萘胺、丁胺、二丁胺或丁基苯基胺;
ix)咪唑类如咪唑或2-乙基咪唑;
x)脲类如尿素、硫脲、亚乙基脲、亚乙基硫脲或1,3-二苯基脲;
xi)氨基甲酸酯类如N-苯基脲酸苯酯或2-噁唑烷酮;
xii)亚胺如亚乙基亚胺;
xiii)肟类如丙酮肟、甲醛肟、乙醛肟、丙酮肟、甲乙酮肟、二异丁酮肟、丁酮肟、二苯酮肟或氯代环己酮肟;
xiv)硫酸盐如硫酸氢钠或硫酸氢钾;
xv)氧肟酸酯类如苯基甲基丙烯氧肟酸酯(BMH)或烯丙基甲基丙烯氧肟酸酯;或
xvi)取代吡唑、酮肟、咪唑或三唑;以及
所述封闭剂的混合物,特别是二甲基吡唑和三唑、丙二酸酯和乙酰乙酸酯的混合物、二甲基吡唑和琥珀酰亚胺或丁二醇和三羟甲基丙烷的混合物。
作为多元异氰酸酯优选使用具有每摩尔3-6,优选3.5-5个异氰酸酯基的平均官能度的脂肪族多异氰酸酯的混合物。异氰酸酯的量优选这样选择,使得达到对于(共)聚合物的每个羟基有1.2-3,特别是1.5-2.5个异氰酸酯基用于反应,剩余的异氰酸酯基通过与胺反应转化为脲基。
作为对于特别适合的异氰酸酯混合物的实例要提及0.1-10重量%、首选是0.3-8重量%的二异氰酸酯(例如六亚甲基二异氰酸酯)、30-80重量%的,首选是42-79重量%的三异氰酸酯(例如三官能的六亚甲基二异氰酸酯的缩二脲)和20-60重量%,首选是22-50重量%的具有4-10的官能度的异氰酸酯(例如六亚甲基二异氰酸酯的相应的更高官能度的缩二脲)。
适合的交联剂的其它实例为所有已知的脂肪族和/或环脂族和/或芳香族低分子量、低聚和聚合的聚环氧化物,例如基于双酚A或双酚-F的那些。适合作为聚环氧化物的例如还有商业上可以Shell公司的名称Nagase Chemicals有限公司,日本的获得的聚环氧化物如Denacol EX411(季戊四醇聚缩水甘油醚),DenacolEX-321(三羟甲基丙烷缩水甘油醚),Denacol EX-512(聚甘油聚缩水甘油醚)和Denacol EX-521(聚甘油聚缩水甘油醚)或偏苯三酸的缩水甘油酯或三缩水甘油基异氰尿酸酯(TGIC)。
此外作为交联剂还可以使用三(烷氧基羰基氨基)三嗪(TACT),其中其包含具有1-10个碳原子的烷残基。
适合的三(烷氧基羰基氨基)三嗪在专利US 4,939,213 A、US5,084,541 A或EP 0 624 577 A1中描述。特别是应用三(甲氧基-、三(正丁氧基和/或三(2-乙基己氧基羰基-氨基)三嗪。
有利的是甲基-丁基混合酯、丁基-2-乙基己基-混合酯和丁基酯。这些酯相比纯甲基酯具有在聚合物熔体中更好的溶解性的优点并还倾向于较少结晶析出。
此外可应用氨基塑料树脂,例如三聚氰胺树脂作为交联剂。这里可以使用任何适于透明面漆或清漆的氨基塑料树脂或这种氨基塑料树脂构成的混合物。特别是可考虑常用的和已知的氨基塑料树脂,其羟甲基和/或甲氧基甲基部分地借助氨基甲酸酯基或脲基甲酸酯基而去官能化。
这类交联剂在专利文献US 4,710,542 A和EP 0 245 700 B1以及在B.Singh和合作者的论文”Carbamylmethylated Melamines,Novel Crosslinkers for the Coatings Industry”在AdvancedOrganic Coatings Science and Technology Series,1991,第13卷,第193至207页中描述。氨基塑料树脂也可以用作粘结剂(O)。
适合的交联剂的其它实例为β-羟基烷基酰胺如N,N,N′,N′-四(2-羟基乙基)己二酰二胺或N,N,N′,N′-四(2-羟基丙基)-己二酰二胺。
此外可以应用羧酸,特别是分子中具有3-20个碳原子的饱和、直链脂肪族二酸,特别是十二烷二酸。
适合的交联剂的其它实例为硅氧烷,特别是具有至少一个三烷氧基或二烷氧基硅烷基的硅氧烷。
具体采用哪种交联剂取决于包含在粉末涂漆的粘结剂中的互补反应性官能团。
适合根据本发明来应用的粘结剂和交联剂的互补反应性官能团的实例总结在以下的一览表中。在一览表中变量R8代表非环的或环形的脂肪族、芳香族和/或芳香族-脂肪族(芳脂族)残基;变量R9和R10代表相同或不同的脂肪族残基或彼此连接形成脂肪族环或脂族杂环。
一览表:互补反应性官能团的实例
特别适合用在本发明的粉末涂漆材料中的互补反应性官能团是
-一方面是羧基和另一方面是环氧基和/或β-羟基烷基酰胺基以及
-一方面是羟基和另一方面是封端和未封端的异氰酸酯基或氨基甲酸酯基或烷氧基甲基氨基。
作为粘结剂(O)可以应用任何低聚或聚合的树脂。
低聚物是指在其分子中包含至少2-15个单体单元的树脂。本发明范畴内聚合物是指在分子中包含至少10个重复的单体单元的树脂。对于所述术语的详情参考 Lexikon Lacke和Druckfarben,GeorgThieme Verlag,Stuttgart,New York,1998,“Oligomers”,第425页。
适合的成分(O)的实例为乙烯基不饱和单体的统计学的、可选择的和/或封端结构的直链和/或分支的和/或冠状结构的(共)聚合产物,或加聚树脂和/或缩聚树脂。对于所述的术语详细参考 LexikonLacke und Druckfarben,Georg Thieme Verlag,Stuttgart,New York,1998,第457页,“Polyaddition”和”Polyaddition resins(polyadducts)”,以及第463页和464页,“Polycondensates”,“Polycondensation”和”Polycondensationresins”,以及第73和74页,”Binders”。
适合的(共)聚合物的实例为(甲基)丙烯酸酯(共)聚合产物或部分皂化的聚乙烯基酯,特别是(甲基)丙烯酸酯共聚产物,首选是与乙烯基芳香烃的产物。
适合的加聚树脂和/或缩聚树脂的实例为聚酯、醇酸树脂、氨基塑料、聚氨酯、聚内酯、聚碳酸酯、聚醚、环氧树脂-胺-加合物、聚脲、聚酰胺、聚酰亚胺、聚酯-聚氨酯、聚醚-聚氨酯或聚酯-聚醚-聚氨酯,特别是聚酯-聚氨酯。
成分(O)可以是非交联性或物理交联性热塑性、热自交联或外交联性的。此外它们是可以热固化和/或采用光化辐射固化的。热固化和采用光化辐射固化的结合应用在本技术领域也称为双重固化(Dual-Cure)。
热可固化的粉末涂漆和双重-固化-粉末涂漆的自交联性粘结剂(O)包含反应性官能团,其可以与所述类别的基团或与互补反应性官能团进行交联反应。所述外交联性粘结剂包含反应性基团,其可以与存在于交联剂中的互补反应性官能团进行交联反应。适合的可根据本发明来应用互补反应性官能团的实例为以上所述。在这种情况下组分(O)和(V)统一为一种化合物。
自交联和/或外交联性成分(O)关于以上所述的反应性官能团的官能度可以在非常宽的范围内变化并特别是取决于想获得的交联密度,和/或取决于每种情况下采用的交联剂的官能度。例如,在含有羧基的成分(O)的情况下,酸值优选为在10至100、优选15至80,特别优选20至75,极其优选25至70和特别是30至65mg KOH/g。或者在含有羟基的成分(O)的情况下,OH-值优选为15至300,优选20至250,特别优选地25至200,极其优选30至150和特别是35至120mgKOH/g。或者在含有环氧基的成分(O)的情况下,环氧基的当量重优选为在400至2,500,更优选420至2,200,特别优选430至2,100,极其优选440至2,000和特别是440至1,900。
以上所述的互补官能团可以根据常用的和已知的聚合物化学的方法引入粘结剂中。这可以例如通过引入带有相应的反应性官能团的单体,和/或借助类似聚合物的反应来实现。
具有反应性官能团的适合的烯基不饱和单体的实例为:
c1)每个分子带有至少一个羟基、氨基、烷氧基甲基氨基、氨基甲酸酯基、脲基甲酸酯基或亚氨基的单体,例如
-丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸或其它α、β-烯属不饱和羧酸的羟基烷基酯,其衍生自采用酸酯化的亚烷基二醇,或其可以通过α,β-烯属不饱和羧酸与氧化烯烃如氧化乙烯或氧化丙烯的反应获得,特别是丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、乙基丙烯酸、巴豆酸、马来酸、富马酸或衣康酸的羟基烷基酯,其中所述的羟基烷基包含最多20个碳原子,如2-羟基乙基-、2-羟基丙基-、3-羟基丙基-、3-羟基丁基-和4-羟基丁基-丙烯酸酯、-甲基丙烯酸酯、-乙基丙烯酸酯、-巴豆酸酯、-马来酸酯、-富马酸酯或-衣康酸酯;或羟基环烷基酯如1,4-二(羟基甲基)环己烷-、八氢-4,7-桥亚甲基-1H-茚-二甲醇-或甲基丙二醇-单丙烯酸酯、-单甲基丙烯酸酯,-单乙基丙烯酸酯、-单巴豆酸酯、-单马来酸酯、-单富马酸酯或-单衣康酸酯;环酯的反应产物,例如ε-己内酯和其羟基烷基-或-环烷基酯;
-烯属不饱和醇如烯丙基醇;
-多元醇如三羟甲基丙烷单烯丙基醚或二烯丙基醚或季戊四醇的单-、二-或三-烯丙基醚;
-丙烯酸和/或甲基丙烯酸与在α位支化的每个分子具有5至18个碳原子的单羧酸,特别是酸的缩水甘油酯的反应产物,或代替所述反应产物地,由当量的丙烯酸和/或甲基丙烯酸,随后在聚合反应期间或在聚合反应后与在α位支化的每个分子具有5至18个碳原子的单羧酸,特别是酸的缩水甘油酯反应;
-氨基乙基丙烯酸酯、氨基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯、烯丙基胺或N-甲基亚氨基乙基丙烯酸酯;
-N,N-二(甲氧基甲基)氨基乙基丙烯酸酯或-甲基丙烯酸酯或N,N-二(丁氧基甲基)氨基丙基丙烯酸酯或-甲基丙烯酸酯;
-(甲基)丙烯酰胺类如(甲基)丙烯酰胺、N-甲基-,N-羟甲基-,N,N-二羟甲基-,N-甲氧基甲基-,N,N-二(甲氧基甲基)-,N-乙氧基甲基-和/或N,N-二(乙氧基乙基)-(甲基)丙烯酰胺;
-丙烯酰氧基-或甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基-、丙基-或丁基-氨基甲酸酯或-脲基甲酸酯;包含氨基甲酸酯基的适合的单体的其它实例在专利US-A-3,479,328、US 3,674,838 A、US 4,126,747 A、US 4,279,833A或US 4,340,497 A中描述;
c2)每个分子带有至少一个酸基的单体,如:
-丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、乙基丙烯酸、巴豆酸、马来酸、富马酸或衣康酸;
-烯属不饱和磺酸或膦酸或它们的偏酯;
-马来酸单(甲基)丙烯酰氧基乙基酯、琥珀酸单(甲基)丙烯酰氧基乙基酯或邻苯二甲酸单(甲基)丙烯酰氧基乙基酯;或
-乙烯基苯甲酸(全部异构体)、α-甲基乙烯基苯甲酸(全部异构体)或乙烯基苯磺酸(全部异构体)。
c3)包含环氧基的单体如丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、乙基丙烯酸、巴豆酸、马来酸、富马酸或衣康酸的缩水甘油酯或烯丙基缩水甘油醚。
它们优选用于制备优选的(甲基)丙烯酸酯共聚产物,特别是包含缩水甘油基的(甲基)丙烯酸酯共聚产物。
以上所述的这类更高官能度的单体通常以次要量使用。在本发明范畴内次要量的高官能度的单体是指这种量,即不导致共聚产物特别是(甲基)丙烯酸酯共聚产物的交联或凝胶化,除非旨在制备交联的聚合物微粒。
用来在聚酯或聚酯-聚氨酯中引入反应性官能团的适合的单体单元的实例为2,2-羟甲基乙基胺或-丙基胺,其采用酮封端,其中获得的酮肟基在引入后再水解;或包含两个羟基或两个伯氨基和/或仲氨基以及至少一个酸基,特别是至少一个羧基和/或至少一个磺酸基的化合物,如二羟基丙酸、二羟基琥珀酸、二羟基苯甲酸、2,2-二羟甲基乙酸、2,2-二羟甲基丙酸、2,2-二羟甲基丁酸、2,2-二羟甲基戊酸、二氨基戊酸、3,4-二氨基苯甲酸、2,4-二氨基甲基苯磺酸或2,4-二氨基二苯基醚磺酸。
通过类似聚合物的反应来引入反应性官能团的实例为含有羟基的树脂与光气的反应,由此产生含有氯代甲酸酯基的树脂,和含有氯代甲酸酯基的树脂与氨和/或伯胺和/或仲胺产生含有氨基甲酸酯基的树脂的类似聚合物的反应。适合的这类方法的其它实例从专利US4,758,632 A、US 4,301,257 A或US 2,979,514 A得知。
借助光化辐射或借助双重固化可交联的成分(O),统计学平均地包含每个分子至少一个、优选至少两个具有至少一个借助光化辐射可活化的键的基团。
在本发明范畴内,借助光化辐射可活化的键是指在借助光化辐射辐照期间变为反应性并与同类的其它活化键结合进行根据自由基和/或离子机理的聚合反应和/或交联反应的键。适合的键的实例为碳-氢-单键或碳-碳-碳-氧-、碳-氮-、碳-磷-或碳-硅-单键或-双键。其中特别有利的是碳-碳-双键并因此是极其优选的。为简单起见以下将它们称为“双键”。
这样,优选的基团包含一个双键或两个、三个或四个双键。如果采用多于一个双键,那么双键可以共轭。有利的是,双键独立地,特别是每个处于这里所论及的基团的末端。根据本发明特别有利的是采用两个,特别是一个双键。
如果采用统计学平均地每个分子多于一个的借助光化辐射可活化的基团,那么所述的基团结构彼此不同或是具有相同的结构。
如果它们在结构上彼此不同,这意味着在本发明范畴内,采用两个、三个、四个或更多个,然而特别是两个借助光化辐射可活化的基团,其衍生自两个、三个、四个或更多个,然而特别是两个单体种类。
适合的基团的实例为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基、乙基丙烯酸酯基、巴豆酸酯基、肉桂酸酯基、乙烯基醚基、乙烯基酯基、二环戊二烯基、降冰片烯基、异戊二烯基、异丙烯基,烯丙基或丁烯基;二环戊二烯醚基、降冰片烯醚基、异戊二烯醚基、异丙烯醚基,烯丙基醚基或丁烯基醚基;或二环戊二烯基酯基、降冰片烯酯基、异戊二烯酯基、异丙烯酯基,烯丙基酯基或丁烯基酯基,然而特别是丙烯酸酯基。
优选所述的基团通过氨基甲酸酯基、脲基、脲基甲酸酯基、酯基、醚基和/或酰胺基,然而特别是通过酯基键合于成分(O)的各个基本结构上。通常这通过常用的和已知的类似聚合物的反应,例如侧端缩水甘油基与以上所述的包含酸基的烯属不饱和单体的反应,侧端羟基与所述单体的卤化物的反应,羟基与含有双键的异氰酸酯如乙烯基异氰酸酯、甲基丙烯酰基异氰酸酯和/或1-(1-异氰酸基-1-甲基乙基)-3-(1-甲基乙烯基)苯(CYTEC公司的TMI)的反应或异氰酸酯基与以上所述的含有羟基的单体的反应而实现。
然而也可以采用由单纯的热可固化的和单纯的借助光化辐射可固化的成分(O)组成的混合物。
作为成分或粘结剂(O)可考虑:
-在US专利US 4,268,542 A1或US 5,379,947 A1和在专利申请DE 27 10 421 A1、DE 195 40 977 A1、DE 195 18 392 A1、DE 19617 086 A1、DE 196 13 547 A1、DE 196 18 657 A1、DE 196 52 813A1、DE 196 17 086 A1、DE 198 14 471 A1、DE 198 41 842 A1或DE 198 41 408 A1、DE 199 08 018或DE 199 08 013或在欧洲专利EP 0 652 264 A1中所述的旨在用于热和/或借助光化辐射可固化的粉末清漆浆中的全部粘结剂。
-在专利申请DE 198 35 296 A1、DE 197 36 083 A1或DE 19841 842 A1中所述的旨在用于双重-固化-清漆中的全部粘结剂。
-在德国专利申请DE 42 22 194 A1、BASF Lacke+Farben AG公司“Pulverlacke”,1990的产品信息中或BASF Coatings AG的公司手册“Pulverlacke,Pulverlacke für industrielleAnwendungen”,一月,2000中所述的旨在用于热可固化的粉末清漆中的全部粘结剂;
-在欧洲专利申请EP 0 928 800 A1、0 636 669 A1、0 410 242A1、0 783 534 A1、0 650 978 A1、0 650 979 A1、0 650 985 A1、0 540 884 A1、0 568 967 A1、0 054 505 A1或0 002 866 A1中,在德国专利申请DE 197 09 467 A1、42 03 278 A1、33 16 593 A1、38 36 370 A1、24 36 186 A1或20 03 579 B1中,在国际专利申请WO 97/46549或99/14254中,或在美国专利US 5,824,373 A、4,675,234A、4,634,602 A、4,424,252 A、4,208,313 A、4,163,810 A、4,129,488A、4,064,161 A或3,974,303 A中所述的旨在用于UV-可固化的清漆中和粉末清漆中的全部粘结剂。
成分(O)的制备不具有方法上的特殊性,而是借助聚合物化学的常用的并已知的方法,例如在以上提及的专利中详细描述的那些来进行。
对于(甲基)丙烯酸酯共聚产物(O)的适合的制备方法的其它实例在欧洲专利申请或EP 0 767 185 A1,在德国专利DE 22 14 650 B1或DE 27 49 576 B1,和美国专利US 4,091,048 A1、US 3,781,379 A、US 5,480,493 A、US 5,475,073 A或US 5,534,598 A或在权威著作Houben-Weyl,Methoden der organischen Chemie,第4版,第14/1卷,第24至255页,1961中所述的那些。作为共聚反应的反应器可考虑常用的并已知的搅拌釜、级联搅拌釜、管式反应器、循环反应器或泰勒反应器,如在例如专利和专利申请DE 1 071 241 B1、EP 0 498583 A1或DE 198 28 742 A1中或在Chemical Engineering Science上的K.Kataoka的论文,第50卷,No.9,1995,第1409至1416页所述的那些。
聚酯和醇酸树脂(O)的制备例如还在权威著作Ullmannsder technische Chemie,第三版,14卷,Urban &Schwarzenberg,München,Berlin,1963,80至89页和99至105页中,以及在以下的书籍:J.Bourry的“Résines Alkydes-Polyesters”,Paris,Verlag Dunod,1952,C.R.Martens的“Alkyd Resins”,Reinhold Publishing Corporation,New York,1961,和T.C.Patton的“Alkyd Resin Technology”,Intersience Publishers,1962中描述。
聚氨酯和/或丙烯酸化聚氨酯(O)的制备例如还在专利申请EP0708 788 A1、DE 44 01 544 A1或DE 195 34 361 A1中描述。
特别适合的成分(O)的实例为含有环氧基的(甲基)丙烯酸酯共聚产物,其具有优选400至2,500,优选420至2,200,特别优选430至2,100,极其优选440至2,000和特别是440至1,900的环氧基当量重,优选2,000至20,000和特别是3,000至10,000的数均分子量(凝胶渗透柱色谱法测定,采用聚苯乙烯标准物)和优选30至80,更优选40至70和特别是40至60℃的玻璃化转变温度(TG)(借助差示扫描量热法(DSC)测定)如在专利和专利申请EP 0 299 420 A1、DE 22 14 650 B1、DE 27 49 576 B1、US 4,091,048 A或US 3,781,379A中描述的那些。
其中可使用聚碳酸酯作为粘结剂或流变改性剂的涂料,主要是指不含溶剂和不含水的固体基础漆(Basislacke)(粉末涂漆和着色粉末涂漆)或基本不含溶剂、任选着色的粉末涂漆分散体(粉末浆状-基础漆)。它们可以热、辐射或双重固化地固化,并是自交联或外交联的。粉末涂漆可以是指基础漆、清漆或面漆。
粉末涂漆通常或者以干混合法并随之筛分,或者通过原料的熔融均化并随之研磨和筛分来制备。两种方法包含多个过程步骤。因此必须首先将热塑性塑料粗磨。随后将添加剂如颜料或粉末涂漆的典型添加剂彼此混合并在相应的挤出机上挤出。将挤出物输出并例如在冷却带上冷却。将挤出物块预先粉碎、细磨并筛分(其中筛上颗粒重新输入细磨中),然后将获得的热塑性粉末涂漆称重并包装。根据所述方法制备的热塑性粉末涂漆的组成只取决于原始净重;不可能随后校正组成。
在优选的实施方案中本发明的粉末涂漆如下制备:
将这样获得的预混合物优选在挤出机中于高温下,例如80-120℃下熔融并且其组分随后通过混合元件和捏合元件彼此达到最密切接触。在所述过程中,原料发生剧烈地完全混合:填料被粘结剂包围,颜料被分散并细分,粘结剂和固化剂紧密接触。特别是所述接触是必要的,以便后来在粉末涂漆烘烤期间实现良好成膜。
熔融均化的混合物通常在约100℃下离开挤出机并必须尽可能快地冷却到室温,以便尽可能地抑制现在的热反应性物料的初步反应。为此通常将挤出物在冷轧辊上碾压成薄材料带,转移到冷却带上并在那里在少于1分钟之内冷却到室温。然后将物料预粉碎成小片,以便确保最优地计量用于下一操作步骤。
然后将粉末涂漆片在筛分磨中根据碰撞粉碎原理研磨为成品粉末涂漆。追求的粒径根据DIN 55990-2为10和150μm之间,尽可能在30和70μm之间。任选地还要求筛分步骤来分离粗颗粒和/或细颗粒。
本发明的粉末涂漆特别适合用于涂布基材如塑料表面、玻璃、陶瓷、皮革、矿物建筑材料如水泥型砖和纤维水泥板,和特别是用于木材和MDF,和特别是用于金属和经涂层的金属。
特别是所述粉末涂漆用于制备内部和外部区域的管道(管线)、任何种类的金属线、法兰、电枢,壁柜和床架,围栏,庭院家具,护栏,实验室装备,线栅(Drahtrosten),洗碗机的插件,购物筐机器零件,电子器械,转子,定子,电线圈,绝缘盒,加热釜,制动缸,化学设备或道路牌上的涂层。
为涂布,通常使用本发明的粉末涂漆以自身已知的方式施涂,随后干燥以除去可能存在的溶剂并固化。
基材的涂布根据常用的、本领域技术人员已知的方法进行,其中将至少一种粉末涂漆以期望的厚度施涂到待涂布的基材上,并除去挥发性成分。所述过程可以在期望的情况下重复一次或更多次。涂布到基材上可以以已知的方式,例如通过浇注、喷涂、刮涂、刷、滚涂或辊涂和特别是通过静电喷涂进行。涂层厚度通常为在约3至1000g/m2和优选10至200g/m2的范围内。
优选地将它们通过所谓的流化床烧结法施加。为此将预热的工件在由通过气流液化的粉末涂漆填充的涂料槽中“浸渍”几秒钟。在取出后,烧结的粉末在几秒钟内熔融形成封闭的薄膜。此时相对均匀的、各侧都烧结的粉末表面包围着工件。这里层厚可以为250至700μm。流化床烧结粉末具有在50和300μm之间的粒径。因此它们比粒径通常在1和200μm之间的静电粉末颗粒粗。然而原则上,任何流化床烧结粉末都可以通过更细研磨这样调整,使得可获得静电粉末涂漆。
本发明的另一个主题为涂布制品的方法,其中将本发明的粉末涂漆以任意方式施涂到制品上并在100℃和220℃之间,优选在145℃和175℃之间的物体温度下和在3s-20min,优选地在10-15min之间的保持时间内根据DIN 55990-4烘烤。物体温度应该为至少100,优选地110,特别优选地至少120和极其优选地至少125℃。
物体温度为涂布后的制品在烘烤炉中必须达到的温度,由此进行在漆膜中的粘结剂完全交联。物体温度在一定的预热时间以后才能达到并通常低于环流空气的温度,物体温度大多数借助试样上的热电偶于贯穿炉中时测量。
阈温度,即最低温度或组分开始化学交联的起始温度,通常为低于烘烤温度约10至20℃,即在预定的烘烤时间内对于粉末涂漆完全固化必要的温度。粉末涂漆通常对于过度烘烤是不敏感的。
根据以下的实施例详细解释本发明。
通常的操作规程:
将多官能度的醇、碳酸二乙酯和作为催化剂的0.15重量%的碳酸钾(用量基于醇的用量)根据表1中的批次量预置入装有搅拌器、回流冷凝器和内部温度计的三颈烧瓶中,将混合物加热到140℃,并在该温度下搅拌2小时。随着反应时间的推进,这里由于释放的醇开始沸腾冷却导致反应混合物的温度降低。此时将回流冷却器更换为下行冷却器(absteigenden Kühler),添加基于当量的催化剂一当量的磷酸,蒸馏出乙醇并将反应混合物的温度缓慢加热到160℃。将蒸馏出的乙醇收集在经冷却的圆底烧瓶中,称重并这样测定相对于理论上可能的完全转化率的百分比的转化率。(参见表1)。
随后在160℃下在1h的时期内将干燥氮气导入通过反应混合物,以便除去仍然存在的残余量的单体。随后将反应混合物冷却到室温。
将产物以纯净形式添加到涂料配制剂中。
本发明的聚碳酸酯的分析:
经由凝胶渗透色谱法采用折射仪作为探测器分析聚碳酸酯。采用二甲基乙酰胺作为流动相,使用聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)作为测定分子量的标准物。
根据DIN 53240,第2部分进行测定OH-值。
表1:原料和终产物
实施例号 | 醇 | 醇对羧酸酯的摩尔比 | 馏出液,基于全部转化率的醇量mol% | 产物的分子量(g/mol)MwMn | 产物的OH值(mg KOH/g)根据DIN 53240,第2部分 |
1 | TMP x1.2 PO | 1:1 | 72 | 21001450 | 400 |
2 | TMP x12 EO | 1:1 | 70 | 53002800 | 180 |
TMP=三羟甲基丙烷
EO=氧化乙烯
PO=氧化丙烯
这里名称“TMP x 1.2PO”描述了每摩尔三羟甲基丙烷与平均1.2mol氧化乙烯反应的产物;类似的,“TMP x 12EO”为每摩尔三羟甲基丙烷与平均12mol氧化乙烯反应的产物。
制备涂料:
根据在表2中提供的量将粉末涂漆的组分混合并投入具有长径比为40的挤出机/捏合机中。挤出条件总结于表3中。
表2:涂料组分
这里将颜料以的比例如下混合:
Kronos International公司的颜料Titan Rutil 2310
96%
Degussa AG的RUSS FLAMM-101 PULVER
2%
1.25%
0.75%
表3:挤出条件
温度(℃) | 60 |
挤出速率(转/分) | 900 |
计量添加量(kg/h) | 24 |
材料温度(℃) | 115 |
随后将挤出的材料在研磨机中研磨为50μm的平均粒径。
得到的粉末涂漆有以下的测量结果:
实施例3(比较例) | 实施例4 | |
200℃下凝胶时间(秒) | 157 | 170 |
垂度试验(cm)(Sagging Test) | 19 | 19.4 |
挠曲(90°) | i.O. | i.O. |
光泽度20° | 75 | 76 |
光泽度60° | 87 | 88 |
Wavescan DOI 60μm加长型-钢板(Langgut-Stahlblech) | 8 | 6 |
交联峰最大值[℃] | 185 | 186 |
交联焓[J/g] | 38 | 30 |
Tg[℃]第2周期 | 48 | 45 |
Tg[℃]第3周期 | 66 | 63 |
粘度最小T[℃] | 151 | 151 |
最小粘度[Pa s] | 26 | 22 |
溶胶/凝胶转变温度(G’=G”)[℃] | 183 | 185 |
i.O.:正常
试验方法:
凝胶时间:在固化期间测量粘度升高。将成品粉末涂漆以特定量200-500mg施加到具有一定温度的热板上:所述粉末熔化并开始交联。将固体试验对象浸渍至物体保持悬垂。
垂度试验:将粉末涂漆加热到烘烤温度并在垂直表面上测定流动距离。越高的值说明流动性越好。
挠曲:将金属板沿着边弯曲成90°,在此期间不能破坏涂层膜。
光泽度:使用BYK-Gardener micro-tri-gloss测量光泽度。光泽度是视觉感受。反射的光越直,光泽度越明显。这意味着,测得的光泽度单位越高,表面越光滑。在平均光泽度区采用60°的几何角度测量,在高光泽度区采用20°的几何角度测量。
Wavescan DOI:采用BYK-Gardener Wavescan DOI分析:有关长波长/短波-值和浊度的信息。数值越小,外观越好。
DSC测量:采用TA Instruments的Q1000(通常:具有动态差示量热计)。(参数:加热梯度10℃/min,氮气气氛,第二周期的评价)。有关未交联和交联的粉末的玻璃化转变温度的信息。放热的交联信号的信息:交联反应发生的温度和和交联反应的焓。
粘度-温度-测量:采用Anton Paar公司的MCR500(通常:具有置于空气中的(luftgelagert)流变仪)。(参数:加热速率2℃/min,频率1Hz,变形1%)。信息:在曲线的最低处的粘度越低且胶体-凝胶-温度(G′=G″)越高,外观越好。
通常使用高官能度的聚碳酸酯导致改善粉末涂漆的流动性和外观。测量差异是显著的。
Claims (14)
1.粉末涂漆,包含至少一种高官能度、高支化或超支化的未交联的聚碳酸酯。
2.根据权利要求1的粉末涂漆,其特征在于,聚碳酸酯具有根据ASTM 3418/82低于50℃的玻璃化转变温度。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项的粉末涂漆,其特征在于,所述聚碳酸酯根据DIN 53240,第2部分具有100mg KOH/g或更高的OH-值。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项的粉末涂漆,其特征在于,所述聚碳酸酯具有在1,000至150,000之间的重均分子量Mw。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项的粉末涂漆,此外包含
-至少一种功能成分(F),
-至少一种低聚物和/或高聚物成分(O)作为粘结剂和
-至少一种交联剂(V)。
6.根据权利要求5的粉末涂漆,其特征在于,功能成分选自以下一组:着色颜料和/或效应颜料、荧光颜料、导电颜料和/或磁场屏蔽颜料,金属粉,溶解性有机染料,有机和无机、透明或不透明的填料和/或纳米微粒,UV吸收剂,光稳定剂,自由基捕捉剂,脱气剂,增滑剂,聚合作用抑制剂,交联催化剂,热不稳定的自由基引发剂,光引发剂,热可固化的反应性稀释剂,借助光化辐射可固化的反应性稀释剂,粘附促进剂,流平剂,成膜助剂,阻燃剂,腐蚀抑制剂,流动助剂,蜡和/或消光剂。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项的粉末涂漆,其特征在于,粘结剂(O)具有10至100mg KOH/g的酸值。
8.根据权利要求1至6中任一项的粉末涂漆,其特征在于,粘结剂(O)具有15至300mg KOH/g的OH-值。
9.根据权利要求1至6中任一项的粉末涂漆,其特征在于,粘结剂(O)具有400至2,500的环氧化物当量重。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项的粉末涂漆,其特征在于,交联剂(V)选自以下一组:异氰酸酯、封端异氰酸酯、环氧化物、三(烷氧基羰基-氨基)三嗪和氨基塑料。
11.根据权利要求1至10中任一项的粉末涂漆用来涂布塑料表面、玻璃、陶瓷、皮革、矿物建筑材料如水泥-型砖和纤维水泥板、木材、MDF、金属和经涂层的金属的用途。
12.根据权利要求1至10中任一项的粉末涂漆的用途,用于涂布内部和外部区域的管道(管线)、任何种类的金属线、法兰、电枢,涂布壁柜和床架、围栏、庭院家具、护栏、实验室装备、线栅、洗碗机的插件、购物筐、机器零件、电子器械、转子、定子、电线圈、绝缘盒、加热釜、制动缸、化学设备或道路牌的用途。
13.用来涂布物品的方法,其中将权利要求1至10中任一项的粉末涂漆以任何方式施加到物品上并根据DIN55990-4于100℃和220℃之间的物体温度下经过在3s-20min之间的保持时间烘烤。
14.采用根据权利要求1至10中任一项的粉末涂漆施涂的物品。
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- 2007-05-11 MX MX2008014205A patent/MX2008014205A/es unknown
- 2007-05-11 CA CA 2652453 patent/CA2652453A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-05-11 JP JP2009511367A patent/JP2009537673A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-05-11 WO PCT/EP2007/004210 patent/WO2007134736A2/de active Application Filing
- 2007-05-11 US US12/301,375 patent/US20100028582A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-05-11 BR BRPI0712597-6A patent/BRPI0712597A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-05-11 CN CNA2007800182667A patent/CN101448870A/zh active Pending
- 2007-05-11 RU RU2008150054/04A patent/RU2008150054A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2007-05-11 EP EP07725130A patent/EP2029657A2/de not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (3)
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CN103649432A (zh) * | 2011-02-21 | 2014-03-19 | Siniat国际有限责任公司 | 特别用于轻质墙体或轻质立面的建造领域中的耐空气传递且耐热和水传递的元件 |
CN107936817A (zh) * | 2017-11-13 | 2018-04-20 | 惠州市李唐科技发展有限公司 | 一种纳米防水隔热加固液及其使用方法 |
CN112574643A (zh) * | 2020-12-16 | 2021-03-30 | 苏州太湖电工新材料股份有限公司 | 一种阻燃型水性绝缘漆及其制备方法和应用 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2009537673A (ja) | 2009-10-29 |
RU2008150054A (ru) | 2010-06-27 |
CA2652453A1 (en) | 2007-11-29 |
EP2029657A2 (de) | 2009-03-04 |
WO2007134736A2 (de) | 2007-11-29 |
BRPI0712597A2 (pt) | 2012-07-03 |
US20100028582A1 (en) | 2010-02-04 |
MX2008014205A (es) | 2008-11-14 |
WO2007134736A3 (de) | 2008-01-31 |
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